1
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Xu X, Niu M, Lamberty BG, Emanuel K, Trease AJ, Tabassum M, Lifson JD, Fox HS. Microglia and macrophages alterations in the CNS during acute SIV infection: a single-cell analysis in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.04.588047. [PMID: 38617282 PMCID: PMC11014596 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is widely acknowledged for its profound impact on the immune system. Although HIV primarily affects peripheral CD4 T cells, its influence on the central nervous system (CNS) cannot be overlooked. Within the brain, microglia and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) serve as the primary targets for HIV, as well as for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates. This infection can lead to neurological effects and the establishment of a viral reservoir. Given the gaps in our understanding of how these cells respond in vivo to acute CNS infection, we conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on myeloid cells from the brains of three rhesus macaques 12-days after SIV infection, along with three uninfected controls. Our analysis revealed six distinct microglial clusters including homeostatic microglia, preactivated microglia, and activated microglia expressing high levels of inflammatory and disease-related molecules. In response to acute SIV infection, the population of homeostatic and preactivated microglia decreased, while the activated and disease-related microglia increased. All microglial clusters exhibited upregulation of MHC class I molecules and interferon-related genes, indicating their crucial roles in defending against SIV during the acute phase. All microglia clusters also upregulated genes linked to cellular senescence. Additionally, we identified two distinct CAM populations: CD14lowCD16hi and CD14hiCD16low CAMs. Interestingly, during acute SIV infection, the dominant CAM population changed to one with an inflammatory phenotype. Notably, specific upregulated genes within one microglia and one macrophage cluster were associated with neurodegenerative pathways, suggesting potential links to neurocognitive disorders. This research sheds light on the intricate interactions between viral infection, innate immune responses, and the CNS, providing valuable insights for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Xu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Andrew J. Trease
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mehnaz Tabassum
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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2
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Zhang L, Cai M, Su B, Ma Y, Zhang Y. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Alveolar Macrophages of Patients Infected with HIV, Tuberculosis, and HIV/Tuberculosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:148-157. [PMID: 37885217 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections and is a leading cause of mortality in patients with HIV and AIDS. HIV infection causes serious defects in the host immune system and increases the risk of active TB. TB infection promotes HIV replication and aggravates host damage in patients with HIV/AIDS. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are essential immune cells during TB and HIV infections. AMs undergo a shift in mitochondrial metabolism during TB or HIV infection, that is, metabolic reprogramming, allowing them to act in the form of classical activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2) at different stages of infection. We reviewed the alterations in the mitochondrial energy metabolism of AMs in patients with HIV, TB, and HIV/TB to provide ideas for further research on the role of metabolic reprogramming by AMs in the pathogeneses of HIV, TB, and HIV/TB coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaotian Cai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingmin Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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3
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Corne A, Adolphe F, Estaquier J, Gaumer S, Corsi JM. ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38534416 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corne
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Florine Adolphe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Corsi
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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4
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Valdebenito S, Ajasin D, Valerdi K, Liu YR, Rao S, Eugenin EA. Mechanisms of Intracellular Communication in Cancer and Pathogen Spreading. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:301-326. [PMID: 39242384 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for proper development, homeostasis, and complex syncytia/organ formation and function. Intercellular communication are mediated by multiple mechanisms including soluble mediators, adhesion molecules and specific mechanisms of cell to cell communication such as Gap junctions (GJ), tunneling nanotubes (TNT), and exosomes. Only recently, has been discovered that TNTs and exosomes enable the exchange of large signaling molecules, RNA, viral products, antigens, and organelles opening new avenues of research and therapeutic approaches. The focus of this review is to summarize these recent findings in physiologic and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karl Valerdi
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Samvrit Rao
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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5
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Valdebenito S, Ajasin D, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Correlative Imaging to Detect Rare HIV Reservoirs and Associated Damage in Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:93-110. [PMID: 38743223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Correlative light-electron microscopy (CLEM) has evolved in the last decades, especially after significant developments in sample preparation, imaging acquisition, software, spatial resolution, and equipment, including confocal, live-cell, super-resolution, and electron microscopy (scanning, transmission, focused ion beam, and cryo-electron microscopy). However, the recent evolution of different laser-related techniques, such as mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and laser capture microdissection, could further expand spatial imaging capabilities into high-resolution OMIC approaches such as proteomic, lipidomics, small molecule, and drug discovery. Here, we will describe a protocol to integrate the detection of rare viral reservoirs with imaging mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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6
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Matsui Y, Miura Y. Advancements in Cell-Based Therapies for HIV Cure. Cells 2023; 13:64. [PMID: 38201268 PMCID: PMC10778010 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has evolved since the establishment of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the 1990s, providing HIV-infected individuals with approaches that suppress viral replication, prevent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) throughout their lifetime with continuous therapy, and halt HIV transmission. However, despite the success of these regimens, the global HIV epidemic persists, prompting a comprehensive exploration of potential strategies for an HIV cure. Here, we offer a consolidated overview of cell-based therapies for HIV-1, focusing on CAR-T cell approaches, gene editing, and immune modulation. Persistent challenges, including CAR-T cell susceptibility to HIV infection, stability, and viral reservoir control, underscore the need for continued research. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlighting the potential of cellular therapies to address persistent challenges in the pursuit of an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 941578, USA
| | - Yasuo Miura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan
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7
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Dahal S, Clayton K, Cabral T, Cheng R, Jahanshahi S, Ahmed C, Koirala A, Villasmil Ocando A, Malty R, Been T, Hernandez J, Mangos M, Shen D, Babu M, Calarco J, Chabot B, Attisano L, Houry WA, Cochrane A. On a path toward a broad-spectrum anti-viral: inhibition of HIV-1 and coronavirus replication by SR kinase inhibitor harmine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0039623. [PMID: 37706687 PMCID: PMC10617549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00396-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study highlights the crucial role RNA processing plays in regulating viral gene expression and replication. By targeting SR kinases, we identified harmine as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 as well as coronavirus (HCoV-229E and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants) replication. Harmine inhibits HIV-1 protein expression and reduces accumulation of HIV-1 RNAs in both cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells. Harmine also suppresses coronavirus replication post-viral entry by preferentially reducing coronavirus sub-genomic RNA accumulation. By focusing on host factors rather than viral targets, our study offers a novel approach to combating viral infections that is effective against a range of unrelated viruses. Moreover, at doses required to inhibit virus replication, harmine had limited toxicity and minimal effect on the host transcriptome. These findings support the viability of targeting host cellular processes as a means of developing broad-spectrum anti-virals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Dahal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiera Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Cabral
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Jahanshahi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Choudhary Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amrit Koirala
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Comprehensive Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ramy Malty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Terek Been
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Mangos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Shen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Calarco
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walid A. Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Vines L, Sotelo D, Giddens N, Manza P, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Neurological, Behavioral, and Pathophysiological Characterization of the Co-Occurrence of Substance Use and HIV: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1480. [PMID: 37891847 PMCID: PMC10605099 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly reduced the severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in people living with HIV (PLWH); however, PLWH are more likely than the general population to use drugs and suffer from substance use disorders (SUDs) and to exhibit risky behaviors that promote HIV transmission and other infections. Dopamine-boosting psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine are some of the most widely used substances among PLWH. Chronic use of these substances disrupts brain function, structure, and cognition. PLWH with SUD have poor health outcomes driven by complex interactions between biological, neurocognitive, and social factors. Here we review the effects of comorbid HIV and psychostimulant use disorders by discussing the distinct and common effects of HIV and chronic cocaine and methamphetamine use on behavioral and neurological impairments using evidence from rodent models of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments (Tat or gp120 protein expression) and clinical studies. We also provide a biopsychosocial perspective by discussing behavioral impairment in differentially impacted social groups and proposing interventions at both patient and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Vines
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Diana Sotelo
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Natasha Giddens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
| | - Peter Manza
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (L.V.); (D.S.); (P.M.); (N.D.V.)
