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Bekaert B, Boel A, Rybouchkin A, Cosemans G, Declercq S, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Parrington J, Stoop D, Coucke P, Menten B, Heindryckx B. Various repair events following CRISPR/Cas9-based mutational correction of an infertility-related mutation in mouse embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024:10.1007/s10815-024-03095-9. [PMID: 38557805 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Unpredictable genetic modifications and chromosomal aberrations following CRISPR/Cas9 administration hamper the efficacy of germline editing. Repair events triggered by double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) besides non-homologous end joining and repair template-driven homology-directed repair have been insufficiently investigated in mouse. In this work, we are the first to investigate the precise repair mechanisms triggered by parental-specific DSB induction in mouse for paternal mutational correction in the context of an infertility-related mutation. METHODS We aimed to correct a paternal 22-nucleotide deletion in Plcz1, associated with lack of fertilisation in vitro, by administrating CRISPR/Cas9 components during intracytoplasmic injection of Plcz1-null sperm in wild-type oocytes combined with assisted oocyte activation. Through targeted next-generation sequencing, 77 injected embryos and 26 blastomeres from seven injected embryos were investigated. In addition, low-pass whole genome sequencing was successfully performed on 17 injected embryo samples. RESULTS Repair mechanisms induced by two different CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA (gRNA) designs were investigated. In 13.73% (7/51; gRNA 1) and 19.05% (4/21; gRNA 2) of the targeted embryos, only the wild-type allele was observed, of which the majority (85.71%; 6/7) showed integrity of the targeted chromosome. Remarkably, for both designs, only in one of these embryos (1/7; gRNA 1 and 1/4; gRNA2) could repair template use be detected. This suggests that alternative repair events have occurred. Next, various genetic events within the same embryo were detected after single-cell analysis of four embryos. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the occurrence of mosaicism and complex repair events after CRISPR/Cas9 DSB induction where chromosomal integrity is predominantly contained.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bekaert
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Boel
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Rybouchkin
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Cosemans
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Declercq
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - J Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - D Stoop
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Bekaert B, Boel A, De Witte L, Vandenberghe W, Popovic M, Stamatiadis P, Cosemans G, Tordeurs L, De Loore AM, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, De Sutter P, Stoop D, Coucke P, Menten B, Heindryckx B. Retained chromosomal integrity following CRISPR-Cas9-based mutational correction in human embryos. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2326-2341. [PMID: 37376733 PMCID: PMC10422011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human germline gene correction by targeted nucleases holds great promise for reducing mutation transmission. However, recent studies have reported concerning observations in CRISPR-Cas9-targeted human embryos, including mosaicism and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). The latter has been associated with either gene conversion or (partial) chromosome loss events. In this study, we aimed to correct a heterozygous basepair substitution in PLCZ1, related to infertility. In 36% of the targeted embryos that originated from mutant sperm, only wild-type alleles were observed. By performing genome-wide double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing, integrity of the targeted chromosome (i.e., no deletions larger than 3 Mb or chromosome loss) was confirmed in all seven targeted GENType-analyzed embryos (mutant editing and absence of mutation), while short-range LOH events (shorter than 10 Mb) were clearly observed by single-nucleotide polymorphism assessment in two of these embryos. These results fuel the currently ongoing discussion on double-strand break repair in early human embryos, making a case for the occurrence of gene conversion events or partial template-based homology-directed repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Bekaert
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annekatrien Boel
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa De Witte
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winter Vandenberghe
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mina Popovic
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Stamatiadis
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenny Cosemans
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lise Tordeurs
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Athina-Maria De Loore
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana Marina Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominic Stoop
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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3
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Limitations of gene editing assessments in human preimplantation embryos. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1219. [PMID: 36882397 PMCID: PMC9992379 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Range of DNA repair in response to double-strand breaks induced in human preimplantation embryos remains uncertain due to the complexity of analyzing single- or few-cell samples. Sequencing of such minute DNA input requires a whole genome amplification that can introduce artifacts, including coverage nonuniformity, amplification biases, and allelic dropouts at the target site. We show here that, on average, 26.6% of preexisting heterozygous loci in control single blastomere samples appear as homozygous after whole genome amplification indicative of allelic dropouts. To overcome these limitations, we validate on-target modifications seen in gene edited human embryos in embryonic stem cells. We show that, in addition to frequent indel mutations, biallelic double-strand breaks can also produce large deletions at the target site. Moreover, some embryonic stem cells show copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity at the cleavage site which is likely caused by interallelic gene conversion. However, the frequency of loss of heterozygosity in embryonic stem cells is lower than in blastomeres, suggesting that allelic dropouts is a common whole genome amplification outcome limiting genotyping accuracy in human preimplantation embryos.
