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Armani-Tourret M, Bone B, Tan TS, Sun W, Bellefroid M, Struyve T, Louella M, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Immune targeting of HIV-1 reservoir cells: a path to elimination strategies and cure. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:328-344. [PMID: 38337034 PMCID: PMC11131351 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Successful approaches for eradication or cure of HIV-1 infection are likely to include immunological mechanisms, but remarkably little is known about how human immune responses can recognize and interact with the few HIV-1-infected cells that harbour genome-intact viral DNA, persist long term despite antiretroviral therapy and represent the main barrier to a cure. For a long time regarded as being completely shielded from host immune responses due to viral latency, these cells do, on closer examination with single-cell analytic techniques, display discrete footprints of immune selection, implying that human immune responses may be able to effectively engage and target at least some of these cells. The failure to eliminate rebound-competent virally infected cells in the majority of persons likely reflects the evolution of a highly selected pool of reservoir cells that are effectively camouflaged from immune recognition or rely on sophisticated approaches for resisting immune-mediated killing. Understanding the fine-tuned interplay between host immune responses and viral reservoir cells will help to design improved interventions that exploit the immunological vulnerabilities of HIV-1 reservoir cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Armani-Tourret
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bone
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maxime Bellefroid
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tine Struyve
- HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Louella
- Community Advisory Board, Delaney AIDS Research Enterprise (DARE), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Jacobson JM, Felber BK, Chen H, Pavlakis GN, Mullins JI, De Rosa SC, Kuritzkes DR, Tomaras GD, Kinslow J, Bao Y, Olefsky M, Rosati M, Bear J, Heptinstall JR, Zhang L, Sawant S, Hannaman D, Laird GM, Cyktor JC, Heath SL, Collier AC, Koletar SL, Taiwo BO, Tebas P, Wohl DA, Belaunzaran-Zamudio PF, McElrath MJ, Landay AL. The immunogenicity of an HIV-1 Gag conserved element DNA vaccine in people with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2024; 38:963-973. [PMID: 38051788 PMCID: PMC11062837 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the study was to assess the immunogenicity of an HIV-1 Gag conserved element DNA vaccine (p24CE DNA) in people with HIV (PWH) receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5369 was a phase I/IIa, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of PWH receiving ART with plasma HIV-1 RNA less than 50 copies/ml, current CD4 + T-cell counts greater than 500 cells/μl, and nadir CD4 + T-cell counts greater than 350 cells/μl. METHODS The study enrolled 45 participants randomized 2 : 1 : 1 to receive p24CE DNA vaccine at weeks 0 and 4, followed by p24CE DNA admixed with full-length p55 Gag DNA vaccine at weeks 12 and 24 (arm A); full-length p55 Gag DNA vaccine at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 24 (arm B); or placebo at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 24 (arm C). The active and placebo vaccines were administered by intramuscular electroporation. RESULTS There was a modest, but significantly greater increase in the number of conserved elements recognized by CD4 + and/or CD8 + T cells in arm A compared with arm C ( P = 0.014). The percentage of participants with an increased number of conserved elements recognized by T cells was also highest in arm A (8/18, 44.4%) vs. arm C (0/10, 0.0%) ( P = 0.025). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in the change in magnitude of responses to total conserved elements. CONCLUSION A DNA-delivered HIV-1 Gag conserved element vaccine boosted by a combination of this vaccine with a full-length p55 Gag DNA vaccine induced a new conserved element-directed cellular immune response in approximately half the treated PWH on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Huichao Chen
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - James I Mullins
- Departments of Microbiology, Medicine, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel R Kuritzkes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Kinslow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Yajing Bao
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Margherita Rosati
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Jack R Heptinstall
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC
| | - Lu Zhang
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Joshua C Cyktor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ann C Collier
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Susan L Koletar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Babafemi O Taiwo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - David A Wohl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Pablo F Belaunzaran-Zamudio
- Contractor, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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3