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9
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Campbell GR, Rawat P, To RK, Spector SA. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates TREM1 Expression in Human Microglia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:429-442. [PMID: 37326481 PMCID: PMC10352590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because microglia are a reservoir for HIV and are resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, they are a roadblock for any HIV cure strategy. We have previously identified that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) plays a key role in human macrophage resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. In this article, we show that HIV-infected human microglia express increased levels of TREM1 and are resistant to HIV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, upon genetic inhibition of TREM1, HIV-infected microglia undergo cell death in the absence of increased viral or proinflammatory cytokine expression or the targeting of uninfected cells. We also show that the expression of TREM1 is mediated by HIV Tat through a TLR4, TICAM1, PG-endoperoxide synthase 2, PGE synthase, and PGE2-dependent manner. These findings highlight the potential of TREM1 as a therapeutic target to eradicate HIV-infected microglia without inducing a proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
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10
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Saeb S, Wallet C, Rohr O, Schwartz C, Loustau T. Targeting and eradicating latent CNS reservoirs of HIV-1: original strategies and new models. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115679. [PMID: 37399950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the standard treatment for all people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Although cART is effective in treating productive infection, it does not eliminate latent reservoirs of the virus. This leads to lifelong treatment associated with the occurrence of side effects and the development of drug-resistant HIV-1. Suppression of viral latency is therefore the major hurdle to HIV-1 eradication. Multiple mechanisms exist to regulate viral gene expression and drive the transcriptional and post-transcriptional establishment of latency. Epigenetic processes are amongst the most studied mechanisms influencing both productive and latent infection states. The central nervous system (CNS) represents a key anatomical sanctuary for HIV and is the focal point of considerable research efforts. However, limited and difficult access to CNS compartments makes understanding the HIV-1 infection state in latent brain cells such as microglial cells, astrocytes, and perivascular macrophages challenging. This review examines the latest advances on epigenetic transformations involved in CNS viral latency and targeting of brain reservoirs. Evidence from clinical studies as well as in vivo and in vitro models of HIV-1 persistence in the CNS will be discussed, with a special focus on recent 3D in vitro models such as human brain organoids. Finally, the review will address therapeutic considerations for targeting latent CNS reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Saeb
- Department of Allied Medicine, Qaen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Strasbourg University, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- Strasbourg University, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Strasbourg University, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Strasbourg University, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Thomas Loustau
- Strasbourg University, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
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11
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Valdebenito S, Ono A, Rong L, Eugenin EA. The role of tunneling nanotubes during early stages of HIV infection and reactivation: implications in HIV cure. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:169-186. [PMID: 37476291 PMCID: PMC10355284 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), also called cytonemes or tumor microtubes, correspond to cellular processes that enable long-range communication. TNTs are plasma membrane extensions that form tubular processes that connect the cytoplasm of two or more cells. TNTs are mostly expressed during the early stages of development and poorly expressed in adulthood. However, in disease conditions such as stroke, cancer, and viral infections such as HIV, TNTs proliferate, but their role is poorly understood. TNTs function has been associated with signaling coordination, organelle sharing, and the transfer of infectious agents such as HIV. Here, we describe the critical role and function of TNTs during HIV infection and reactivation, as well as the use of TNTs for cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
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12
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McMillan RE, Wang E, Carlin AF, Coufal NG. Human microglial models to study host-virus interactions. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114375. [PMID: 36907350 PMCID: PMC10521930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, are increasingly recognized as contributing to diverse aspects of human development, health, and disease. In recent years, numerous studies in both mouse and human models have identified microglia as a "double edged sword" in the progression of neurotropic viral infections: protecting against viral replication and cell death in some contexts, while acting as viral reservoirs and promoting excess cellular stress and cytotoxicity in others. It is imperative to understand the diversity of human microglial responses in order to therapeutically modulate them; however, modeling human microglia has been historically challenging due to significant interspecies differences in innate immunity and rapid transformation upon in vitro culture. In this review, we discuss the contribution of microglia to the neuropathogenesis of key neurotropic viral infections: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We pay special attention to recent work with human stem cell-derived microglia and propose strategies to leverage these powerful models to further uncover species- and disease-specific microglial responses and novel therapeutic interventions for neurotropic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E McMillan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Ellen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
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Duran-Castells C, Llano A, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Prats A, Martinez-Zalacain I, Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Oriol-Tordera B, Peña R, Gálvez C, Silva-Arrieta S, Clotet B, Riveira-Muñoz E, Ballana E, Prado JG, Martinez-Picado J, Sanchez J, Mothe B, Hartigan-O'Connor D, Wyss-Coray T, Meyerhans A, Gisslén M, Price RW, Soriano-Mas C, Muñoz-Moreno JA, Brander C, Ruiz-Riol M. Sirtuin-2, NAD-Dependent Deacetylase, Is a New Potential Therapeutic Target for HIV-1 Infection and HIV-Related Neurological Dysfunction. J Virol 2023; 97:e0165522. [PMID: 36719240 PMCID: PMC9972991 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01655-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation and access to combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) have dramatically improved the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, some comorbidities, such as neurological disorders associated with HIV infection still represent a serious clinical challenge. Soluble factors in plasma that are associated with control of HIV replication and neurological dysfunction could serve as early biomarkers and as new therapeutic targets for this comorbidity. We used a customized antibody array for determination of blood plasma factors in 40 untreated PLWH with different levels of viremia and found sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, to be strongly associated with elevated viral loads and HIV provirus levels, as well as with markers of neurological damage (a-synuclein [SNCA], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], microtubule-associated protein tau [MAPT], and neurofilament light protein [NFL]). Also, longitudinal analysis in HIV-infected individuals with immediate (n = 9) or delayed initiation (n = 10) of cART revealed that after 1 year on cART, SIRT2 plasma levels differed between both groups and correlated inversely with brain orbitofrontal cortex involution. Furthermore, targeting SIRT2 with specific small-molecule inhibitors in in vitro systems using J-LAT A2 and primary glial cells led to diminished HIV replication and virus reactivation from latency. Our data thus identify SIRT2 as a novel biomarker of uncontrolled HIV infection, with potential impact on neurological dysfunction and offers a new therapeutic target for HIV treatment and cure. IMPORTANCE Neurocognitive disorders are frequently reported in people living with HIV (PLWH) even with the introduction of combined antiretroviral treatment (cART). To identify biomarkers and potential therapeutic tools to target HIV infection in peripheral blood and in the central nervous system (CNS), plasma proteomics were applied in untreated chronic HIV-infected individuals with different levels of virus control. High plasma levels of sirtuin-2 (SIRT2), an NAD+ deacetylase, were detected in uncontrolled HIV infection and were strongly associated with plasma viral load and proviral levels. In parallel, SIRT2 levels in the peripheral blood and CNS were associated with markers of neurological damage and brain involution and were more pronounced in individuals who initiated cART later in infection. In vitro infection experiments using specific SIRT2 inhibitors suggest that specific targeting of SIRT2 could offer new therapeutic treatment options for HIV infections and their associated neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Duran-Castells
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia, Cel·lular, Fisiologia i d'immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna Prats
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Mie Kobayashi-Ishihara
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruna Oriol-Tordera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia, Cel·lular, Fisiologia i d'immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gálvez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sandra Silva-Arrieta
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Eva Riveira-Muñoz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Ballana
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnologicas Biomedicas y Medioambientales, CITBM, Lima, Peru
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Antonio Muñoz-Moreno
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Flounlacker KM, Hahn YK, Xu R, Simons CA, Tian T, Hauser KF, Knapp PE. Myelin regulatory factor is a target of individual and interactive effects of HIV-1 Tat and morphine in the striatum and pre-frontal cortex. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:15-26. [PMID: 36853588 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain pervasive even with increased efficacy/use of antiretroviral therapies. Opioid use/abuse among HIV + individuals is documented to exacerbate CNS deficits. White matter (WM) alterations, including myelin pallor, and volume/structural alterations detected by diffusion tensor imaging are common observations in HIV + individuals, and studies in non-human primates suggest that WM may harbor virus. Using transgenic mice that express the HIV-1 Tat protein, we examined in vivo effects of 2-6 weeks of Tat and morphine exposure on WM using genomic and biochemical methods. RNA sequencing of striatal tissue at 2 weeks revealed robust changes in mRNAs associated with oligodendrocyte precursor populations and myelin integrity, including those for transferrin, the atypical oligodendrocyte marker N-myc downstream regulated 1 (Ndrg1), and myelin regulatory factor (Myrf/Mrf), an oligodendrocyte-specific transcription factor with a significant role in oligodendrocyte differentiation/maturation. Western blots conducted after 6-weeks exposure in 3 brain regions (striatum, corpus callosum, pre-frontal cortex) revealed regional differences in the effect of Tat and morphine on Myrf levels, and on levels of myelin basic protein (MBP), whose transcription is regulated by Myrf. Responses included individual and interactive effects. Although baseline and post-treatment levels of Myrf and MBP differed between brain regions, post-treatment MBP levels in striatum and pre-frontal cortex were compatible with changes in Myrf activity. Additionally, the Myrf regulatory ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 was identified as a novel target in our model. These results suggest that Myrf and Fbxw7 contribute to altered myelin gene regulation in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Flounlacker
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.