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Han W, Wang N, Han M, Ban M, Sun T, Xu J. Reviewing the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of depression and exploring new therapeutic options. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1029495. [PMID: 36570854 PMCID: PMC9772619 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1029495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and mental health is one of the focuses of psychobiology research. In recent years, the microbial-gut-brain axis (MGBA) concept has gradually formed about this bidirectional communication between gut and brain. But how the GM is involved in regulating brain function and how they affect emotional disorders these mechanisms are tenuous and limited to animal research, and often controversial. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to summarize and categorize the latest advances in current research on the mechanisms of GM and depression to provide valid information for future diagnoses and therapy of mental disorders. Finally, we introduced some antidepressant regimens that can help restore gut dysbiosis, including classic antidepressants, Chinese materia medica (CMM), diet, and exogenous strains. These studies provide further insight into GM's role and potential pathways in emotion-related diseases, which holds essential possible clinical outcomes for people with depression or related psychiatric disorders. Future research should focus on clarifying the causal role of GM in disease and developing microbial targets, applying these findings to the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Han
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengzhen Han
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Ban
- Liaoning Microhealth Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Pharmacology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Department of Breast Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Junnan Xu,
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5
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Bekaert B, Boel A, Cosemans G, De Witte L, Menten B, Heindryckx B. CRISPR/Cas gene editing in the human germline. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:93-107. [PMID: 35305903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ease and efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 germline gene editing in animal models paved the way to human germline gene editing (HGGE), by which permanent changes can be introduced into the embryo. Distinct genes can be knocked out to examine their function during embryonic development. Alternatively, specific sequences can be introduced which can be applied to correct disease-causing mutations. To date, it has been shown that the success of HGGE is dependent on various experimental parameters and that various hurdles (i.e. loss-of-heterozygosity and mosaicism) need to be overcome before clinical applications should be considered. Due to the shortage of human germline material and the ethical constraints concerning HGGE, alternative models such as stem cells have been evaluated as well, in terms of their predictive value on the genetic outcome for HGGE approaches. This review will give an overview of the state of the art of HGGE in oocytes and embryos, and its accompanying challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bekaert
- Ghent-Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Boel
- Ghent-Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Cosemans
- Ghent-Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L De Witte
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Menten
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility And Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Huang C, Li Q, Li J. Site-specific genome editing in treatment of inherited diseases: possibility, progress, and perspectives. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:471-500. [PMID: 37724161 PMCID: PMC10388762 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in genome editing enable permanent changes of DNA sequences in a site-specific manner, providing promising approaches for treating human genetic disorders caused by gene mutations. Recently, genome editing has been applied and achieved significant progress in treating inherited genetic disorders that remain incurable by conventional therapy. Here, we present a review of various programmable genome editing systems with their principles, advantages, and limitations. We introduce their recent applications for treating inherited diseases in the clinic, including sickle cell disease (SCD), β-thalassemia, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), etc. We also discuss the paradigm of ex vivo and in vivo editing and highlight the promise of somatic editing and the challenge of germline editing. Finally, we propose future directions in delivery, cutting, and repairing to improve the scope of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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Nambiar TS, Baudrier L, Billon P, Ciccia A. CRISPR-based genome editing through the lens of DNA repair. Mol Cell 2022; 82:348-388. [PMID: 35063100 PMCID: PMC8887926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technologies operate by inducing site-specific DNA perturbations that are resolved by cellular DNA repair pathways. Products of genome editors include DNA breaks generated by CRISPR-associated