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Zhuang Z, Zhuo J, Yuan Y, Chen Z, Zhang S, Zhu A, Zhao J, Zhao J. Harnessing T-Cells for Enhanced Vaccine Development against Viral Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:478. [PMID: 38793729 PMCID: PMC11125924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant strides in vaccine research and the availability of vaccines for many infectious diseases, the threat posed by both known and emerging infectious diseases persists. Moreover, breakthrough infections following vaccination remain a concern. Therefore, the development of novel vaccines is imperative. These vaccines must exhibit robust protective efficacy, broad-spectrum coverage, and long-lasting immunity. One promising avenue in vaccine development lies in leveraging T-cells, which play a crucial role in adaptive immunity and regulate immune responses during viral infections. T-cell recognition can target highly variable or conserved viral proteins, and memory T-cells offer the potential for durable immunity. Consequently, T-cell-based vaccines hold promise for advancing vaccine development efforts. This review delves into the latest research advancements in T-cell-based vaccines across various platforms and discusses the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; (Z.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (Z.C.); (S.Z.); (A.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
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Maaske J, Sproule S, Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Luetkemeyer AF, Paulsen GC, Riddler SA, Robb ML, Rolle CP, Sha BE, Tong T, Ahani B, Aksyuk AA, Bansal H, Egan T, Jepson B, Padilla M, Patel N, Shoemaker K, Stanley AM, Swanson PA, Wilkins D, Villafana T, Green JA, Kelly EJ. Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1062067. [PMID: 36713413 PMCID: PMC9881590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1062067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breakthrough severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinees typically produces milder disease than infection in unvaccinated individuals. Methods To explore disease attenuation, we examined COVID-19 symptom burden and immuno-virologic responses to symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in participants (AZD1222: n=177/17,617; placebo: n=203/8,528) from a 2:1 randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study of two-dose primary series AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccination (NCT04516746). Results We observed that AZD1222 vaccinees had an overall lower incidence and shorter duration of COVID-19 symptoms compared with placebo recipients, as well as lower SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and a shorter median duration of viral shedding in saliva. Vaccinees demonstrated a robust antibody recall response versus placebo recipients with low-to-moderate inverse correlations with virologic endpoints. Vaccinees also demonstrated an enriched polyfunctional spike-specific Th-1-biased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response that was associated with strong inverse correlations with virologic endpoints. Conclusion Robust immune responses following AZD1222 vaccination attenuate COVID-19 disease severity and restrict SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential by reducing viral loads and the duration of viral shedding in saliva. Collectively, these analyses underscore the essential role of vaccination in mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Maaske
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie Sproule
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ann R. Falsey
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
- Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne F. Luetkemeyer
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Grant C. Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sharon A. Riddler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Beverly E. Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tina Tong
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bahar Ahani
- Bioinformatics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Anastasia A. Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Egan
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Brett Jepson
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marcelino Padilla
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Nirmeshkumar Patel
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn Shoemaker
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ann Marie Stanley
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Phillip A. Swanson
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Deidre Wilkins
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Justin A. Green
- Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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Buhre JS, Pongracz T, Künsting I, Lixenfeld AS, Wang W, Nouta J, Lehrian S, Schmelter F, Lunding HB, Dühring L, Kern C, Petry J, Martin EL, Föh B, Steinhaus M, von Kopylow V, Sina C, Graf T, Rahmöller J, Wuhrer M, Ehlers M. mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 induce comparably low long-term IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation levels but increasing long-term IgG4 responses compared to an adenovirus-based vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1020844. [PMID: 36713457 PMCID: PMC9877300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The new types of mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticle vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 and the adenovirus-based vaccine AZD1222 were developed against SARS-CoV-2 and code for its spike (S) protein. Several studies have investigated short-term antibody (Ab) responses after vaccination. Objective However, the impact of these new vaccine formats with unclear effects on the long-term Ab response - including isotype, subclass, and their type of Fc glycosylation - is less explored. Methods Here, we analyzed anti-S Ab responses in blood serum and the saliva of SARS-CoV-2 naïve and non-hospitalized pre-infected subjects upon two vaccinations with different mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccine combinations up to day 270. Results We show that the initially high mRNA vaccine-induced blood and salivary anti-S IgG levels, particularly IgG1, markedly decrease over time and approach the lower levels induced with the adenovirus-based vaccine. All three vaccines induced, contrary to the short-term anti-S IgG1 response with high sialylation and galactosylation levels, a long-term anti-S IgG1 response that was characterized by low sialylation and galactosylation with the latter being even below the corresponding total IgG1 galactosylation level. Instead, the mRNA, but not the adenovirus-based vaccines induced long-term IgG4 responses - the IgG subclass with inhibitory effector functions. Furthermore, salivary anti-S IgA levels were lower and decreased faster in naïve as compared to pre-infected vaccinees. Predictively, age correlated with lower long-term anti-S IgG titers for the mRNA vaccines. Furthermore, higher total IgG1 galactosylation, sialylation, and bisection levels correlated with higher long-term anti-S IgG1 sialylation, galactosylation, and bisection levels, respectively, for all vaccine combinations. Conclusion In summary, the study suggests a comparable "adjuvant" potential of the newly developed vaccines on the anti-S IgG Fc glycosylation, as reflected in relatively low long-term anti-S IgG1 galactosylation levels generated by the long-lived plasma cell pool, whose induction might be driven by a recently described TH1-driven B cell response for all three vaccines. Instead, repeated immunization of naïve individuals with the mRNA vaccines increased the proportion of the IgG4 subclass over time which might influence the long-term Ab effector functions. Taken together, these data shed light on these novel vaccine formats and might have potential implications for their long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sophia Buhre