| | - Yun Kyung Hahn
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Ruqiang Xu
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Chloe A Simons
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA
| | - Tao Tian
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E. Marshall St, Richmond, VA, 23298-0709, USA.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.,The Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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15
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Wahl A, Al-Harthi L. HIV infection of non-classical cells in the brain. Retrovirology 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36639783 PMCID: PMC9840342 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) affect up to 50% of people living with HIV (PLWH), even in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). HIV-DNA can be detected in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of approximately half of aviremic ART-suppressed PLWH and its presence is associated with poorer neurocognitive performance. HIV DNA + and HIV RNA + cells have also been observed in postmortem brain tissue of individuals with sustained cART suppression. In this review, we provide an overview of how HIV invades the brain and HIV infection of resident brain glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). We also discuss the role of resident glial cells in persistent neuroinflammation and HAND in PLWH and their potential contribution to the HIV reservoir. HIV eradication strategies that target persistently infected glia cells will likely be needed to achieve HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Wahl
- grid.10698.360000000122483208International Center for the Advancement of Translational Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA ,grid.10698.360000000122483208Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- grid.240684.c0000 0001 0705 3621Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
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16
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Waight E, Zhang C, Mathews S, Kevadiya BD, Lloyd KCK, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY, Dash PK. Animal models for studies of HIV-1 brain reservoirs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1285-1295. [PMID: 36044375 PMCID: PMC9804185 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5vmr0322-161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 often evades a robust antiretroviral-mediated immune response, leading to persistent infection within anatomically privileged sites including the CNS. Continuous low-level infection occurs in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MP; monocytes, macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Within the CNS, productive viral infection is found exclusively in microglia and meningeal, perivascular, and choroidal macrophages. MPs serve as the principal viral CNS reservoir. Animal models have been developed to recapitulate natural human HIV-1 infection. These include nonhuman primates, humanized mice, EcoHIV, and transgenic rodent models. These models have been used to study disease pathobiology, antiretroviral and immune modulatory agents, viral reservoirs, and eradication strategies. However, each of these models are limited to specific component(s) of human disease. Indeed, HIV-1 species specificity must drive therapeutic and cure studies. These have been studied in several model systems reflective of latent infections, specifically in MP (myeloid, monocyte, macrophages, microglia, and histiocyte cell) populations. Therefore, additional small animal models that allow productive viral replication to enable viral carriage into the brain and the virus-susceptible MPs are needed. To this end, this review serves to outline animal models currently available to study myeloid brain reservoirs and highlight areas that are lacking and require future research to more effectively study disease-specific events that could be useful for viral eradication studies both in and outside the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - K. C. Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology ProgramUniversity of California DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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17
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Nühn MM, Gumbs SBH, Buchholtz NVEJ, Jannink LM, Gharu L, de Witte LD, Wensing AMJ, Lewin SR, Nijhuis M, Symons J. Shock and kill within the CNS: A promising HIV eradication approach? J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1297-1315. [PMID: 36148896 PMCID: PMC9826147 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5vmr0122-046rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The most studied HIV eradication approach is the "shock and kill" strategy, which aims to reactivate the latent reservoir by latency reversing agents (LRAs) and allowing elimination of these cells by immune-mediated clearance or viral cytopathic effects. The CNS is an anatomic compartment in which (persistent) HIV plays an important role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Restriction of the CNS by the blood-brain barrier is important for maintenance of homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment, which includes CNS-specific cell types, expression of transcription factors, and altered immune surveillance. Within the CNS predominantly myeloid cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages are thought to be a reservoir of persistent HIV infection. Nevertheless, infection of T cells and astrocytes might also impact HIV infection in the CNS. Genetic adaptation to this microenvironment results in genetically distinct, compartmentalized viral populations with differences in transcription profiles. Because of these differences in transcription profiles, LRAs might have different effects within the CNS as compared with the periphery. Moreover, reactivation of HIV in the brain and elimination of cells within the CNS might be complex and could have detrimental consequences. Finally, independent of activity on latent HIV, LRAs themselves can have adverse neurologic effects. We provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge on compartmentalized (persistent) HIV infection in the CNS and on the "shock and kill" strategy. Subsequently, we reflect on the impact and promise of the "shock and kill" strategy on the elimination of persistent HIV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M. Nühn
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Stephanie B. H. Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Ninée V. E. J. Buchholtz
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lisanne M. Jannink
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Immunity and InfectionMelbourneVICAustralia,Victorian Infectious Diseases ServiceThe Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute of Immunity and InfectionMelbourneVICAustralia,Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Jori Symons
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical CenterUtrechtthe Netherlands
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18
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Distinct HIV-1 Population Structure across Meningeal and Peripheral T Cells and Macrophage Lineage Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0250822. [PMID: 36173332 PMCID: PMC9602438 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02508-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 sequence population structure among brain and nonbrain cellular compartments is incompletely understood. Here, we compared proviral pol and env high-quality consensus single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequences derived from CD3+ T cells and CD14+ macrophage lineage cells from meningeal or peripheral (spleen, blood) tissues obtained at autopsy from two individuals with viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Phylogenetic analyses showed strong evidence of population structure between CD3+ and CD14+ virus populations. Distinct env variable-region characteristics were also found between CD3+ and CD14+ viruses. Furthermore, shared macrophage-tropic amino acid residues (env) and drug resistance mutations (pol) between meningeal and peripheral virus populations were consistent with the meninges playing a role in viral gene flow across the blood-brain barrier. Overall, our results point toward potential functional differences among meningeal and peripheral CD3+ and CD14+ virus populations and a complex evolutionary history driven by distinct selection pressures and/or viral gene flow. IMPORTANCE Different cell types and/or tissues may serve as a reservoir for HIV-1 during ART-induced viral suppression. We compared proviral pol and env sequences from CD3+ T cells and CD14+ macrophage lineage cells from brain and nonbrain tissues from two virally suppressed individuals. We found strong evidence of viral population structure among cells/tissues, which may result from distinct selective pressures across cell types and anatomic sites.
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19
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Characterization of Macrophage-Tropic HIV-1 Infection of Central Nervous System Cells and the Influence of Inflammation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0095722. [PMID: 35975998 PMCID: PMC9472603 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00957-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection within the central nervous system (CNS) includes evolution of the virus, damaging inflammatory cascades, and the involvement of multiple cell types; however, our understanding of how Env tropism and inflammation can influence CNS infectivity is incomplete. In this study, we utilize macrophage-tropic and T cell-tropic HIV-1 Env proteins to establish accurate infection profiles for multiple CNS cells under basal and interferon alpha (IFN-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory states. We found that macrophage-tropic viruses confer entry advantages in primary myeloid cells, including monocyte-derived macrophage, microglia, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. However, neither macrophage-tropic or T cell-tropic HIV-1 Env proteins could mediate infection of astrocytes or neurons, and infection was not potentiated by induction of an inflammatory state in these cells. Additionally, we found that IFN-α and LPS restricted replication in myeloid cells, and IFN-α treatment prior to infection with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV G) Envs resulted in a conserved antiviral response across all CNS cell types. Further, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we found that only myeloid cells express HIV-1 entry receptor/coreceptor transcripts at a significant level and that these transcripts in select cell types responded only modestly to inflammatory signals. We profiled the transcriptional response of multiple CNS cells to inflammation and found 57 IFN-induced genes that were differentially expressed across all cell types. Taken together, these data focus attention on the cells in the CNS that are truly permissive to HIV-1, further highlight the role of HIV-1 Env evolution in mediating infection in the CNS, and point to limitations in using model cell types versus primary cells to explore features of virus-host interaction. IMPORTANCE The major feature of HIV-1 pathogenesis is the induction of an immunodeficient state in the face of an enhanced state of inflammation. However, for many of those infected, there can be an impact on the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in a wide range of neurocognitive defects. Here, we use a highly sensitive and quantitative assay for viral infectivity to explore primary and model cell types of the brain for their susceptibility to infection using viral entry proteins derived from the CNS. In addition, we examine the ability of an inflammatory state to alter infectivity of these cells. We find that myeloid cells are the only cell types in the CNS that can be infected and that induction of an inflammatory state negatively impacts viral infection across all cell types.
