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Bermúdez-Perez JD, Herrera-Vasco E, Casas-Salgado J, Castelblanco HA, Vega-Bustos K, Cardenas-Chirivi G, Herrera-Sandoval OL, Suderow H, Giraldo-Gallo P, Galvis JA. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscope and its adaptation for local thermopower measurements in 2D materials. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 261:113963. [PMID: 38613941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2024.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
We present the design, fabrication and discuss the performance of a new combined high-resolution Scanning Tunneling and Thermopower Microscope (STM/SThEM). We also describe the development of the electronic control, the user interface, the vacuum system, and arrangements to reduce acoustical noise and vibrations. We demonstrate the microscope's performance with atomic-resolution topographic images of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and local thermopower measurements in the semimetal Bi2Te3. Our system offers a tool to investigate the relationship between electronic structure and thermoelectric properties at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Bermúdez-Perez
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Central, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | - Edwin Herrera-Vasco
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Central, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Física Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casas-Salgado
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Central, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | - Hector A Castelblanco
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Central, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | - Karen Vega-Bustos
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | | | | | - Hermann Suderow
- Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose Augusto Galvis
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia.
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Wang S, Qi S, Sun H, Wang P, Zhao Y, Zhang X. Nanoscale Local Contacts Enable Inverted Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells with 20.8 % Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400018. [PMID: 38396209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have gained significant attention due to their excellent thermal stability and suitable band gap (~1.7 eV) for tandem solar cell applications. However, the defect-induced non-radiative recombination losses, low charge extraction efficiency, energy level mismatches, and so on render the fabrication of high-efficiency inverted IPSCs remains challenging. Here, the use of 3-amino-5-bromopyridine-2-formamide (ABF) in methanol was dynamically spin-coated on the surface of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 film, which facilitates the limited etching of defect-rich subsurface layer, resulting in the formation of vertical PbI2 nanosheet structures. This enabled localized contacts between the perovskite film and the electron transport layer, suppress the recombination of electron-hole and beneficial to electron extraction. Additionally, the C=O and C=N groups in ABF effectively passivated the undercoordinated Pb2+ at grain boundaries and on the surface of CsPbI2.85Br0.15 film. Eventually, we achieved a champion efficiency of 20.80 % (certified efficiency of 20.02 %) for inverted IPSCs with enhanced stability, which is the highest value ever reported to date. Furthermore, we successfully prepared p-i-n type monolithic inorganic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (IPSTSCs) with an efficiency of 26.26 %. This strategy provided both fast extraction and efficient passivation at the electron-selective interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanlong Wang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
| | - Hongrui Sun
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
| | - Pengyang Wang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, National Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials and Solar Cells, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 300350
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Fida A, Mittal S, Khanday FA. Mott memristor based stochastic neurons for probabilistic computing. Nanotechnology 2024. [PMID: 38593756 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3c4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that probabilistic spiking in biological neural systems is beneficial as it aids learning and provides Bayesian inference-like dynamics. If appropriately utilised, noise and stochasticity in nanoscale devices can benefit neuromorphic systems. In this paper, we build stochastic spiking neurons, a stochastic leaky integrate and fire(LIF) neuron and a probabilistic sigmoid neuron, utilising a Mott memristor's inherent stochastic switching dynamics. We demonstrate that the developed LIF neuron is capable of biological neural dynamics. We leverage these characteristics of the proposed LIF neuron by integrating it into a population-coded spiking neural network, thereby showcasing its ability to implement probabilistic learning and inference. We also utilise the probabilistic sigmoid neuron to implement a Spiking Restricted Boltzmann Machine (sRBM) that achieves a software-comparable accuracy of 85.56\%. Unlike CMOS-based probabilistic neurons, our design does not require any external noise sources. The designed neurons are highly energy efficient and ultra-compact, requiring only three components: a resistor, a capacitor and a memristor device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aabid Fida
- IIT Roorkee, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, INDIA
| | - Sparsh Mittal
- Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttararakhand, 247667, INDIA
| | - Farooq Ahmad Khanday
- Electronics and Instrumentation Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, INDIA
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Hillig N, Schumann-Muck F, Hamedy A, Braun PG, Koethe M. Impact of nanoscale silicon dioxide coating of stainless-steel surfaces on Listeria monocytogenes. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:173-180. [PMID: 37688746 PMCID: PMC10876764 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
High resistance to environmental factors as well as the ability to form biofilms allow Listeria monocytogenes to persist for a long time in difficult-to-reach places in food-producing plants. L. monocytogenes enters final products from contaminated surfaces in different areas of plants and poses a health risk to consumer. Modified surfaces are already used in the food industry to prevent cross-contamination. In this study, stainless-steel surfaces were coated with nanoscale silicon dioxide and the effects on attachment, bacterial growth and detachment of L. monocytogenes were evaluated. Attachment was considered for three different ways of application to simulate different scenarios of contamination. Bacterial growth of L. monocytogenes on the surface was recorded over a period of up to 8 h. Detachment was tested after cleaning inoculated stainless-steel surfaces with heated distilled water or detergent. Coating stainless-steel surfaces with nanoscale silica tends to reduce adherence and increased detachment and does not influence the bacterial growth of L. monocytogenes. Further modifications of the coating are necessary for a targeted use in the reduction of L. monocytogenes in food-processing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Hillig
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Felicitas Schumann-Muck
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmad Hamedy
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy G Braun
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Koethe
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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He Y, Li R, She W, Ai Y, Li K, Kumeria T, Jiang Z, Shao Q, Zou C, Albashari AA, Duan X, Ye Q. Inhibitory effects of the nanoscale lysate derived from xenogenic dental pulp stem cells in lung cancer models. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:488. [PMID: 38105218 PMCID: PMC10726628 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy and has the highest mortality rate among all tumors due to lymph node metastasis. Bone marrow and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated tumor-suppressive effects on lung cancer. This study investigated the effects of DPSC lysate on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of cancer cells were studied in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The proliferation, apoptosis, and migration/metastasis were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 assay, Annexin-V and propidium iodide staining, and the transwell assay, respectively. The expression levels of apoptosis-, cell cycle-, migration-, and adhesion-related mRNA and proteins were measured by qRT-PCR and western blot. The level and mRNA expression of tumor markers carcino embryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qRT-PCR. Finally, a tumor-bearing mouse model was constructed to observe the tumor-suppressive effect of DPSC lysate after intraperitoneal injection. RESULTS DPSC lysate decreased the viability of A549 cells and induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Western blot confirmed that levels of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bad were increased, and Bcl-2 protein levels were decreased in A549 cells treated with DPSC lysate. In addition, DPSC lysate inhibited the migration and invasion of A549 cells; downregulated key genes of the cell cycle, migration, and adhesion; and significantly suppressed tumor markers. Xenograft results showed that DPSC lysate inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor weight. CONCLUSIONS DPSC lysate inhibited proliferation, invasion, and metastasis; promoted apoptosis in lung cancer cells; and suppressed tumor growth- potentially providing a cell-based alternative therapy for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China
- Institute for Regenerative and Translational Research, Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 324025, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting She
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China
| | - Yilong Ai
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Kesheng Li
- Institute for Regenerative and Translational Research, Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China
| | - Tushar Kumeria
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ziran Jiang
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Zou
- Foshan Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | | | - Xingxiang Duan
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China.