nucleases, base modifications induced by base editors, DNA flaps created by prime editors, and integration intermediates formed by site-specific recombinases and transposases associated with CRISPR systems. Here, we discuss the cellular processes that repair CRISPR-generated DNA lesions and describe strategies to obtain desirable genomic changes through modulation of DNA repair pathways. Advances in our understanding of the DNA repair circuitry, in conjunction with the rapid development of innovative genome editing technologies, promise to greatly enhance our ability to improve food production, combat environmental pollution, develop cell-based therapies, and cure genetic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun S. Nambiar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Lou Baudrier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N. W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pierre Billon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N. W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032,Lead Contact,Corresponding authors: ,
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Mianné J, Nasri A, Van CN, Bourguignon C, Fieldès M, Ahmed E, Duthoit C, Martin N, Parrinello H, Louis A, Iché A, Gayon R, Samain F, Lamouroux L, Bouillé P, Bourdin A, Assou S, De Vos J. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout and interallelic gene conversion in human induced pluripotent stem cells using non-integrative bacteriophage-chimeric retrovirus-like particles. BMC Biol 2022; 20:8. [PMID: 34996449 PMCID: PMC8742436 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds tremendous potential for basic research and cell-based gene therapy. However, the fulfillment of these promises relies on the capacity to efficiently deliver exogenous nucleic acids and harness the repair mechanisms induced by the nuclease activity in order to knock-out or repair targeted genes. Moreover, transient delivery should be preferred to avoid persistent nuclease activity and to decrease the risk of off-target events. We recently developed bacteriophage-chimeric retrovirus-like particles that exploit the properties of bacteriophage coat proteins to package exogenous RNA, and the benefits of lentiviral transduction to achieve highly efficient, non-integrative RNA delivery in human cells. Here, we investigated the potential of bacteriophage-chimeric retrovirus-like particles for the non-integrative delivery of RNA molecules in hiPSC for CRISPR/Cas9 applications. RESULTS We found that these particles efficiently convey RNA molecules for transient expression in hiPSC, with minimal toxicity and without affecting the cell pluripotency and subsequent differentiation. We then used this system to transiently deliver in a single step the CRISPR-Cas9 components (Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA) to generate gene knockout with high indel rate (up to 85%) at multiple loci. Strikingly, when using an allele-specific sgRNA at a locus harboring compound heterozygous mutations, the targeted allele was not altered by NHEJ/MMEJ, but was repaired at high frequency using the homologous wild type allele, i.e., by interallelic gene conversion. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the potential of bacteriophage-chimeric retrovirus-like particles to efficiently and safely deliver RNA molecules in hiPSC, and describe for the first time genome engineering by gene conversion in hiPSC. Harnessing this DNA repair mechanism could facilitate the therapeutic correction of human genetic disorders in hiPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Mianné
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Amel Nasri
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Nguyen Van
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Chloé Bourguignon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Fieldès
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Engi Ahmed
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Hugues Parrinello
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Anaïs Louis
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Bourdin
- PhyMedExp, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Said Assou
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - John De Vos
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Univ Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Zhang X, Li T, Ou J, Huang J, Liang P. Homology-based repair induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in mammalian embryo genome editing. Protein Cell 2021; 13:316-335. [PMID: 33945139 PMCID: PMC9008090 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genome editing, especially CRISPR-Cas nucleases, have revolutionized both laboratory research and clinical therapeutics. CRISPR-Cas nucleases, together with the DNA damage repair pathway in cells, enable both genetic diversification by classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) and precise genome modification by homology-based repair (HBR). Genome editing in zygotes is a convenient way to edit the germline, paving the way for animal disease model generation, as well as human embryo genome editing therapy for some life-threatening and incurable diseases. HBR efficiency is highly dependent on the DNA donor that is utilized as a repair template. Here, we review recent progress in improving CRISPR-Cas nuclease-induced HBR in mammalian embryos by designing a suitable DNA donor. Moreover, we want to provide a guide for producing animal disease models and correcting genetic mutations through CRISPR-Cas nuclease-induced HBR in mammalian embryos. Finally, we discuss recent developments in precise genome-modification technology based on the CRISPR-Cas system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jianping Ou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Junjiu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the First Affiliated Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Puping Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the First Affiliated Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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10