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20
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Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
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21
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Khanal S, Cao D, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Schank M, Dang X, Nguyen LNT, Wu XY, Jiang Y, Ning S, Zhao J, Wang L, Gazzar ME, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Synthetic gRNA/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Inhibits HIV Reactivation and Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:1902. [PMID: 36146709 PMCID: PMC9500661 DOI: 10.3390/v14091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can halt viral replication but cannot eradicate HIV infection because proviral DNA integrated into the host genome remains genetically silent in reservoir cells and is replication-competent upon interruption or cessation of ART. CRISPR/Cas9-based technology is widely used to edit target genes via mutagenesis (i.e., nucleotide insertion/deletion and/or substitution) and thus can inactivate integrated proviral DNA. However, CRISPR/Cas9 delivery systems often require viral vectors, which pose safety concerns for therapeutic applications in humans. In this study, we used synthetic guide RNA (gRNA)/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as a non-viral formulation to develop a novel HIV gene therapy. We designed a series of gRNAs targeting different HIV genes crucial for HIV replication and tested their antiviral efficacy and cellular cytotoxicity in lymphoid and monocytic latent HIV cell lines. Compared with the scramble gRNA control, HIV-gRNA/Cas9 RNP-treated cells exhibited efficient viral suppression with no apparent cytotoxicity, as evidenced by the significant inhibition of latent HIV DNA reactivation and RNA replication. Moreover, HIV-gRNA/Cas9 RNP inhibited p24 antigen expression, suppressed infectious viral particle production, and generated specific DNA cleavages in the targeted HIV genes that are confirmed by DNA sequencing. Because of its rapid DNA cleavage, low off-target effects, low risk of insertional mutagenesis, easy production, and readiness for use in clinical application, this study provides a proof-of-concept that synthetic gRNA/Cas9 RNP drugs can be utilized as a novel therapeutic approach for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- HCV/HBV/HIV Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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22
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Dahal S, Clayton K, Been T, Fernet-Brochu R, Ocando AV, Balachandran A, Poirier M, Maldonado RK, Shkreta L, Boligan KF, Guvenc F, Rahman F, Branch D, Bell B, Chabot B, Gray-Owen SD, Parent LJ, Cochrane A. Opposing roles of CLK SR kinases in controlling HIV-1 gene expression and latency. Retrovirology 2022; 19:18. [PMID: 35986377 PMCID: PMC9389714 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of over 69 spliced HIV-1 mRNAs from one primary transcript by alternative RNA splicing emphasizes the central role that RNA processing plays in HIV-1 replication. Control is mediated in part through the action of host SR proteins whose activity is regulated by multiple SR kinases (CLK1-4, SRPKs). METHODS Both shRNA depletion and small molecule inhibitors of host SR kinases were used in T cell lines and primary cells to evaluate the role of these factors in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression. Effects on virus expression were assessed using western blotting, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The studies demonstrate that SR kinases play distinct roles; depletion of CLK1 enhanced HIV-1 gene expression, reduction of CLK2 or SRPK1 suppressed it, whereas CLK3 depletion had a modest impact. The opposing effects of CLK1 vs. CLK2 depletion were due to action at distinct steps; reduction of CLK1 increased HIV-1 promoter activity while depletion of CLK2 affected steps after transcript initiation. Reduced CLK1 expression also enhanced the response to several latency reversing agents, in part, by increasing the frequency of responding cells, consistent with a role in regulating provirus latency. To determine whether small molecule modulation of SR kinase function could be used to control HIV-1 replication, we screened a GSK library of protein kinase inhibitors (PKIS) and identified several pyrazolo[1,5-b] pyridazine derivatives that suppress HIV-1 gene expression/replication with an EC50 ~ 50 nM. The compounds suppressed HIV-1 protein and viral RNA accumulation with minimal impact on cell viability, inhibiting CLK1 and CLK2 but not CLK3 function, thereby selectively altering the abundance of individual CLK and SR proteins in cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the unique roles played by individual SR kinases in regulating HIV-1 gene expression, validating the targeting of these functions to either enhance latency reversal, essential for "Kick-and-Kill" strategies, or to silence HIV protein expression for "Block-and-Lock" strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Dahal
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Kiera Clayton
- grid.168645.80000 0001 0742 0364Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Terek Been
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Raphaële Fernet-Brochu
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Alonso Villasmil Ocando
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Ahalya Balachandran
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Mikaël Poirier
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Dept. of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Rebecca Kaddis Maldonado
- grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA ,grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Lulzim Shkreta
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Dept. of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Kayluz Frias Boligan
- grid.423370.10000 0001 0285 1288Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Furkan Guvenc
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Fariha Rahman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Donald Branch
- grid.423370.10000 0001 0285 1288Center for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brendan Bell
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Dept. of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Benoit Chabot
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Dept. of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Scott D. Gray-Owen
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Leslie J. Parent
- grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA ,grid.240473.60000 0004 0543 9901Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Alan Cochrane
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dept. of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8 Canada
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23
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Donoso M, D’Amico D, Valdebenito S, Hernandez CA, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. Identification, Quantification, and Characterization of HIV-1 Reservoirs in the Human Brain. Cells 2022; 11:2379. [PMID: 35954221 PMCID: PMC9367788 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to cure HIV infection is the early generation and extended survival of HIV reservoirs in the circulation and tissues. Currently, the techniques used to detect and quantify HIV reservoirs are mostly based on blood-based assays; however, it has become evident that viral reservoirs remain in tissues. Our study describes a novel multi-component imaging method (HIV DNA, mRNA, and viral proteins in the same assay) to identify, quantify, and characterize viral reservoirs in tissues and blood products obtained from HIV-infected individuals even when systemic replication is undetectable. In the human brains of HIV-infected individuals under ART, we identified that microglia/macrophages and a small population of astrocytes are the main cells with integrated HIV DNA. Only half of the cells with integrated HIV DNA expressed viral mRNA, and one-third expressed viral proteins. Surprisingly, we identified residual HIV-p24, gp120, nef, vpr, and tat protein expression and accumulation in uninfected cells around HIV-infected cells suggesting local synthesis, secretion, and bystander uptake. In conclusion, our data show that ART reduces the size of the brain's HIV reservoirs; however, local/chronic viral protein secretion still occurs, indicating that the brain is still a major anatomical target to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliseo A. Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Research Building 17, Fifth Floor, 105 11th Street, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (M.D.); (D.D.); (S.V.); (C.A.H.); (B.P.)
