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Xiao Y, Zhangzhong L, Tan S, Song P, Zheng W, Li Y. Effect of nanobubble concentrations on fouling control capacity in biogas slurry wastewater distribution systems. Bioresour Technol 2024; 396:130455. [PMID: 38360221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanobubble (NB) represents a promising practice for mitigating fouling in biogas slurry distribution systems. However, its anti-fouling effectiveness and optimal use dosage are unknown. This study investigated the NB anti-fouling capacity at six concentrations (0 %-100 %, denoting the ratio of maximum NB-infused water; particle concentrations in 0 % and 100 % ratios were 1.08 × 107 and 1.19 × 109 particles mL-1, respectively). Results showed that NB effectively mitigated multiple fouling at 50 %-100 % ratios, whereas low NB concentration exacerbated fouling. NB functioned both as an activator and a bactericide for microorganisms, significantly promoting biofouling at 5 %-25 %, and inhibiting biofouling at 50 %-100 %. Owing to an enhanced biofilm biomineralization ability, low NB concentration aggravated precipitate fouling, whereas high NB doses effectively mitigated precipitates. Additionally, higher NB concentrations demonstrated superior control efficiency against particulate fouling. This study contributes insights into NB effectiveness in controlling various fouling types within wastewater distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Equipment in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lili Zhangzhong
- National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Equipment in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siyuan Tan
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Song
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Modern Agriculture on Yellow River Delta, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Wengang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Equipment in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Water-Saving and Water Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Modern Agriculture on Yellow River Delta, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dongying 257000, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Kim SJ, Park JM, Kim YW, Yoon SY, Lee SC. Comparison of Particulate Steroid Injection vs Nonparticulate Steroid Injection for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2024:S0003-9993(24)00034-0. [PMID: 38242297 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify the difference on pain intensity and disability between particulate and nonparticulate steroid injections in patients with lumbar radicular pain. Subgroup analysis by study design, type of particulate steroid, and follow-up duration were performed. DATA SOURCES We performed the literature search in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up March, 2023. STUDY SELECTION Studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies, that compared particulate steroid injection and nonparticulate steroid injection in patients with lumbar radicular pain were independently reviewed by 2 reviewers for eligibility for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION Outcomes of interest were pain intensity and disability. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of included studies using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2.0) tool for RCTs and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions Tool (ROBINS-I) for nonrandomized studies. Effect sizes were estimated using mean difference (MD) and standardized mean difference (SMD). DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed no significant difference in visual analog scale, disability score and the numbers of patients with 50% pain reduction between particulate and nonparticulate steroid injection groups (P>.05). Particulate steroid injections showed significant better effect in pain scale in RCTs (MD=0.62; 95% CI 0.08-1.16, P=.02). In subgroup analysis with steroid types, methylprednisolone showed better effect compared with dexamethasone, while dexamethasone showed better effect compared with betamethasone. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested no significant differences between the particulate and nonparticulate steroid groups in pain or disability score. Therefore, considering the safety profile of nonparticulate steroids, nonparticulate steroid injection may be helpful in patients with lumbar radicular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Mi Park
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Delaney FT, MacMahon PJ. An update on epidural steroid injections: is there still a role for particulate corticosteroids? Skeletal Radiol 2023; 52:1863-1871. [PMID: 36171350 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) play an important role in the multifaceted management of neck and back pain. Corticosteroid preparations used in ESIs may be considered "particulate" or "non-particulate" based on whether they form a crystalline suspension or a soluble clear solution, respectively. In the past two decades, there have been reports of rare but severe and permanent neurological complications as a result of ESI. These complications have principally occurred with particulate corticosteroid preparations when using a transforaminal injection technique at cervical or thoracic levels, and only rarely in the lumbosacral spine. As a result, some published clinical guidelines and recommendations have advised against the use of particulate corticosteroids for transforaminal ESI, and the FDA introduced a warning label for injectable corticosteroids regarding the risk of serious neurological adverse events. There is growing evidence that the efficacy of non-particulate corticosteroids for pain relief and functional improvement after ESI is non-inferior to particulate agents, and that non-particulate injections almost never result in permanent neurological injury. Despite this, particulate corticosteroids continue to be routinely used for transforaminal epidural injections. More consistent clinical guidelines and societal recommendations are required alongside increased awareness of the comparative efficacy of non-particulate agents among specialists who perform ESIs. The current role for particulate corticosteroids in ESIs should be limited to caudal and interlaminar approaches, or transforaminal injections in the lumbar spine only if initial non-particulate ESI resulted in a significant but short-lived improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T Delaney
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Peter J MacMahon
- Department of Radiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Van Pee T, Nawrot TS, van Leeuwen R, Hogervorst J. Ambient particulate air pollution and the intestinal microbiome; a systematic review of epidemiological, in vivo and, in vitro studies. Sci Total Environ 2023; 878:162769. [PMID: 36907413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A healthy indigenous intestinal microbiome is indispensable for intra- and extra-intestinal human health. Since well-established factors such as diet and antibiotic use only explain 16 % of the inter-individual variation in gut microbiome composition, recent studies have focused on the association between ambient particulate air pollution and the intestinal microbiome. We systematically summarize and discuss all evidence concerning the effect of particulate air pollution on intestinal bacterial diversity indices, specific bacterial taxa, and potential underlying intestinal mechanisms. To this end, all possibly relevant publications published between February 1982 and January 2023 were screened, and eventually, 48 articles were included. The vast majority (n = 35) of these studies were animal studies. The exposure periods investigated in the human epidemiological studies (n = 12) ranged from infancy through elderly. This systematic review found that intestinal microbiome diversity indices were generally negatively associated with particulate air pollution in epidemiological studies, with an increase in taxa belonging to Bacteroidetes (two studies), Deferribacterota (one study), and Proteobacteria (four studies), a decrease in taxa belonging to Verrucomicrobiota (one study), and no consensus for taxa belonging to Actinobacteria (six studies) and Firmicutes (seven studies). There was no unequivocal effect of ambient particulate air pollution exposure on bacterial indices and taxa in animal studies. Only one study in humans examined a possible underlying mechanism; yet, the included in vitro and animal studies depicted higher gut damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and permeability in exposed versus unexposed animals. Overall, the population-based studies showed a dose-related continuum of short- and long-term ambient particulate air pollution exposure on lower gut diversity and shifts in taxa over the entire life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thessa Van Pee
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leuven University, Herestraat 49-box 706, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Romy van Leeuwen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Janneke Hogervorst
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Triantafyllidou S, Wasserstrom L, Nelson J, Webb D, Formal C, Doré E, Lytle D. Lead in synthetic and municipal drinking water varies by field versus laboratory analysis. Sci Total Environ 2023:163873. [PMID: 37230337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water lead measurements by two field analyzers, relying on anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and fluorescence spectroscopy, were compared to reference laboratory measurements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in progressively complex datasets (phases A, B, C), to assess field analyzer performance. Under controlled laboratory quantitative tests of dissolved lead within the field analysis range and optimal temperature range, lead recoveries by ASV ranged within 85-106 % of reference laboratory values (corresponding linear model: y = 0.96×, r2 = 0.99), compared to lower lead recoveries of 60-80 % by fluorescence (y = 0.69×, r2 = 0.99) in phase A. Field analyzer performance deteriorated in three opportunistic laboratory datasets compiled for phase B that contained dissolved lead (ASV: y = 0.80×, r2 = 0.98; no fluorescence data). Further lead underestimations were observed in five field datasets compiled for phase C, some of which contained known particulate lead (ASV: y = 0.54×, r2 = 0.76; fluorescence: y = 0.06×, r2 = 0.38). Deteriorating performance between phases was presumably due to the increasingly complex water matrices and lead particulates present in some phase C subsets (phase A < phase B < phase C). Phase C field samples had lead concentrations that were out-of-range, including a 5 % and 31 % false negative rate by ASV and by fluorescence, respectively. The range of results relevant to the diverse nature of compiled datasets, suggests that unless ideal conditions are known to be present (i.e., the lead content of water is dissolved within the field analysis range and optimal water temperature range), these field lead analyses might only be used as a water screening tool. Given the unknown conditions in many field settings, combined with the lead concentration underestimations including the false negative rates reported herein for field datasets, caution is encouraged when employing ASV and particularly fluorescence field analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoni Triantafyllidou
- U. S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | | | - James Nelson
- Deer Park Silverton Joint Fire District, 7050 Blue Ash Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45236, United States
| | - Dawn Webb
- Greater Cincinnati Water Works, Cincinnati, OH 45232, United States
| | - Casey Formal
- U. S. Environmental Protect Agency, Region 5, Groundwater and Drinking Water Branch, 77 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago 60604, United States
| | - Evelyne Doré