| | - Qingsong Ye
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 324025, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 460030, Hubei, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Mehra D, Puchner EM. Correlative Conventional and Super-resolution Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) Imaging to Characterize Chromatin Structure and Dynamics in Live Mammalian Cells. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4850. [PMID: 37900107 PMCID: PMC10603262 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of gene regulation requires a quantitative characterization of the spatial organization and dynamics of chromatin. The advent of fluorescence super-resolution microscopy techniques such as photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) presented a breakthrough to visualize structural features with a resolution of ~20 nm in fixed cells. However, until recently the long acquisition time of super-resolution images prevented high-resolution measurements in living cells due to spreading of localizations caused by chromatin motion. Here, we present a step-by step protocol for our recently developed approach for correlatively imaging telomeres with conventional fluorescence and PALM, in order to obtain time-averaged super-resolution images and dynamic parameters in living cells. First, individual single molecule localizations are assigned to a locus as it moves, allowing to discriminate between bound and unbound dCas9 molecules, whose mobilities overlap. By subtracting the telomere trajectory from the localization of bound molecules, the motion blurring is then corrected, and high-resolution structural characterizations can be made. These structural parameters can also be related to local chromatin motion or larger scale domain movement. This protocol therefore improves the ability to analyze the mobility and time-averaged nanoscopic structure of locus-specific chromatin with single-molecule sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Mehra
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elias M. Puchner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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Chauhan P, Srivastava A, Bhati P, Chaturvedi M, Patil V, Kunnoth S, Kumari N, Arya V, Pandya M, Agarwal M, Bhardwaj S, Faraz F, Chauhan S, Verma M, Koul V, Bhatnagar N. Enhanced osseointegration of drug eluting nanotubular dental implants: An in vitro and in vivo study. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:432-447. [PMID: 37426894 PMCID: PMC10329101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Faster and predictable osseointegration is crucial for the success of dental implants, especially in patients with compromised local or systemic conditions. Despite various surface modifications on the commercially available Titanium (Ti) dental implants, the bioactivity of Ti is still low. Thus, to achieve both biological and therapeutic activity on titanium surfaces, surface modification techniques such as titanium nanotubes have been studied as nanotube surfaces can hold therapeutic drugs and molecules. The main aim of the present research work is to study the early osseointegration around the novel Simvastatin drug eluting nanotubular dental implant. In the present research, the titanium nanotubes were fabricated on the screw-shaped dental implant surface and the Simvastatin drug was loaded into the nanotubes using the ultrasonication dip method. In vitro and In vivo studies were carried out on the modified dental implants. In vitro cell culture study reported enhanced osteogenic activity on the drug-loaded nanotube surface implants. The invivo animal studies were evaluated by micro-CT, histopathology, and reverse torque removal analysis methods. The test results showed faster osseointegration with the strong interface on the Simvastatin drug-loaded implant surface at 4 weeks of healing as compared to the control implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chauhan
- Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Vizag, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Bhati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Chaturvedi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- Rajasthan Technical University, Kota Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinay Patil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Sriram Kunnoth
- Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Kumari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Vedpal Arya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madhur Pandya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Smiti Bhardwaj
- Department of Periodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Farrukh Faraz
- Department of Periodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Chauhan
- Rajasthan Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahesh Verma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Bhatnagar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
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Bok I, Vareberg A, Gokhale Y, Bhatt S, Masterson E, Phillips J, Zhu T, Ren X, Hai A. Wireless agents for brain recording and stimulation modalities. Bioelectron Med 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37726851 PMCID: PMC10510192 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-023-00122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
New sensors and modulators that interact wirelessly with medical modalities unlock uncharted avenues for in situ brain recording and stimulation. Ongoing miniaturization, material refinement, and sensitization to specific neurophysiological and neurochemical processes are spurring new capabilities that begin to transcend the constraints of traditional bulky and invasive wired probes. Here we survey current state-of-the-art agents across diverse realms of operation and evaluate possibilities depending on size, delivery, specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. We begin by describing implantable and injectable micro- and nano-scale electronic devices operating at or below the radio frequency (RF) regime with simple near field transmission, and continue with more sophisticated devices, nanoparticles and biochemical molecular conjugates acting as dynamic contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) transduction and other functional tomographic modalities. We assess the ability of some of these technologies to deliver stimulation and neuromodulation with emerging probes and materials that provide minimally invasive magnetic, electrical, thermal and optogenetic stimulation. These methodologies are transforming the repertoire of readily available technologies paired with compatible imaging systems and hold promise toward broadening the expanse of neurological and neuroscientific diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhan Bok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Vareberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yash Gokhale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suyash Bhatt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily Masterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jack Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
| | - Tianxiang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aviad Hai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WI - Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, Rm 2112, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of WI - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin Institute for Translational Neuroengineering (WITNe), Madison, WI, USA.
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Stoilov B, Truong VK, Gronthos S, Vasilev K. Noninvasive and Microinvasive Nanoscale Drug Delivery Platforms for Hard Tissue Engineering. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2023; 6:2925-2943. [PMID: 37565698 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays a crucial role in protecting internal organs and providing structural support and locomotion of the body. Treatment of hard tissue defects and medical conditions due to physical injuries, genetic disorders, aging, metabolic syndromes, and infections is more often a complex and drawn out process. Presently, dealing with hard-tissue-based clinical problems is still mostly conducted via surgical interventions. However, advances in nanotechnology over the last decades have led to shifting trends in clinical practice toward noninvasive and microinvasive methods. In this review article, recent advances in the development of nanoscale platforms for bone tissue engineering have been reviewed and critically discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of noninvasive and microinvasive methods for treating medical conditions related to hard tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Stoilov
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide/SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Chen YC, Yang HC. Movement characteristics of the inclined surface flow of the open channel on the nanoscale surface. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17677. [PMID: 37539161 PMCID: PMC10395147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the water flow characteristics on a solid surface with nanoscale compared to a normal solid surface. The experiment uses a high-speed video system and Fiber-optic Laser Doppler Velocimetry to measure the flow condition of the droplet and velocity distribution profile in the inclined surface flow of the open channel, respectively. The results showed that the movement speed of water droplets on the nanoscale surface was about 2 times faster than on the normal surface. The mean error of each velocity profile was 0.6%. The results reveal that the velocity profile is not significantly influenced by whether the flume bottom is coated with nanoscale material or not in the inclined surface flow of the open channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chang Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Chung Yang
- Department of Marine Leisure Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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He ZH, Han XD, Jin JX, Li JS, Tang W, Shi JY. Recycling of water treatment sludge in concrete: The role of water-binder ratio from a nanoscale perspective. Sci Total Environ 2023; 873:162456. [PMID: 36842600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For eutrophic water bodies, potassium permanganate is an effective pre-oxidant to remove algae and its residue in water treatment sludge. Recycling water treatment sludge in concrete is an environmentally friendly and high-value utilization measure. However, little research has been done on the effect of manganese-rich drinking water sludge ash (DWSA) on concrete. The effect of water-binder ratio (w/b) on strength, shrinkage and microstructural characteristics of concrete containing DWSA was investigated, and the structural behavior was explained from a nanoscale perspective. The results show that recycling 10 % DWSA in concrete improved the strength and shrinkage resistance of the samples. Reducing the w/b effectively increased the strength of DWSA-modified concrete and reduced the shrinkage deformation. The paste with high w/b had higher contents of non-evaporated water and calcium hydroxide, as well as higher reaction degree of DWSA. Nanoscale characterization shows that reducing the w/b reduced the volume fraction of pore and unhydrated phases in the matrix and increased the proportion of high-density C-S-H. Meanwhile, reducing the w/b also reduced the interfacial transition zone width of DWSA-modified concrete. Recycling DWSA in concrete effectively reduced the total carbon footprint and cost of the mixture. The combined application of reducing the w/b and incorporating DWSA effectively improved the economic and environmental benefits of concrete material. For the concrete modified with 10 % DWSA (w/b = 0.3), its cost and carbon emissions are reduced by 14 %-21 % and 19 %-25 % compared with the reference sample, respectively. Overall, this study reveals the action mechanism of DWSA in cement system at different w/b from nanoscale perspective, and gives a new insight on determining the optimal w/b in full-scale application of DWSA concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hai He
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China; Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xu-Dong Han
- College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jia-Xu Jin
- School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, China
| | - Jiang-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Architecture and Design Art, Shaoxing Vocational and Technical College, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jin-Yan Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China.