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24
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Hernandez CA, Eliseo E. The Role of Pannexin-1 Channels in HIV and NeuroHIV Pathogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:2245. [PMID: 35883688 PMCID: PMC9323506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) enters the brain shortly after infection, leading to long-term neurological complications in half of the HIV-infected population, even in the current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) era. Despite decades of research, no biomarkers can objectively measure and, more importantly, predict the onset of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Several biomarkers have been proposed; however, most of them only reflect late events of neuronal damage. Our laboratory recently identified that ATP and PGE2, inflammatory molecules released through Pannexin-1 channels, are elevated in the serum of HIV-infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals and other inflammatory diseases. More importantly, high circulating ATP levels, but not PGE2, can predict a decline in cognition, suggesting that HIV-infected individuals have impaired ATP metabolism and associated signaling. We identified that Pannexin-1 channel opening contributes to the high serological ATP levels, and ATP in the circulation could be used as a biomarker of HIV-associated cognitive impairment. In addition, we believe that ATP is a major contributor to chronic inflammation in the HIV-infected population, even in the anti-retroviral era. Here, we discuss the mechanisms associated with Pannexin-1 channel opening within the circulation, as well as within the resident viral reservoirs, ATP dysregulation, and cognitive disease observed in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenin Eliseo
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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25
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Sreeram S, Ye F, Garcia-Mesa Y, Nguyen K, El Sayed A, Leskov K, Karn J. The potential role of HIV-1 latency in promoting neuroinflammation and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:630-639. [PMID: 35840529 PMCID: PMC9339484 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite potent suppression of HIV-1 viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS) by antiretroviral therapy (ART), between 15% and 60% of HIV-1-infected patients receiving ART exhibit neuroinflammation and symptoms of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) - a significant unmet challenge. We propose that the emergence of HIV-1 from latency in microglia underlies both neuroinflammation in the CNS and the progression of HAND. Recent molecular studies of cellular silencing mechanisms of HIV-1 in microglia show that HIV-1 latency can be reversed both by proinflammatory cytokines and by signals from damaged neurons, potentially creating intermittent cycles of HIV-1 reactivation and silencing in the brain. We posit that anti-inflammatory agents that also block HIV-1 reactivation, such as nuclear receptor agonists, might provide new putative therapeutic avenues for the treatment of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed El Sayed
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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26
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Ye F, Alvarez-Carbonell D, Nguyen K, Leskov K, Garcia-Mesa Y, Sreeram S, Valadkhan S, Karn J. Recruitment of the CoREST transcription repressor complexes by Nerve Growth factor IB-like receptor (Nurr1/NR4A2) mediates silencing of HIV in microglial cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010110. [PMID: 35797416 PMCID: PMC9295971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection in the brain leads to chronic neuroinflammation due to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn promotes HIV transcription in infected microglial cells. However, powerful counteracting silencing mechanisms in microglial cells result in the rapid shutdown of HIV expression after viral reactivation to limit neuronal damage. Here we investigated whether the Nerve Growth Factor IB-like nuclear receptor Nurr1 (NR4A2), which is a repressor of inflammation in the brain, acts directly to restrict HIV expression. HIV silencing following activation by TNF-α, or a variety of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, in both immortalized human microglial cells (hμglia) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived human microglial cells (iMG) was enhanced by Nurr1 agonists. Similarly, overexpression of Nurr1 led to viral suppression, while conversely, knock down (KD) of endogenous Nurr1 blocked HIV silencing. The effect of Nurr1 on HIV silencing is direct: Nurr1 binds directly to the specific consensus binding sites in the U3 region of the HIV LTR and mutation of the Nurr1 DNA binding domain blocked its ability to suppress HIV-1 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays also showed that after Nurr1 binding to the LTR, the CoREST/HDAC1/G9a/EZH2 transcription repressor complex is recruited to the HIV provirus. Finally, transcriptomic studies demonstrated that in addition to repressing HIV transcription, Nurr1 also downregulated numerous cellular genes involved in inflammation, cell cycle, and metabolism, further promoting HIV latency and microglial homoeostasis. Nurr1 therefore plays a pivotal role in modulating the cycles of proviral reactivation by potentiating the subsequent proviral transcriptional shutdown. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 agonists for inducing HIV silencing and microglial homeostasis and ultimately for the amelioration of the neuroinflammation associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saba Valadkhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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27
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Galvão-Lima LJ, Zambuzi FA, Soares LS, Fontanari C, Meireles AFG, Brauer VS, Faccioli LH, Gama L, Figueiredo LTM, Bou-Habib DC, Frantz FG. HIV-1 Gag and Vpr impair the inflammasome activation and contribute to the establishment of chronic infection in human primary macrophages. Mol Immunol 2022; 148:68-80. [PMID: 35659727 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful establishment of HIV-1 infection is related to inflammasome blocking or inactivation, which can result in the viral evasion of the immune responses and formation of reservoirs in several tissues. In this sense, we aimed to evaluate the viral and cellular mechanisms activated during HIV-1 infection in human primary macrophages that allow an effective viral replication in these cells. We found that resting HIV-1-infected macrophages, but not those activated in classical or alternative patterns, released IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, and showed increased CXCL10 expression, without changes in the NLRP3, AIM2 or RIG-I inflammasome pathways. Also, similar levels of Casp-1, phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) and NLRP3 proteins were found in uninfected and HIV-1-infected macrophages. Likewise, no alterations were detected in ASC specks released in the culture supernatant after HIV-1 infection, suggesting that macrophages remain viable after infection. Using in silico prediction studies, we found that the HIV-1 proteins Gag and Vpr interact with several host proteins. Comparable levels of trans-LTB4 were found in the supernatants of uninfected and HIV-1-infected macrophages, whereas ROS production was impaired in infected cells, which was not reversed after the PMA stimulus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed structural alterations in the mitochondrial architecture and an increase of BIM in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Our data suggest that HIV-1 proteins Gag and Vpr, through interacting with cellular proteins in the early steps of infection, preclude the inflammasome activation and the development of effective immune responses, thus allowing the establishment of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo J Galvão-Lima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil; Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A Zambuzi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fontanari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline F Galvão Meireles
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Verônica S Brauer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Gama
- Retrovirus Lab, Johns Hopkins University - School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luiz T M Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
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28
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Kreider EF, Bar KJ. HIV-1 Reservoir Persistence and Decay: Implications for Cure Strategies. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:194-206. [PMID: 35404007 PMCID: PMC10443186 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), a viral reservoir persists in individuals living with HIV that can reignite systemic replication should treatment be interrupted. Understanding how HIV-1 persists through effective ART is essential to develop cure strategies to induce ART-free virus remission. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 reservoir resides in a pool of CD4-expressing cells as a range of viral species, a subset of which is genetically intact. Recent studies suggest that the reservoir on ART is highly dynamic, with expansion and contraction of virus-infected cells over time. Overall, the intact proviral reservoir declines faster than defective viruses, suggesting enhanced immune clearance or cellular turnover. Upon treatment interruption, rebound viruses demonstrate escape from adaptive and innate immune responses, implicating these selective pressures in restriction of virus reactivation. Cure strategies employing immunotherapy are poised to test whether host immune pressure can be augmented to enhance reservoir suppression or clearance. Alternatively, genomic engineering approaches are being applied to directly eliminate intact viruses and shrink the replication-competent virus pool. New evidence suggests host immunity exerts selective pressure on reservoir viruses and clears HIV-1 infected cells over years on ART. Efforts to build on the detectable, but insufficient, reservoir clearance via empiric testing in clinical trials will inform our understanding of mechanisms of viral persistence and the direction of future cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Kreider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall Room 130-150, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6073, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 502D Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104‑0673, USA.
