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Taylor GJ, Margueritat J, Saviot L. Comment on Manna et al. SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation in Aerosol by Means of Radiated Microwaves. Viruses 2023, 15, 1443. Viruses 2023; 15:2110. [PMID: 37896887 PMCID: PMC10612034 DOI: 10.3390/v15102110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In a recent article published in Viruses by Manna et al. [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J. Taylor
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), São Carlos 13560-230, Brazil
| | - Jérémie Margueritat
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Lucien Saviot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS–Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
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2
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Manna A, De Forni D, Bartocci M, Pasculli N, Poddesu B, Lista F, De Santis R, Amatore D, Grilli G, Molinari F, Sangiovanni Vincentelli A, Lori F. Reply to Taylor et al. Comment on "Manna et al. SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation in Aerosol by Means of Radiated Microwaves. Viruses 2023, 15, 1443". Viruses 2023; 15:2111. [PMID: 37896888 PMCID: PMC10612018 DOI: 10.3390/v15102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated in aerosol (its primary mode of transmission) by means of radiated microwaves at frequencies that have been experimentally determined. Such frequencies are best predicted by the mathematical model suggested by Taylor, Margueritat and Saviot. The alignment between such mathematical prediction and the outcomes of our experiments serves to reinforce the efficacy of the radiated microwave technology and its promise in mitigating the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in its naturally airborne state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Manna
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Forni
- ViroStatics S.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Bartocci
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pasculli
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Poddesu
- ViroStatics S.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgia Grilli
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Franco Lori
- ViroStatics S.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Cantu JC, Barnes RA, Gamboa BM, Keister AS, Echchgadda I, Ibey BL. Effect of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) on coronavirus survival. AMB Express 2023; 13:95. [PMID: 37689615 PMCID: PMC10492771 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work demonstrated inactivation of influenza virus by GHz frequency electromagnetic fields. Despite theoretical and experimental results, the underlying mechanism driving this inactivation remains unknown. One hypothesis is that the electromagnetic field is causing damage to the virion membrane (and therefore changing spike protein orientation) rendering the virus unable to attach and infect host cells. Towards examining this hypothesis, our group employed nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) as a surrogate to radiofrequency (RF) exposure to enable exploration of dose response thresholds of electric field-induced viral membrane damage. In summary, Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) was exposed, in suspension, to mono and bipolar 600-ns pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) at two amplitudes (12.5 and 25 kV/cm) and pulse numbers [0 (sham), 1, 5, 10, 100, and 1000] at a 1 Hz (Hz) repetition rate. The temperature rise immediately after exposure(s) was measured using thermocouples to differentiate effects of the electric field (E-field) and heating (i.e., the thermal gradient). Inactivation of BCoV was evaluated by infecting HRT-18G host cells and assessing differences in virus infectivity days after exposure. Our results show that 600 nsPEFs, both bipolar and monopolar, can reduce the infectivity of coronaviruses at various amplitudes, pulse numbers, and pulse polarity. Interestingly, we observed that bipolar exposures appeared to be more efficient at lower exposure intensities than monopolar pulses. Future work should focus on experiments to identify the mechanism underlying nsPEF-induced viral inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C Cantu
- General Dynamics Information Technology, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald A Barnes
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bryan M Gamboa
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Allen S Keister
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ibtissam Echchgadda
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Bennett L Ibey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711Th Human Performance Wing, Airman Systems Directorate, Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Bioeffects Branch, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Air Force Research Laboratory, Arlington, VA, USA