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Frequent loss of heterozygosity in CRISPR-Cas9-edited early human embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2004832117. [PMID: 34050011 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004832117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is a promising technique for clinical applications, such as the correction of disease-associated alleles in somatic cells. The use of this approach has also been discussed in the context of heritable editing of the human germ line. However, studies assessing gene correction in early human embryos report low efficiency of mutation repair, high rates of mosaicism, and the possibility of unintended editing outcomes that may have pathologic consequences. We developed computational pipelines to assess single-cell genomics and transcriptomics datasets from OCT4 (POU5F1) CRISPR-Cas9-targeted and control human preimplantation embryos. This allowed us to evaluate on-target mutations that would be missed by more conventional genotyping techniques. We observed loss of heterozygosity in edited cells that spanned regions beyond the POU5F1 on-target locus, as well as segmental loss and gain of chromosome 6, on which the POU5F1 gene is located. Unintended genome editing outcomes were present in ∼16% of the human embryo cells analyzed and spanned 4-20 kb. Our observations are consistent with recent findings indicating complexity at on-target sites following CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Our work underscores the importance of further basic research to assess the safety of genome editing techniques in human embryos, which will inform debates about the potential clinical use of this technology.
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11
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Wang HQ, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. The receptor hypothesis and the pathogenesis of depression: Genetic bases and biological correlates. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105542. [PMID: 33711432 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by anhedonia, anxiety, pessimism, or even suicidal thoughts. Receptor theory has been pointed out to explain the pathogenesis of depression, while it is still subject to debate. Additionally, gene abnormality accounts for nearly 40-50% of depression risk, which is a significant factor contributing to the onset of depression. Accordingly, studying on receptors and their gene abnormality are critical parts of the research on internal causes of depression. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of depression from six of the most related receptors and their associated genes, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, GABAA receptor α2, and dopamine receptor; and several "non-classic" receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate receptor, opioid receptor, and insulin receptor. These receptors have received considerable critical attention and are highly implicated in the onset of depression. We begin by providing the biological mechanisms of action of these receptors on the pathogenesis of depression. Then we review the historical and social context about these receptors. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current state of knowledge and outline insights on future research directions, aiming to provide more novel targets and theoretical basis for the early prevention, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Turocy J, Adashi EY, Egli D. Heritable human genome editing: Research progress, ethical considerations, and hurdles to clinical practice. Cell 2021; 184:1561-1574. [PMID: 33740453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our genome at conception determines much of our health as an adult. Most human diseases have a heritable component and thus may be preventable through heritable genome editing. Preventing disease from the beginning of life before irreversible damage has occurred is an admirable goal, but the path to fruition remains unclear. Here, we review the significant scientific contributions to the field of human heritable genome editing, the unique ethical challenges that cannot be overlooked, and the hurdles that must be overcome prior to translating these technologies into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Turocy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eli Y Adashi