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Mastrangelo A, Gama L, Cinque P. Strategies to target the central nervous system HIV reservoir. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:133-140. [PMID: 38457227 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The central nervous system (CNS) is an hotspot for HIV persistence and may be a major obstacle to overcome for curative strategies. The peculiar anatomical, tissular and cellular characteristics of the HIV reservoir in the CNS may need to be specifically addressed to achieve a long-term HIV control without ART. In this review, we will discuss the critical challenges that currently explored curative strategies may face in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), targeting latent HIV in brain-resident myeloid reservoirs, and eliminating the virus without eliciting dangerous neurological adverse events. RECENT FINDINGS Latency reversing agents (LRA), broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNabs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, and adeno-associated virus 9-vectored gene-therapies cross the BBB with varying efficiency. Although brain penetration is poor for bNAbs, viral vectors for in vivo gene-editing, certain LRAs, and CAR T-cells may reach the cerebral compartment more efficiently. All these approaches, however, may encounter difficulties in eliminating HIV-infected perivascular macrophages and microglia. Safety, including local neurological adverse effects, may also be a concern, especially if high doses are required to achieve optimal brain penetration and efficient brain cell targeting. SUMMARY Targeting the CNS remains a potential problem for the currently investigated HIV curing strategies. In vivo evidence on CNS effectiveness is limited for most of the investigated strategies, and additional studies should be focused on evaluating the interplay between the cerebral HIV reservoir and treatment aiming to achieve an ART-free cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastrangelo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire Vaudoise (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paola Cinque
- Unit of Infectious Diseases and Neurovirology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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4
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Berger A, Pedersen J, Kowatsch MM, Scholte F, Lafrance MA, Azizi H, Li Y, Gomez A, Wade M, Fausther-Bovendo H, de La Vega MA, Jelinski J, Babuadze G, Nepveu-Traversy ME, Lamarre C, Racine T, Kang CY, Gaillet B, Garnier A, Gilbert R, Kamen A, Yao XJ, Fowke KR, Arts E, Kobinger G. Impact of Recombinant VSV-HIV Prime, DNA-Boost Vaccine Candidates on Immunogenicity and Viremia on SHIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:369. [PMID: 38675751 PMCID: PMC11053682 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, no effective vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is available, and various platforms are being examined. The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vaccine vehicle can induce robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, making it a suitable candidate for the development of an HIV vaccine. Here, we analyze the protective immunological impacts of recombinant VSV vaccine vectors that express chimeric HIV Envelope proteins (Env) in rhesus macaques. To improve the immunogenicity of these VSV-HIV Env vaccine candidates, we generated chimeric Envs containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which increases surface Env on the particle. Additionally, the Ebola virus glycoprotein was added to the VSV-HIV vaccine particles to divert tropism from CD4 T cells and enhance their replications both in vitro and in vivo. Animals were boosted with DNA constructs that encoded matching antigens. Vaccinated animals developed non-neutralizing antibody responses against both the HIV Env and the Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) as well as systemic memory T-cell activation. However, these responses were not associated with observable protection against simian-HIV (SHIV) infection following repeated high-dose intra-rectal SHIV SF162p3 challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Berger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Jannie Pedersen
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Monika M. Kowatsch
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (M.M.K.); (K.R.F.)
| | - Florine Scholte
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Marc-Alexandre Lafrance
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Hiva Azizi
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (E.A.)
| | - Alejandro Gomez
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Matthew Wade
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Hugues Fausther-Bovendo
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Joseph Jelinski
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - George Babuadze
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | | | - Claude Lamarre
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Unversité Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.B.); (J.P.); (F.S.); (M.-A.L.); (H.A.); (A.G.); (M.W.); (H.F.-B.); (M.-A.d.L.V.); (G.B.); (C.L.)
| | - Trina Racine
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1E 6W2, Canada; (T.R.); (X.-J.Y.)
| | - Chil-Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (E.A.)
| | - Bruno Gaillet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Department of Production Platforms and Analytics, Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada;
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
| | - Xiao-Jian Yao
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1E 6W2, Canada; (T.R.); (X.-J.Y.)
| | - Keith R. Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; (M.M.K.); (K.R.F.)
| | - Eric Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (E.A.)