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Manna A, De Forni D, Bartocci M, Pasculli N, Poddesu B, Lista F, De Santis R, Amatore D, Grilli G, Molinari F, Sangiovanni Vincentelli A, Lori F. SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation in Aerosol by Means of Radiated Microwaves. Viruses 2023; 15:1443. [PMID: 37515131 PMCID: PMC10386662 DOI: 10.3390/v15071443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause disease in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause infections on the respiratory tract that can be fatal. These viruses can cause both mild illnesses such as the common cold and lethal illnesses such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Air transmission represents the principal mode by which people become infected by SARS-CoV-2. To reduce the risks of air transmission of this powerful pathogen, we devised a method of inactivation based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the area to be sanitized. We optimized the conditions in a controlled laboratory environment mimicking a natural airborne virus transmission and consistently achieved a 90% (tenfold) reduction of infectivity after a short treatment using a Radio Frequency (RF) wave emission with a power level that is safe for people according to most regulatory agencies, including those in Europe, USA, and Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be inactivated through RF wave emission under conditions compatible with the presence of human beings and animals. Additional in-depth studies are warranted to extend the results to other viruses and to explore the potential implementation of this technology in different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Manna
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide De Forni
- ViroStatics s.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Bartocci
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Pasculli
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Poddesu
- ViroStatics s.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Giorgia Grilli
- Defense Institute for Biomedical Sciences, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Sangiovanni Vincentelli
- Elettronica S.p.A., Via Tiburtina Valeria, Km 13.700, 00131 Rome, Italy
- Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Franco Lori
- ViroStatics s.r.l., Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Banting H, Goode I, Flores CEG, Colpitts CC, Saavedra CE. Electromagnetic deactivation spectroscopy of human coronavirus 229E. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8886. [PMID: 37264167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of the deactivation of pathogens using electromagnetic waves in the microwave region of the spectrum is achieved using custom-built waveguide structures. The waveguides feature sub-wavelength gratings to allow the integration of an air cooling system without disturbing the internal propagating fields. The waveguides are tapered to accommodate an experimental sample internally with sufficient surrounding airflow. The proposed methodology allows for precise control over power densities due to the well-defined fundamental mode excited in each waveguide, in addition to temperature control of the sample due to microwave exposure over time. Human coronavirus (HCoV-229E) is investigated over the 0-40 GHz range, where a peak 3-log viral reduction is observed in the 15.0-19.5 GHz sub-band. We conclude HCoV-229E has an intrinsic resonance in this range, where nonthermal structure damage is optimal through the structure-resonant energy transfer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Banting
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Ian Goode
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Che C Colpitts
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Carlos E Saavedra
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Abstract
Low power microwave can effectively deactivate influenza type A virus through the nonthermal structure-resonant energy transfer effect, at a frequency matching the confined-acoustic dipolar mode frequency of the virus. Currently, aerosol is considered the major route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. For the potential microwave-based sterilization, the microwave-resonant frequency of SARS-CoV-2 must be unraveled. Here we report a microwave absorption spectroscopy study of the SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E viruses through devising a coplanar-waveguide-based sensor. Noticeable microwave absorption can be observed, while we identified the resonant frequencies of the 1st and 2nd dipolar modes of SARS-CoV-2 virus as 4 and 7.5 GHz respectively. We further found that the resonant frequencies are invariant to the virus titer, and we also studied the microwave absorption of HCoV-229E in weak acidity medium to simulate the common pH value in fluid secretion. Our results suggest the possible radiation frequency for the recently proposed microwave sterilization devices to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 virus through a nonthermal mechanism so as to control the disease transmission in the post-pandemic era.
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Effects of electromagnetic waves on pathogenic viruses and relevant mechanisms: a review. Virol J 2022; 19:161. [PMID: 36224556 PMCID: PMC9555253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01889-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viral infections have become a serious public health issue worldwide. Viruses can infect all cell-based organisms and cause varying injuries and damage, resulting in diseases or even death. With the prevalence of highly pathogenic viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is urgent to develop efficient and safe approaches to inactivate pathogenic viruses. Traditional methods of inactivating pathogenic viruses are practical but have several limitations. Electromagnetic waves, with high penetration capacity, physical resonance, and non-contamination, have emerged as a potential strategy to inactivate pathogenic viruses and have attracted increasing attention. This paper reviews the recent literature on the effects of electromagnetic waves on pathogenic viruses and their mechanisms, as well as promising applications of electromagnetic waves to inactivate pathogenic viruses, to provide new ideas and methods for this inactivation.
