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Bishop KW, Erion Barner LA, Han Q, Baraznenok E, Lan L, Poudel C, Gao G, Serafin RB, Chow SSL, Glaser AK, Janowczyk A, Brenes D, Huang H, Miyasato D, True LD, Kang S, Vaughan JC, Liu JTC. An end-to-end workflow for nondestructive 3D pathology. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1122-1148. [PMID: 38263522 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D pathology offer the ability to image orders of magnitude more tissue than conventional pathology methods while also providing a volumetric context that is not achievable with 2D tissue sections, and all without requiring destructive tissue sectioning. Generating high-quality 3D pathology datasets on a consistent basis, however, is not trivial and requires careful attention to a series of details during tissue preparation, imaging and initial data processing, as well as iterative optimization of the entire process. Here, we provide an end-to-end procedure covering all aspects of a 3D pathology workflow (using light-sheet microscopy as an illustrative imaging platform) with sufficient detail to perform well-controlled preclinical and clinical studies. Although 3D pathology is compatible with diverse staining protocols and computationally generated color palettes for visual analysis, this protocol focuses on the use of a fluorescent analog of hematoxylin and eosin, which remains the most common stain used for gold-standard pathological reports. We present our guidelines for a broad range of end users (e.g., biologists, clinical researchers and engineers) in a simple format. The end-to-end workflow requires 3-6 d to complete, bearing in mind that data analysis may take longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Qinghua Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elena Baraznenok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lydia Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gan Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert B Serafin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah S L Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Oncology, Division of Precision Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Brenes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongyi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dominie Miyasato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soyoung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Bishop KW, Barner LAE, Han Q, Baraznenok E, Lan L, Poudel C, Gao G, Serafin RB, Chow SS, Glaser AK, Janowczyk A, Brenes D, Huang H, Miyasato D, True LD, Kang S, Vaughan JC, Liu JT. An end-to-end workflow for non-destructive 3D pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551845. [PMID: 37577615 PMCID: PMC10418226 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in 3D pathology offer the ability to image orders-of-magnitude more tissue than conventional pathology while providing a volumetric context that is lacking with 2D tissue sections, all without requiring destructive tissue sectioning. Generating high-quality 3D pathology datasets on a consistent basis is non-trivial, requiring careful attention to many details regarding tissue preparation, imaging, and data/image processing in an iterative process. Here we provide an end-to-end protocol covering all aspects of a 3D pathology workflow (using light-sheet microscopy as an illustrative imaging platform) with sufficient detail to perform well-controlled preclinical and clinical studies. While 3D pathology is compatible with diverse staining protocols and computationally generated color palettes for visual analysis, this protocol will focus on a fluorescent analog of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), which remains the most common stain for gold-standard diagnostic determinations. We present our guidelines for a broad range of end-users (e.g., biologists, clinical researchers, and engineers) in a simple tutorial format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Bishop
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Qinghua Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elena Baraznenok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lydia Lan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gan Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert B. Serafin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah S.L. Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam K. Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Janowczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Oncology, Division of Precision Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Brenes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hongyi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dominie Miyasato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence D. True
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Soyoung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan T.C. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Zhuang Y, Shi X. Expansion microscopy: A chemical approach for super-resolution microscopy. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 81:102614. [PMID: 37253290 PMCID: PMC11103276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy is a series of imaging techniques that bypass the diffraction limit of resolution. Since the 1990s, optical approaches, such as single-molecular localization microscopy, have allowed us to visualize biological samples from the sub-organelle to the molecular level. Recently, a chemical approach called expansion microscopy emerged as a new trend in super-resolution microscopy. It physically enlarges cells and tissues, which leads to an increase in the effective resolution of any microscope by the length expansion factor. Compared with optical approaches, expansion microscopy has a lower cost and higher imaging depth but requires a more complex procedure. The integration of expansion microscopy and advanced microscopes significantly pushed forward the boundary of super-resolution microscopy. This review covers the current state of the art in expansion microscopy, including the latest methods and their applications, as well as challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zhuang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. https://twitter.com/YinyinZhuang
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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4