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12
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Foglia L, Mincigrucci R, Maznev A, Baldi G, Capotondi F, Caporaletti F, Comin R, De Angelis D, Duncan R, Fainozzi D, Kurdi G, Li J, Martinelli A, Masciovecchio C, Monaco G, Milloch A, Nelson K, Occhialini C, Pancaldi M, Pedersoli E, Pelli-Cresi J, Simoncig A, Travasso F, Wehinger B, Zanatta M, Bencivenga F. Extreme ultraviolet transient gratings: A tool for nanoscale photoacoustics. Photoacoustics 2023; 29:100453. [PMID: 36718271 PMCID: PMC9883289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Collective lattice dynamics determine essential aspects of condensed matter, such as elastic and thermal properties. These exhibit strong dependence on the length-scale, reflecting the marked wavevector dependence of lattice excitations. The extreme ultraviolet transient grating (EUV TG) approach has demonstrated the potential of accessing a wavevector range corresponding to the 10s of nm length-scale, representing a spatial scale of the highest relevance for fundamental physics and forefront technology, previously inaccessible by optical TG and other inelastic scattering methods. In this manuscript we report on the capabilities of this technique in the context of probing thermoelastic properties of matter, both in the bulk and at the surface, as well as discussing future developments and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Foglia
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R. Mincigrucci
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - A.A. Maznev
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Capotondi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Caporaletti
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Comin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. De Angelis
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - R.A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D. Fainozzi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Kurdi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A. Martinelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - C. Masciovecchio
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Università di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - A. Milloch
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia I-25133, Italy
| | - K.A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C.A. Occhialini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M. Pancaldi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - E. Pedersoli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - J.S. Pelli-Cresi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Simoncig
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Travasso
- Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Wehinger
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172, 400 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - M. Zanatta
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Povo, Trento I-38123, Italy
| | - F. Bencivenga
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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13
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Shen X, Zhu H, Wang P, Zheng L, Hu S, Liu C. Mechanistic and modeling insights into the immobilization of Cd and organic carbon during abiotic transformation of ferrihydrite induced by Fe(II). J Hazard Mater 2022; 436:129216. [PMID: 35739738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) oxides and fulvic acid (FA) are the key components affecting the fate of cadmium (Cd) in soil. The presence of FA influences Fe mineral transformation, and FA may complicate phase transformation and dynamic behavior of Cd. How varying Fe minerals and FA affect Cd immobilization during the ferrihydrite transformation induced by various Fe(II) concentrations, however, is still lack of quantitative understanding. In this study, we built a model for Cd species quantification during phase transformation based on mechanistic insights obtained from batch experiments. Spectroscopic analysis showed that Fe(II) concentrations affected secondary Fe minerals formation under the condition of co-existence of Cd and FA, and ultimately changed the distribution of Cd and FA. Microscopic analysis revealed that besides surface adsorption, part of Cd was sequestrated by magnetite, whereas FA was able to diffuse into lepidocrocite defects. The model revealed that adsorbed Cd was mainly controlled by FA and ferrihydrite, and direct complexation of Cd by FA had a strong impact on the continuous change in Cd at lower Fe(II) concentration. The results contribute to an in-depth understanding of the mobility of Cd in the environment and provide a method for quantifying the dynamic behavior of heavy metals in multi-reactant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of the Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of the Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwen Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of the Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chongxuan Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of the Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zhang Z, Zhao D, Xu Y, Liu S, Xu X, Zhou J, Gao F, Tang H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y. A Review on Electrode Materials of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion batteries. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200127. [PMID: 35876392 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the driving range of electric vehicles (EVs) has been dramatically improved. But the large-scale adoption of EVs still is hindered by long charging time. The high-energy LIBs are unable to be safely fast-charged due to their electrode materials with unsatisfactory rate performance. Thus it is necessary to summarize the properties of cathode and anode materials of fast-charging LIBs. In this review, we summarize the background, the fundamentals, electrode materials and future development of fast-charging LIBs. First, we introduce the research background and the physicochemical basics for fast-charging LIBs. Second, typical cathode materials of LIBs and the method to enhancing their fast-charging properties are discussed. Third, the anode materials of LIBs and the strategies for improving their fast-charging performance are analyzed. Finally, the future development of the cathode materials in fast-charging LIBs is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Decheng Zhao
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shupei Liu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhoulu Wang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yutong Wu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Wang W, Chan YH, Kwon S, Tandukar J, Gao R. Nanoscale fluorescence imaging of biological ultrastructure via molecular anchoring and physical expansion. Nano Converg 2022; 9:30. [PMID: 35810234 PMCID: PMC9271151 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale imaging of biological samples can provide rich morphological and mechanistic information about biological functions and dysfunctions at the subcellular and molecular level. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a recently developed nanoscale fluorescence imaging method that takes advantage of physical enlargement of biological samples. In ExM, preserved cells and tissues are embedded in a swellable hydrogel, to which the molecules and fluorescent tags in the samples are anchored. When the hydrogel swells several-fold, the effective resolution of the sample images can be improved accordingly via physical separation of the retained molecules and fluorescent tags. In this review, we focus on the early conception and development of ExM from a biochemical and materials perspective. We first examine the general workflow as well as the numerous variations of ExM developed to retain and visualize a broad range of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and membranous structures. We then describe a number of inherent challenges facing ExM, including those associated with expansion isotropy and labeling density, as well as the ongoing effort to address these limitations. Finally, we discuss the prospect and possibility of pushing the resolution and accuracy of ExM to the single-molecule scale and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yat Ho Chan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - SoYoung Kwon
- Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jamuna Tandukar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Abstract
With rich carboxyl groups in the side chain, biodegradable polymalic acid (PMLA) is an ideal delivery platform for multifunctional purposes, including imaging diagnosis and targeting therapy. This polymeric material can be obtained via chemical synthesis, or biological production where L-malic acids are polymerized in the presence of PMLA synthetase inside a variety of microorganisms. Fermentative methods have been employed to produce PMLAs from biological sources, and analytical assessments have been established to characterize this natural biopolymer. Further functionalized, PMLA serves as a versatile carrier of pharmaceutically active molecules at nano scale. In this review, we first delineate biosynthesis of PMLA in different microorganisms and compare with its chemical synthesis. We then introduce the biodegradation mechanism PMLA, its upscaled bioproduction together with characterization. After discussing advantages and disadvantages of PMLA as a suitable delivery carrier, and strategies used to functionalize PMLA for disease diagnosis and therapy, we finally summarize the current challenges in the biomedical applications of PMLA and envisage the future role of PMLA in clinical nanomedicine. The biosynthesis of polymalic acid (PMLA) and its biotechnical high-grade production from microorganisms compared with the chemical synthesis of PMLA The physicochemical and biological characteristics of PMLA and its derivatives How PMLA’s general chemical characteristics can be used to generate various macromolecular compounds for pharmaceutical delivery The concepts of biological and clinical targeting exemplified by PMLA-based drugs and imaging agents and their biodistribution and biodegradability An evaluation of the mechanisms that generate preclinical antitumor efficacy and the translational potential for clinical imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Liusheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research On Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhimin Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research On Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Singh J, Tyokyaa RK. On the restricted three-body model of the dynamical behaviour of masses of C 70 fullerenes at the nanoscale. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08899. [PMID: 35169649 PMCID: PMC8829585 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the positions and stability of C70 fullerenes. Numerically, the positions and stability have been computed C70 fullerene at the nanoscale to show the effects of the parameters involved with the help of software MATHEMATICA. The total molecular energy evidenced refers to the total pairwise molecular interactions between two C 70 fullerenes, which is an approximation of a continuous approach. The attractive Vand der Waals forces between only molecules provide the centripetal forces between three fullerenes. The total pairwise molecular interactions between two C 70 fullerenes, which is an approximation of a continuous approach, is termed the total molecular energy evidenced. The attractive Vand der Waals forces between single molecules create the centripetal forces between three fullerenes. We have predicted the collective potential function, mutual force and angular velocity. The stationary points are collinearly lying on the ξ−axis which are symmetric about the η−axis as the molecules of the carbon atoms in the nucleus are evenly distributed. There is at least one complex root with the positive real part for each set of values, it has been discovered. The stationary points are thus unstable in the Lyapunov sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Singh
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Richard Kanshio Tyokyaa
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, P.M.B 5001 Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
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18