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Lai YF, Wang HY, Peng RY. Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33597038 PMCID: PMC7890848 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Hoff BW, McConaha JW, Cohick ZW, Franzi MA, Enderich DA, Revelli D, Cox J, Irshad H, Pohle HH, Schmitt-Sody A, Schaub SC, Baros AE, Lewis NC, Luginsland JW, Lanagan MT, Perini S. Apparatus for controlled microwave exposure of aerosolized pathogens. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:014707. [PMID: 33514240 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A set of three apparatus enabling RF exposure of aerosolized pathogens at four chosen frequencies (2.8 GHz, 4.0 GHz, 5.6 GHz, and 7.5 GHz) has been designed, simulated, fabricated, and tested. Each apparatus was intended to operate at high power without leakage of RF into the local environment and to be compact enough to fit within biocontainment enclosures required for elevated biosafety levels. Predictions for the range of RF electric field exposure, represented by the complex electric field vector magnitude, that an aerosol stream would be expected to encounter while passing through the apparatus are calculated for each of the chosen operating frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad W Hoff
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Jeremy W McConaha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Zane W Cohick
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Matthew A Franzi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Daniel A Enderich
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - David Revelli
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Jason Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hammad Irshad
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
| | - Hugh H Pohle
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Andreas Schmitt-Sody
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Samuel C Schaub
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Anthony E Baros
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Naomi C Lewis
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | - Michael T Lanagan
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Steven Perini
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Srivastava Y, Sassaroli E, Swain J, Widom A, Narain M, de Montmollin G. Non-chemical signatures of biological materials: Radio signals from Covid19? Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:340-346. [PMID: 32772742 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1803081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
All therapeutic methods dealing with coronavirus (past and present) are based on chemicals. We test for it (positive or negative) chemically and hope to cure it with a future vaccine (some complicated chemical preparation). If and when the virus mutates, another set of chemical protocols for its testing and a hunt for new chemicals as a vaccine shall begin again and again. But the history of modern (western) medicine tells us that our biotechnology is not so limited. Copious scientific evidence for sonic and low energy electromagnetic signals produced by all biological elements (DNA, cells, bacteria, parasites, virus) exists; in turn, the biological elements are affected by these non-chemical signals as well. A careful analysis and a catalogue of the spectrum of these non-chemical signals are proposed here as a unique biophysical signature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Swain
- Physics Department, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan Widom
- Physics Department, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
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Thackston KA, Deheyn DD, Sievenpiper DF. Limitations on electromagnetic communication by vibrational resonances in biological systems. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:062401. [PMID: 32688526 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.062401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in biology and physics speculates that high-frequency electromagnetic fields may be an unexplored method of cellular and subcellular communication. The predominant theory for generating electric fields in the cell is mechanical vibration of charged or polar biomolecules such as cell membranes or microtubules. The challenge to this theory is explaining how high-frequency vibrations would not be overdamped by surrounding biological media. As many of these suspected resonators are too large for atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, accurately modeling biological resonators remains an ongoing challenge. While many resonators have been studied and simulated, the general limitations on communication imposed by energy transfer arguments have not been considered. Starting with energy transfer expressions from coupled-mode theory, we derive expressions for the minimum quality factor (Q factor) required to sustain communication for both near- and far-field interactions. We compare previous simulation studies and our theory. We determine the flexing mode of microtubules as an identified resonance in the literature which meets our criteria. Our results suggest the major obstacle to meeting our criteria for effective electromagnetic communication is the trade-off between the Q factor and the plasma frequency: Resonators must be large enough to have a large Q factor, but small enough to resonate at frequencies greater than the plasma frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Thackston
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Daniel F Sievenpiper
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA
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