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Das PK, Gonzalez PA, Jangra RK, Yin P, Kielian M. A single-point mutation in the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein promotes rescue of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. mBio 2024; 15:e0237323. [PMID: 38334805 PMCID: PMC10936182 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02373-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) is an enveloped plus-sense RNA virus and a member of the Rubivirus genus. RuV infection in pregnant women can lead to miscarriage or an array of severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. Novel rubiviruses were recently discovered in various mammals, highlighting the spillover potential of other rubiviruses to humans. Many features of the rubivirus infection cycle remain unexplored. To promote the study of rubivirus biology, here, we generated replication-competent recombinant VSV-RuV (rVSV-RuV) encoding the RuV transmembrane glycoproteins E2 and E1. Sequencing of rVSV-RuV showed that the RuV glycoproteins acquired a single-point mutation W448R in the E1 transmembrane domain. The E1 W448R mutation did not detectably alter the intracellular expression, processing, glycosylation, colocalization, or dimerization of the E2 and E1 glycoproteins. Nonetheless, the mutation enhanced the incorporation of RuV E2/E1 into VSV particles, which bud from the plasma membrane rather than the RuV budding site in the Golgi. Neutralization by E1 antibodies, calcium dependence, and cell tropism were comparable between WT-RuV and either rVSV-RuV or RuV containing the E1 W448R mutation. However, the E1 W448R mutation strongly shifted the threshold for the acid pH-triggered virus fusion reaction, from pH 6.2 for the WT RuV to pH 5.5 for the mutant. These results suggest that the increased resistance of the mutant RuV E1 to acidic pH promotes the ability of viral envelope proteins to generate infectious rVSV and provide insights into the regulation of RuV fusion during virus entry and exit.IMPORTANCERubella virus (RuV) infection in pregnant women can cause miscarriage or severe fetal birth defects. While a highly effective vaccine has been developed, RuV cases are still a significant problem in areas with inadequate vaccine coverage. In addition, related viruses have recently been discovered in mammals, such as bats and mice, leading to concerns about potential virus spillover to humans. To facilitate studies of RuV biology, here, we generated and characterized a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus encoding the RuV glycoproteins (rVSV-RuV). Sequence analysis of rVSV-RuV identified a single-point mutation in the transmembrane region of the E1 glycoprotein. While the overall properties of rVSV-RuV are similar to those of WT-RuV, the mutation caused a marked shift in the pH dependence of virus membrane fusion. Together, our studies of rVSV-RuV and the identified W448R mutation expand our understanding of rubivirus biology and provide new tools for its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyush Kumar Das
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Moroz VD, Gasanov NB, Egorov AD, Malogolovkin AS, Nagornykh MO, Subcheva EN, Kolosova ES, Fizikova AY, Ivanov RA, Karabelsky AV. A Method for the Production of Recombinant VSVs with Confirmation of Biological Activity. Acta Naturae 2024; 16:59-66. [PMID: 38698956 PMCID: PMC11062106 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.27314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The design of new effective cancer treatment methods is a promising and important research field in translational medicine. Oncolytic viruses can induce immunogenic cell death by activating the body's immune system to recognize tumor cells. This work presents the results for optimizing the production of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs). To ensure the assembly of viral particles, we developed the HEK293TN-T7 cell line, which stably expresses DNA-dependent RNA polymerase 7 for viral genome transcription, and obtained helper plasmids encoding viral genes under the control of the CAG promoter. The oncolytic activity of the purified virus preparation was assessed in a murine model of B16F10Red melanoma cells expressing a red fluorescent protein. The presented method makes it possible to obtain purified viral preparations with a high titer and oncolytic activity. The amplification of viral particles in a HEK293 suspension culture allows for rapid scalability. Therefore, the developed approach can be used to obtain other recombinant VSV-based oncolytic viruses for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. D. Moroz
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - N. B. Gasanov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - A. D. Egorov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - A. S. Malogolovkin
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
- First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119435 Russian Federation
| | - M. O. Nagornykh
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - E. N. Subcheva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - E. S. Kolosova
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - A. Yu. Fizikova
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - R. A. Ivanov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Karabelsky
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Krasnodar Region, Sirius, 354340 Russian Federation
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3