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29
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Doan TA, Forward T, Tamburini BAJ. Trafficking and retention of protein antigens across systems and immune cell types. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:275. [PMID: 35505125 PMCID: PMC9063628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In response to infection or vaccination, the immune system initially responds non-specifically to the foreign insult (innate) and then develops a specific response to the foreign antigen (adaptive). The programming of the immune response is shaped by the dispersal and delivery of antigens. The antigen size, innate immune activation and location of the insult all determine how antigens are handled. In this review we outline which specific cell types are required for antigen trafficking, which processes require active compared to passive transport, the ability of specific cell types to retain antigens and the viruses (human immunodeficiency virus, influenza and Sendai virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, vaccinia virus) and pattern recognition receptor activation that can initiate antigen retention. Both where the protein antigen is localized and how long it remains are critically important in shaping protective immune responses. Therefore, understanding antigen trafficking and retention is necessary to understand the type and magnitude of the immune response and essential for the development of novel vaccine and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Doan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Tadg Forward
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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30
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Brom VC, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Macrophages in Cancer, Infection, and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837645. [PMID: 35418973 PMCID: PMC8995707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized immunotherapy against various cancers over the last decade. The use of checkpoint inhibitors results in remarkable re-activation of patients’ immune system, but is also associated with significant adverse events. In this review, we emphasize the importance of cell-type specificity in the context of immune checkpoint-based interventions and particularly focus on the relevance of macrophages. Immune checkpoint blockade alters the dynamic macrophage phenotypes and thereby substantially manipulates therapeutical outcome. Considering the macrophage-specific immune checkpoint biology, it seems feasible to ameliorate the situation of patients with severe side effects and even increase the probability of survival for non-responders to checkpoint inhibition. Apart from malignancies, investigating immune checkpoint molecules on macrophages has stimulated their fundamental characterization and use in other diseases as well, such as acute and chronic infections and autoimmune pathologies. Although the macrophage-specific effect of checkpoint molecules has been less studied so far, the current literature shows that a macrophage-centered blockade of immune checkpoints as well as a stimulation of their expression represents promising therapeutic avenues. Ultimately, the therapeutic potential of a macrophage-focused checkpoint therapy might be maximized by diagnostically assessing individual checkpoint expression levels on macrophages, thereby personalizing an effective treatment approach for each patient having cancer, infection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Brom
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christof Burger
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter C Wirtz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Gumbs SBH, Berdenis van Berlekom A, Kübler R, Schipper PJ, Gharu L, Boks MP, Ormel PR, Wensing AMJ, de Witte LD, Nijhuis M. Characterization of HIV-1 Infection in Microglia-Containing Human Cerebral Organoids. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040829. [PMID: 35458559 PMCID: PMC9032670 DOI: 10.3390/v14040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The achievement of an HIV cure is dependent on the eradication or permanent silencing of HIV-latent viral reservoirs, including the understudied central nervous system (CNS) reservoir. This requires a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV’s entry into the CNS, latency establishment, persistence, and reversal. Therefore, representative CNS culture models that reflect the intercellular dynamics and pathophysiology of the human brain are urgently needed in order to study the CNS viral reservoir and HIV-induced neuropathogenesis. In this study, we characterized a human cerebral organoid model in which microglia grow intrinsically as a CNS culture model to study HIV infection in the CNS. We demonstrated that both cerebral organoids and isolated organoid-derived microglia (oMG), infected with replication-competent HIVbal reporter viruses, support productive HIV infection via the CCR5 co-receptor. Productive HIV infection was only observed in microglial cells. Fluorescence analysis revealed microglia as the only HIV target cell. Susceptibility to HIV infection was dependent on the co-expression of microglia-specific markers and the CD4 and CCR5 HIV receptors. Altogether, this model will be a valuable tool within the HIV research community to study HIV–CNS interactions, the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), and the efficacy of new therapeutic and curative strategies on the CNS viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. H. Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Kübler
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pauline J. Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
| | - Paul R. Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
- Correspondence:
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O'Brien CA, Bennett FC, Bennett ML. Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord. Semin Immunol 2022; 60:101650. [PMID: 36099864 PMCID: PMC9934594 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of neurological impairment and mortality worldwide. As tissue resident macrophages, microglia are critical initial responders to CNS viral infection. Microglia seem to coordinate brain-wide antiviral responses of both brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. This review discusses how microglia may promote this antiviral response at a molecular level, from potential mechanisms of virus recognition to downstream cytokine responses and interaction with antiviral T cells. Recent advancements in genetic tools to specifically target microglia in vivo promise to further our understanding about the precise mechanistic role of microglia in CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh A O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - F Chris Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Mariko L Bennett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
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Engineered Zinc Finger Protein Targeting 2LTR Inhibits HIV Integration in Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell-Derived Macrophages: In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042331. [PMID: 35216446 PMCID: PMC8875109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)-based gene therapy is a promising direction for curing HIV-1-infected individuals. The zinc finger protein (2LTRZFP) designed to target the 2-LTR-circle junction of HIV-1 cDNA was previously reported as an intracellular antiviral molecular scaffold that prevents HIV integration. Here, we elucidate the efficacy and safety of using 2LTRZFP in human CD34+ HSPCs. We transduced 2LTRZFP which has the mCherry tag (2LTRZFPmCherry) into human CD34+ HSPCs using a lentiviral vector. The 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs were subsequently differentiated into macrophages. The expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins of the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs showed no significant difference from those of the non-transduced control. Furthermore, the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced HSPCs were successfully differentiated into mature macrophages, which had normal phagocytic function. The cytokine secretion assay demonstrated that 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced CD34+ derived macrophages promoted the polarization towards classically activated (M1) subtypes. More importantly, the 2LTRZFPmCherry transduced cells significantly exhibited resistance to HIV-1 integration in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that the 2LTRZFPmCherry-transduced macrophages were found to be functionally and phenotypically normal, with no adverse effects of the anti-HIV-1 scaffold. Our data suggest that the anti-HIV-1 integrase scaffold is a promising antiviral molecule that could be applied to human CD34+ HSPC-based gene therapy for AIDS patients.
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Gumbs SBH, Kübler R, Gharu L, Schipper PJ, Borst AL, Snijders GJLJ, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, Wensing AMJ, de Witte LD, Nijhuis M. Human microglial models to study HIV infection and neuropathogenesis: a literature overview and comparative analyses. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:64-91. [PMID: 35138593 PMCID: PMC9076745 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV persistence in the CNS despite antiretroviral therapy may cause neurological disorders and poses a critical challenge for HIV cure. Understanding the pathobiology of HIV-infected microglia, the main viral CNS reservoir, is imperative. Here, we provide a comprehensive comparison of human microglial culture models: cultured primary microglia (pMG), microglial cell lines, monocyte-derived microglia (MDMi), stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-MG), and microglia grown in 3D cerebral organoids (oMG) as potential model systems to advance HIV research on microglia. Functional characterization revealed phagocytic capabilities and responsiveness to LPS across all models. Microglial transcriptome profiles of uncultured pMG showed the highest similarity to cultured pMG and oMG, followed by iPSC-MG and then MDMi. Direct comparison of HIV infection showed a striking difference, with high levels of viral replication in cultured pMG and MDMi and relatively low levels in oMG resembling HIV infection observed in post-mortem biopsies, while the SV40 and HMC3 cell lines did not support HIV infection. Altogether, based on transcriptional similarities to uncultured pMG and susceptibility to HIV infection, MDMi may serve as a first screening tool, whereas oMG, cultured pMG, and iPSC-MG provide more representative microglial culture models for HIV research. The use of current human microglial cell lines (SV40, HMC3) is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B H Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Kübler
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline J Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne L Borst
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M J Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Lau CY, Adan MA, Maldarelli F. Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34960781 PMCID: PMC8708047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively reduces cycles of viral replication but does not target proviral populations in cells that persist for prolonged periods and that can undergo clonal expansion. Consequently, chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is sustained during ART by a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells and their progeny. This proviral landscape undergoes change over time on ART. One of the forces driving change in the landscape is the clonal expansion of infected CD4 T cells, which presents a key obstacle to HIV eradication. Potential mechanisms of clonal expansion include general immune activation, antigenic stimulation, homeostatic proliferation, and provirus-driven clonal expansion, each of which likely contributes in varying, and largely unmeasured, amounts to maintaining the reservoir. The role of clinical events, such as infections or neoplasms, in driving these mechanisms remains uncertain, but characterizing these forces may shed light on approaches to effectively eradicate HIV. A limited number of individuals have been cured of HIV infection in the setting of bone marrow transplant; information from these and other studies may identify the means to eradicate or control the virus without ART. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion, along with the attempts to modify these factors as part of reservoir reduction and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
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36