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Postdoctoral fellow at Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protect Agency, W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Darren Lytle
- U. S. Environmental Protect Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang Z, Chen S, Liu H, Wu D, Zhang L. Variation in the concentration of particulate Pd in the Nandu River Estuary during spring-neap tides. Chemosphere 2023; 320:138041. [PMID: 36736842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries are environmental systems with great resource potential and environmental benefits. This study investigates the role of particulate palladium (Pd) in the Nandu River Estuary in the enrichment of estuarine geochemical processes during spring-neap tides. Particulate Pd was found to show different characteristics during spring-neap tides, with the hydrodynamic condition being one of the key factors causing the difference. In addition, particulate Pd showed a decreasing trend while moving from the mouth to the upstream. The highest value of particulate Pd was 35.32 ng L-1, which occurred at the intersection of the mainstream and the branch during the neap tide, and the lowest value was 0.86 ng·L-1, which occurred in the far mouth area during the spring tide. The concentrations of particulate Pd during the neap and spring tides were 5.53 (1.01-35.32) ng·L-1 and 2.33 (0.86-5.22) ng·L-1, respectively. With the exception of stations 1, 5, 10, 11, and 15, the concentration of particulate Pd during the neap tide was greater than that during the spring tide. The variation in the particulate Pd was inconsistent between the spring tide and the neap tide, and the fluctuation in each study section during the neap tide was greater than that during the spring tide. In addition, since the emissions from catalytic converter are in the form of nanoparticles, they are difficult to be dissolve in natural water, and therefore, the concentration of particulate Pd was obviously greater in the waters near large bridges and main roads. An analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the water showed that Cl- easily combined with dissolved Pd and was one of the important factors that affected the concentration of particulate Pd. In addition, DO and Eh had little effect on the change in the particulate Pd during the tidal cycle, and pH had a significant positive correlation with particulate Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Yuyan Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Niuniu Zhang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Siwen Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Haofeng Liu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, Hainan, China; Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Environmental Change of Tropical Islands, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- The Analysis and Test Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
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Yang M, Wu K, Wu Q, Huang C, Xu Z, Ho HC, Tao J, Zheng H, Hossain MZ, Zhang W, Wang N, Su H, Cheng J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of air pollution and angina pectoris attacks: identification of hazardous pollutant, short-term effect, and vulnerable population. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:32246-32254. [PMID: 36735120 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of global epidemiological studies of air pollution and angina pectoris, aiming to explore the deleterious air pollutant(s) and vulnerable sub-populations. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible articles published between database inception and October 2021. Meta-analysis weighted by inverse-variance was utilized to pool effect estimates based on the type of air pollutant, including particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm and ≤ 10 µm), gaseous pollutants (NO2: nitrogen dioxide; CO: carbon monoxide; SO2: sulfur dioxide, and O3: ozone). Study-specific effect estimates were standardized and calculated with percentage change of angina pectoris for each 10 µg/m3 increase in air pollutant concentration. Twelve studies involving 663,276 angina events from Asia, America, Oceania, and Europe were finally included. Meta-analysis showed that each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 concentration was associated with an increase of 0.66% (95%CI: 0.58%, 0.73%; p < 0.001) and 0.57% (95%CI: 0.20%, 0.94%; p = 0.003) in the risk of angina pectoris on the second day of exposure. Adverse effects were also observed for NO2 (0.67%, 95%CI: 0.33%, 1.02%; p < v0.001) on the second day, CO (0.010%, 95%CI: 0.006%, 0.014%; p < 0.001). The elderly and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) appeared to be at higher risk of angina pectoris. Our findings suggest that short-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO was associated with an increased risk of angina pectoris, which may have implications for cardiologists and patients to prevent negative cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Keyu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Qiyue Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4214, Australia
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junwen Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohammad Zahid Hossain
- Bangladesh (Icddr,B), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China.
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Wang T, Huang RJ, Yang L, Dai W, Ni H, Gong Y, Guo J, Zhong H, Lin C, Xu W. Direct emissions of particulate glyoxal and methylglyoxal from biomass burning and coal combustion. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160757. [PMID: 36502685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (Mgly) are key precursors globally for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. These two species were often thought to be formed in the atmosphere via photochemical oxidation of organics from biogenic and anthropogenic origins, although few studies have shown their direct emissions. In this study, we report direct emissions of particulate Gly and Mgly from different residential fuels typically used in north China. The emission ratios (ERs) and emission factors (EFs) of particulate Gly and Mgly for biomass burning were approximate 5-fold and 7-fold higher than those for coal combustion, respectively. The large variances in emissions of Gly and Mgly could be attributed to the different combustion processes, which influenced by the fuel types and combustion conditions. The averaged ERs and EFs of particulate Gly and Mgly were about one order of magnitude lower than their gaseous counterparts due to the low Henry's law constant, which was also consistent with the low particle-to-gas ratio of Gly (0.04) and Mgly (0.02). Our results suggest that the direct emissions of Gly and Mgly from emission sources should be considered when estimating the formation of SOA from Gly and Mgly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuquan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Chunshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Antimisiaris SG. Preparation of DRV Liposomes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2622:21-47. [PMID: 36781747 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Dried reconstituted vesicle (DRV) liposomes are formulated under mild conditions. The method has the capability to entrap substantially higher amounts of hydrophilic solutes, compared to other passive-loading liposome preparation methods. These characteristics make this liposome type ideal for entrapment of labile substances, such as peptides, proteins, or DNA's (or other nucleotides or oligonucleotides), or in general biopharmaceuticals and sensitive drugs. In this chapter, all possible types of DRV liposomes (in respect to the encapsulated molecule characteristics and/or their applications in therapeutics) are introduced, and preparation methodologies (for each type) are described in detail.
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Marnot A, Dobbs A, Brettmann B. Material extrusion additive manufacturing of dense pastes consisting of macroscopic particles. MRS Commun 2022; 12:483-494. [PMID: 36312900 PMCID: PMC9596591 DOI: 10.1557/s43579-022-00209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of dense pastes, those with greater than 50 vol% particles, via material extrusion direct ink write is a promising method to produce customized structures for high-performance materials, such as energetic materials and pharmaceuticals, as well as to enable the use of waste or other locally available particles. However, the high volume fraction and the large sizes of the particles for these applications lead to significant challenges in developing inks and processing methods to prepare quality parts. In this prospective, we analyze challenges in managing particle characteristics, stabilizing the suspensions, mixing the particles and binder, and 3D printing the pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Marnot
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Alexandra Dobbs
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
| | - Blair Brettmann
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
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Zhang ZF, Chen JC, Zhao YX, Wang L, Teng YQ, Cai MH, Zhao YH, Nikolaev A, Li YF. Determination of 123 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in atmospheric samples. Chemosphere 2022; 296:134025. [PMID: 35218781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of toxic organic pollutants. Until now, they have been detected in many regions and various environmental matrix. However, not all PAHs are usually detected by researchers, and no methods is established to analyze systematically hundreds of PAHs. In this study, 123 PAHs were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-tandem triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), which were divided into 3 groups: 32 regular PAHs (R-PAHs), 50 methyl-PAHs (Me-PAHs), 30 Nitro-PAHs (N-PAHs) and 11 hydroxyl-PAHs (OH-PAHs). The developed method was applied to detect the target PAHs in 6 marine gaseous samples and 6 particulate samples collected on board the research vessel Snow Dragon. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined from 0.009 to 2.50 and 0.03-8.33 pg/m3, respectively. Recoveries of the internal standards in atmosphere were from 88% to 112%, 70%-104%, and 72%-102% for R-PAHs、Me-PAHs、N-PAHs and OH-PAHs, respectively, which showed the reliability of the experimental method. The total concentrations of 123 PAHs in marine air and particle samples were from 1532 to 7877 and 206-1022 pg/m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jia-Cheng Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ya-Xian Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Centre of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yu-Qian Teng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ming-Hong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Centre of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
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12