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Rong N, Liu J. Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2178242. [PMID: 36748729 PMCID: PMC9970229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health security, human health and economic development. After an outbreak, an animal model for an emerging infectious disease is urgently needed for studying the etiology, host immune mechanisms and pathology of the disease, evaluating the efficiency of vaccines or drugs against infection, and minimizing the time available for animal model development, which is usually hindered by the nonsusceptibility of common laboratory animals to human pathogens. Thus, we summarize the technologies and methods that induce animal susceptibility to human pathogens, which include viral receptor humanization, pathogen-targeted tissue humanization, immunodeficiency induction and screening for naturally susceptible animal species. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of animal models developed using each method were analyzed, and these will guide the selection of susceptible animals and potentially reduce the time needed to develop animal models during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Jiangning Liu
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Schulz J, Schilling E, Fabian C, Zenclussen AC, Stojanovska V, Claus C. Dissecting Rubella Placental Infection in an In Vitro Trophoblast Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097894. [PMID: 37175600 PMCID: PMC10178045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of rubella virus (RuV) occurs at a high rate during the first trimester of pregnancy. The modes of vertical transmission including the response of trophoblasts to RuV are not well understood. Here, RuV-trophoblast interaction was studied in the BeWo trophoblast cell line. Analysis included early and late time-point kinetics of virus infection rate and the antiviral innate immune response at mRNA and protein level. BeWo characteristics were addressed through metabolic activity by extracellular flux analysis and syncytiotrophoblast formation through incubation with forskolin. We found that RuV infection of BeWo led to profuse type III interferon (IFN) production. Transfecting trophoblast cells with dsRNA analog induced an increase in the production of type I IFN-β and type III IFNs; however, this did not occur in RuV-infected BeWo trophoblasts. IFN-β and to a lesser extent type III IFN-λ1 were inhibitory to RuV. While no significant metabolic alteration was detected, RuV infection reduced the cell number in the monolayer culture in comparison to the mock control and resulted in detached and floating cells. Syncytia formation restricted RuV infection. The use of BeWo as a relevant cell culture model for infection of trophoblasts highlights cytopathogenicity in the absence of a type I IFN response as a pathogenic alteration by RuV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erik Schilling
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department II, University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Perinatal Immunology Research Group, Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Violeta Stojanovska
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kanbayashi D, Kurata T, Kaida A, Kubo H, Yamamoto SP, Egawa K, Hirai Y, Okada K, Kaida Y, Ikemori R, Yumisashi T, Ito A, Saito T, Yamaji Y, Nishino Y, Omori R, Mori H, Motomura K, Ikuta K. Shedding of rubella virus in postsymptomatic individuals; viral RNA load is a potential indicator to estimate candidate patients excreting infectious rubella virus. J Clin Virol 2023; 160:105377. [PMID: 36682339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first isolation of rubella virus (RuV) in 1962, comprehensive data regarding the quantitative evaluation of RuV shedding remain unavailable. In this study, we evaluated the shedding of viral RNA and infectious virus in patients with acute RuV infection. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed 767 specimens, including serum/plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), throat swabs, and urine, obtained from 251 patients with rubella. The viral RNA load and the presence of infectious RuV were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and virus isolation. RESULTS Virus excretion peaked 0-2 days after rash onset and decreased over time. The median viral RNA load dropped to an undetectable level on day 3 after rash onset in serum/plasma, day 2 in PBMCs, days 10-13 in throat swabs, and days 6-7 in urine. Infectious virus could be isolated for up to day 2 after rash onset in serum/plasma, day 1 in PBMCs, days 8-9 in throat swabs, and days 4-5 in urine. The minimum viral RNA load that allowed virus isolation was 961 copies/mL in serum/plasma, 784 copies/mL in PBMCs, 650 copies/mL in throat swabs, and 304 copies/mL in urine. A higher viral RNA load indicated a higher likelihood of the presence of infectious virus. CONCLUSION These findings would contribute to improve algorithms for rubella surveillance and diagnosis. In addition, this study indicates that the results of RT-qPCR enable efficient rubella control by estimating candidate patients excreting infectious virus, which could help prevent viral transmission at an early stage and eliminate rubella ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kanbayashi
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Takako Kurata
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Seiji P Yamamoto
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Egawa
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirai
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Yuko Kaida
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Ryo Ikemori
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yumisashi
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Ayami Ito
- Osaka City Public Health Bureau, Osaka City Health Center, Osaka, 545-0051, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Osaka City Public Health Bureau, Osaka City Health Center, Osaka, 545-0051, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamaji
- Department of Public Health and Medical Affairs, Osaka Prefectural Government, Osaka, 540-8570, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishino