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inga Künsting
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne S. Lixenfeld
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Selina Lehrian
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmelter
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna B. Lunding
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lara Dühring
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Kern
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janina Petry
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emily L. Martin
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bandik Föh
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Moritz Steinhaus
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera von Kopylow
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Graf
- Medical Department 2, University Heart Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Rahmöller
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Manfred Wuhrer, ; Marc Ehlers,
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany,*Correspondence: Manfred Wuhrer, ; Marc Ehlers,
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Weskamm LM, Fathi A, Raadsen MP, Mykytyn AZ, Koch T, Spohn M, Friedrich M, Haagmans BL, Becker S, Sutter G, Dahlke C, Addo MM. Persistence of MERS-CoV-spike-specific B cells and antibodies after late third immunization with the MVA-MERS-S vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100685. [PMID: 35858586 PMCID: PMC9295383 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In follow up to a phase 1 trial, we perform a longitudinal analysis of immune responses following immunization with the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine MVA-MERS-S encoding the MERS-CoV-spike protein. Three homologous immunizations were administered on days 0 and 28 with a late booster vaccination at 12 ± 4 months. Antibody isotypes, subclasses, and neutralization capacity as well as T and B cell responses were monitored over a period of 3 years using standard and bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 50% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT50), enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot), and flow cytometry. The late booster immunization significantly increases the frequency and persistence of spike-specific B cells, binding immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and neutralizing antibodies but not T cell responses. Our data highlight the potential of a late boost to enhance long-term antibody and B cell immunity against MERS-CoV. Our findings on the MVA-MERS-S vaccine may be of relevance for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie M Weskamm
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthijs P Raadsen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Till Koch
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Bioinformatics Core Unit, Hamburg University Medical Centre, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Friedrich
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Centre for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research, München, Germany; Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Sollberg L, Bawolt M, Berens C, Kovačević P, Trudić A, Parcina M, Hoerauf A. Comparison of IgA, IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Immunization With Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm's COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917905. [PMID: 35799790 PMCID: PMC9254618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ongoing multinational trial, we obtained blood samples from 365 volunteers vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (Moderna, BioNTech), viral DNA-vectored vaccines (AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, and Johnson and Johnson), or the attenuated virus vaccine from Sinopharm. After collecting reactogenicity data, the expression of S-Protein binding IgG and IgA was analyzed using an automated sandwich ELISA system. Serum neutralizing potentials were then investigated using an ACE-2-RBD neutralizing assay. Moderna's vaccine induced the highest amounts of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies compared to the other groups. In contrast, Sinopharm and Johnson and Johnson's vaccinees presented the lowest SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers. Interestingly, moderate to high negative correlations between age and virus-specific IgG expression were observed in the Johnson and Johnson (ρ =-0.3936) and Sinopharm (ρ =-0.6977) groups according to Spearman's rank correlation analysis. A negative correlation was seen between age and IgA expression in the Sputnik-V group (ρ =-0.3917). The analysis of virus neutralization potentials in age categories demonstrated that no significant neutralization potential was observed in older vaccinees (61and 80 years old) in the Sputnik-V Johnson and Johnson and Sinopharm vaccinees' groups. In contrast, neutralization potentials in sera of Moderna, BioNTech, and AstraZeneca vaccinees were statistically comparable in all age categories. Furthermore, while the AstraZeneca vaccine alone induced moderate IgG and IgA expression, the combination with Moderna or BioNTech mRNA vaccines induced significantly higher antibody levels than a double dose of AstraZeneca and similar IgG expression and neutralization potential compared to Moderna or BioNTech vaccines used alone. These results suggest that mRNA vaccines are the most immunogenic after two doses. DNA vectored vaccines from AstraZeneca and Sputnik-V presented lower but significant antibody expression and virus neutralizing properties after two doses. The lowest antibody and neutralization potential were observed in the Sinopharm or Johnson and Johnson vaccinees. Especially elderly over 60 presented no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. The data also indicate that heterologous vaccination strategies combining the AstraZeneca DNA vectored vaccines and mRNA vaccines are more effective in the induction of neutralizing antibodies compared to their homologous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leander Sollberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bawolt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Berens
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peđa Kovačević
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anika Trudić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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6