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
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6
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He X, Wong YC, Zhong M, Mo Y, Li B, Yim LY, Li X, Liu W, Du Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Chen Z. A follow-up study: 6-year cART-free virologic control of rhesus macaques after PD-1-based DNA vaccination against pathogenic SHIV SF162P3CN challenge. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0335023. [PMID: 37921496 PMCID: PMC10715146 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03350-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Efficient strategies for HIV-1 cART-free virologic control are critical for ending the AIDS pandemic. The essential role of effector-memory CD8+ T cells in controlling viremia and eliminating virus-infected cells has made them a promising target for vaccine development. It has been previously reported that PD-1-based DNA vaccination was effective in inducing polyfunctional effector-memory CD8+ T cells for AIDS virus control for 2 years in rhesus monkeys. This follow-up study extends the findings and shows that a viremia-free period of over 6 years was detected in two monkeys immunized with PD-1-based DNA vaccine against pathogenic SHIVSF162P3CN infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Long-term vaccine-induced memory T cell responses were detected. Our results warrant the clinical trials of PD-1-based DNA vaccines for achieving HIV-1 cART-free virologic control used either alone or in combination with other biomedical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoen He
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yik Chun Wong
- Immuno Cure Holding (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Menglong Zhong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lok Yan Yim
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Li
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wan Liu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- Immuno Cure Holding (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Boopathy AV, Sharma B, Nekkalapudi A, Wimmer R, Gamez-Guerrero M, Suthram S, Truong H, Lee J, Li J, Martin R, Blair W, Geleziunas R, Orlinger K, Ahmadi-Erber S, Lauterbach H, Makadzange T, Falkard B, Schmidt S. Immunogenic arenavirus vector SIV vaccine reduces setpoint viral load in SIV-challenged rhesus monkeys. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:175. [PMID: 37945621 PMCID: PMC10635999 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV affects more than 38 million people worldwide. Although HIV can be effectively treated by lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy, only a handful of patients have been cured. Therapeutic vaccines that induce robust de novo immune responses targeting HIV proteins and latent reservoirs will likely be integral for functional HIV cure. Our study shows that immunization of naïve rhesus macaques with arenavirus-derived vaccine vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVSME543 Gag, Env, and Pol) immunogens is safe, immunogenic, and efficacious. Immunization induced robust SIV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses with expanded cellular breadth, polyfunctionality, and Env-binding antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Vaccinated animals had significant reductions in median SIV viral load (1.45-log10 copies/mL) after SIVMAC251 challenge compared with placebo. Peak viral control correlated with the breadth of Gag-specific T cells and tier 1 neutralizing antibodies. These results support clinical investigation of arenavirus-based vectors as a central component of therapeutic vaccination for HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hoa Truong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Johnny Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Jiani Li
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Ross Martin
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Wade Blair
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brie Falkard
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Stamatatos L. 'Immunization during ART and ATI for HIV-1 vaccine discovery/development'. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:309-314. [PMID: 37712859 PMCID: PMC10552831 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Explore whether immunization with germline-targeting Env immunogens during ART, followed by ATI, leads to the identification of viral envelope glycoproteins (Envs) that promote and guide the full maturation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) does not efficiently engage the germline precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). However, Env-derived proteins specifically designed to precisely do that, have been recently developed. These 'germline-targeting' Env immunogens activate naïve B cells that express the germline precursors of bnAbs but by themselves cannot guide their maturation towards their broadly neutralizing forms. This requires sequential immunizations with heterologous sets of Envs. These 'booster' Envs are currently unknown. SUMMARY Combining germline-targeting Env immunization approaches during ART with ATI could lead to the identification of natural Envs that are responsible for the maturation of broadly neutralizing antibody responses during infection. Such Envs could then serve as booster immunogens to guide the maturation of glBCRs that have become activated by germline-targeting immunogens in uninfected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington, Department of Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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Elizalde-Torrent A, Borgognone A, Casadellà M, Romero-Martin L, Escribà T, Parera M, Rosales-Salgado Y, Díaz-Pedroza J, Català-Moll F, Noguera-Julian M, Brander C, Paredes R, Olvera A. Vaccination with an HIV T-Cell Immunogen (HTI) Using DNA Primes Followed by a ChAdOx1-MVA Boost Is Immunogenic in Gut Microbiota-Depleted Mice despite Low IL-22 Serum Levels. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1663. [PMID: 38005995 PMCID: PMC10675013 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the important role of gut microbiota in the maturation of the immune system, little is known about its impact on the development of T-cell responses to vaccination. Here, we immunized C57BL/6 mice with a prime-boost regimen using DNA plasmid, the Chimpanzee Adenovirus, and the modified Vaccinia Ankara virus expressing a candidate HIV T-cell immunogen and compared the T-cell responses between individuals with an intact or antibiotic-depleted microbiota. Overall, the depletion of the gut microbiota did not result in significant differences in the magnitude or breadth of the immunogen-specific IFNγ T-cell response after vaccination. However, we observed marked changes in the serum levels of four cytokines after vaccinating microbiota-depleted animals, particularly a significant reduction in IL-22 levels. Interestingly, the level of IL-22 in serum correlated with the abundance of Roseburia in the large intestine of mice in the mock and vaccinated groups with intact microbiota. This short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacterium was significantly reduced in the vaccinated, microbiota-depleted group. Therefore, our results indicate that, although microbiota depletion reduces serum levels of IL-22, the powerful vaccine regime used could have overcome the impact of microbiota depletion on IFNγ-producing T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Elizalde-Torrent
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Alessandra Borgognone
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Maria Casadellà
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Luis Romero-Martin
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Tuixent Escribà
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Mariona Parera
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Yaiza Rosales-Salgado
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (Y.R.-S.); (J.D.-P.)