- Professor of Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Zuccaro MV, Xu J, Mitchell C, Marin D, Zimmerman R, Rana B, Weinstein E, King RT, Palmerola KL, Smith ME, Tsang SH, Goland R, Jasin M, Lobo R, Treff N, Egli D. Allele-Specific Chromosome Removal after Cas9 Cleavage in Human Embryos. Cell 2020; 183:1650-1664.e15. [PMID: 33125898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Correction of disease-causing mutations in human embryos holds the potential to reduce the burden of inherited genetic disorders and improve fertility treatments for couples with disease-causing mutations in lieu of embryo selection. Here, we evaluate repair outcomes of a Cas9-induced double-strand break (DSB) introduced on the paternal chromosome at the EYS locus, which carries a frameshift mutation causing blindness. We show that the most common repair outcome is microhomology-mediated end joining, which occurs during the first cell cycle in the zygote, leading to embryos with non-mosaic restoration of the reading frame. Notably, about half of the breaks remain unrepaired, resulting in an undetectable paternal allele and, after mitosis, loss of one or both chromosomal arms. Correspondingly, Cas9 off-target cleavage results in chromosomal losses and hemizygous indels because of cleavage of both alleles. These results demonstrate the ability to manipulate chromosome content and reveal significant challenges for mutation correction in human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Zuccaro
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jia Xu
- Genomic Prediction Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | - Carl Mitchell
- Columbia University Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Diego Marin
- Genomic Prediction Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA
| | | | - Bhavini Rana
- Genomic Prediction Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Everett Weinstein
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rebeca T King
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Katherine L Palmerola
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Morgan E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Columbia University Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY 10032, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University. New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robin Goland
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rogerio Lobo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nathan Treff
- Genomic Prediction Inc., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia University Stem Cell Initiative, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Meng D, Ragi SD, Tsang SH. Therapy in Rhodopsin-Mediated Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2139-2149. [PMID: 32882181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin-mediated autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RHO-adRP) is a hereditary degenerative disorder in which mutations in the gene encoding RHO, the light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor involved in phototransduction in rods, lead to progressive loss of rods and subsequently cones in the retina. Clinical phenotypes are diverse, ranging from mild night blindness to severe visual impairments. There is currently no cure for RHO-adRP. Although there have been significant advances in gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases, treating RHO-adRP presents a unique challenge since it is an autosomal dominant disease caused by more than 150 gain-of-function mutations in the RHO gene, rendering the established gene supplementation strategy inadequate. This review provides an update on RNA therapeutics and therapeutic editing genome surgery strategies and ongoing clinical trials for RHO-adRP, discussing mechanisms of action, preclinical data, current state of development, as well as risk and benefit considerations. Potential outcome measures useful for future clinical trials are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Meng
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sara D Ragi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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15
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On-Target CRISPR/Cas9 Activity Can Cause Undesigned Large Deletion in Mouse Zygotes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103604. [PMID: 32443745 PMCID: PMC7279260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome engineering has been tremendously affected by the appearance of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-based approach. Initially discovered as an adaptive immune system for prokaryotes, the method has rapidly evolved over the last decade, overtaking multiple technical challenges and scientific tasks and becoming one of the most effective, reliable, and easy-to-use technologies for precise genomic manipulations. Despite its undoubtable advantages, CRISPR/Cas9 technology cannot ensure absolute accuracy and predictability of genomic editing results. One of the major concerns, especially for clinical applications, is mutations resulting from error-prone repairs of CRISPR/Cas9-induced double-strand DNA breaks. In some cases, such error-prone repairs can cause unpredicted and unplanned large genomic modifications within the CRISPR/Cas9 on-target site. Here we describe the largest, to the best of our knowledge, undesigned on-target deletion with a size of ~293 kb that occurred after the cytoplasmic injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system components into mouse zygotes and speculate about its origin. We suppose that deletion occurred as a result of the truncation of one of the ends of a double-strand break during the repair.