- Department of Public Health and Medical Affairs, Osaka Prefectural Government, Osaka, 540-8570, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Haruyo Mori
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazushi Motomura
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Division of Virology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; BioAcademia Inc., Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Membrane Sphingomyelin in Host Cells Is Essential for Nucleocapsid Penetration into the Cytoplasm after Hemifusion during Rubella Virus Entry. mBio 2022; 13:e0169822. [PMID: 36346228 PMCID: PMC9765692 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01698-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid composition of the host cell membrane is one of the key determinants of the entry of enveloped viruses into cells. To elucidate the detailed mechanisms behind the cell entry of rubella virus (RuV), one of the enveloped viruses, we searched for host factors involved in such entry by using CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide knockout screening, and we found sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1), encoded by the SGMS1 gene, as a candidate. RuV growth was strictly suppressed in SGMS1-knockout cells and was completely recovered by the overexpression of enzymatically active SMS1 and partially recovered by that of SMS2, another member of the SMS family, but not by that of enzymatically inactive SMS1. An entry assay using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus possessing RuV envelope proteins revealed that sphingomyelin generated by SMSs is crucial for at least RuV entry. In SGMS1-knockout cells, lipid mixing between the RuV envelope membrane and the membrane of host cells occurred, but entry of the RuV genome from the viral particles into the cytoplasm was strongly inhibited. This indicates that sphingomyelin produced by SMSs is essential for the formation of membrane pores after hemifusion occurs during RuV entry. IMPORTANCE Infection with rubella virus during pregnancy causes congenital rubella syndrome in infants. Despite its importance in public health, the detailed mechanisms of rubella virus cell entry have only recently become somewhat clearer. The E1 protein of rubella virus is classified as a class II fusion protein based on its structural similarity, but it has the unique feature that its activity is dependent on calcium ion binding in the fusion loops. In this study, we found another unique feature, as cellular sphingomyelin plays a critical role in the penetration of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm after hemifusion by rubella virus. This provides important insight into the entry mechanism of rubella virus. This study also presents a model of hemifusion arrest during cell entry by an intact virus, providing a useful tool for analyzing membrane fusion, a biologically important phenomenon.
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7
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Frank JA, Singh M, Cullen HB, Kirou RA, Benkaddour-Boumzaouad M, Cortes JL, Garcia-Perez J, Coyne CB, Feschotte C. Evolution and antiviral activity of a human protein of retroviral origin. Science 2022; 378:422-428. [PMID: 36302021 PMCID: PMC10542854 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq7871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses are abundant components of mammalian genomes descended from ancient germline infections. In several mammals, the envelope proteins encoded by these elements protect against exogenous viruses, but this activity has not been documented with endogenously expressed envelopes in humans. We report that the human genome harbors a large pool of envelope-derived sequences with the potential to restrict retroviral infection. To test this, we characterized an envelope-derived protein, Suppressyn. We found that Suppressyn is expressed in human preimplantation embryos and developing placenta using its ancestral retroviral promoter. Cell culture assays showed that Suppressyn, and its hominoid orthologs, could restrict infection by extant mammalian type D retroviruses. Our data support a generalizable model of retroviral envelope co-option for host immunity and genome defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Harrison B. Cullen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Raphael A. Kirou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Meriem Benkaddour-Boumzaouad
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government; PTS Granada, Spain
| | - Jose L. Cortes
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government; PTS Granada, Spain
- Eppendorf; Iberica, Spain
| | - Jose Garcia-Perez
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government; PTS Granada, Spain
- MRC-Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Kobayashi-Sakamoto M, Maeda T, Kimura M, Yusa J, Ito H, Tani H, Kato Y, Hirose K. Bovine lactoferrin increases the poly(I:C)-induced antiviral response in vitro. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:338-348. [PMID: 35830725 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLF) is a naturally occurring glycoprotein with antibacterial and antiviral activities. We evaluated whether bLF can prevent viral infections in the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. To assess antiviral responses, we measured the levels of interferon (IFN) expression, IFN-stimulated gene expression, and infection with a pseudotyped virus bearing either severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G protein after treatment of cells with both bLF and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, an analog of double-stranded RNA that mimics viral infection. Combination treatment of cells with both bLF and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid increased mRNA and protein expression of several IFN genes (IFNB, IFN L1, and IFNL2) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG15, MX1, IFITM1, and IFITM3) in Caco-2 cells. However, treatment with bLF alone did not induce an antiviral response. Furthermore, combination treatment suppressed infection of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus more efficiently than did bLF treatment alone, even though combination treatment increased mRNA expression of ACE2. These results indicate that bLF treatment increases the antiviral response that is associated with the double-stranded RNA-stimulated signaling pathway. Our results also suggest that bLF and double-stranded RNA analogs can be used to treat viral infection, including that by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toyonobu Maeda