| | - Jorge Díaz-Pedroza
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (Y.R.-S.); (J.D.-P.)
| | - Francesc Català-Moll
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC—ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC—ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Aelix Therapeutics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- CIBERINFEC—ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Fight AIDS Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- Irsicaixa—AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Barcelona, Spain; (A.E.-T.); (A.B.); (M.C.); (L.R.-M.); (T.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.-M.); (M.N.-J.); (C.B.); (R.P.)
- CIBERINFEC—ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Facultat de Ciències, Tecnologia i Enginyeries, Universitat de Vic—Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
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11
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Kopycinski J, Yang H, Hancock G, Pace M, Kim E, Frater J, Stöhr W, Hanke T, Fidler S, Dorrell L. Therapeutic vaccination following early antiretroviral therapy elicits highly functional T cell responses against conserved HIV-1 regions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17155. [PMID: 37821472 PMCID: PMC10567821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
'Kick and kill' cure strategies aim to induce HIV protein expression in latently infected cells (kick), and thus trigger their elimination by cytolytic T cells (kill). In the Research in Viral Eradication of HIV Reservoirs trial (NCT02336074), people diagnosed with primary HIV infection received immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) and were randomised 24 weeks later to either a latency-reversing agent, vorinostat, together with ChAdV63.HIVconsv and MVA.HIVconsv vaccines, or ART alone. This intervention conferred no reduction in HIV-1 reservoir size over ART alone, despite boosting virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The effects of the intervention were examined at the cellular level in the two trial arms using unbiased computational analysis of polyfunctional scores. This showed that the frequency and polyfunctionality of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations were significantly increased over 12 weeks post-vaccination, compared to the ART-only arm. HIV-specific IL-2-secreting CD8+ T cells also expanded significantly in the intervention arm and were correlated with antiviral activity against heterologous HIV in vitro. Therapeutic vaccination during ART commenced in primary infection can induce functional T cell responses that are phenotypically similar to those of HIV controllers. Analytical therapy interruption may help determine their ability to control HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gemma Hancock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Kim
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tomás Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Joint Research Centre for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, and National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Immunocore Ltd, 93 Park Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, Oxon, UK.