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Perkmann T, Mucher P, Perkmann-Nagele N, Radakovics A, Repl M, Koller T, Schmetterer KG, Bigenzahn JW, Leitner F, Jordakieva G, Wagner OF, Binder CJ, Haslacher H. The Comparability of Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Tests is Time-Dependent: a Prospective Observational Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0140221. [PMID: 35196824 PMCID: PMC8865567 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01402-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Various commercial anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests are used for studies and in clinical settings after vaccination. An international standard for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has been established to achieve comparability of such tests, allowing conversions to BAU/mL. This study aimed to investigate the comparability of antibody tests regarding the timing of blood collection after vaccination. For this prospective observational study, antibody levels of 50 participants with homologous AZD1222 vaccination were evaluated at 3 and 11 weeks after the first dose and 3 weeks after the second dose using two commercial anti-Spike binding antibody assays (Roche and Abbott) and a surrogate neutralization assay. The correlation between Roche and Abbott changed significantly depending on the time point studied. Although Abbott provided values three times higher than Roche 3 weeks after the first dose, the values for Roche were twice as high as for Abbott 11 weeks after the first dose and 5 to 6 times higher at 3 weeks after the second dose. The comparability of quantitative anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests was highly dependent on the timing of blood collection after vaccination. Therefore, standardization of the timing of blood collection might be necessary for the comparability of different quantitative SARS-COV-2 antibody assays. IMPORTANCE This work showed that the comparability of apparently standardized SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (Roche, Abbott; both given in BAU/mL) after vaccination depends on the time of blood withdrawal. Initially (3 weeks after the first dose AZD1222), there were 3 times higher values in the Abbott assay, but this relationship inversed before boosting (11 weeks after the first dose) with Roche 2 times greater than Abbott. After the booster, Roche quantified ca. 5 times higher levels than Abbott. This must be considered by clinicians when interpreting SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Astrid Radakovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Repl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Koller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Florentina Leitner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald F. Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Haslacher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Groß R, Zanoni M, Seidel A, Conzelmann C, Gilg A, Krnavek D, Erdemci-Evin S, Mayer B, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Liu W, Hahn BH, Beil A, Kroschel J, Jahrsdörfer B, Schrezenmeier H, Kirchhoff F, Münch J, Müller JA. Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity against prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants. EBioMedicine 2021; 75:103761. [PMID: 34929493 PMCID: PMC8682749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens combining vector- and mRNA-based vaccines are already administered, but data on solicited adverse reactions, immunological responses and elicited protection are limited. Methods To evaluate the reactogenicity and humoral as well as cellular immune responses towards most prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variants after a heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination, we analysed a cohort of 26 clinic employees aged 25-46 (median 30.5) years who received a ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime followed by a BNT162b2 boost after an 8-week interval. Serological data were compared to a cohort which received homologous BNT162b2 vaccination with a 3-week interval (14 individuals aged 25-65, median 42). Findings Self-reported solicited symptoms after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime were in line with previous reports and more severe than after the BNT162b2 boost. Antibody titres increased significantly over time resulting in strong neutralization titres two weeks after the BNT162b2 boost and subsequently slightly decreased over the course of 17 weeks. At the latest time point measured, all analysed sera retained neutralizing activity against the currently dominant Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Two weeks post boost, neutralizing activity against the Alpha (B.1.1.7) and immune-evading Beta (B.1.351) variant was ∼4-fold higher than in individuals receiving homologous BNT162b2 vaccination. No difference was observed in neutralization of Kappa (B.1.617.1). In addition, heterologous vaccination induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reactive to SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides of all analysed variants; Wuhan-Hu-1, Alpha, Beta, Gamma (P.1), and Delta. Interpretation In conclusion, heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 / BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination is not associated with serious adverse events and induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses. The Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Kappa variants of spike are potently neutralized by sera from all participants and reactive T cells recognize spike peptides of all tested variants. These results suggest that this heterologous vaccination regimen is at least as immunogenic and protective as homologous vaccinations and also offers protection against current variants of concern. Funding This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the German Research Foundation, the BMBF, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung, the county of Lower Saxony, the Ministry for Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michelle Zanoni
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alina Seidel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Gilg
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Krnavek
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sümeyye Erdemci-Evin
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alexandra Beil
- Central Department for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joris Kroschel
- Central Department for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Services Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Core Facility Functional Peptidomics, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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8
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Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Gaunt ER, Mabbott NA. The clinical correlates of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia after immunisation with adenovirus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab019. [PMID: 34557868 PMCID: PMC8385946 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We are at a critical stage in the COVID-19 pandemic where vaccinations are being rolled out globally, in a race against time to get ahead of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the emergence of more highly transmissible variants. A range of vaccines have been created and received either emergency approval or full licensure. To attain the upper hand, maximum vaccine synthesis, deployment, and uptake as rapidly as possible is essential. However, vaccine uptake, particularly in younger adults is dropping, at least in part fuelled by reports of rare complications associated with specific vaccines. This review considers how vaccination with adenovirus vector-based vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus might cause rare cases of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in some recipients. A thorough understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate this syndrome may help to identify methods to prevent these very rare, but serious side effects. This will also help facilitate the identification of those at highest risk from these outcomes, so that we can work towards a stratified approach to vaccine deployment to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Gaunt
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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