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Chaúque S, Mohole J, Zucula H, Lambo L, Lisboa A, Ferreira D, Nguyen H, Chowdhary H, Macmillian B, Elias B, Seni A, Buck WC. HIV Encephalopathy in ART-Naïve, Hospitalized Infants in Mozambique. J Trop Pediatr 2021; 67:6471246. [PMID: 34931253 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neurodevelopmental impact of HIV infection in older children has been well-described, with characterization of HIV-associated encephalopathy (HIVE) and associated cognitive defects. HIVE is relatively common in older children who were vertically infected. The sparse literature on HIVE in infants suggests that incidence may be up to 10% in the first year of life, but no studies were identified that specifically evaluated hospitalized infants. METHODS A descriptive study of routine inpatient data from two central referral hospitals in Mozambique was conducted. Inclusion criteria were infants with confirmed HIV infection aged <12 months, not on ART, admitted between 1 January 2019 and 30 June 2019. Presumptive HIVE was defined as having delayed developmental milestones in addition to microcephaly and/or pathological reflexes. RESULTS Seven out of 27 patients (26%) were classified as presumptive HIVE. Delayed milestones were seen in 18 patients (67%) and the prevalence was approximately two times higher in the HIVE (+) group across all milestone categories. Delayed or no maternal ART (p = 0.03) and the infant not having received postnatal nevirapine prophylaxis (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with HIVE. CONCLUSIONS HIVE prevalence is high in ART naïve hospitalized infants, particularly in those with risk factors for in-utero transmission. Thorough neurologic and developmental assessments can help identify HIV-infected infants and can be of particular utility in pediatric wards without access to point-of-care virologic testing where presumptive HIV diagnosis is still needed. Infants with HIVE need comprehensive care that includes antiretroviral therapy and physical/occupational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyodi Mohole
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Luisa Lambo
- H ospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Hanh Nguyen
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harshika Chowdhary
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amir Seni
- Hospital Central de Beira, Beira, Mozambique
| | - W Chris Buck
- H ospital Central de Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rojas M, Luz-Crawford P, Soto-Rifo R, Reyes-Cerpa S, Toro-Ascuy D. The Landscape of IFN/ISG Signaling in HIV-1-Infected Macrophages and Its Possible Role in the HIV-1 Latency. Cells 2021; 10:2378. [PMID: 34572027 PMCID: PMC8467246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the generation of latent viral reservoirs, which have been associated with chronic immune activation and sustained inflammation. Macrophages play a protagonist role in this context since they are persistently infected while being a major effector of the innate immune response through the generation of type-I interferons (type I IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The balance in the IFN signaling and the ISG induction is critical to promote a successful HIV-1 infection. Classically, the IFNs response is fine-tuned by opposing promotive and suppressive signals. In this context, it was described that HIV-1-infected macrophages can also synthesize some antiviral effector ISGs and, positive and negative regulators of the IFN/ISG signaling. Recently, epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms were described, being the N6-methylation (m6A) modification on mRNAs one of the most relevant. The epitranscriptomic regulation can affect not only IFN/ISG signaling, but also type I IFN expression, and viral fitness through modifications to HIV-1 RNA. Thus, the establishment of replication-competent latent HIV-1 infected macrophages may be due to non-classical mechanisms of type I IFN that modulate the activation of the IFN/ISG signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyelly Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 7620001, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad of Chile, Santiago 8389100, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
| | - Daniela Toro-Ascuy
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
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Wong ME, Johnson CJ, Hearps AC, Jaworowski A. Development of a Novel In Vitro Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Model To Study Reactivation of HIV-1 Transcription. J Virol 2021; 95:e0022721. [PMID: 34287050 PMCID: PMC8428379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs persist in people living with HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy and contribute to rebound viremia upon treatment interruption. Macrophages are an important reservoir cell type, but analysis of agents that modulate latency in macrophages is limited by lack of appropriate in vitro models. We therefore generated an experimental system to investigate this by purifying nonproductively infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) following in vitro infection with an M-tropic enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter HIV clone and quantified activation of HIV transcription using live-cell fluorescence microscopy. The proportion of HIV-infected MDM was quantified by qPCR detection of HIV DNA, and GFP expression was validated as a marker of productive HIV infection by colabeling of HIV Gag protein. HIV transcription spontaneously reactivated in latently infected MDM at a rate of 0.22% ± 0.04% cells per day (mean ± the standard error of the mean, n = 10 independent donors), producing infectious virions able to infect heterologous T cells in coculture experiments, and both T cells and TZM-bl cells in a cell-free infection system using MDM culture supernatants. Polarization to an M1 phenotype with gamma interferon plus tumor necrosis factor resulted in a 2.3-fold decrease in initial HIV infection of MDM (P < 0.001, n = 8) and a 1.4-fold decrease in spontaneous reactivation (P = 0.025, n = 6), whereas M2 polarization using interleukin-4 prior to infection led to a 1.6-fold decrease in HIV infectivity (P = 0.028, n = 8) but a 2.0-fold increase in the rate of HIV reactivation in latently infected MDM (P = 0.023, n = 6). The latency reversing agents bryostatin and vorinostat, but not panobinostat, significantly induced HIV reactivation in latently infected MDM (P = 0.031 and P = 0.038, respectively, n = 6). IMPORTANCE Agents which modulate latent HIV reservoirs in infected cells are of considerable interest to HIV cure strategies. The present study characterizes a robust, reproducible model enabling quantification of HIV reactivation in primary HIV-infected human MDM which is relatively insensitive to the monocyte donor source and hence suitable for evaluating latency modifiers in MDM. The rate of initial viral infection was greater than the rate of HIV reactivation, suggesting that different mechanisms regulate these processes. HIV reactivation was sensitive to macrophage polarization, suggesting that cellular and tissue environments influence HIV reactivation in different macrophage populations. Importantly, latently infected MDM showed different susceptibilities to certain latency-reversing agents known to be effective in T cells, indicating that dedicated strategies may be required to target latently infected macrophage populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Wong
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chad J. Johnson
- Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna C. Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ruiz-Rivera MB, Gómez-Icazbalceta G, Lamoyi E, Huerta L. Host membrane proteins in the HIV-induced membrane fusion: Role in pathogenesis and therapeutic potential of autoantibodies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:241-248. [PMID: 34481334 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Host proteins such as receptors, adhesion and signaling molecules, promote virus-cell fusion, virus cell-cell transmission, and formation of multinucleated cells with outstanding properties. These events are implicated in virus dissemination and the induction of pathological effects such as the infection of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, placenta infection, and neurological complications. Antibodies directed to the host membrane proteins are produced during the natural HIV infection and may contribute significantly to virus inhibition. Antibodies against the HIV receptor have been approved for therapy and others targeting additional host membrane proteins are currently under evaluation. This review emphasizes the relevance of the different pathways of HIV spreading between cells and of antibodies directed to host membrane components in the development of broad-range therapeutics against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna B Ruiz-Rivera
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leonor Huerta
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Malik S, Valdebenito S, D'Amico D, Prideaux B, Eugenin EA. HIV infection of astrocytes compromises inter-organelle interactions and inositol phosphate metabolism: A potential mechanism of bystander damage and viral reservoir survival. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 206:102157. [PMID: 34455020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological dysfunction is observed in more than half of the HIV-infected population, even in the current antiretroviral era. The mechanisms by which HIV mediates CNS dysfunction are not well understood but have been associated with the presence of long-lasting HIV reservoirs. In the CNS, macrophage/microglia and a small population of astrocytes harbor the virus. However, the low number of HIV-infected cells does not correlate with the high degree of damage, suggesting that mechanisms of damage amplification may be involved. Here, we demonstrate that the survival mechanism of HIV-infected cells and the apoptosis of surrounding uninfected cells is regulated by inter-organelle interactions among the mitochondria/Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum system and the associated signaling mediated by IP3 and calcium. We identified that latently HIV-infected astrocytes had elevated intracellular levels of IP3, a master regulator second messenger, which diffuses via gap junctions into neighboring uninfected astrocytes resulting in their apoptosis. In addition, using laser capture microdissection, we confirmed that bystander apoptosis of uninfected astrocytes and the survival of HIV-infected astrocytes were dependent on mitochondrial function, intracellular calcium, and IP3 signaling. Blocking gap junction channels did not prevent an increase in IP3 or inter-organelle dysfunction in HIV-infected cells but reduced the amplification of apoptosis into uninfected neighboring cells. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation for bystander damage induced by surviving infected cells that serve as viral reservoirs and provide potential targets for interventions to reduce the devastating consequences of HIV within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaily Malik
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA; Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA.
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Alzheimer's-Like Pathology at the Crossroads of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080930. [PMID: 34452054 PMCID: PMC8402792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing viremia, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological disorders (HAND) and associated comorbidities such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like symptomatology is higher among people living with HIV. The pathophysiology of observed deficits in HAND is well understood. However, it has been suggested that it is exacerbated by aging. Epidemiological studies have suggested comparable concentrations of the toxic amyloid protein, amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HAND patients and in the brains of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Apart from abnormal amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism in AD, a better understanding of the role of similar pathophysiologic processes in HAND could be of substantial value. The pathogenesis of HAND involves either the direct effects of the virus or the effect of viral proteins, such as Tat, Gp120, or Nef, as well as the effects of antiretrovirals on amyloid metabolism and tauopathy, leading, in turn, to synaptodendritic alterations and neuroinflammatory milieu in the brain. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the causative or bystander role of Alzheimer’s-like pathology in HAND, which is a barrier to the development of therapeutics for HAND. This review attempts to highlight the cause–effect relationship of Alzheimer’s-like pathology with HAND, attempting to dissect the role of HIV-1, HIV viral proteins, and antiretrovirals in patient samples, animal models, and cell culture model systems. Biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s-like pathology can serve as a tool to assess the neuronal injury in the brain and the associated cognitive deficits. Understanding the factors contributing to the AD-like pathology associated with HAND could set the stage for the future development of therapeutics aimed at abrogating the disease process.