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Mugemana C, Moghimikheirabadi A, Arl D, Addiego F, Schmidt DF, Kröger M, Karatrantos AV. Ionic poly(dimethylsiloxane)-silica nanocomposites: Dispersion and self-healing. MRS Bull 2022; 47:1185-1197. [PMID: 36846500 PMCID: PMC9947054 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based nanocomposites have attracted increasing attention due to their inherent outstanding properties. Nevertheless, the realization of high levels of dispersion of nanosilicas in PDMS represents a challenge arising from the poor compatibility between the two components. Herein, we explore the use of ionic interactions located at the interface between silica and a PDMS matrix by combining anionic sulfonate-functionalized silica and cationic ammonium-functionalized PDMS. A library of ionic PDMS nanocomposites was synthesized and characterized to highlight the impact of charge location, density, and molecular weight of ionic PDMS polymers on the dispersion of nanosilicas and the resulting mechanical reinforcement. The use of reversible ionic interactions at the interface of nanoparticles-polymer matrix enables the healing of scratches applied to the surface of the nanocomposites. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to estimate the survival probability of ionic cross-links between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix, revealing a dependence on polymer charge density. IMPACT STATEMENT Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has been widely used in diverse applications due to its inherent attractive and multifunctional properties including optical transparency, high flexibility, and biocompatibility. The combination of such properties in a single polymer matrix has paved the way toward a wide range of applications in sensors, electronics, and biomedical devices. As a liquid at room temperature, the cross-linking of the PDMS turns the system into a mechanically stable elastomer for several applications. Nanofillers have served as a reinforcing agent to design PDMS nanocomposites. However, due to significant incompatibility between silica and the PDMS matrix, the dispersion of nanosilica fillers has been challenging. One of the existing strategies to improve nanoparticle dispersion consists of grafting oppositely charged ionic functional groups to the nanoparticle surface and the polymer matrix, respectively, creating nanoparticle ionic materials. Here, this approach has been explored further to improve the dispersion of nanosilicas in a PDMS matrix. The designed ionic PDMS nanocomposites exhibit self-healing properties due to the reversible nature of ionic interactions. The developed synthetic approach can be transferred to other kinds of inorganic nanoparticles dispersed in a PDMS matrix, where dispersion at the nanometer scale is a prerequisite for specific applications such as encapsulants for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-022-00346-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mugemana
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Didier Arl
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Frédéric Addiego
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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19
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Abstract
Genetically encoded FRET sensors for revealing local concentrations of second messengers in living cells have enormously contributed to our understanding of physiological and pathological processes. However, the development of sensors remains an intricate process. Using simulation techniques, we recently introduced a new architecture to measure intracellular concentrations of cAMP named CUTie, which works as a FRET tag for arbitrary targeting domains. Although our method showed quasi-quantitative predictive power in the design of cAMP and cGMP sensors, it remains intricate and requires specific computational skills. Here, we provide a simplified computer-aided protocol to design tailor-made CUTie sensors based on arbitrary cyclic nucleotide-binding domains. As a proof of concept, we applied this method to construct a new CUTie sensor with a significantly higher cAMP sensitivity (EC50 = 460 nM).This simple protocol, which integrates our previous experience, only requires free web servers and can be straightforwardly used to create cAMP sensors adapted to the physicochemical characteristics of known cyclic nucleotide-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Abreu
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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20
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Bardhan N. Nanomaterials in diagnostics, imaging and delivery: Applications from COVID-19 to cancer. MRS Commun 2022; 12:1119-1139. [PMID: 36277435 PMCID: PMC9576318 DOI: 10.1557/s43579-022-00257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the past two decades, the emergence of nanomaterials for biomedical applications has shown tremendous promise for changing the paradigm of all aspects of disease management. Nanomaterials are particularly attractive for being a modularly tunable system; with the ability to add functionality for early diagnostics, drug delivery, therapy, treatment and monitoring of patient response. In this review, a survey of the landscape of different classes of nanomaterials being developed for applications in diagnostics and imaging, as well as for the delivery of prophylactic vaccines and therapeutics such as small molecules and biologic drugs is undertaken; with a particular focus on COVID-19 diagnostics and vaccination. Work involving bio-templated nanomaterials for high-resolution imaging applications for early cancer detection, as well as for optimal cancer treatment efficacy, is discussed. The main challenges which need to be overcome from the standpoint of effective delivery and mitigating toxicity concerns are investigated. Subsequently, a section is included with resources for researchers and practitioners in nanomedicine, to help tailor their designs and formulations from a clinical perspective. Finally, three key areas for researchers to focus on are highlighted; to accelerate the development and clinical translation of these nanomaterials, thereby unleashing the true potential of nanomedicine in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelkanth Bardhan
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St., Cambridge, 02142 MA USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, 02139 MA USA
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21
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Humphry R, Wang N, Durkan C. Site-specific variations in surface structure and Young's modulus of human hair surfaces at the nanometer scale as induced through bleach treatment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105001. [PMID: 34922297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of bleach treatments on the morphology and mechanical properties of hair surfaces was measured at the nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy. We used an ultrahigh-precision relocation technique to observe the variations in these properties at precise locations on hair surfaces in their virgin state and then after each of the two bleach treatments, to rule out position-dependent fluctuations. We demonstrate that statistically significant variations in roughness and Young's modulus are observed as a result of exposure to bleach, which is known to disrupt the disulfide linkage network throughout the fiber. The rate at which surface roughness changes increased with the number of treatments, with very little effect seen after 10 min, and an increase of up to 65% was observed after a further 10 min. The Young's modulus decreased by up to 40% after each treatment. We also investigate micropores and show that they are subsurface, but revealed through bleaching, and oriented along the direction of the hair shaft with a characteristic aspect ratio. This work demonstrates the profound effect bleaching has on the molecular structure of hair, which manifests as changes in morphology and stiffness, and this should be taken into account in the formulation of future hair-care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Humphry
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, CB2 1PZ, UK and Nanoscience, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, CB2 1PZ, UK and Nanoscience, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Colm Durkan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington St, CB2 1PZ, UK and Nanoscience, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK.
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Utetiwabo W, Zhou L, Tufail MK, Zuo X, Yang L, Zeng J, Shao R, Yang W. Insight into the effects of dislocations in nanoscale titanium niobium oxide (Ti 2Nb 14O 39) anode for boosting lithium-ion storage. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:90-102. [PMID: 34626999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defect engineering through induction of dislocations is an efficient strategy to design and develop an electrode material with enhanced electrochemical performance in energy storage technology. Yet, synthesis, comprehension, identification, and effect of dislocation in electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are still elusive. Herein, we propose an ethanol-thermal method mediated with surfactant-template and subsequent annealing under air atmosphere to induce dislocation into titanium niobium oxide (Ti2Nb14O39), resultant nanoscale-dislocated-Ti2Nb14O39 (Nano-dl-TNO). High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT), and Geometrical phase analysis (GPA) denote that the high dislocation density engraved with stacking faults forms into the Ti2Nb14O39 lattice. The presence of dislocation could offer an additional active site for lithium-ion storage and tune the electrical and ionic properties of the Ti2Nb14O39. The resultant Nano-dl-TNO delivers superior rate capability, high specific capacity, better cycling stability, and making Ti2Nb14O39 a suitable candidate among fast-charging anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, In-situ High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Geometrical phase analysis (GPA) evinces that the removal of the dislocated area in the Nano-dl-TNO leads to the contraction of the lattice, alleviation of the total volume expansion, causing the symmetrization and preserves structural stability. The present findings and designed approach reveal the rose-colored perspective of dislocation engineering into mixed transition metal oxides as next-generation anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries and all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellars Utetiwabo
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Mathematics, Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xintao Zuo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems and Institute of Convergence in Medicine and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Xinjiang Natural Medicine and Drug Release Technology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, 830011 Urumqi, PR China
| | - Ruiwen Shao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems and Institute of Convergence in Medicine and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Casari D, Kochetkova T, Michler J, Zysset P, Schwiedrzik J. Microtensile failure mechanisms in lamellar bone: Influence of fibrillar orientation, specimen size and hydration. Acta Biomater 2021; 131:391-402. [PMID: 34175475 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of bone fracture is indispensable for developing improved fracture risk assessment in clinics. Since bone is a hierarchically structured material, gaining such knowledge requires analysis at multiple length scales. Here, the tensile response of cortical bone is characterized at the lamellar length scale under dry and hydrated conditions with the aim of investigating the influence of bone's microstructure and hydration on its microscale strength and toughness. For individual lamellae, bone strength strongly correlates with the underlying mineralized collagen fibrils orientation and shows a 2.3-fold increase compared to the macroscale. When specimen size is increased to a few lamellae, the influence of fibril orientation and the size effect on strength are significantly reduced. These findings highlight the critical influence of defects, such as canaliculi and interlamellar interfaces, when assessing larger volumes. Hydration leads up to a 3-fold strength decrease but activates several toughening mechanisms enabling inelastic deformation. In axial specimens, toughening is seen through fibril bridging and crack kinking. In transverse specimens, water presence leads to a progressive but stable crack growth parallel to the fibril orientation, suggesting crack-tip plasticity at the fibrillar interfaces. This work offers a better understanding of the role of interfaces, porosity, and hydration in crack initiation under tensile loading, which is a crucial step towards improved clinical management of disease-related bone fractures through multiscale modeling approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Bone features a complex hierarchical structure which gives rise to several toughening mechanisms across several length scales. To better understand bone fracture, particularly the changes associated with age and disease, it is essential to investigate bone mechanical response at different levels of its hierarchical structure. For the first time, we were able to observe the nucleation of a single crack in hydrated bone lamellae under well-controlled uniaxial tensile loading conditions. These experiments highlight the role of water, interfaces, defects, and the ratio of defect to specimen size on bone's apparent strength and toughness. Such knowledge can be used in the future to develop multiscale models enabling improved clinical management of disease-related bone fractures.