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Ndalila MN, Williamson GJ, Bowman DMJS. Carbon dioxide and particulate emissions from the 2013 Tasmanian firestorm: implications for Australian carbon accounting. Carbon Balance Manag 2022; 17:7. [PMID: 35616743 PMCID: PMC9134655 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled wildfires in Australian temperate Eucalyptus forests produce significant smoke emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulates. Emissions from fires in these ecosystems, however, have received less research attention than the fires in North American conifer forests or frequently burned Australian tropical savannas. Here, we use the 2013 Forcett-Dunalley fire that caused the first recorded pyrocumulonimbus event in Tasmania, to understand CO2 and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from a severe Eucalyptus forest fire. We investigate the spatial patterns of the two emissions using a fine scale mapping of vegetation and fire severity (50 m resolution), and utilising available emission factors suitable for Australian vegetation types. We compare the results with coarse-scale (28 km resolution) emissions estimates from Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) to determine the reliability of the global model in emissions estimation. RESULTS The fine scale inventory yielded total CO2 emission of 1.125 ± 0.232 Tg and PM2.5 emission of 0.022 ± 0.006 Tg, representing a loss of 56 t CO2 ha-1 and 1 t PM2.5 ha-1. The CO2 emissions were comparable to GFED estimates, but GFED PM2.5 estimates were lower by a factor of three. This study highlights the reliability of GFED for CO2 but not PM2.5 for estimating emissions from Eucalyptus forest fires. Our fine scale and GFED estimates showed that the Forcett-Dunalley fire produced 30% of 2013 fire carbon emissions in Tasmania, and 26-36% of mean annual fire emissions for the State, representing a significant single source of emissions. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses highlight the need for improved PM2.5 emission factors specific to Australian vegetation, and better characterisation of fuel loads, particularly coarse fuel loads, to quantify wildfire particulate and greenhouse gas emissions more accurately. Current Australian carbon accountancy approach of excluding large wildfires from final GHG accounts likely exaggerates Tasmania's claim to carbon neutrality; we therefore recommend that planned and unplanned emissions are included in the final national and state greenhouse gas accounting to international conventions. Advancing these issues is important given the trajectory of more frequent large fires driven by anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy N Ndalila
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Grant J Williamson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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13
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Konoplev A, Wakiyama Y, Wada T, Ivanov M, Komissarov M, Nanba K. Reconstruction of time changes in radiocesium concentrations in the river of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP contaminated area based on its depth distribution in dam reservoir's bottom sediments. Environ Res 2022; 206:112307. [PMID: 34756914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide depth distribution in bottom sediments in deep-water zones of dam reservoirs, where no sediment mixing occurs, can be used to reconstruct time changes in particulate activity concentrations of radionuclides strongly bound to bottom sediments. This approach was used to analyze the 137Cs concentration profile in a bottom sediment core collected from Ogaki dam reservoir on the Ukedo River in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant contaminated zone in October 2019. The derived 137Cs particulate concentrations provided a basis for estimating the dissolved concentration and its temporal trend in the Ukedo River, using the mean value of the apparent 137Cs distribution coefficient. The reconstructed particulate and dissolved 137Cs concentrations and their temporal trends are consistent with monitoring data. The annual mean particulate and dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios were also calculated for the period of eight years after the accident. Interestingly, the particulate 137Cs wash-off ratios for the Ukedo River at Ogaki dam were found to be similar to those for the Pripyat River at Chernobyl in the same time period after the accident, while the dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios in the Ukedo River were an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding values in the Pripyat River. Both the particulate and dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios in the Ukedo River declined faster during the first eight years after the FDNPP accident than predicted by the diffusional model, most likely, due to greater natural attenuation and, to some extent, remediation measures implemented on the catchments in Fukushima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Wakiyama
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Maxim Ivanov
- Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Science, Russia
| | | | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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14
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Fang Z, Wang WX. Dynamics of trace metals with different size species in the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 807:150712. [PMID: 34626643 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Pearl River Estuary (PRE), the largest estuary in Southern China, regulates the fluxes of riverine trace metals into the South China Sea. However, the geochemical behavior of trace metals in this estuary is still ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of trace metals in different phases (i.e., particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved) in the PRE in both wet and dry seasons characteristic of the region. Transformations of trace metals between particulate (>0.45 μm), colloidal (1 kDa to 0.45 μm) and truly dissolved (<1 kDa) phases were observed during the estuarine mixing. Colloidal metals (except for Pb) showed non-conservative 'removal' behavior in the low-salinity zone (S < 10‰), suggesting the coagulation of colloidal metals and subsequent deposition to bed sediments being an important sink of dissolved trace metals. By contrast, truly dissolved metals exhibited a mid-salinity maximum distribution (i.e., Mn, Ni, Cu and Cd) or little variation along the salinity gradient (i.e., Fe). The increase of truly dissolved metal concentration was accompanied by the decrease of particulate metal concentration, indicating that the desorption of suspended particles was an important source of dissolved Mn and Cd in the PRE. Metal released from the suspended particles increased in the dry season due to the high suspended particulate matter concentration. Dissolved Mn concentration in the bottom water in wet season was higher than that in dry season, implying that benthic Mn input increased as the bottom water became hypoxic. Abnormally high concentrations of particulate and dissolved Pb were observed at the lower PRE, implying the presence of a potential point source pollution. A flux model predicted that total dissolved Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn underwent net removal while dissolved Mn and Cd had net inputs during the estuarine mixing. This study raveled contrasting geochemical behaviors of trace metals with different size phases and the different sources and sinks of dissolved metals in the PRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Fang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), School of Energy and Environment, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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15
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Henry TD, Porucznik CA, Honda TJ, VanDerslice JA, Blackburn BE, Cox KJ, Carrell DT. Differential impacts of particulate air pollution exposure on early and late stages of spermatogenesis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 220:112419. [PMID: 34126304 PMCID: PMC8383784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence that particulate air pollution has adverse effects on human semen quality, few studies examine the impact of air pollution on clinically relevant thresholds used to diagnose male fertility problems. Furthermore, exposure is often assessed using average air pollution levels in a geographic area rather than individualized estimates. Finally, physiologically-informed exposure windows are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that airborne particulate exposures during early-phase spermatogenesis will have a differential impact on spermatogenic formation compared to late-phase exposures, using an individualized model of exposure to particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm and ≤ 10 µm (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively). METHODS From an original cohort of 183 couples, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 130 healthy males seeking to become parents, using spermatogenesis-relevant exposure windows of 77-34 days and 37-0 days prior to semen collection to encompass sperm development stages of mitosis/meiosis and spermiogenesis, respectively. Individualized residential exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was estimated by selecting multiple air pollution sensors within the same geographic air basin as participants and employing inverse distance weighting to calculate mean daily exposure levels. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the association between pollution, temperature, and dichotomized World Health Organization semen parameters. RESULTS During the early phase of spermatogenesis, air pollution exposure is associated with 1.52 (95% CI: 1.04-2.32) times greater odds of < 30% normal heads per 1-unit increase in IQR for PM2.5. In the late phase of spermatogenesis, air pollution exposure is associated with 0.35 (95% CI: 0.10-0.74) times greater odds of semen concentration < 15 million/mL per 1-unit increase in IQR for PM2.5, and 0.28 (95% CI: 0.07-0.72) for PM10. CONCLUSION Particulate exposure has a differential and more deleterious impact on sperm during early-phase spermatogenesis than late-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton D Henry
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City 84108, UT, USA
| | - Christina A Porucznik
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City 84108, UT, USA
| | - Trenton J Honda
- School of Clinical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A VanDerslice
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City 84108, UT, USA
| | - Brenna E Blackburn
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City 84108, UT, USA
| | - Kyley J Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- Division of Andrology, Departments of Surgery and Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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16
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Willson BE, Gee NA, Willits NH, Li L, Zhang Q, Pinkerton KE, Lasley BL. Effects of the 2018 Camp Fire on birth outcomes in non-human primates: Case-control study. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:128-35. [PMID: 34454022 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The November 2018 Camp Fire, a devastating wildfire in Northern California, occurred during the peak of breeding season for field monkeys at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). Effects of environmental stressors, such as wildfires, on birth outcomes in primates, and in humans, are poorly understood. Additionally, wildfires are of growing concern due to their increasing frequency and severity. The objective was to examine the impact of wildfire smoke on fertility, timing of birth, and pregnancy loss for field monkeys. A unique case-control study to investigate birth outcomes in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was conducted at the CNPRC. All females in the study were maintained in outdoor fields during a period of elevated ambient wildfire smoke from November 8–22, 2018. In addition to ambient air quality evaluations, the effects on fertility, timing to birth, and pregnancy loss were documented. Archival records of approximately 5,000 conceptions from the previous nine years served as control data. During the Camp Fire, ambient fine particulate (PM 2.5) levels exceeded the 24 -h National Ambient Air Quality Standard (35 μg/m 3) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, reaching levels as high as 185 μg/m 3. A statistically significant association was observed between birth loss and the 2018–2019 CNPRC breeding season. As this wildfire event occurred during various stages of early pregnancy, an association can be inferred between early gestational exposure and increased risk of pregnancy loss.