- Ohu University School of Dentistry, 600775, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | | | - Junko Yusa
- Ohu University School of Dentistry, 600775, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Ohu University School of Dentistry, 600775, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Hideki Tani
- Toyama Institute of Health, 73984, Toyama, Toyama, Japan;
| | - Yasumasa Kato
- Ohu University School of Dentistry, 600775, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kimiharu Hirose
- Ohu University School of Dentistry, 600775, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan;
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Somiya M, Kuroda S. Reporter gene assay for membrane fusion of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12171. [PMID: 34807503 PMCID: PMC8607979 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by living cells are expected to deliver biological cargo molecules, including RNA and proteins, to the cytoplasm of recipient cells. There is an increasing need to understand the mechanism of intercellular cargo delivery by EVs. However, the lack of a feasible bioassay has hampered our understanding of the biological processes of EV uptake, membrane fusion, and cargo delivery to recipient cells. Here, we describe a reporter gene assay that can measure the membrane fusion efficiency of EVs during cargo delivery to recipient cells. When EVs containing tetracycline transactivator (tTA)-fused tetraspanins are internalized by recipient cells and fuse with cell membranes, the tTA domain is exposed to the cytoplasm and cleaved by tobacco etch virus protease to induce tetracycline responsive element (TRE)-mediated reporter gene expression in recipient cells. This assay (designated as EV-mediated tetraspanin-tTA delivery assay, ETTD assay), enabled us to assess the cytoplasmic cargo delivery efficiency of EVs in recipient cells. With the help of a vesicular stomatitis virus-derived membrane fusion protein, the ETTD assay could detect significant enhancement of cargo delivery efficiency of EVs. Furthermore, the ETTD assay could evaluate the effect of potential cargo delivery enhancers/inhibitors. Thus, the ETTD assay may contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of the cytoplasmic cargo delivery by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Somiya
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
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10
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Ruiz-Jiménez F, Pérez-Olais JH, Raymond C, King BJ, McClure CP, Urbanowicz RA, Ball JK. Challenges on the development of a pseudotyping assay for Zika glycoproteins. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001413. [PMID: 34499027 PMCID: PMC8697511 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a public health concern on the American continent during late 2015. As the number of infected grew so did the concerns about its capability to cause long-term damage especially with the appearance of the congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Proteins from the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) were proposed as the cellular receptors, however, due to the ability of the virus to infect a variety of cell lines different strategies to elucidate the tropism of the virus should be investigated.Hypothesis. Pseudotyping is a powerful tool to interrogate the ability of the glycoprotein (GP) to permit entry of viruses.Aim. We aimed to establish a highly tractable pseudotype model using lenti- and retro-viral backbones to investigate the entry pathway of ZIKV.Methodology. We used different glycoprotein constructs and different lenti- or retro-viral backbones, in a matrix of ratios to investigate production of proteins and functional pseudotypes.Results. Varying the ratio of backbone and glycoprotein plasmids did not yield infectious pseudotypes. Moreover, the supplementation of the ZIKV protease or the substitution of the backbone had no positive impact on the infectivity. We showed production of the proteins in producer cells implying the lack of infectious pseudotypes is due to a lack of successful glycoprotein incorporation, rather than lack of protein production.Conclusion. In line with other reports, we were unable to successfully produce infectious pseudotypes using the variety of methods described. Other strategies may be more suitable in the development of an efficient pseudotype model for ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chidinma Raymond