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Méndez-Román JA. Electrospinning technology controls spread of COVID-19. MRS Bull 2021; 46:670. [PMID: 34393355 PMCID: PMC8356685 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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25
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Jin X, Wang Y, Ma K, Wu M, Liu X, Lee JH. A Study on the Effect of the Structural Parameters and Internal Mechanism of a Bilateral Gate-Controlled S/D Symmetric and Interchangeable Bidirectional Tunnel Field Effect Transistor. Nanoscale Res Lett 2021; 16:102. [PMID: 34101043 PMCID: PMC8187544 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A bilateral gate-controlled S/D symmetric and interchangeable bidirectional tunnel field effect transistor (B-TFET) is proposed in this paper, which shows the advantage of bidirectional switching characteristics and compatibility with CMOS integrated circuits compared to the conventional asymmetrical TFET. The effects of the structural parameters, e.g., the doping concentrations of the N+ region and P+ region, length of the N+ region and length of the intrinsic region, on the device performances, e.g., the transfer characteristics, Ion-Ioff ratio and subthreshold swing, and the internal mechanism are discussed and explained in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Jin
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870 China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870 China
| | - Kailu Ma
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870 China
| | - Meile Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870 China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870 China
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- School of EECS Engineering and ISRC (Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center), Seoul National University, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea
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Di Muzio M, Millan-Solsona R, Dols-Perez A, Borrell JH, Fumagalli L, Gomila G. Dielectric properties and lamellarity of single liposomes measured by in-liquid scanning dielectric microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:167. [PMID: 34082783 PMCID: PMC8176598 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used as drug delivery carriers and as cell model systems. Here, we measure the dielectric properties of individual liposomes adsorbed on a metal electrode by in-liquid scanning dielectric microscopy in force detection mode. From the measurements the lamellarity of the liposomes, the separation between the lamellae and the specific capacitance of the lipid bilayer can be obtained. As application we considered the case of non-extruded DOPC liposomes with radii in the range ~ 100-800 nm. Uni-, bi- and tri-lamellar liposomes have been identified, with the largest population corresponding to bi-lamellar liposomes. The interlamellar separation in the bi-lamellar liposomes is found to be below ~ 10 nm in most instances. The specific capacitance of the DOPC lipid bilayer is found to be ~ 0.75 µF/cm2 in excellent agreement with the value determined on solid supported planar lipid bilayers. The lamellarity of the DOPC liposomes shows the usual correlation with the liposome's size. No correlation is found, instead, with the shape of the adsorbed liposomes. The proposed approach offers a powerful label-free and non-invasive method to determine the lamellarity and dielectric properties of single liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Muzio
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruben Millan-Solsona
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament D'Enginyeria Electrònica I Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Dols-Perez
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi H Borrell
- Secció de Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia I Ciències de L'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament D'Enginyeria Electrònica I Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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Pradhan R, Allen A. Why are COVID-19 vaccines still in short supply? MRS Bull 2021; 46:295-296. [PMID: 33867658 PMCID: PMC8034509 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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28
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Davoodabadi A, Ghasemi H. Evaporation in nano/molecular materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 290:102385. [PMID: 33662599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evaporation is a physical phenomenon with fundamental significance to both nature and technology ranging from plant transpiration to DNA engineering. Various analytical and empirical relationships have been proposed to characterize evaporation kinetics at macroscopic scales. However, theoretical models to describe the kinetics of evaporation from nano and sub-nanometer (molecular) confinements are absent. On the other hand, the fast advancements in technology concentrated on development of nano/molecular-scale devices demand appropriate models that can accurately predict physics of phase-change in these systems. A thorough understanding of the physics of evaporation in nano/molecular materials is, thus, of critical importance to develop the required models. This understanding is also crucial to explain the intriguing evaporation-related phenomena that only take place when the characteristic length of the system drops to several nanometers. Here, we comprehensively review the underlying physics of evaporation phenomenon and discuss the effects of nano/molecular confinement on evaporation. The role of liquid-wall interface-related phenomena including the effects of disjoining pressure and flow slippage on evaporation from nano/molecular confinements are discussed. Different driving forces that can induce evaporation in small confinements, such as heat transfer, pressure drop, cavitation and density fluctuations are elaborated. Hydrophobic confinement induced evaporation and its potential application for synthetic ion channels are discussed in detail. Evaporation of water as molecular clusters rather than isolated molecules is discussed. Despite the lack of experimental investigations on evaporation at nanoscale, there exist an extensive body of literature that have applied different simulation techniques to predict the phase change behavior of liquids in nanoconfinements. We infer that exploring the effect of electrostatic interactions and flow slippage to enhance evaporation from nanoconduits is an interesting topic for future endeavors. Further future studies could be devoted to developing nano/molecular channels with evaporation-based gating mechanism and utilization of 2D materials to tune energy barrier for evaporation leading to enhanced evaporation.
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Wloka C, Galenkamp NS, van der Heide NJ, Lucas FLR, Maglia G. Strategies for enzymological studies and measurements of biological molecules with the cytolysin A nanopore. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:567-585. [PMID: 33712200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins are used in a variety of biotechnological applications. Typically, individual membrane proteins are reconstituted in artificial lipid bilayers where they form water-filled nanoscale apertures (nanopores). When a voltage is applied, the ionic current passing through a nanopore can be used for example to sequence biopolymers, identify molecules, or to study chemical or enzymatic reactions at the single-molecule level. Here we present strategies for studying individual enzymes and measuring molecules, also in highly complex biological samples such as blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wloka
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole S Galenkamp
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nieck J van der Heide
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Florian L R Lucas
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Yadavalli VK, Ehrhardt CJ. Atomic force microscopy as a biophysical tool for nanoscale forensic investigations. Sci Justice 2020; 61:1-12. [PMID: 33357821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has found its way to the arsenal of tools available to the forensic practitioner for the analysis of samples at the nano and microscales. As a non-destructive probing tool that requires minimal sample preparation, the AFM is very attractive, particularly in the case of minimal or precious sample. To date, the use of the AFM has primarily been in the arena of imaging where it has been complementary to other microscopic examination tools. Forensic applications in the visual examination of evidence such as blood stains, questioned documents, and hair samples have been reported. While a number of reviews have focused on the use of AFM as an imaging tool for forensic analyses, here we not only discuss these works, but also point to a versatile enhancement in the capabilities of this nanoscale tool - namely its use for force spectroscopy. In this mode, the AFM can determine elastic moduli, adhesion forces, energy dissipation, and the interaction forces between cognate ligands, that can be spatially mapped to provide a unique spatial visualization of properties. Our goals in this review are to provide a context for this capability of the AFM, explain its workings, cover some exemplary works pertaining to forensic sciences, and present a critical analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of this modality. Equipped with this high-resolution tool, imaging and biophysical analysis by the AFM can provide a unique complement to other tools available to the researcher for the analysis and characterization of forensic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Abstract
Nanoscale viscoelastic heterogeneity is an important concept for understanding the relationship between the microscopic atomic structure and the macroscopic mechanical behaviors in metallic glasses. However, the direct measurement of viscoelastic behavior at the nanoscale is still missing. Here we report a new measurement method based on static force microscopy to directly measure the viscoelastic properties at the nanoscale. The observed adhesive force and elastic modulus maps clearly display a typical hierarchical viscoelastic microstructure consisting of local hard and soft regions. Moreover, the adhesive force is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to viscoelastic heterogeneity and exhibits a bimodal distribution. In addition, we found that the structural relaxation and the rejuvenation effects induce the transition between the solid-like and liquid-like modes. The new measurement technique provides a powerful and quantative tool to investigate the nanoscale heterogeneity and build a connection between the microscopic structure and macroscopic mechanical behaviors in amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John H Perepezko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Abstract