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17
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Joshi R, Kasi M, Wadhawan T, Khan E. Investigating organic nitrogen production in activated sludge process: Size fraction and biodegradability. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145695. [PMID: 33940763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the production of organic nitrogen (ON) fractions (particulate, colloidal and soluble) and the biodegradability of produced soluble ON in an activated sludge process was investigated. Synthetic wastewater with no ON was fed to the four laboratory-scale reactors operated at SRTs of 2, 5, 10 and 20 d, respectively. Effluent ON from each reactor was fractionated into particulate, colloidal, and soluble ON (pON, cON, and sON). The effluent total ON contained 5.7 to 11.9 mg/L pON, 3.6 to 3.8 mg/L cON, and 2.3 to 4.6 mg/L sON. cON fraction can be larger than sON fraction in the secondary effluent. Therefore, besides focusing on sON, water resource recovery facilities aiming to meet stricter effluent TN limits should also identify appropriate technologies to target cON. More than 50% of effluent sON was biodegradable under SRTs of 2, 5, and 10 d but the biodegradability decreased to 31% at 20-d SRT. Large fractions of non-biodegradable sON (69%) at SRT of 20-d could be contributed by extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products, specifically biomass associated products due to endogenous respiration. Thus, sON generated at long SRTs may take longer to decompose in receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Joshi
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | | | | | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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18
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Ganann MG, Kitila M, Patel R, Brook CD, Pisegna JM. The FEES box: A novel barrier to contain particles during aerosol-generating procedures. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:102888. [PMID: 33460980 PMCID: PMC7834572 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) such as flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) have been deemed high-risk and in some cases restricted, indicating the need for additional personal protective equipment. The aim of this study was to erect and study a protective barrier for FEES. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PVC cube was constructed to fit over a patient while allowing for upright endoscopy. A plastic drape was fitted over the cube, and the protective barrier was subsequently named the "FEES Box." Three different particulate-generating tasks were carried out: sneezing, coughing, and spraying water from an atomizer bottle. Each task was completed within and without the FEES Box, and particulate was measured with a particle counter. The average particles/L detected during the three tasks, and baseline measurements, were statistically compared. RESULTS Without the FEES Box in place, the sneezing and spraying tasks resulted in a statistically significant increase in particles above baseline (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively); coughing particulate never reached levels significantly higher than baseline (p = 0.230). With use of the FEES Box, there was no statistically significant increase in particles above baseline in any of the three tasks. CONCLUSION The FEES Box effectively contained particles generated during sneezes and an atomizer spray. It would also likely mitigate coughing particulate, but coughing did not generate a significant increase in particles above baseline. Further research is warranted to test the efficacy of the FEES Box in containing particulate matter during a complete FEES procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Ganann
- Voice and Swallowing Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Merertu Kitila
- Voice and Swallowing Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ravi Patel
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christopher D Brook
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica M Pisegna
- Voice and Swallowing Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Konoplev A, Wakiyama Y, Wada T, Udy C, Kanivets V, Ivanov MM, Komissarov M, Takase T, Goto A, Nanba K. Radiocesium distribution and mid-term dynamics in the ponds of the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant exclusion zone in 2015-2019. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129058. [PMID: 33250230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the 137Cs behavior in the ponds of Okuma Town from 2015 to 2019 in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant (FDNPP) exclusion zone. A decline in both particulate and dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations was revealed. The decline rate constants for the particulate 137Cs activity concentration were found to be higher than for the dissolved 137Cs activity concentration. In terms of seasonality the dissolved 137Cs concentrations were higher from June to October, depending on the specific pond and year, most likely due to temperature dependence of 137Cs desorption from frayed edge sites of micaceous clay minerals. The apparent Kd(137Cs) in the studied ponds, in absolute value, appeared to be much higher than that for closed and semi-closed lakes of the Chernobyl contaminated area; however, these were comparable to the values characteristic of the rivers and reservoirs of the FDNPP contaminated area. The apparent Kd(137Cs) in the suspended sediment-water system was observed to decrease over time. It was hypothesized that this trend was associated with the decomposition of glassy hot particles. Relying on the theory of selective sorption and fixation, the exchangeable radiocesium interception potential, RIPex(K) was estimated using data on 137Cs speciation in the surface bottom-sediment layer and its distribution in the sediment-water system. For the studied ponds, RIPex(K) was on the average 2050 mEq/kg, which is within the range of values measured in laboratory studies reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Wakiyama
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Cameron Udy
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Volodymyr Kanivets
- Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Nauki Av., 37, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Maxim M Ivanov
- Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - Tsugiko Takase
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Azusa Goto
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kenji Nanba
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
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20
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Chen B, Jia P, Han J. Role of indoor aerosols for COVID-19 viral transmission: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2021; 19:1953-1970. [PMID: 33462543 PMCID: PMC7805572 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between outdoor atmospheric pollution by particulate matter and the morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections was recently disclosed, yet the role of indoor aerosols is poorly known . Since people spend most of their time indoor, indoor aerosols are closer to human occupants than outdoors, thus favoring airborne transmission of COVID-19. Therefore, here we review the characteristics of aerosol particles emitted from indoor sources, and how exposure to particles affects human respiratory infections and transport of airborne pathogens. We found that tobacco smoking, cooking, vacuum cleaning, laser printing, burning candles, mosquito coils and incenses generate large quantities of particles, mostly in the ultrafine range below 100 nm. These tiny particles stay airborne, are deposited in the deeper regions of human airways and are difficult to be removed by the respiratory system. As a consequence, adverse effects can be induced by inhaled aerosol particles via oxidative stress and inflammation. Early epidemiological evidence and animal studies have revealed the adverse effects of particle exposure in respiratory infections. In particular, inhaled particles can impair human respiratory systems and immune functions, and induce the upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, thus inducing higher vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. Moreover, co-production of inflammation mediators by COVID-19 infection and particle exposure magnifies the cytokine storm and aggravates symptoms in patients. We also discuss the role of indoor aerosol particles as virus carriers. Although many hypotheses were proposed, there is still few knowledge on interactions between aerosol articles and virus-laden droplets or droplet nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Puqi Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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21
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Konoplev А, Kanivets V, Zhukova О, Germenchuk М, Derkach H. Mid- to long-term radiocesium wash-off from contaminated catchments at Chernobyl and Fukushima. Water Res 2021; 188:116514. [PMID: 33075597 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed mid- to long-term 137Cs wash-off from the catchments contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 and the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011. A semi-empirical diffusional model for radionuclide wash-off is proposed to enable estimation of the dissolved and particulate 137Cs wash-off ratios for the Chernobyl and Fukushima contaminated catchments; the differences in the wash-off characteristics for these two regions are explained and their long-term trends predicted. The model is based on the premise that the catchment topsoil layer is the source of sediments in the rivers, and the radionuclide concentration in the topsoil can be described by a simple diffusion equation. The particulate 137Cs wash-off ratios for the Fukushima contaminated catchments appear to be comparable or slightly lower than those for Chernobyl. The dissolved 137Cs wash-off ratios for Fukushima catchments are at least an order of magnitude lower than those for Chernobyl, mainly due to an order of magnitude difference in the 137Cs distribution coefficients for the Fukushima and Chernobyl rivers. The proposed semi-empirical diffusional model for radionuclide wash-off satisfactorily describes the temporal trends in the 137Cs wash-off characteristics for both the Chernobyl and Fukushima cases, and can be used as a tool for predicting 137Cs wash-off after a nuclear accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Аlexei Konoplev
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima, 960-1296 Japan.
| | - Volodymyr Kanivets
- Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Nauki av., 37, Kiev, 03028 Ukraine
| | - Оlga Zhukova
- Scientific-Practical Center of Hygiene, Ministry of Health of the Republic Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Мaria Germenchuk
- International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, Dolgobrodskaya 23/1, Minsk, 220070 Belarus
| | - Hrigoryi Derkach
- Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Nauki av., 37, Kiev, 03028 Ukraine
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22
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He S, Han J. Electrostatic fine particles emitted from laser printers as potential vectors for airborne transmission of COVID-19. Environ Chem Lett 2021; 19:17-24. [PMID: 32837484 PMCID: PMC7413220 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 14 million people globally. Recently, airborne transmission has been postulated to be a major contributor to the spread of the novel coronavirus, especially in enclosed public spaces. While many studies have demonstrated positive correlations between atmospheric pollutants and SARS-CoV-2 infection, the impact of indoor air pollutants on airborne transmission has been largely overlooked. In particular, laser printers are a primary source of particle emission that increases the concentrations of particulate matter in indoor atmosphere by releasing substantial quantities of electrostatic fine particles, at rates comparable with tobacco smoking and incense burning. We hypothesized that particles emitted from laser printers present a potential risk factor for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in offices and other indoor environments with high user occupancy. To test this hypothesis, we reviewed recent knowledge on the characteristics of particles emitted by laser printing, including their emission rates and accumulation in indoor air, electrostatic charges, localized emission and subsequent particle diffusion in relation to the human breathing zone. We then discuss the potential impact on the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 in indoor spaces. We found that emission rates from laser printers ranged from 108 to 1012 particles min-1, and these fine particles typically remain suspended for prolonged periods in indoor air. Electrostatic charges carried by these particles can reach 260-379 e per particle, thus enhancing their surface adsorption and deposition in human airways. Localized emission by laser printers and subsequent diffusion highly increase particle concentrations near the human breathing zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
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23
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Triantafyllidou S, Burkhardt J, Tully J, Cahalan K, DeSantis M, Lytle D, Schock M. Variability and sampling of lead (Pb) in drinking water: Assessing potential human exposure depends on the sampling protocol. Environ Int 2021; 146:106259. [PMID: 33395926 PMCID: PMC7879988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in drinking water has re-emerged as a modern public health threat which can vary widely in space and in time (i.e., between homes, within homes and even at the same tap over time). Spatial and temporal water Pb variability in buildings is the combined result of water chemistry, hydraulics, Pb plumbing materials and water use patterns. This makes it challenging to obtain meaningful water Pb data with which to estimate potential exposure to residents. The objectives of this review paper are to describe the root causes of intrinsic Pb variability in drinking water, which in turn impacts the numerous existing water sampling protocols for Pb. Such knowledge can assist the public health community, the drinking water industry, and other interested groups to interpret/compare existing drinking water Pb data, develop appropriate sampling protocols to answer specific questions relating to Pb in water, and understand potential exposure to Pb-contaminated water. Overall, review of the literature indicated that drinking water sampling for Pb assessment can serve many purposes. Regulatory compliance sampling protocols are useful in assessing community-wide compliance with a water Pb regulatory standard by typically employing practical single samples. More complex multi-sample protocols are useful for comprehensive Pb plumbing source determination (e.g., Pb service line, Pb brass faucet, Pb solder joint) or Pb form identification (i.e., particulate Pb release) in buildings. Exposure assessment sampling can employ cumulative water samples that directly capture an approximate average water Pb concentration over a prolonged period of normal household water use. Exposure assessment may conceivably also employ frequent random single samples, but this approach warrants further investigation. Each protocol has a specific use answering one or more questions relevant to Pb in water. In order to establish statistical correlations to blood Pb measurements or to predict blood Pb levels from existing datasets, the suitability of available drinking water Pb datasets in representing water Pb exposure needs to be understood and the uncertainties need to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoni Triantafyllidou