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Kaverina N, Schweickart RA, Chan GC, Maggiore JC, Eng DG, Zeng Y, McKinzie SR, Perry HS, Ali A, O’Connor C, Pereira BMV, Theberge AB, Vaughan JC, Loretz CJ, Chang A, Hukriede NA, Bitzer M, Pippin JW, Wessely O, Shankland SJ. Inhibiting NLRP3 signaling in aging podocytes improves their life- and health-span. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6658-6689. [PMID: 37487005 PMCID: PMC10415579 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the podocyte's lifespan and health-span that typify healthy kidney aging cause a decrease in their normal structure, physiology and function. The ability to halt and even reverse these changes becomes clinically relevant when disease is superimposed on an aged kidney. RNA-sequencing of podocytes from middle-aged mice showed an inflammatory phenotype with increases in the NLRP3 inflammasome, signaling for IL2/Stat5, IL6 and TNF, interferon gamma response, allograft rejection and complement, consistent with inflammaging. Furthermore, injury-induced NLRP3 signaling in podocytes was further augmented in aged mice compared to young ones. The NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL1β IL-18) was also increased in podocytes of middle-aged humans. Higher transcript expression for NLRP3 in human glomeruli was accompanied by reduced podocyte density and increased global glomerulosclerosis and glomerular volume. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 with MCC950, or gene deletion, reduced podocyte senescence and the genes typifying aging in middle-aged mice, which was accompanied by an improved podocyte lifespan and health-span. Moreover, modeling the injury-dependent increase in NLRP3 signaling in human kidney organoids confirmed the anti-senescence effect of MC9950. Finally, NLRP3 also impacted liver aging. Together, these results suggest a critical role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in podocyte and liver aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R. Allen Schweickart
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gek Cher Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Joseph C. Maggiore
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuting Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sierra R. McKinzie
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannah S. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Adilijiang Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua C. Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Carol J. Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neil A. Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Markus Bitzer
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Glaser A, Chandrashekar J, Vasquez J, Arshadi C, Ouellette N, Jiang X, Baka J, Kovacs G, Woodard M, Seshamani S, Cao K, Clack N, Recknagel A, Grim A, Balaram P, Turschak E, Liddell A, Rohde J, Hellevik A, Takasaki K, Barner LE, Logsdon M, Chronopoulos C, de Vries S, Ting J, Perlmutter S, Kalmbach B, Dembrow N, Reid RC, Feng D, Svoboda K. Expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscopy for nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544277. [PMID: 37425699 PMCID: PMC10327101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue processing, labeling, and fluorescence microscopy are providing unprecedented views of the structure of cells and tissues at sub-diffraction resolutions and near single molecule sensitivity, driving discoveries in diverse fields of biology, including neuroscience. Biological tissue is organized over scales of nanometers to centimeters. Harnessing molecular imaging across three-dimensional samples on this scale requires new types of microscopes with larger fields of view and working distance, as well as higher imaging throughput. We present a new expansion-assisted selective plane illumination microscope (ExA-SPIM) with diffraction-limited and aberration-free performance over a large field of view (85 mm 2 ) and working distance (35 mm). Combined with new tissue clearing and expansion methods, the microscope allows nanoscale imaging of centimeter-scale samples, including entire mouse brains, with diffraction-limited resolutions and high contrast without sectioning. We illustrate ExA-SPIM by reconstructing individual neurons across the mouse brain, imaging cortico-spinal neurons in the macaque motor cortex, and tracing axons in human white matter.
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Liu JTC, Glaser AK, Poudel C, Vaughan JC. Nondestructive 3D Pathology with Light-Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy for Translational Research and Clinical Assays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:231-252. [PMID: 36854208 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091222-092734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revived appreciation for the importance of spatial context and morphological phenotypes for both understanding disease progression and guiding treatment decisions. Compared with conventional 2D histopathology, which is the current gold standard of medical diagnostics, nondestructive 3D pathology offers researchers and clinicians the ability to visualize orders of magnitude more tissue within their natural volumetric context. This has been enabled by rapid advances in tissue-preparation methods, high-throughput 3D microscopy instrumentation, and computational tools for processing these massive feature-rich data sets. Here, we provide a brief overview of many of these technical advances along with remaining challenges to be overcome. We also speculate on the future of 3D pathology as applied in translational investigations, preclinical drug development, and clinical decision-support assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T C Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam K Glaser
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Truckenbrodt
- Convergent Research, E11 Bio. 1600 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California94502, United States
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8
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Wang W, Chan YH, Kwon S, Tandukar J, Gao R. Nanoscale fluorescence imaging of biological ultrastructure via molecular anchoring and physical expansion. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:30. [PMID: 35810234 PMCID: PMC9271151 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale imaging of biological samples can provide rich morphological and mechanistic information about biological functions and dysfunctions at the subcellular and molecular level. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a recently developed nanoscale fluorescence imaging method that takes advantage of physical enlargement of biological samples. In ExM, preserved cells and tissues are embedded in a swellable hydrogel, to which the molecules and fluorescent tags in the samples are anchored. When the hydrogel swells several-fold, the effective resolution of the sample images can be improved accordingly via physical separation of the retained molecules and fluorescent tags. In this review, we focus on the early conception and development of ExM from a biochemical and materials perspective. We first examine the general workflow as well as the numerous variations of ExM developed to retain and visualize a broad range of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and membranous structures. We then describe a number of inherent challenges facing ExM, including those associated with expansion isotropy and labeling density, as well as the ongoing effort to address these limitations. Finally, we discuss the prospect and possibility of pushing the resolution and accuracy of ExM to the single-molecule scale and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yat Ho Chan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - SoYoung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamuna Tandukar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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