The high-order structure of mitotic chromosomes remains to be fully elucidated. How nucleosomes compact at various structural levels into a condensed mitotic chromosome is unclear. Cryogenic preservation and imaging have been applied for over three decades, keeping biological structures close to the native in vivo state. Despite being extensively utilized, this field is still wide open for mitotic chromosome research. In this review, we focus specifically on cryogenic efforts for determining the mitotic nanoscale chromatin structures. We describe vitrification methods, current status, and applications of advanced cryo-microscopy including future tools required for resolving the native architecture of these fascinating structures that hold the instructions to life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yusuf
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Aga Khan University, P.O.Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Safana Farooq
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Aga Khan University, P.O.Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Ian Robinson
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - El-Nasir Lalani
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Aga Khan University, P.O.Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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Boiteau RM, Kukkadapu R, Cliff JB, Smallwood CR, Kovarik L, Wirth MG, Engelhard MH, Varga T, Dohnalkova A, Perea DE, Wietsma T, Moran JJ, Hofmockel KS. Calcareous organic matter coatings sequester siderophores in alkaline soils. Sci Total Environ 2020; 724:138250. [PMID: 32303367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although most studies of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils have focused on adsorption to aluminosilicate and iron-oxide minerals due to their strong interactions with organic nucleophiles, stabilization within alkaline soils has been empirically correlated with exchangeable Ca. Yet the extent of competing processes within natural soils remains unclear because of inadequate characterization of soil mineralogy and OM distribution within the soil in relation to minerals, particularly in C poor alkaline soils. In this study, we employed bulk and surface-sensitive spectroscopic methods including X-ray diffraction, 57Fe-Mössbauer, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods to investigate the minerology and soil organic C and N distribution on individual fine particles within an alkaline soil. Microscopy and XPS analyses demonstrated preferential sorption of Ca-containing OM onto surfaces of Fe-oxides and calcite. This result was unexpected given that the bulk combined amounts of quartz and Fe-containing feldspars of the soil constitute ~90% of total minerals and the surface atomic composition was largely Fe and Al (>10% combined) compared to Ca (4.2%). Soil sorption experiments were conducted with two siderophores, pyoverdine and enterobactin, to evaluate the adsorption of organic molecules with functional groups that strongly and preferentially bind Fe. A greater fraction of pyoverdine was adsorbed compared to enterobactin, which is smaller, less polar, and has a lower aqueous solubility. Using NanoSIMS to map the distribution of isotopically-labeled siderophores, we observed correlations with Ca and Fe, along with strong isotopic dilution with native C, indicating associations with OM coatings rather than with bare mineral surfaces. We propose a mechanism of adsorption by which organics aggregate within alkaline soils via cation bridging, favoring the stabilization of larger molecules with a greater number of nucleophilic functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene M Boiteau
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; College of Earth, Ocean, Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Ravi Kukkadapu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America.
| | - John B Cliff
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Chuck R Smallwood
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; Bioscience Division, Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, United States of America
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Mark G Wirth
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Tamas Varga
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Alice Dohnalkova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Daniel E Perea
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Thomas Wietsma
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - James J Moran
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America
| | - Kirsten S Hofmockel
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, United States of America; Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, United States of America
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Sheard TMD, Jayasinghe I. Enhanced expansion microscopy to measure nanoscale structural and biochemical remodeling in single cells. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 161:147-80. [PMID: 33478687 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resolution is a key feature in microscopy which allows the visualization of the fine structure of cells. Much of the life processes within these cells depend on the three-dimensional (3D) complexity of these structures. Optical super-resolution microscopies are currently the preferred choice of molecular and cell biologists who seek to visualize the organization of specific protein species at the nanometer scale. Traditional super-resolution microscopy techniques have often been limited by sample thickness, axial resolution, specialist optical instrumentation and computationally-demanding software for assembling the images. In this chapter we detail the protocol, "enhanced expansion microscopy" (EExM), which combines X10 expansion microscopy with Airyscan confocal microscopy. EExM enables 15nm lateral (and 35nm axial) resolution, and is a relatively cheap, accessible option allowing single protein resolution for the non-specialist optical microscopists. We illustrate how EExM has been utilized for mapping the 3D topology of intracellular protein arrays at sample depths which are not always compatible with some of the traditional super-resolution techniques. We demonstrate that antibody markers can recognize and map post-translational modifications of individual proteins in addition to their 3D positions. Finally, we discuss the current uncertainties and validations in EExM which include the isotropy in gel expansion and assessment of the expansion factor (of resolution improvement).
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Marchat C, Dai L, Alvarez J, Le Gall S, Kleider JP, Misra S, Roca I Cabarrocas P. Local V OC Measurements by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Applied on P-I-N Radial Junction Si Nanowires. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:398. [PMID: 31889245 PMCID: PMC6937368 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the extraction of the open circuit voltage (VOC) on photovoltaic nanowires by surface photovoltage (SPV) based on Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements. In a first approach, P-I-N radial junction (RJ) silicon nanowire (SiNW) devices were investigated under illumination by KPFM and current-voltage (I-V) analysis. Within 5%, the extracted SPV correlates well with the VOC. In a second approach, local SPV measurements were applied on single isolated radial junction SiNWs pointing out shadowing effects from the AFM tip that can strongly impact the SPV assessment. Several strategies in terms of AFM tip shape and illumination orientation have been put in place to minimize this effect. Local SPV measurements on isolated radial junction SiNWs increase logarithmically with the illumination power and demonstrate a linear behavior with the VOC. The results show notably that contactless measurements of the VOC become feasible at the scale of single photovoltaic SiNW devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Marchat
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France (IPVF), 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
- Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Letian Dai
- Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Physique et Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), UMR CNRS 7647, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC), UMR CNRS 7643, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - José Alvarez
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France (IPVF), 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
- Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Sylvain Le Gall
- Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Paul Kleider
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France (IPVF), 18 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, 91120, Palaiseau, France
- Génie électrique et électronique de Paris (GeePs), UMR CNRS 8507, CentraleSupélec, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 11 rue Joliot Curie, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Soumyadeep Misra
- Laboratoire de Physique et Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), UMR CNRS 7647, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Pere Roca I Cabarrocas
- Laboratoire de Physique et Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), UMR CNRS 7647, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91128, Palaiseau, France
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Du Y, Guo JL, Wang J, Mikos AG, Zhang S. Hierarchically designed bone scaffolds: From internal cues to external stimuli. Biomaterials 2019; 218:119334. [PMID: 31306826 PMCID: PMC6663598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering utilizes three critical elements - cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors - to recapitulate the bone tissue microenvironment, inducing the formation of new bone. Recent advances in materials development have enabled the production of scaffolds that more effectively mimic the hierarchical features of bone matrix, ranging from molecular composition to nano/micro-scale biochemical and physical features. This review summarizes recent advances within the field in utilizing these features of native bone to guide the hierarchical design of materials and scaffolds. Biomimetic strategies discussed in this review cover several levels of hierarchical design, including the development of element-doped compositions of bioceramics, the usage of molecular templates for in vitro biomineralization at the nanoscale, the fabrication of biomimetic scaffold architecture at the micro- and nanoscale, and the application of external physical stimuli at the macroscale to regulate bone growth. Developments at each level are discussed with an emphasis on their in vitro and in vivo outcomes in promoting osteogenic tissue development. Ultimately, these hierarchically designed scaffolds can complement or even replace the usage of cells and biological elements, which present clinical and regulatory barriers to translation. As the field progresses ever closer to clinical translation, the creation of viable therapies will thus benefit from further development of hierarchically designed materials and scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Du
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jason L Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA.