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Jonathan Burkhardt
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Tully
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kelly Cahalan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities at Time of This Work, Currently New York City Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply, Distribution Science and Planning, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Michael DeSantis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Darren Lytle
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael Schock
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Water Infrastructure Division, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH, United States
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24
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Gessner I. Optimizing nanoparticle design and surface modification toward clinical translation. MRS Bull 2021; 46:643-649. [PMID: 34305307 PMCID: PMC8279028 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving field driven by the need for safer and more efficient therapies as well as ultrasensitive and fast diagnostics. Although the advantages of nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are unambiguous, in vivo requirements, including low toxicity, long blood circulation time, proper clearance, sufficient stability, and reproducible synthesis have, in most cases, bedeviled their clinical translation. Nevertheless, researchers have the opportunity to have a decisive influence on the future of nanomedicine by developing new multifunctional molecules and adapting the material design to the requirements. Ultimately, the goal is to find the right level of functionality without adding unnecessary complexity to the system. This article aims to emphasize the potential and current challenges of nanoparticle-based medical agents and highlights how smart and functional material design considerations can help to overcome many of the current limitations and increase the clinical value of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gessner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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25
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Patel H, Talbot N, Salmond J, Dirks K, Xie S, Davy P. Implications for air quality management of changes in air quality during lockdown in Auckland (New Zealand) in response to the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Sci Total Environ 2020; 746:141129. [PMID: 32745857 PMCID: PMC7384416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The current changes in vehicle movement due to 'lockdown' conditions (imposed in cities worldwide in response to the COVID-19 epidemic) provide opportunities to quantify the local impact of 'controlled interventions' on air quality and establish baseline pollution concentrations in cities. Here, we present a case study from Auckland, New Zealand, an isolated Southern Hemisphere city, which is largely unaffected by long-range pollution transport or industrial sources of air pollution. In this city, traffic flows reduced by 60-80% as a result of a government-led initiative to contain the virus by limiting all transport to only essential services. In this paper, ambient pollutant concentrations of NO2, O3, BC, PM2.5, and PM10 are compared between the lockdown period and comparable periods in the historical air pollution record, while taking into account changes in the local meteorology. We show that this 'natural experiment' in source emission reductions had significant but non-linear impacts on air quality. While emission inventories and receptor modelling approaches confirm the dominance of traffic sources for NOx (86%), and BC (72%) across the city, observations suggest a consequent reduction in NO2 of only 34-57% and a reduction in BC of 55-75%. The observed reductions in PM2.5 (still likely to be dominated by traffic emissions), and PM10 (dominated by sea salt, traffic emissions to a lesser extent, and affected by seasonality) were found to be significantly less (8-17% for PM2.5 and 7-20% for PM10). The impact of this unplanned controlled intervention shows the importance of establishing accurate, local-scale emission inventories, and the potential of the local atmospheric chemistry and meteorology in limiting their accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamesh Patel
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Nick Talbot
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim Dirks
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shanju Xie
- Auckland Council, Private Bag 92300, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Perry Davy
- Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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26
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Liu S, Zhang L, Wang Z, Li Y, Sun Y. Study on the correlation between mechanical and oxidation characteristics of methanol/biodiesel particulate matter. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:32732-32741. [PMID: 32519102 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to effectively reduce the number of diesel exhaust particles and reduce particulate emissions, it is necessary to have a deep understanding of the mechanical and oxidation characteristics of diesel exhaust particles. For the combustion particles of methanol/biodiesel (BM5, BM10, and BM15), atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analyzers were used to study changes of particle in mechanical parameters and oxidation rules, and association impact analysis was performed. Biodiesel (B100) was used as a reference. The results showed that with the increase of methanol content, the attraction force Fat, the cohesive force Fad, the adhesion energy Wad, and Young's modulus E of the methanol/biodiesel particles all decreased significantly. During the oxidation process, the weight loss rate of SOF increased, while the content of soot decreased. In addition, the initial combustion temperature of the SOF component TSOF and soot component Tsoot in particles as well as the burn-out temperature Tend showed a downward trend. There was a certain correlation between the mechanical parameters and the oxidation properties of the particles. The smaller the mechanical parameters, such as the attraction force Fat, viscous force Fad, the cohesive force Fad, the adhesion energy Wad, and Young's modulus E, the greater the looseness of the particles, the smaller the particle hardness and the degree of graphitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Libin Zhang
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - You Li
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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27
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Langille SE. Visible Particulate Contamination Control for Injectable Products: A Life-Cycle Approach. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2020; 74:359-366. [PMID: 31732691 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2019.010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible particulate matter contamination is responsible for the rejection or recall of numerous batches of injectable product each year. The result is wasted time, effort, money, product and the limited availability of medically necessary drug and biologic products. Recently published compendial standards have alleviated some of the confusion surrounding suitable test methods and acceptance criteria for visible particulates; however, the complexities of visual inspection methods across a wide range of injectable product types packaged in diverse and sometimes complex container systems has complicated the approach to visible particulate control in injectable products. The solution is a life-cycle approach to visible particulate contamination control that addresses the prevention, inspection, identification, and remediation of visible particulate contamination. More importantly, the life-cycle approach to visible particulate control is aligned with current United States Food and Drug Administration's good manufacturing practices and can serve as an effective tool for demonstrating regulatory compliance for inspections, audits, and regulatory submissions.
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28
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Lim AG, Sonke JE, Krickov IV, Manasypov RM, Loiko SV, Pokrovsky OS. Enhanced particulate Hg export at the permafrost boundary, western Siberia. Environ Pollut 2019; 254:113083. [PMID: 31473386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arctic permafrost soils contain large amounts of organic carbon and the pollutant mercury (Hg). Arctic warming and associated changes in hydrology, biogeochemistry and ecology risk mobilizing soil Hg to rivers and to the Arctic Ocean, yet little is known about the quantity, timing and mechanisms involved. Here we investigate seasonal particulate Hg (PHg) and organic carbon (POC) export in 32 small and medium rivers across a 1700 km latitudinal permafrost transect of the western Siberian Lowland. The PHg concentrations in suspended matter increased with decreasing watershed size. This underlines the significance of POC-rich small streams and wetlands in PHg export from watersheds. Maximum PHg concentrations and export fluxes were located in rivers at the beginning of permafrost zone (sporadic permafrost). We suggest this reflects enhanced Hg mobilization at the permafrost boundary, due to maximal depth of the thawed peat layer. Both the thickness of the active (unfrozen) peat layer and PHg run-off progressively move to the north during the summer and fall seasons, thus leading to maximal PHg export at the sporadic to discontinuous permafrost zone. The discharge-weighed PHg:POC ratio in western Siberian rivers (2.7 ± 0.5 μg Hg: g C) extrapolated to the whole Ob River basin yields a PHg flux of 1.5 ± 0.3 Mg y-1, consistent with previous estimates. For current climate warming and permafrost thaw scenarios in western Siberia, we predict that a northward shift of permafrost boundaries and increase of active layer depth may enhance the PHg export by small rivers to the Arctic Ocean by a factor of two over the next 10-50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem G Lim
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Geosciences and Environment Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Ivan V Krickov
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Rinat M Manasypov
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Sergey V Loiko
- BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Oleg S Pokrovsky
- Geosciences and Environment Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France; N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, IEPS, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
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29
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Han J, Liang Y, Zhao B, Wang Y, Xing F, Qin L. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) geographical distribution in China and their source, risk assessment analysis. Environ Pollut 2019; 251:312-327. [PMID: 31091495 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China, the huge amounts of energy consumption caused severe carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentration in the soil and ambient air. This paper summarized that the references published in 2008-2018 and suggested that biomass, coal and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in China. In 2016, the emitted PAHs in China due to the incomplete combustion of fuel was about 32720 tonnes, and the contribution of the emission sources was the sequence: biomass combustion > residential coal combustion > vehicle > coke production > refine oil > power plant > natural gas combustion. The total amount of PAHs emission in China at 2016 was significantly decreased due to the decrease of the proportion of crop resides burning (indoor and open burning). The geographical distribution of PAHs concentration demonstrated that PAHs concentration in the urban soil is 0.092-4.733 μg/g. At 2008-2012, the serious PAHs concentration in the urban soil occurred in the eastern China, which was shifted to western China after 2012. The concentration of particulate and gaseous PAHs in China is 1-151 ng/m3 and 1.08-217 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of particle-bound PAHs in the southwest and eastern region are lower than that in north and central region of China. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) analysis demonstrates that ILCR in the soil and ambient air in China is below the acceptable cancer risk level of 10-6 recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which mean that there is a low potential PAHs carcinogenic risk for the soil and ambient air in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China; Hubei Provincial Industrial Safety Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Yangshuo Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Futang Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Linbo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resources, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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30
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Thakur RC, Thamban M. Influence of gaseous and particulate species on neutralization processes of polar aerosol and snow - A case study from Ny-Ålesund. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:12-25. [PMID: 30528003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inter-conversion of nitrogen and sulfur species between the gas and particulate phases and their interaction with alkaline species influences the acidity of the aerosols and surface snow. To better understand these processes, a short field campaign was undertaken in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, during 13th April 2012 to 24th April 2012. Air measurements were carried out through a particulate sampler equipped with denuders and filter packs for simultaneous collection of trace gases (HNO3, NO2, SO2 and reactive nitrogen compounds) and aerosols, with daily collection of snow samples. Ionic composition of the samples was analyzed using ion chromatography technique. The results suggested that nitrate-rich aerosols are formed when PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) disassociates to form NO2 and HNO3 which further hydrolyzes to form pNO3- (particulate nitrate). This resulted in a high contribution of pNO3- (62%) to the total nitrogen budget over the study area. The acidity of the aerosols and snow evaluated through cation/anion ratio (C/A) indicated alkaline conditions with C/A>2. The bicarbonates/carbonates of Mg2+ played an important role in neutralization processes of surface snow while the role of NH3 was dominant in aerosol neutralization processes. Such neutralization processes can increase the aerosol hygroscopicity causing warming. Chloride depletion in the snow was significant as compared to the aerosols, indicating two important processes, scavenging of coarse sea salt by the snow and gaseous adsorption of SO2 on the snow surface. However, a more systematic and long term study is required for a better understanding of the neutralization processes and chemical inter-conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline C Thakur
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India.