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16
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A. Lea R, K. Niakan K. Human germline genome editing. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1479-1489. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A recent report from Dr He Jiankui concerning the birth of twin girls harbouring mutations engineered by CRISPR/Cas nucleases has been met with international condemnation. Beside the serious ethical concerns, there are known technical risks associated with CRISPR/Cas gene editing which further raise questions about how these events could have been allowed to occur. Numerous studies have reported unexpected genomic mutation and mosaicism following the use of CRISPR/Cas nucleases, and it is currently unclear how prevalent these disadvantageous events are and how robust and sensitive the strategies to detect these unwanted events may be. Although Dr Jiankui's study appears to have involved certain checks to ascertain these risks, the decision to implant the manipulated embryos, given these unknowns, must nonetheless be considered reckless. Here I review the technical concerns surrounding genome editing and consider the available data from Dr Jiankui in this context. Although the data remains unpublished, preventing a thorough assessment of what was performed, it seems clear that the rationale behind the undertaking was seriously flawed; the procedures involved substantial technical risks which, when added to the serious ethical concerns, fully justify the widespread criticism that the events have received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davies
- Welcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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18
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CRISPR Craze to Transform Cardiac Biology. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:791-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Li Y, Kang XJ, Pang JKS, Soh BS, Yu Y, Fan Y. Human germline editing: Insights to future clinical treatment of diseases. Protein Cell 2019; 10:470-475. [PMID: 30430420 PMCID: PMC6588666 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Li
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xiang Jin Kang
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Boon Seng Soh
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Disease Modeling and Therapeutics Laboratory, A*STAR Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Yang Yu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Center of Reproductive Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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20
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Abstract
Abstract
The development of clustered regularly interspaced short-palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas systems for genome editing has transformed the way life science research is conducted and holds enormous potential for the treatment of disease as well as for many aspects of biotechnology. Here, I provide a personal perspective on the development of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing within the broader context of the field and discuss our work to discover novel Cas effectors and develop them into additional molecular tools. The initial demonstration of Cas9-mediated genome editing launched the development of many other technologies, enabled new lines of biological inquiry, and motivated a deeper examination of natural CRISPR-Cas systems, including the discovery of new types of CRISPR-Cas systems. These new discoveries in turn spurred further technological developments. I review these exciting discoveries and technologies as well as provide an overview of the broad array of applications of these technologies in basic research and in the improvement of human health. It is clear that we are only just beginning to unravel the potential within microbial diversity, and it is quite likely that we will continue to discover other exciting phenomena, some of which it may be possible to repurpose as molecular technologies. The transformation of mysterious natural phenomena to powerful tools, however, takes a collective effort to discover, characterize, and engineer them, and it has been a privilege to join the numerous researchers who have contributed to this transformation of CRISPR-Cas systems.
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21
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Wolf DP, Mitalipov PA, Mitalipov SM. Principles of and strategies for germline gene therapy. Nat Med 2019; 25:890-897. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Yang Y, Huang Y. The CRIPSR/Cas gene-editing system-an immature but useful toolkit for experimental and clinical medicine. Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:5-8. [PMID: 31016281 PMCID: PMC6431121 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A Chinese scientist, Jiankui He, and his creation of the world's first genetically altered baby made headlines recently. As a newly developed gene-editing technique, the CRISPR/Cas system should not be applied to human beings for reproductive purposes until it has been extensively tested. However, numerous experimental research studies in human somatic, germline cells, and even in embryos, have been conducted, which have shown CRISPR/Cas to be a useful tool for human genome editing and a potential therapeutic method for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Medical GeneticsInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular BiologyInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Medical GeneticsInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Towards the end of November 2018, news broke that the Chinese researcher He Jiankui had created the world's first genome-edited babies. This came shortly before the start of the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing, where researchers, ethicists and others concerned with regulation, social issues and public engagement from around the world gathered to discuss the latest advances in the field. In this Spotlight, I provide my perspective on the events that occurred shortly prior to and at the summit, where He Jiankui gave an account of his activities. I also discuss what was wrong with his approach and how, after more research and with appropriate regulation, clinical applications of germline genome editing in humans may be justifiable.