| | - Shengmin Zhang
- Advanced Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Wang M, Árnadóttir L, Xu ZJ, Feng Z. In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Nanoscale Electrocatalysts. Nanomicro Lett 2019; 11:47. [PMID: 34138000 PMCID: PMC7770664 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale electrocatalysts have exhibited promising activity and stability, improving the kinetics of numerous electrochemical reactions in renewable energy systems such as electrolyzers, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries. Due to the size effect, nano particles with extreme small size have high surface areas, complicated morphology, and various surface terminations, which make them different from their bulk phases and often undergo restructuring during the reactions. These restructured materials are hard to probe by conventional ex-situ characterizations, thus leaving the true reaction centers and/or active sites difficult to determine. Nowadays, in situ techniques, particularly X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), have become an important tool to obtain oxidation states, electronic structure, and local bonding environments, which are critical to investigate the electrocatalysts under real reaction conditions. In this review, we go over the basic principles of XAS and highlight recent applications of in situ XAS in studies of nanoscale electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Wang
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Líney Árnadóttir
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhenxing Feng
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Henam SD, Ahmad F, Shah MA, Parveen S, Wani AH. Microwave synthesis of nanoparticles and their antifungal activities. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 213:337-341. [PMID: 30711904 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microwave assisted approach was adopted for obtaining copper (II) oxide and Iron (III) oxide nanoparticles using leaves extract of Euphorbia helioscopia. Tanins component extracted from Euphorbia helioscopia were responsible for the formation of stable nanoscopic particles. Nanoparticles of iron and copper oxide was characterized using powder X-ray Diffractometer (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). PXRD result confirmed the formation of α-phase and monoclinic iron and copper oxide nanoparticles respectively. Nanoparticles of iron and copper oxide were of spherical shape with average diameter in range of 7-10 nm. Antifungal potential of fabricated oxide nanoparticles was tested using Cladosporium herbarum as role model fungus. Iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit greater antifungal activities against the Cladosporium herbarum as compared to copper oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Devi Henam
- Special Centre of Nanoscience, PG Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Special Centre of Nanoscience, PG Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shah
- Special Centre of Nanoscience, PG Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shazia Parveen
- Section of Mycology and plant pathology, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Abdul Hamid Wani
- Section of Mycology and plant pathology, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, 190006, India
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Zhou Z, Cao J, Wang Y, Shi Y, Wang Z, Zhang B. A Nanoscale Low-Power Resistorless Voltage Reference with High PSRR. Nanoscale Res Lett 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 30680579 PMCID: PMC6346697 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a nano-watt resistorless subthreshold voltage reference with high-power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is presented. A self-biased MOS voltage divider is proposed to provide bias current for whole voltage reference, which is a positive temperature coefficient (TC) current containing threshold voltage characteristics. By injecting the generated current into a transistor with a different threshold voltage, a delta threshold voltage with a greatly reduced negative TC is realized and temperature-compensated by a generated positive TC item at the same time. Therefore, a temperature-stable voltage reference is achieved in the proposed compacted method with low power consumption and high PSRR. Verification results with 65-nm CMOS technology demonstrate that the minimum supply voltage can be as low as 0.35 V with a 0.00182-mm2 active area. The generated reference voltage is 148 mV, with a TC of 28 ppm/°C for the - 30 to 80 °C temperature range. The line sensitivity is 1.8 mV/V, and the PSRR without any filtering capacitor at 100 Hz is 53 dB with a 2.28-nW power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Jianwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Yue Shi
- College of Communication Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225 China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
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Gadomski A. On (sub)mesoscopic scale peculiarities of diffusion driven growth in an active matter confined space, and related (bio)material realizations. Biosystems 2019; 176:56-58. [PMID: 30611845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion in a confined space becomes an extremely important problem with many versatile applications, ranging from biomedical to biotechnological, and involving functional and smart (bio)materials. In this study, we have shown that the well-known Mullins-Sekerka approach to morphological stability of the diffusional non-ideal sphere's growth, for which a confinement factor disappears, is a firm starting point for further questions. It has two modifications and/or extensions for which the confinement factor is involved readily and becomes (in)finite firstly for microscale (or micrometer scale) involving biomatter packing phenomena. They are also applicable for nanoscopic biomaterial arrangements for which very tightly packed material and active-matter including outcomes of subdiffusive proveniency would manifest, as it has already been observed for the protein crystal growth in pores and globule-to-coil crossover phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gadomski
- Department of Modeling of Physicochemical Processes, Institute of Mathematics and Physics, UTP University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego 7, PL-85796, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Dolan GK, Cartwright B, Bonilla MR, Gidley MJ, Stokes JR, Yakubov GE. Probing adhesion between nanoscale cellulose fibres using AFM lateral force spectroscopy: The effect of hemicelluloses on hydrogen bonding. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 208:97-107. [PMID: 30658836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inter-fibre adhesion is a key contributing factor to the mechanical response and functionality of cellulose-based biomaterials. 'Dip-and-Drag' lateral force atomic force microscopy technique is used here to evaluate the influence of arabinoxylan and xyloglucan on interactions between nanoscale cellulose fibres within a hydrated network of bacterial cellulose. A cohesive zone model of the detachment event between two nano-fibres is used to interpret the experimental data and evaluate inter-fibre adhesion energy. The presence of xyloglucan or arabinoxylan is found to increase the adhesive energy by a factor of 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, which is consistent with these two hemicellulose polysaccharides having different specificity of hydrogen bonding with cellulose. Importantly, xyloglucan's ability to strengthen adhesion between cellulose nano-fibres supports emergent models of the primary plant cell walls (Park & Cosgrove, 2012b), which suggest that xyloglucan chains confined within cellulose-cellulose junctions play a key role in cell wall's mechanical response.
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Yang J, Alam SB, Yu L, Chan E, Zheng H. Dynamic behavior of nanoscale liquids in graphene liquid cells revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2018; 116:22-29. [PMID: 30265880 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in graphene liquid cells for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have opened many opportunities for the study of materials transformations and chemical reactions in liquids with high spatial resolution. However, the behavior of thin liquids encapsulated in a graphene liquid cell has not been fully understood. Here, we report real time TEM imaging of the nanoscale dynamic behavior of liquids in graphene nanocapillaries. Our observations reveal that the interfaces between liquid and gas bubble can fluctuate, leading to the generation of liquid nanodroplets near the interfaces. Liquid nanodroplets often show irregular shape with dynamic changes of their configuration under the electron beam. We consider that the dynamic motion of liquid-gas interfaces might be introduced by the electrostatic energy from transiently charged interfaces. We find that improving the wettability of graphene liquid cells by ultraviolet-ozone treatment can significantly modify the dynamic motion of the encapsulated liquids. Our study provides valuable information of the interactions between liquid and graphene under the electron beam, and it also offers key insights on the nanoscale fluid dynamics in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Sardar B Alam
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Emory Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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Xiao Y, Zhao P, Yang Y, Li M. Ecotoxicity evaluation of natural suspended particles using the microalga, Euglena gracilis. Chemosphere 2018; 206:802-808. [PMID: 29804002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As vectors for pollutants, suspended particles (SPs) have been studied for many years. However, limited studies have focused on the ecotoxicity of natural SPs. This study examined ecotoxicity of natural SPs isolated from Gonghu Bay and its Ecological Restoration Area (ERA) water samples by Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) using the microalga Euglena gracilis as a model organism. Effects of SPs on algae growth, photosynthesis pigment contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and DNA damage were characterized to determine the effects of ecological restoration. Additionally, SPs were separated into nanoscale (<1 μm diameter) and common-scale (≥1 μm diameter) groups by size, to compare the differences in toxicity of SPs with different sizes. We found, in naturally occurring concentrations in Gonghu Bay, nanoscale SPs were more toxic than common-scale ones. However, no significant adverse effects were detected in the nanoscale SPs from the ERA, which demonstrated that ecological restoration might reduce the toxicity of nanoscale SPs. The results were supported by the inhibition of growth, SOD activities and DNA damage, while no adverse influences were detected on pigment contents of E. gracilis in all the treated groups. Our study provides new insights into the toxic effects of SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ghoshdastidar AJ, Hu Z, Nazarenko Y, Ariya PA. Exposure to nanoscale and microscale particulate air pollution prior to mining development near a northern indigenous community in Québec, Canada. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8976-8988. [PMID: 29332278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study serves as a baseline characterization of indoor and outdoor air quality in a remote northern indigenous community prior to the start of a major nearby mining operation, including measurements of nanoparticles, which has never been performed in this context before. We performed aerosol sample collection and real-time aerosol measurements at six different locations at the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi and the Montviel campsite, located 45 km west of the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi, in the south of the Nord-du-Québec region. High concentrations of airborne nanoparticles (up to 3.98 × 104 ± 8.9 × 103 cm-3 at 64.9-nm midpoint particle diameter) and fine particles (up to 1.99 × 103 ± 1.6 × 102 cm-3 at 0.3-μm midpoint particle diameter) were measured inside a residential home, where we did not find any ventilation or air filtration systems. The most abundant particle sizes by mass were between 0.19 and 0.55 μm. The maximum concentration of analyzed heavy metals was detected at the d50 cut-off particle size of 0.31 μm; and the most abundant heavy metals in the aerosol samples were Al, Ba, Zn, Cu, Hg, and Pb. We concluded that the sources of the relatively high indoor particle concentrations were likely laundry machines and cooking emissions in the absence of a sufficient ventilation system. However, the chemical composition of particles resulting from mining activities is expected to be different from that of the aerosol particles from indoor sources. Installation and proper maintenance of sufficient ventilation and air filtration systems may reduce the total burden of disease from outdoor and indoor air pollution and remediate infiltrated indoor particulate pollution from the mining sources as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik J Ghoshdastidar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Zhenzhong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
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Zhang J, Huang J, Say C, Dorit RL, Queeney KT. Deconvoluting the effects of surface chemistry and nanoscale topography: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm nucleation on Si-based substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 519:203-213. [PMID: 29500992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The nucleation of biofilms is known to be affected by both the chemistry and topography of the underlying substrate, particularly when topography includes nanoscale (<100 nm) features. However, determining the role of topography vs. chemistry is complicated by concomitant variation in both as a result of typical surface modification techniques. Analyzing the behavior of biofilm-forming bacteria exposed to surfaces with systematic, independent variation of both topography and surface chemistry should allow differentiation of the two effects. EXPERIMENTS Silicon surfaces with reproducible nanotopography were created by anisotropic etching in deoxygenated water. Surface chemistry was varied independently to create hydrophilic (OH-terminated) and hydrophobic (alkyl-terminated) surfaces. The attachment and proliferation of Psuedomonas aeruginosa to these surfaces was characterized over a period of 12 h using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. FINDINGS The number of attached bacteria as well as the structural characteristics of the nucleating biofilm were influenced by both surface nanotopography and surface chemistry. In general terms, the presence of both nanoscale features and hydrophobic surface chemistry enhance bacterial attachment and colonization. However, the structural details of the resulting biofilms suggest that surface chemistry and topography interact differently on each of the four surface types we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
| | - Jinglin Huang
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
| | - Carmen Say
- Biochemistry Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
| | - Robert L Dorit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
| | - K T Queeney
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA.