| | - Meloth Thamban
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India
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31
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Ghoshdastidar AJ, Hu Z, Nazarenko Y, Ariya PA. Exposure to nanoscale and microscale particulate air pollution prior to mining development near a northern indigenous community in Québec, Canada. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:8976-8988. [PMID: 29332278 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study serves as a baseline characterization of indoor and outdoor air quality in a remote northern indigenous community prior to the start of a major nearby mining operation, including measurements of nanoparticles, which has never been performed in this context before. We performed aerosol sample collection and real-time aerosol measurements at six different locations at the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi and the Montviel campsite, located 45 km west of the Cree First Nation of Waswanipi, in the south of the Nord-du-Québec region. High concentrations of airborne nanoparticles (up to 3.98 × 104 ± 8.9 × 103 cm-3 at 64.9-nm midpoint particle diameter) and fine particles (up to 1.99 × 103 ± 1.6 × 102 cm-3 at 0.3-μm midpoint particle diameter) were measured inside a residential home, where we did not find any ventilation or air filtration systems. The most abundant particle sizes by mass were between 0.19 and 0.55 μm. The maximum concentration of analyzed heavy metals was detected at the d50 cut-off particle size of 0.31 μm; and the most abundant heavy metals in the aerosol samples were Al, Ba, Zn, Cu, Hg, and Pb. We concluded that the sources of the relatively high indoor particle concentrations were likely laundry machines and cooking emissions in the absence of a sufficient ventilation system. However, the chemical composition of particles resulting from mining activities is expected to be different from that of the aerosol particles from indoor sources. Installation and proper maintenance of sufficient ventilation and air filtration systems may reduce the total burden of disease from outdoor and indoor air pollution and remediate infiltrated indoor particulate pollution from the mining sources as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik J Ghoshdastidar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Zhenzhong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada.
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32
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Fang GC, Chen YC, Lo CT, Cho MH, Zhuang YJ, Tsai KH, Huang CY, Xiao YF. Concentrations and analysis of health risks of ambient air metallic elements at Longjing site in central Taiwan. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:461-472. [PMID: 28303454 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of particulates and metallic elements that were bound to total suspended particulates in ambient air at Long Cyuan Elementary School (LCYES), Lung Ching Elementary School (LCHES) and Long Shan Primary School (LSPS) sampling sites in the Longjing area were measured. Significant difference tests were conducted at LSPS, LCYES and LCHES sites. Finally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values for LSPS, LCYES and LCHES sites in the Longjing district were evaluated. The results show that the most average particulate and metallic element concentrations were highest in October, November, January, February, March, April, August, and September The average particulate and metallic element concentrations at LCHES were higher than at the other sampling sites. The Concentration Scatter Diagrams reveal the absence of significant variation among the LSPS, LCYES and LCHES sampling sites in the Longjing district. Therefore, these sampling sites are inferred to have similar emission sources. The children and adults inhalation carcinogenic risks which referenced US EPA method were all within acceptable ranges. Non-carcinogenic risks revealed that all metallic elements considered herein were harmless to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Hsien Cho
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Yang Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
| | - You-Fu Xiao
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung Kuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung, 433, Taiwan, ROC
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Steffens J, Kimbrough S, Baldauf R, Isakov V, Brown R, Powell A, Deshmukh P. Near-port air quality assessment utilizing a mobile measurement approach. Atmos Pollut Res 2017; 8:1023-1030. [PMID: 32699521 PMCID: PMC7375512 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mobile monitoring is a strategy to characterize spatially and temporally variable air pollution in areas near sources. EPA's Geospatial Measurement of Air Pollution (GMAP) vehicle - an all-electric vehicle is outfitted with a number of measurement devices to record real-time concentrations of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants - was used to map air pollution levels near the Port of Charleston in South Carolina. High-resolution monitoring was performed along driving routes near several port terminals and rail yard facilities, recording geospatial coordinates and concentrations of pollutants including black carbon, size-resolved particle count ranging from ultrafine to coarse (6 nm-20 μm), carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Additionally, a portable meteorological station was used to characterize local conditions. The primary objective of this work was to characterize the impact of port facilities on local scale air quality. The study determined that elevated concentration measurements of black carbon and PM correlated to periods of increased port activity and a significant elevation in concentration was observed downwind of ports. However, limitations in study design prevented a more complete analysis of the port effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Steffens
- US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science, USA
| | - Sue Kimbrough
- US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Baldauf
- US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Vlad Isakov
- US EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Black C, Tesfaigzi Y, Bassein JA, Miller LA. Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: Significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 55:186-195. [PMID: 28892756 PMCID: PMC5628149 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of wildfire smoke exposure on human health represents a unique interdisciplinary challenge to the scientific community. Population health studies indicate that wildfire smoke is a risk to human health and increases the healthcare burden of smoke-impacted areas. However, wildfire smoke composition is complex and dynamic, making characterization and modeling difficult. Furthermore, current efforts to study the effect of wildfire smoke are limited by availability of air quality measures and inconsistent air quality reporting among researchers. To help address these issues, we conducted a substantive review of wildfire smoke effects on population health, wildfire smoke exposure in occupational health, and experimental wood smoke exposure. Our goal was to evaluate the current literature on wildfire smoke and highlight important gaps in research. In particular we emphasize long-term health effects of wildfire smoke, recovery following wildfire smoke exposure, and health consequences of exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Black
- California National Primate Research Center, United States
| | | | - Jed A Bassein
- California National Primate Research Center, United States
| | - Lisa A Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.
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Kuroda E, Ozasa K, Temizoz B, Ohata K, Koo CX, Kanuma T, Kusakabe T, Kobari S, Horie M, Morimoto Y, Nakajima S, Kabashima K, Ziegler SF, Iwakura Y, Ise W, Kurosaki T, Nagatake T, Kunisawa J, Takemura N, Uematsu S, Hayashi M, Aoshi T, Kobiyama K, Coban C, Ishii KJ. Inhaled Fine Particles Induce Alveolar Macrophage Death and Interleukin-1α Release to Promote Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation. Immunity 2016; 45:1299-310. [PMID: 28002730 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is thought to function as an adjuvant that can induce allergic responses. However, the exact cell types and immunological factors that initiate the lung-specific immune responses are unclear. We found that upon intratracheal instillation, particulates such as aluminum salts and silica killed alveolar macrophages (AMs), which then released interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and caused inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation in the lung. IL-1α release continued for up to 2 weeks after particulate exposure, and type-2 allergic immune responses were induced by the inhalation of antigen during IL-1α release and iBALT formation, even long after particulate instillation. Recombinant IL-1α was sufficient to induce iBALTs, which coincided with subsequent immunoglobulin E responses, and IL-1-receptor-deficient mice failed to induce iBALT formation. Therefore, the AM-IL-1α-iBALT axis might be a therapeutic target for particulate-induced allergic inflammation.
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Murari V, Kumar M, Mhawish A, Barman SC, Banerjee T. Airborne particulate in Varanasi over middle Indo-Gangetic Plain: variation in particulate types and meteorological influences. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:157. [PMID: 28285436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The variation in particulate mass and particulate types (PM2.5 and PM10) with respect to local/regional meteorology was analyzed from January to December 2014 (n = 104) for an urban location over the middle Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Both coarser (mean ± SD; PM10 161.3 ± 110.4 μg m-3, n = 104) and finer particulates (PM2.5 81.78 ± 66.4 μg m-3) revealed enormous mass loading with distinct seasonal effects (range: PM10 12-535 μg m-3; PM2.5 8-362 μg m-3). Further, 56% (for PM2.5) to 81% (for PM10) of monitoring events revealed non-attainment national air quality standard especially during winter months. Particulate types (in terms of PM2.5/PM10 0.49 ± 0.19) also exhibited temporal variations with high PM2.5 loading particularly during winter (0.62) compared to summer months (0.38). Local meteorology has clear distinguishing trends in terms of dry summer (March to June), wet winter (December to February), and monsoon (July to September). Among all the meteorological variables (average temperature, rainfall, relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS)), temperature was found to be inversely related with particulate loading (rPM10 -0.79; rPM2.5 -0.87) while RH only resulted a significant association with PM2.5 during summer (rPM10 0.07; rPM2.5 0.55) and with PM10 during winter (rPM10 0.53; rPM2.5 0.24). Temperature, atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and RH were cumulatively recognized as the dominant factors regulating particulate concentration as days with high particulate loading (PM2.5 >150 μg m-3; PM10 >260 μg m-3) appeared to have lower ABL (mean 660 m), minimum temperature (<22.6 °C), and high RH (∼79%). The diurnal variations of particulate ratio were mostly insignificant except minor increases during night having a high wintertime ratio (0.58 ± 0.07) over monsoon (0.34 ± 0.05) and summer (0.30 ± 0.07). Across the region, atmospheric visibility appeared to be inversely associated with particulate (rPM2.5 -0.84; rPM10 -0.79) for all humid conditions, while at RH ≥80%, RH appeared as the most dominant factor in regulating visibility compared to particulate loading. The Lagrangian particle dispersion model was further used to identify possible regions contributing particulate loading through regional/transboundary movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Murari
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alaa Mhawish
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S C Barman
- Environmental Monitoring Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Abstract
Dried reconstituted vesicles (DRV) are liposomes that are formulated under mild conditions and have the capability to entrap substantially high amounts of hydrophilic solutes (compared to other types of liposomes). These characteristics make this liposome type ideal for entrapment of labile substances, as peptide, protein, or DNA vaccines, or in general biopharmaceuticals and sensitive drugs. In this chapter, all possible types of DRV liposomes (with respect to the encapsulated molecule characteristics and/or their applications in therapeutics) are introduced, and preparation methodologies (for each type) are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26510, Rio, Patras, Greece.