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12
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Yucha R, Litchford ML, Fish CS, Yaffe ZA, Richardson BA, Maleche-Obimbo E, John-Stewart G, Wamalwa D, Overbaugh J, Lehman DA. Higher HIV-1 Env gp120-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity Is Associated with Lower Levels of Defective HIV-1 Provirus. Viruses 2023; 15:2055. [PMID: 37896832 PMCID: PMC10611199 DOI: 10.3390/v15102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV-1 (HIV) remains unrealized due to a reservoir of latently infected cells that persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with reservoir size associated with adverse health outcomes and inversely with time to viral rebound upon ART cessation. Once established during ART, the HIV reservoir decays minimally over time; thus, understanding factors that impact the size of the HIV reservoir near its establishment is key to improving the health of people living with HIV and for the development of novel cure strategies. Yet, to date, few correlates of HIV reservoir size have been identified, particularly in pediatric populations. Here, we employed a cross-subtype intact proviral DNA assay (CS-IPDA) to quantify HIV provirus between one- and two-years post-ART initiation in a cohort of Kenyan children (n = 72), which had a median of 99 intact (range: 0-2469), 1340 defective (range: 172-3.84 × 104), and 1729 total (range: 178-5.11 × 104) HIV proviral copies per one million T cells. Additionally, pre-ART plasma was tested for HIV Env-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. We found that pre-ART gp120-specific ADCC activity inversely correlated with defective provirus levels (n = 68, r = -0.285, p = 0.0214) but not the intact reservoir (n = 68, r = -0.0321, p-value = 0.800). Pre-ART gp41-specific ADCC did not significantly correlate with either proviral population (n = 68; intact: r = -0.0512, p-value = 0.686; defective: r = -0.109, p-value = 0.389). This suggests specific host immune factors prior to ART initiation can impact proviruses that persist during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Yucha
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Morgan L. Litchford
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carolyn S. Fish
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zak A. Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dara A. Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Landovitz RJ, Scott H, Deeks SG. Prevention, treatment and cure of HIV infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:657-670. [PMID: 37344551 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of antiretroviral therapy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection has been marked by a series of remarkable successes. However, the efforts to develop a vaccine have largely failed, and efforts to discover a cure are only now beginning to gain traction. In this Review, we describe recent progress on all fronts - pre-exposure prophylaxis, vaccines, treatment and cure - and we discuss the unmet needs, both current and in the coming years. We describe the emerging arsenal of drugs, biologics and strategies that will hopefully address these needs. Although HIV research has largely been siloed in the past, this is changing, as the emerging research agenda is marked by multiple cross-discipline synergies and collaborations. As the limitations of antiretroviral drugs as a means to truly end the epidemic are becoming more apparent, there is a great need for continued efforts to develop an effective preventative vaccine and a scalable cure, both of which remain formidable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael J Landovitz
- Center for Clinical AIDS Research and Education, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Bhattacharyya S, Crain CR, Goldberg B, Gaiha GD. Features of functional and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to guide HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:257-263. [PMID: 37535040 PMCID: PMC10503300 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct clinical outcomes. These differences help inform the qualitative features of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that we should aim to induce by vaccination. RECENT FINDINGS We review previous and more recent findings on the features of dysfunctional and functional CD8+ T cell responses that develop in individuals with uncontrolled and controlled HIV infection, with particular emphasis on proliferation, cytotoxic effector function, epitope specificity, and responses in lymph nodes. We also discuss the implications of these findings for both prophylactic and therapeutic T cell vaccine development within the context of T cell vaccine trials. SUMMARY The induction of HIV specific CD8+ T cell responses is an important goal of ongoing vaccine efforts. Emerging data on the key features of CD8+ T cell responses that distinguish individuals who spontaneously control from those with progressive disease continues to provide key guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaown Bhattacharyya
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Charles R Crain
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Benjamin Goldberg
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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15
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Beavis AC, Wee EGT, Akis Yildirim BM, Borthwick N, He B, Hanke T. Combined intranasal and intramuscular parainfluenza 5-, simian adenovirus ChAdOx1- and poxvirus MVA-vectored vaccines induce synergistically HIV-1-specific T cells in the mucosa. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186478. [PMID: 37529048 PMCID: PMC10390215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primary goal of this work is to broaden and enhance the options for induction of protective CD8+ T cells against HIV-1 and respiratory pathogens. Methods We explored the advantages of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vector for delivery of pathogen-derived transgenes alone and in combination with the in-human potent regimen of simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 prime-poxvirus MVA boost delivering bi-valent mosaic of HIV-1 conserved regions designated HIVconsvX. Results We showed in BALB/c mice that the PIV5 vector expressing the HIVconsvX immunogens could be readily incorporated with the other two vaccine modalities into a single regimen and that for specific vector combinations, mucosal CD8+ T-cell induction was enhanced synergistically by a combination of the intranasal and intramuscular routes of administration. Discussion Encouraging safety and immunogenicity data from phase 1 human trials of ChAdOx1- and MVA-vectored vaccines for HIV-1, and PIV5-vectored vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus pave the way for combining these vectors for HIV-1 and other indications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Beavis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Edmund G. -T. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belkis M. Akis Yildirim
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Wang YY, Zhen C, Hu W, Huang HH, Li YJ, Zhou MJ, Li J, Fu YL, Zhang P, Li XY, Yang T, Song JW, Fan X, Zou J, Meng SR, Qin YQ, Jiao YM, Xu R, Zhang JY, Zhou CB, Yuan JH, Huang L, Shi M, Cheng L, Wang FS, Zhang C. Elevated glutamate impedes anti-HIV-1 CD8 + T cell responses in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. Commun Biol 2023; 6:696. [PMID: 37419968 PMCID: PMC10328948 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8 + T cells are essential for long-lasting HIV-1 control and have been harnessed to develop therapeutic and preventive approaches for people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). HIV-1 infection induces marked metabolic alterations. However, it is unclear whether these changes affect the anti-HIV function of CD8 + T cells. Here, we show that PLWH exhibit higher levels of plasma glutamate than healthy controls. In PLWH, glutamate levels positively correlate with HIV-1 reservoir and negatively correlate with the anti-HIV function of CD8 + T cells. Single-cell metabolic modeling reveals glutamate metabolism is surprisingly robust in virtual memory CD8 + T cells (TVM). We further confirmed that glutamate inhibits TVM cells function via the mTORC1 pathway in vitro. Our findings reveal an association between metabolic plasticity and CD8 + T cell-mediated HIV control, suggesting that glutamate metabolism can be exploited as a therapeutic target for the reversion of anti-HIV CD8 + T cell function in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yuan Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Emergency, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Si-Run Meng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Ya-Qin Qin
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.