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Barnabas J King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Zhu XJ, Feng JQ, Zheng MZ, Yang ZR, Zhao L, Zhang W, Zhong W, Chen YY, Lin J. Metal-Protein Nanoparticles Facilitate Anti-VSV and H1N1 Viruses Through the Coordinative Actions on Innate Immune Responses and METTL14. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000382. [PMID: 33522144 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host defense systems can invade viral infection through immune responses and cellular metabolism. Recently, many studies have shown that cellular metabolism can be reprogrammed through N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modifications during viral infection. Among of them, methyltransferase like-14 enzyme (METTL14) plays an important role in m6 A RNA modification, yet its antiviral function still remains unclear. In this work, it is uncovered that metal-protein nanoparticles designated GSTP1-MT3(Fe2+ ) (MPNP) can polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and activate immune responses to induce Interferon-beta (IFN-β) production in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected macrophages. Further investigation elucidates that a high dose of IFN-β can promote the expression of METTL14, which has a well anti-VSV capacity. Moreover, it is found that other negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses (H1N1(WSN)), can also be inhibited through either immune responses or METTL14. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the antiviral function of METTL14 and suggest that the manipulation of METTL14 may be a potential strategy to intervene with other negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Zhu
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Feng
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Zheng
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ze-Ruo Yang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- Department of Immunology, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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12
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Tani H, Kimura M, Tan L, Yoshida Y, Ozawa T, Kishi H, Fukushi S, Saijo M, Sano K, Suzuki T, Kawasuji H, Ueno A, Miyajima Y, Fukui Y, Sakamaki I, Yamamoto Y, Morinaga Y. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies using a vesicular stomatitis virus possessing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Virol J 2021; 18:16. [PMID: 33435994 PMCID: PMC7801864 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is now classified in the genus Coronavirus with closely related SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is highly pathogenic in humans and is classified as a biosafety level (BSL)-3 pathogen, which makes manipulating it relatively difficult due to its infectious nature. Methods To circumvent the need for BSL-3 laboratories, an alternative assay was developed that avoids live virus and instead uses a recombinant VSV expressing luciferase and possesses the full length or truncated spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, to measure SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies under BSL2 conditions, a chemiluminescence reduction neutralization test (CRNT) for SARS-CoV-2 was developed. The neutralization values of the serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative donors against the pseudotyped virus infection evaluated by the CRNT were compared with antibody titers determined from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Results The CRNT, which used whole blood collected from hospitalized patients with COVID-19, was also examined. As a result, the inhibition of pseudotyped virus infection was specifically observed in both serum and whole blood and was also correlated with the results of the IFA. Conclusions In conclusion, the CRNT for COVID-19 is a convenient assay system that can be performed in a BSL-2 laboratory with high specificity and sensitivity for evaluating the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. .,Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kawasuji
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyajima
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Fukui
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ippei Sakamaki
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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13
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Scher G, Schnell MJ. Rhabdoviruses as vectors for vaccines and therapeutics. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:169-182. [PMID: 33130500 PMCID: PMC8331071 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate choice of vaccine vector is crucial for effective vaccine development. Rhabdoviral vectors, such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, have been used in a variety of vaccine strategies. These viruses have small, easily manipulated genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins due to a well-established reverse genetics system for virus recovery. Both viruses have well-described safety profiles and have been demonstrated to be effective vaccine vectors. This review will describe how these Rhabdoviruses can be manipulated for use as vectors, their various applications as vaccines or therapeutics, and the advantages and disadvantages of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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14
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Cappy P, Lucas Q, Kankarafou N, Sureau C, Laperche S. No Evidence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-Assisted Hepatitis D Virus Propagation in a Large Cohort of HCV-Positive Blood Donors. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1376-1380. [PMID: 32804999 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A study reported in 2019 showed that hepatitis C virus (HCV) could help disseminate hepatitis D virus (HDV). To test this finding, 2123 plasma samples positive for anti-HCV antibody were screened for anti-HDV antibodies, and HDV-RNA was searched for in samples positive for anti-HDV antibody. Of 41 samples (1.9%) that tested positive for anti-HDV antibody, 27 (65.9%) were positive and 14 (34.1%) negative for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Anti-HDV antibodies were significantly more present in samples positive for anti-HBc (6.21% vs 0.8% in negative samples; P < .001) and in samples negative for HCV RNA (2.9% vs 1.5% for positive samples; P = .03). Serological ratios were significantly higher in samples positive for anti-HBc (P < .01). No anti-HDV-positive sample was HDV RNA positive. In conclusion, this study found no evidence suggesting a role for HCV in HDV dissemination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cappy