- FORTH/ICE-HT, 26510, Rio, Patras, Greece.
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Wang W, Wang WX. Phase partitioning of trace metals in a contaminated estuary influenced by industrial effluent discharge. Environ Pollut 2016; 214:35-44. [PMID: 27061473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe trace metal pollution due to industrial effluents releases was found in Jiulong River Estuary, Southern China. In this study, water samples were collected during effluent release events to study the dynamic changes of environmental conditions and metal partitioning among dissolved, particulate and colloidal phases controlled by estuarine mixing. Intermittent effluent discharges during low tide caused decreasing pH and dissolved oxygen, and induced numerous suspended particulate materials and dissolved organic carbon to the estuary. Different behaviors of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb in the dissolved fraction against the conservative index salinity indicated different sources, e.g., dissolved Ni from the intermittent effluent. Although total metal concentrations increased markedly following effluent discharges, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb were predominated by the particulate fraction. Enhanced adsorption onto particulates in the mixing process resulted in elevated partitioning coefficient (Kd) values for Cu and Zn, and the particle concentration effect was not obvious under such anthropogenic impacts. Colloidal proportion of these metals (especially Cu and Zn) showed positive correlations with dissolved or colloidal organic carbon, suggesting the metal-organic complexation. However, the calculated colloidal partitioning coefficients were relatively constant, indicating the excess binding capacity. Overall, the intermittent effluent discharge altered the particulate/dissolved and colloidal/soluble phase partitioning process and may further influence the bioavailability and potential toxicity to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Environmental Science Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Environmental Science Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, and HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) supplies information that is complementary to those data traditionally obtained using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for analysis of inorganic tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents. The SEM-EDS approach was used to identify select inorganic constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke "tar." The nature of SEM-EDS instrumentation makes it an ideal choice for microstructural analyses as it provides information relevant to inorganic constituents that could result from exposure to combusted tobacco products. Our analyses show that aluminum silicates, silica, and calcium compounds were common constituents of cigarette mainstream smoke "tar." Identifying inorganic tobacco smoke constituents is important because inhalation of fine inorganic particles could lead to inflammatory responses in the lung and systemic inflammatory responses. As cigarette smoking causes chronic inflammation in the respiratory tract, information on inorganic particulate in mainstream smoke informs efforts to determine causative agents associated with increased morbidity and mortality from tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Martin M, Stanchi S, Jakeer Hossain KM, Imamul Huq SM, Barberis E. Potential phosphorus and arsenic mobilization from Bangladesh soils by particle dispersion. Sci Total Environ 2015; 536:973-980. [PMID: 26073196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Besides dissolution, particle dispersion and mobilization can substantially contribute to element transfer from soils to waters. The dispersibility of the fine particulate and the associated potential losses of P and As from Bangladesh soils of the Ganges and Meghna floodplains have been evaluated with a simple dispersion test. The dispersible fraction was greater for the coarse-textured soils from the Meghna floodplain and increased with particle charge density. Particulate phosphorus (PP) and As (PAs) were the dominant forms in the dispersion, dissolved P and As being scarce to negligible. The PP and PAs were related to the amount of dispersed particulate, oxalate-extractable iron and, respectively, to the water-extractable P or phosphate-extractable As. Although reductive dissolution is reported as the main mechanism of As mobilization during prolonged monsoon flooding, the transfer in particulate form could potentially represent a major pathway for P and As transfer from soils to waters in oxic environments after sudden, extreme events. Since the frequency of extreme rainfall and floods is increasing because of the climate changes, and the intensified land cultivation is enhancing soil disturbance, larger contributions of particulate runoff to element migration from soils to waters could be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (D.I.S.A.F.A.), University of Torino, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Stanchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (D.I.S.A.F.A.), University of Torino, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy; NATRISK, University of Torino, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - K M Jakeer Hossain
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (D.I.S.A.F.A.), University of Torino, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy; Bangladesh Water Development Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - S M Imamul Huq
- Bangladesh Australia Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Elisabetta Barberis
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (D.I.S.A.F.A.), University of Torino, Largo Braccini, 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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Snow MS, Clark SB, Morrison SS, Watrous MG, Olson JE, Snyder DC. Mechanical environmental transport of actinides and ¹³⁷Cs from an arid radioactive waste disposal site. J Environ Radioact 2015; 148:42-49. [PMID: 26107287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aeolian and pluvial processes represent important mechanisms for the movement of actinides and fission products at the Earth's surface. Soil samples taken in the early 1970's near a Department of Energy radioactive waste disposal site (the Subsurface Disposal Area, SDA, located in southeastern Idaho) provide a case study for studying the mechanisms and characteristics of environmental actinide and (137)Cs transport in an arid environment. Multi-component mixing models suggest actinide contamination within 2.5 km of the SDA can be described by mixing between 2 distinct SDA end members and regional nuclear weapons fallout. The absence of chemical fractionation between (241)Am and (239+240)Pu with depth for samples beyond the northeastern corner and lack of (241)Am in-growth over time (due to (241)Pu decay) suggest mechanical transport and mixing of discrete contaminated particles under arid conditions. Occasional samples northeast of the SDA (the direction of the prevailing winds) contain anomalously high concentrations of Pu with (240)Pu/(239)Pu isotopic ratios statistically identical to those in the northeastern corner. Taken together, these data suggest flooding resulted in mechanical transport of contaminated particles into the area between the SDA and a flood containment dike in the northeastern corner, following which subsequent contamination spreading in the northeastern direction resulted from wind transport of discrete particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S Snow
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA; Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2805, USA.