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Schou MD, Søgaard OS, Rasmussen TA. Clinical trials aimed at HIV cure or remission: new pathways and lessons learned. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1227-1243. [PMID: 37856845 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2273919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The main barrier to finding a cure against HIV is the latent HIV reservoir, which persists in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite antiretroviral treatment (ART). Here, we discuss recent findings from interventional studies using mono- and combination therapies aimed at enhancing immune-mediated killing of the virus with or without activating HIV from latency. AREAS COVERED We discuss latency reversal agents (LRAs), broadly neutralizing antibodies, immunomodulatory therapies, and studies aimed at inducing apoptosis. EXPERT OPINION The landscape of clinical trials for HIV cure and remission has evolved considerably over the past 10 years. Several novel interventions such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines, and broadly neutralizing antibodies have been tested either alone or in combination with LRAs but studies have so far not shown a meaningful impact on the frequency of latently infected cells. Immunomodulatory therapies could work differently in the setting of antigen expression, that is, during active viremia, and timing of interventions could therefore, be key to future therapeutic success. Lessons learned from clinical trials aimed at HIV cure indicate that while we are still far from reaching a complete eradication cure of HIV, clinical interventions capable of inducing enhanced control of HIV replication in the absence of ART might be a more feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dyveke Schou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Aagaard Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Campos-Gonzalez G, Martinez-Picado J, Velasco-Hernandez T, Salgado M. Opportunities for CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy in HIV Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030789. [PMID: 36992496 PMCID: PMC10057306 DOI: 10.3390/v15030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology is having a huge impact in the blood malignancy field and is becoming a well-established therapy for many types of leukaemia. In recent decades, efforts have been made to demonstrate that CAR-T cells have potential as a therapy to achieve a sterilizing cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, translation of this technology to the HIV scenario has not been easy, as many challenges have appeared along the way that hinder the consolidation of CAR-T cells as a putative therapy. Here, we review the origin and development of CAR-T cells, describe the advantages of CAR-T cell therapy in comparison with other therapies, and describe the major obstacles currently faced regarding application of this technology in the HIV field, specifically, viral escape, CAR-T cell infectivity, and accessibility to hidden reservoirs. Nonetheless, promising results in successfully tackling some of these issues that have been obtained in clinical trials suggest a bright future for CAR-T cells as a consolidated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Talia Velasco-Hernandez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- RICORS-TERAV, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Salgado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
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19
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Archin N, Bar K, Burdo T, Caskey M, Chahroudi A, Farzan M, Ho YC, Jones R, Kearney M, Kuritzkes D, Margolis D, Martinez-Picado J, Okoye A, Salgado M, Stevenson M. Highlights from the Tenth International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, December 13-16, 2022, Miami, Florida-USA. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100315. [PMID: 36911658 PMCID: PMC9996320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy provides a forum in which HIV/AIDS researchers gather to share the latest research findings related to viral reservoirs and cure. The Tenth Workshop, which was attended by over 400 delegates, extended over 4 days and comprised eight sessions covering topics from the basic science of viral persistence to therapeutic approaches to HIV cure. Furthermore, satellite sessions on the first day of the Conference featuring cure research endeavours being pursued by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation as well as those being coordinated under the National Institutes of Health Martin Delaney Collaboratory program, provided important updates on research advances being made in these initiatives. As with previous conferences, the International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy is primarily abstract-driven with only one invited talk for each of the sessions. This format, therefore, increases the number of presentations from early-stage investigators. Furthermore, presentations by Community representatives illustrated approaches to creating cure research literacy with effective messaging for the Community. The following article offers a synopsis of the meeting sessions. Due to space constraints, some presentations may have only been briefly discussed. Nevertheless, the Workshop abstracts can be found online (https://www/sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-virus-eradication/vol/8/suppl/S).