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Greenfield A. Fearful old world? A commentary on the Second International Summit on human genome editing. Mamm Genome 2019; 30:1-4. [PMID: 30600355 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing is revolutionising our ability to modify genomes with exquisite precision for medical and agricultural applications, and in basic research. The first International Summit on Human Genome Editing, organised jointly by the US National Academies of Sciences and Medicine, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the UK Royal Society, was held in Washington DC at the end of 2015. Its aim was to explore scientific, legal and ethical perspectives on the prospective use of human genome editing as a therapeutic intervention in disease (so-called somatic genome editing) and as a possible intervention in human reproduction (so-called germ-line genome editing). Following that Summit, the Organising Committee had, in a press release, come to the conclusion that: "It would be irresponsible to proceed with any clinical use of germ line editing unless and until (i) the relevant safety and efficacy issues have been resolved, based on appropriate understanding and balancing of risks, potential benefits and alternatives, and (ii) there is broad societal consensus about the appropriateness of the proposed application" ( http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12032015a ). A report from the US National Academies subsequently reiterated and developed the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Greenfield
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas-based genome editing technology has enabled manipulation of the embryonic genome. Unbiased whole genome sequencing comparing parents to progeny has revealed that the rate of Cas9-induced mutagenesis in mouse embryos is indistinguishable from the background rate of de novo mutation. However, establishing the best practice to confirm on-target alleles of interest remains a challenge. We believe that improvement in editing strategies and screening methods for founder mice will contribute to the generation of quality-controlled animals, thereby ensuring reproducibility of results in animal studies and advancing the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ayabe
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakashima
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Memi F, Ntokou A, Papangeli I. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing: Research technologies, clinical applications and ethical considerations. Semin Perinatol 2018; 42:487-500. [PMID: 30482590 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy carries the potential to treat more than 10,000 human monogenic diseases and benefit an even greater number of complex polygenic conditions. The repurposing of CRISPR/Cas9, an ancient bacterial immune defense system, into a gene-editing technology has armed researchers with a revolutionary tool for gene therapy. However, as the breadth of research and clinical applications of this technology continues to expand, outstanding technical challenges and ethical considerations will need to be addressed before clinical applications become commonplace. Here, we review CRISPR/Cas9 technology and discuss its benefits and limitations in research and the clinical context, as well as ethical considerations surrounding the use of CRISPR gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Memi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, WC1E 6DE London, UK.
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George, 7(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Irinna Papangeli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George, 7(th) Floor, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
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Abstract
CRISPR gene editing is poised to transform the therapeutic landscape for diseases of genetic origin. The ease and agility by which CRISPR can make specific changes to DNA holds great promise not only for the treatment of heritable diseases, but also their prevention through germline editing. CRISPR-based therapeutic strategies are currently under development for numerous monogenic diseases. These strategies range from proof of concept studies demonstrating pre-fertilization gamete editing to recently initiated clinical trials for postnatal ex vivo therapies. The promise of CRISPR's human genome editing potential has captivated the public's attention. It is of paramount importance that medical professionals who work with patients who may have or carry a monogenic heritable disease understand CRISPR technology in order to have informed and compassionate discussions with their patients. Understanding CRISPR means understanding its evolving therapeutic applications' nuances, limitations, and barriers to access as well as the regulatory landscape they inhabit. In this piece we provide a review of the promises and pitfalls of CRISPR germline gene editing and their implications for patient decision-making throughout various stages of the reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kofler
- Founder, Editing Nature and Associate Research Scientist, Yale Institute of Biospheric Studies, Yale Interdisciplinary Center for Bioethics, 21 Sachem St., New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Katherine L Kraschel
- Executive Director, Solomon Center for Health Law and Policy; Lecturer in Law; and Research Scholar, Yale Law School, 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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29
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Callaway E. Did CRISPR really fix a genetic mutation in these human embryos? Nature 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-05915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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