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Abstract
A number of nervous system disorders are characterized by a state of inflammation (neuroinflammation) in which members of the innate immune system, most notably mast cells and microglia-acting as single entities and in unison-produce inflammatory molecules that play major roles. A neuroinflammatory environment can weaken not only blood-nerve and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity but also that of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Mast cells, with their distribution in peripheral nerves and the central nervous system, are positioned to influence blood-nerve barrier characteristics. Being close also to the perivasculature and on the brain side of the BBB, the mast cell is well positioned to disrupt BBB function. Interestingly, tissue damage and/or stress activates homeostatic mechanisms/molecules expressed by mast cells and microglia, and includes N-acylethanolamines. Among the latter, N-palmitoylethanolamine has distinguished itself as a key component in supporting homeostasis of the organism against external stressors capable of provoking inflammation. This review will discuss the pathobiology of neuroinflammation with emphasis on mast cells and microglia, their roles in BBB health, and novel therapeutic opportunities, including nanoscale delivery for targeting these immune cells with a view to maintain the BBB.
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Osborn W, Friedman LH, Vaudin M. Strain measurement of 3D structured nanodevices by EBSD. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:88-93. [PMID: 28863279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a new methodology to accurately measure strain magnitudes from 3D nanodevices using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). Because the dimensions of features on these devices are smaller than the interaction volume for backscattered electrons, EBSD patterns from 3D nanodevices will frequently be the superposition of patterns from multiple material regions simultaneously. The effect of this superposition on EBSD strain measurement is demonstrated, along with an approach to separate EBSD patterns from these devices via subtraction. The subtraction procedure is applied to 33 nm wide SiGe lines, and it provides accurate strain magnitudes where the traditional EBSD strain analysis method undervalues the strain magnitude by an order of magnitude. The approach provides a strain measurement technique for nanoscale 3D structures that is high spatial resolution, nondestructive, and accurate.
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Li W, Liu S, Yao H, Liao G, Si Z, Gong X, Ren L, Wang L. Microparticle templating as a route to nanoscale polymer vesicles with controlled size distribution for anticancer drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 508:145-153. [PMID: 28829954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer vesicles are self-assembled shells of amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) that have attracted tremendous interest due to their encapsulation ability and intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. However, typical processes for the formation of polymer vesicles lead to ensembles of structures with a broad size distribution (from nanometer to micrometer scale) which result in a limitation for efficient cellular uptake. In this study, we present a simple and efficient approach for the fabrication of polymer vesicles with uniform nanoscale dimensions from template formation of electrosprayed particles in a high throughput manner. First, electrospraying was applied to produce micrometer-sized templates of a block copolymer before polymer vesicles were formed from the pre-prepared microparticles via rehydration. Four different biocompatible diblock and triblock copolymers were used to successfully fabricate polymer vesicles with uniform size around 150nm using this approach. Furthermore, we encapsulate anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) within the polymer vesicles via this method. The kinetics of cellular uptake (HeLa cell) and intracellular distribution of DOX-loaded polymer vesicles have been quntified and monitored by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively. The results show that our new method provides a promising way to fabricate drug-loaded polymer vesicles with controllable nanoscale size for intracellular anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichang Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hang Yao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guoxing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ziwei Si
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiangjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linge Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Wang C, Stanciu CE, Ehrhardt CJ, Yadavalli VK. Nanoscale characterization of forensically relevant epithelial cells and surface associated extracellular DNA. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 277:252-258. [PMID: 28672218 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy provides a novel morphological and physico-chemical perspective to analyze epithelial cell samples in forensic investigations. As a nanoscale, single cell tool, it allows the investigation of scarce samples in a non-destructive fashion. Using chemical force spectroscopy, it permits the identification of specific functional groups or surface molecules. Of specific interest is the presence of extracellular DNA (eDNA) on the surface of epithelial cells that line the exterior skin and interior cavities of human bodies, and can transfer onto surfaces through contact with skin and saliva. To date, this eDNA has only been measured a bulk level. Here, using nanoscale imaging, we first describe the unique differences between keratinized epithelial cells and non-keratinized buccal cells. Then via a force mapping technique, we show how eDNA can be spatially located and quantified on the cell surface. Our results suggest that presence and relative quantity of surface-associated, extracellular DNA signatures can be analyzed on individual epithelial cells from different tissue sources, providing a new tool in the forensic analysis of touch samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cristina E Stanciu
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Zhang C, Pan D, Li J, Hu J, Bains A, Guys N, Zhu H, Li X, Luo K, Gong Q, Gu Z. Enzyme-responsive peptide dendrimer-gemcitabine conjugate as a controlled-release drug delivery vehicle with enhanced antitumor efficacy. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:153-162. [PMID: 28259838 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive peptide dendrimer-drug conjugates have presented significant potential for cancer therapy. To develop an effective nanoscale chemotherapeutic prodrug, we developed a novel enzyme-responsive PEGylated lysine peptide dendrimer-gemcitabine conjugate (Dendrimer-GEM) based nanoparticle via the highly efficient click reaction. Owing to the glycyl phenylalanyl leucyl glycine tetra-peptide (GFLG) as an enzyme-cleavable linker to conjugate gemcitabine (GEM), the prepared nanoparticles were able to release drug significantly faster in the tumor cellular environments, which specifically contains secreted Cathepsin B, quantifiably more than 80% GEM was released with Cathepsin B compared to the condition without Cathepsin B at 24h. This nanoparticle demonstrated enhanced antitumor efficacy in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model without obvious systemic toxicity, resulting in significantly suppressed relative tumor volumes (86.17±38.27%) and a 2-fold higher value of tumor growth inhibition (∼90%) than GEM·HCl treatment. These results suggest that the PEGylated peptide dendrimer-gemcitabine conjugate can be an effective antitumor agent for breast cancer therapy. Statement of Significance We found that the functionalized dendrimer based nanoscale drug delivery vehicles exhibited enhanced therapeutic indexes and reduced toxicity as compared to the free drug gemcitabine. Compared with current nanoparticles, such as dendritic anticancer drug delivery systems, the new design was capable of self-assembling into nanoscale particles with sizes of about 80-110nm, which is suitable as antitumor drug delivery vehicle due to the potential longer intravascular half-life and higher accumulation in tumor tissue via EPR effect. Owing to the optimized architecture, the system was given the enzyme-responsive drug release feature, and showed excellent antitumor activity on the 4T1 breast tumor model due to the evidences from tumor growth curves, immunohistochemical analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Meanwhile, no significant side effect was observed by histological analysis. This study demonstrated that PEGylated peptide dendritic architecture may be used as efficient and safe nanoscale drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy.
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