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Archin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - K.J. Bar
- Dept of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - T. Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - M. Caskey
- Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - A. Chahroudi
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - M. Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, USA
| | - Y.-C. Ho
- HIV Reservoirs and Viral Eradication Transformative Science Group (Cure TSG), New Haven, USA
| | - R.B. Jones
- Dept of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Mary Kearney
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Host-Virus Interaction Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, USA
| | - D. Kuritzkes
- Harvard Medical School Infectious Disease, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - A. Okoye
- Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - M. Salgado
- IrsiCaixa Institute for AIDS Research, Badalona, Spain
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Domenjo-Vila E, Casella V, Iwabuchi R, Fossum E, Pedragosa M, Castellví Q, Cebollada Rica P, Kaisho T, Terahara K, Bocharov G, Argilaguet J, Meyerhans A. XCR1+ DCs are critical for T cell-mediated immunotherapy of chronic viral infections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112123. [PMID: 36795562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of cross-presenting XCR1+ dendritic cells (DCs) and SIRPα+ DCs in maintaining T cell function during exhaustion and immunotherapeutic interventions of chronic infections remains poorly characterized. Using the mouse model of chronic LCMV infection, we found that XCR1+ DCs are more resistant to infection and highly activated compared with SIRPα+ DCs. Exploiting XCR1+ DCs via Flt3L-mediated expansion or XCR1-targeted vaccination notably reinvigorates CD8+ T cells and improves virus control. Upon PD-L1 blockade, XCR1+ DCs are not required for the proliferative burst of progenitor exhausted CD8+ T (TPEX) cells but are indispensable to sustain the functionality of exhausted CD8+ T (TEX) cells. Combining anti-PD-L1 therapy with increased frequency of XCR1+ DCs improves functionality of TPEX and TEX subsets, while increase of SIRPα+ DCs dampened their proliferation. Together, this demonstrates that XCR1+ DCs are crucial for the success of checkpoint inhibitor-based therapies through differential activation of exhausted CD8+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domenjo-Vila
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Casella
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ryutaro Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Even Fossum
- Department of Immunology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mireia Pedragosa
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Quim Castellví
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Cebollada Rica
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Terahara
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gennady Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Vaccination with an HIV T-cell immunogen induces alterations in the mouse gut microbiota. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:104. [PMID: 36585401 PMCID: PMC9801356 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is emerging as a crucial factor modulating vaccine responses; however, few studies have investigated if vaccines, in turn, can alter the microbiota and to what extent such changes may improve vaccine efficacy. To understand the effect of T-cell vaccination on the gut microbiome, we administered an HIV-1 T-cell immunogen (HTI arm) or PBS (control, Mock arm) to C57Bl/6 mice following a heterologous prime-boost scheme. The longitudinal dynamics of the mice gut microbiota was characterized by 16 S ribosomal RNA sequencing in fecal samples collected from cages, as well as from three gut sections (cecum, small and large intestine). Serum and spleen cells were obtained at the last time point of the study to assess immune correlates using IFNγ ELISPOT and cytokine Luminex® assays. Compared with Mock, HTI-vaccinated mice were enriched in Clostridiales genera (Eubacterium xylanophilum group, Roseburia and Ruminococcus) known as primary contributors of anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Such shift was observed after the first HTI dose and remained throughout the study follow-up (18 weeks). However, the enriched Clostridiales genera were different between feces and gut sections. The abundance of bacteria enriched in vaccinated animals positively correlated with HTI-specific T-cell responses and a set of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6. This longitudinal analysis indicates that, in mice, T-cell vaccination may promote an increase in gut bacteria known to produce anti-inflammatory molecules, which in turn correlate with proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting an adaptation of the gut microbial milieu to T-cell-induced systemic inflammation.
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