| | - Sue B Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Samuel S Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Matthew G Watrous
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2805, USA
| | - John E Olson
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2805, USA
| | - Darin C Snyder
- Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2805, USA
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Kim SH, Lee CG, Song HS, Lee HS, Jung MS, Kim JY, Park CH, Ahn SC, Yu SD. Ventilation impairment of residents around a cement plant. Ann Occup Environ Med 2015; 27:3. [PMID: 25713724 PMCID: PMC4338829 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-014-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify adverse health effects due to air pollution derived from a cement plant in Korea. The ventilation impairment in residents around a cement plant was compared to another group through a pulmonary function test (PFT). Methods From June to August of 2013, both a pre and post-bronchodilator PFT was conducted on a “more exposed group (MEG)” which consisted of 318 people who lived within a 1 km radius of a cement plant and a “less exposed group (LEG)” which consisted of 129 people who lived more than 5 km away from the same plant. The largest forced expiratory volume in a one second (FEV1) reading and a functional residual capacity (FVC) reading were recorded after examining the data from all of the usable curves that were agreed upon as valid by PFT experts of committee of National Institute of Environmental Research. The global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) criteria for COPD, defined the FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7 as the obstructive type, and the FEV1/FVC ratio ≧ 0.7 and FVC% predicted < 80% were as the restrictive type. The FVC% predicted value was estimated using Korean equation. We compared the proportion of lung function impairments between the MEG and the LEG by using a chi-square, and estimated the OR of obstructive and restrictive ventilation impairments by logistic regression. Results The obstructive type impairment proportion was 9.7% in the MEG, whereas it was 8.5% in the LEG. The restrictive type was 21.6% in the MEG which was more than the 12.4% of the LEG. The odds ratio (OR) of total ventilation impairment in the MEG was 2.63 (95% CI 1.50 ~ 4.61) compared to the LEG. The OR of obstructive type in the MEG was 1.60 (95% CI 0.70 ~ 3.65), the smoking history was 3.10 (CI 1.10 ~ 8.66) whereas OR of restrictive type in the MEG was 2.55 (95% CI 1.37 ~ 4.76), the smoking history was 0.75 (95% CI 0.35 ~ 1.60) after adjusting for sex and age. Level of exposure to particulate played a role in both types. However, it appeared to be a significant variable in restrictive type, while smoking history was also an important variable in obstructive type. Conclusion Although this study is a limited cross-section study with a small number of subjects, ventilation impairment rate is higher in the MEG. There might be a possibility that it is due to long-term exposure to particulate dust generated by the cement plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sul Ha Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Chul Gab Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Han Soo Song
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Min Soo Jung
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Chosun University, 558 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759 Korea
| | - Choong Hee Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seogu, Incheon 404-708 Korea
| | - Seung Chul Ahn
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seogu, Incheon 404-708 Korea
| | - Seung Do Yu
- National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seogu, Incheon 404-708 Korea
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Davis TW, Orr PT, Boyer GL, Burford MA. Investigating the production and release of cylindrospermopsin and deoxy-cylindrospermopsin by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii over a natural growth cycle. Harmful Algae 2014; 31:18-25. [PMID: 28040107 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many harmful cyanobacterial genera have strains that can produce potent toxins and other biologically active compounds that present a risk to the health of humans and other animals that consume or contact contaminated water. Cylindrospermopsins (CYNs) are produced by several species of cyanobacteria including Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya and Subba Raju. Previous studies have used filtration methods to separate between the particulate and dissolved CYNs pools. Filtration may lyse cells and thus overestimate the dissolved CYNs pool. Here we employed a novel passive sampling technique to measure the proportion of dissolved CYNs in two Australian strains of C. raciborskii over the growth cycle while minimizing potential overestimation of the dissolved CYNs pool. We simultaneously compared the ratios of the two major CYNs produced by Australian strains of C. raciborskii: cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and deoxy-CYN in the particulate and dissolved pools. CYNs stayed within the cells during log phase but accumulated in the water column during stationary and senescent phases. The proportion of deoxy-CYN to CYN differed between strains but increased in both as cells aged. We conclude that while active release or leaking of CYNs from actively growing cells does occur, CYNs in the water column were primarily a result of cell lysis during stationary phase or due to other environmental stressors. The production of CYN and deoxy-CYN were a constitutive process and both the concentration of, ratio between, and release of CYN and deoxy-CYN were strain dependent. Future studies must account for the genetic diversity of CYN producers when investigating the production of CYNs in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Davis
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
| | - Philip T Orr
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia; Seqwater, PO Box 16146, City East, Qld 4002, Australia
| | - Gregory L Boyer
- Chemistry Department, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Michele A Burford
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia
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Herring P, Khachatryan L, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B. Paramagnetic centers in particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene in the presence of Fe(III) 2O 3 nanoparticles. Combust Flame 2013; 160:2996-3003. [PMID: 25673882 PMCID: PMC4321761 DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identity of radical species associated with particulate formed from the oxidative pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) was investigated using low temperature matrix isolation electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (LTMI-EPR), a specialized technique that provided a method of sampling and analysis of the gas-phase paramagnetic components. A superimposed EPR signal was identified to be a mixture of organic radicals (carbon and oxygen-centered) and soot. The carbon-centered radicals were identified as a mixture of the resonance-stabilized indenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and naphthalene 1-methylene radicals through the theoretical simulation of the radical's hyperfine structure. Formation of these radical species was promoted by the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles. Enhanced formation of resonance stabilized radicals from the addition of Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticles can account for the observed increased sooting tendency associated with Fe(III)2O3 nanoparticle addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Herring
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Barry Dellinger
- Louisiana State University, Department of Chemistry, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Thevenot P, Saravia J, Giaimo J, Happel KI, Dugas TR, Cormier SA. Chronic alcohol induces M2 polarization enhancing pulmonary disease caused by exposure to particulate air pollution. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1910-9. [PMID: 23763452 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption causes persistent oxidative stress in the lung, leading to impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) function and impaired immune responses. AMs play a critical role in protecting the lung from particulate matter (PM) inhalation by removing particulates from the airway and secreting factors which mediate airway repair. We hypothesized AM dysfunction caused by chronic alcohol consumption increases the severity of injury caused by PM inhalation. METHODS Age- and sex-matched C57BL/6 mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing either alcohol or an isocaloric substitution (control diet) for 8 weeks. Mice from both diet groups were exposed to combustion-derived PM (CDPM) for the final 2 weeks. AM number, maturation, and polarization status were assessed by flow cytometry. Noninvasive and invasive strategies were used to assess pulmonary function and correlated with histomorphological assessments of airway structure and matrix deposition. RESULTS Co-exposure to alcohol and CDPM decreased AM number and maturation status (CD11c expression), while increasing markers of M2 activation (interleukin [IL]-4Rα, Ym1, Fizz1 expression, and IL-10 and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β production). Changes in AM function were accompanied by decreased airway compliance and increased elastance. Altered lung function was attributable to elevated collagen content localized to the small airways and loss of alveolar integrity. Intranasal administration of neutralizing antibody to TGF-β during the CDPM exposure period improved changes in airway compliance and elastance, while reducing collagen content caused by co-exposure. CONCLUSIONS Combustion-derived PM inhalation causes enhanced disease severity in the alcoholic lung by stimulating the release of latent TGF-β stores in AMs. The combinatorial effect of elevated TGF-β, M2 polarization of AMs, and increased oxidative stress impairs pulmonary function by increasing airway collagen content and compromising alveolar integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thevenot
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologic-reactivity to implant-debris is the primary determinant of long-term clinical performance. The following reviews: 1) the physical aspects of spinal-implant debris and 2) the local and systemic biologic responses to implant debris. METHODS Methods included are: 1) gravimetric wear analysis; 2) SEM and LALLS; 3) metal-ion analysis; 4) ELISA, toxicity testing, patch testing; and 5) metal-lymphocyte transformation testing (metal-LTT). RESULTS Wear and corrosion of spine-implants produce particles and ions. Particles (0.01-1000 μm) are generally submicron ( <1 µm). Wear rates of metal-on-polymer and metal-on-metal disc arthroplasties are approximately 2-20 and 1 mm(3)/yr, respectively. Metal-on-metal total disc replacement components have significant increases in circulating metal (less than 10-fold that of controls at 4 ppb-Co and 3 ppb-Cr or ng/mL). Debris reactivity is local and systemic. Local inflammation is caused primarily by ingestion of debris by local macrophages, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE2. Systemic responses associated with implant-debris have been limited to hypersensitivity reactions. Elevated amounts of in the liver, spleen, etc of patients with failed TJA have not been associated with remote toxicological or carcinogenic pathology to date. Implant debris are differentially bioreactive. Greater numbers are pro-inflammatory; the smaller-sized debris are more bioreactive by virtue of their greater numbers (dose) for a given amount of implant mass loss (one 100-μm-diameter particle is equivalent in mass to 1 million 1-μm-diameter particles). Elongated particles are pro-inflammatory (ie, aspect ratio of greater than 3). Metal particles are more proinflammatory than polymers, ceteris paribus. CONCLUSION Spinal arthroplasty designs have been in use for more than 20 years internationally; therefore, concerns about neuropathology, toxicity, and carcinogenicity are mitigated. Debris-induced inflammation still depends on the individual and the type of debris. The consequence of debris-induced inflammation is continued; vigilance by physicians is recommended monitoring of spinal implants using physical exams and testing of metal content and bioreactivity, as is planning for the likelihood of revision in younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim James Hallab
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Aalseth C, Andreotti E, Arnold D, Cabeza JAS, Degering D, Giuliani A, de Orduña RG, Gurriaran R, Hult M, Keillor M, Laubenstein M, le Petit G, Margineanu RM, Matthews M, Miley H, Osvath I, Pellicciari M, Plastino W, Simgen H, Weber M, Werzi R. Ultra-low background measurements of decayed aerosol filters. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2009. [PMID: 26224898 PMCID: PMC4514640 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-009-0307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol samples collected on filter media were analyzed using HPGe detectors employing varying background-reduction techniques in order to experimentally evaluate the opportunity to apply ultra-low background measurement methods to samples collected, for instance, by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty International Monitoring System (IMS). In this way, realistic estimates of the impact of low-background methodology on the sensitivity obtained in systems such as the IMS were assessed. The current detectability requirement of stations in the IMS is 30 μBq/m3 of air for 140Ba, which would imply ~106 fissions per daily sample. Importantly, this is for a fresh aerosol filter. One week of decay reduces the intrinsic background from radon daughters in the sample allowing much higher sensitivity measurement of relevant isotopes, including 131I. An experiment was conducted in which decayed filter samples were measured at a variety of underground locations using Ultra-Low Background (ULB) gamma spectroscopy technology. The impacts of the decay and ULB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Aalseth
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), MS P8-01, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Erica Andreotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Detlev Degering
- Verein für Kernverfahrenstechnikund Analytik Rossendorf e.V., Postfach 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | | | - Rodolfo Gurriaran
- IRSN/DEI/STEME/Environmental Radioactivity Measurement Laboratory, Bât. 501, Bois des Rames, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Mikael Hult
- EC-JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Martin Keillor
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), MS P8-01, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Matthias Laubenstein
- Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, S.S.17/bis km 18+910, 67010 Assergi, AQ Italy
| | - Gilbert le Petit
- CEA/DAM Ile-de-France, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - Romul Mircea Margineanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, PO Box MG-6, 077125 Magurele, Ilfov Romania
| | - Murray Matthews
- Radioactivity Specialists Ltd, 108 Victoria Street, PO Box 25-099, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Harry Miley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), MS P8-01, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Iolanda Osvath
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Monaco
| | - Monica Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Wolfango Plastino
- Department of Physics, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146 Rome, Italy ; National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Section of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Hardy Simgen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Weber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980, 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Werzi
- CTBTO/IMS Division, PO Box 1200, 1400 Vienna, Austria
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