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Département des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Lucas
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Département des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Paris, France
| | - Nakourogou Kankarafou
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Département des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Paris, France
| | - Camille Sureau
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Département des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Paris, France
| | - Syria Laperche
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Département des Agents Transmissibles par le Sang, Centre National de Référence Risques Infectieux Transfusionnels, Paris, France
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15
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Scheffler K, Claus C, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Reibetanz U. Reversible Fusion Proteins as a Tool to Enhance Uptake of Virus-Functionalized LbL Microcarriers. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3212-3223. [PMID: 29966082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the efficient treatment of an increasing number of diseases the development of new therapeutics as well as novel drug delivery systems is essential. Such drug delivery systems (DDS) must not only consider biodegradability and protective packaging but must also target and control the release of active substances, which is one of the most important points in DDS application. We highlight the improvement of these key aspects, the increased interaction rate of Layer-by-Layer (LbL) designed microcarriers as a promising DDS after functionalization with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We make use of the unique conformational reversibility of the fusion protein of VSV as a surface functionalization of LbL microcarriers. This reversibility allows for VSV to be used both as a tool for assembly onto the DDS and as an initiator for an efficient cellular uptake. We could show that the evolutionary optimized viral fusion machinery can be successfully combined with a biophysical DDS for optimization of its cellular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Scheffler
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology , Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg , Germany.,Research Group "Cellular polarity and viral infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Uta Reibetanz
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Both Sphingomyelin and Cholesterol in the Host Cell Membrane Are Essential for Rubella Virus Entry. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01130-17. [PMID: 29070689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01130-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) causes a systemic infection, and transplacental fetal infection causes congenital rubella syndrome. In this study, we showed that treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase inhibited RuV infection. Assays using inhibitors of serine palmitoyl transferase and ceramide transport protein demonstrated the contribution of sphingomyelin (SM) to RuV infection. Compelling evidence for direct binding of RuV to lipid membranes at neutral pH was obtained using liposome coflotation assays. The absence of either SM or cholesterol (Chol) abrogated the RuV-liposome interaction. SM and Chol (SM/Chol) were also critical for RuV binding to erythrocytes and lymphoid cells. Removal of Ca2+ from the assay buffer or mutation of RuV envelope E1 protein Ca2+-binding sites abrogated RuV binding to liposomes, erythrocytes, and lymphoid cells. However, RuV bound to various nonlymphoid adherent cell lines independently of extracellular Ca2+ or SM/Chol. Even in these adherent cell lines, both the E1 protein Ca2+-binding sites and cellular SM/Chol were essential for the early stage of RuV infection, possibly affecting envelope-membrane fusion in acidic compartments. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has recently been identified as a cellular receptor for RuV. However, RuV bound to MOG-negative cells in a Ca2+-independent manner. Collectively, our data demonstrate that RuV has two distinct binding mechanisms: one is Ca2+ dependent and the other is Ca2+ independent. Ca2+-dependent binding observed in lymphoid cells occurs by the direct interaction between E1 protein fusion loops and SM/Chol-enriched membranes. Clarification of the mechanism of Ca2+-independent RuV binding is an important next step in understanding the pathology of RuV infection.IMPORTANCE Rubella has a significant impact on public health as infection during early pregnancy can result in babies being born with congenital rubella syndrome. Even though effective rubella vaccines are available, rubella outbreaks still occur in many countries. We studied the entry mechanism of rubella virus (RuV) and found that RuV binds directly to the host plasma membrane in the presence of Ca2+ at neutral pH. This Ca2+-dependent binding is specifically directed to membranes enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol and is critical for RuV infection. Importantly, RuV also binds to many cell lines in a Ca2+-independent manner. An unidentified RuV receptor(s) is involved in this Ca2+-independent binding. We believe that the data presented here may aid the development of the first anti-RuV drug.
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