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HIV in the Brain: Identifying Viral Reservoirs and Addressing the Challenges of an HIV Cure. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080867. [PMID: 34451992 PMCID: PMC8402376 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in antiretroviral therapy have prolonged the life of people living with HIV and diminished the level of virus in these individuals. Yet, HIV quickly rebounds after disruption and/or cessation of treatment due to significant cellular and anatomical reservoirs for HIV, which underscores the challenge for HIV cure strategies. The central nervous system (CNS), in particular, is seeded with HIV within 1–2 weeks of infection and is a reservoir for HIV. In this review, we address the paradigm of HIV reservoirs in the CNS and the relevant cell types, including astrocytes and microglia, that have been shown to harbor viral infection even with antiretroviral treatment. In particular, we focus on developmental aspects of astrocytes and microglia that lead to their susceptibility to infection, and how HIV infection propagates among these cells. We also address challenges of measuring the HIV latent reservoir, advances in viral detection assays, and how curative strategies have evolved in regard to the CNS reservoir. Current curative strategies still require optimization to reduce or eliminate the HIV CNS reservoir, and may also contribute to levels of neuroinflammation that lead to cognitive decline. With this in mind, the latent HIV reservoir in the brain should remain a prominent focus when assessing treatment options and overall viral burden in the clinic, especially in the context of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
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43
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Possible mechanisms of HIV neuro-infection in alcohol use: Interplay of oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy interruption. Alcohol 2021; 94:25-41. [PMID: 33864851 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use and HIV-1 infection have a pervasive impact on brain function, which extends to the requirement, distribution, and utilization of energy within the central nervous system. This effect on neuroenergetics may explain, in part, the exacerbation of HIV-1 disease under the influence of alcohol, particularly the persistence of HIV-associated neurological complications. The objective of this review article is to highlight the possible mechanisms of HIV/AIDS progression in alcohol users from the perspective of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and interruption of energy metabolism. These include the hallmark of sustained immune cell activation and high metabolic energy demand by HIV-1-infected cells in the central nervous system, with at-risk alcohol use. Here, we discussed the point that the increase in energy supply requirement by HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells as well as the deterrence of nutrient uptake across the blood-brain barrier significantly depletes the energy source and neuro-environment homeostasis in the CNS. We also described the mechanistic idea that comorbidity of HIV-1 infection and alcohol use can cause a metabolic shift and redistribution of energy usage toward HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells, as shown in neuropathological evidence. Under such an imbalanced neuro-environment, meaningless energy waste is expected in infected cells, along with unnecessary malnutrition in non-infected neuronal cells, which is likely to accelerate HIV neuro-infection progression in alcohol use. Thus, it will be important to consider the factor of nutrients/energy imbalance in formulating treatment strategies to help impede the progression of HIV-1 disease and associated neurological disorders in alcohol use.
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Dufrançais O, Mascarau R, Poincloux R, Maridonneau-Parini I, Raynaud-Messina B, Vérollet C. Cellular and molecular actors of myeloid cell fusion: podosomes and tunneling nanotubes call the tune. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6087-6104. [PMID: 34296319 PMCID: PMC8429379 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different types of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) of myeloid origin have been described; osteoclasts are the most extensively studied because of their importance in bone homeostasis. MGCs are formed by cell-to-cell fusion, and most types have been observed in pathological conditions, especially in infectious and non-infectious chronic inflammatory contexts. The precise role of the different MGCs and the mechanisms that govern their formation remain poorly understood, likely due to their heterogeneity. First, we will introduce the main populations of MGCs derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We will then discuss the known molecular actors mediating the early stages of fusion, focusing on cell-surface receptors involved in the cell-to-cell adhesion steps that ultimately lead to multinucleation. Given that cell-to-cell fusion is a complex and well-coordinated process, we will also describe what is currently known about the evolution of F-actin-based structures involved in macrophage fusion, i.e., podosomes, zipper-like structures, and tunneling nanotubes (TNT). Finally, the localization and potential role of the key fusion mediators related to the formation of these F-actin structures will be discussed. This review intends to present the current status of knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting multinucleation of myeloid cells, highlighting the gaps still existing, and contributing to the proposition of potential disease-specific MGC markers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Dufrançais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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45
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Dong SXM, Vizeacoumar FS, Bhanumathy KK, Alli N, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Gajanayaka N, Caballero R, Ali H, Freywald A, Cassol E, Angel JB, Vizeacoumar FJ, Kumar A. Identification of novel genes involved in apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages using unbiased genome-wide screening. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:655. [PMID: 34233649 PMCID: PMC8261936 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages, besides resting latently infected CD4+ T cells, constitute the predominant stable, major non-T cell HIV reservoirs. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate both latently infected CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages to completely eradicate HIV in patients. Until now, most of the research focus is directed towards eliminating latently infected CD4+ T cells. However, few approaches have been directed at killing of HIV-infected macrophages either in vitro or in vivo. HIV infection dysregulates the expression of many host genes essential for the survival of infected cells. We postulated that exploiting this alteration may yield novel targets for the selective killing of infected macrophages. Methods We applied a pooled shRNA-based genome-wide approach by employing a lentivirus-based library of shRNAs to screen novel gene targets whose inhibition should selectively induce apoptosis in HIV-infected macrophages. Primary human MDMs were infected with HIV-eGFP and HIV-HSA viruses. Infected MDMs were transfected with siRNAs specific for the promising genes followed by analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry using labelled Annexin-V in HIV-infected, HIV-exposed but uninfected bystander MDMs and uninfected MDMs. The results were analyzed using student’s t-test from at least four independent experiments. Results We validated 28 top hits in two independent HIV infection models. This culminated in the identification of four target genes, Cox7a2, Znf484, Cstf2t, and Cdk2, whose loss-of-function induced apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected macrophages. Silencing these single genes killed significantly higher number of HIV-HSA-infected MDMs compared to the HIV-HSA-exposed, uninfected bystander macrophages, indicating the specificity in the killing of HIV-infected macrophages. The mechanism governing Cox7a2-mediated apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages revealed that targeting respiratory chain complex II and IV genes also selectively induced apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages possibly through enhanced ROS production. Conclusions We have identified above-mentioned novel genes and specifically the respiratory chain complex II and IV genes whose silencing may cause selective elimination of HIV-infected macrophages and eventually the HIV-macrophage reservoirs. The results highlight the potential of the identified genes as targets for eliminating HIV-infected macrophages in physiological environment as part of an HIV cure strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon X M Dong
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick S Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kalpana K Bhanumathy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nezeka Alli
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Medicine, the Ottawa Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Gautam N, McMillan JM, Kumar D, Bade AN, Pan Q, Kulkarni TA, Li W, Sillman B, Smith NA, Shetty BLD, Szlachetka A, Edagwa BJ, Gendelman HE, Alnouti Y. Lipophilic nanocrystal prodrug-release defines the extended pharmacokinetic profiles of a year-long cabotegravir. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3453. [PMID: 34103484 PMCID: PMC8187380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A once every eight-week cabotegravir (CAB) long-acting parenteral is more effective than daily oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in preventing human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) transmission. Extending CAB dosing to a yearly injectable advances efforts for the elimination of viral transmission. Here we report rigor, reproducibility and mechanistic insights for a year-long CAB injectable. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of this nanoformulated CAB prodrug (NM2CAB) are affirmed at three independent research laboratories. PK profiles in mice and rats show plasma CAB levels at or above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for a year after a single dose. Sustained native and prodrug concentrations are at the muscle injection site and in lymphoid tissues. The results parallel NM2CAB uptake and retention in human macrophages. NM2CAB nanocrystals are stable in blood and tissue homogenates. The long apparent drug half-life follows pH-dependent prodrug hydrolysis upon slow prodrug nanocrystal dissolution and absorption. In contrast, solubilized prodrug is hydrolyzed in hours in plasma and tissues from multiple mammalian species. No toxicities are observed in animals. These results affirm the pharmacological properties and extended apparent half-life for a nanoformulated CAB prodrug. The report serves to support the mechanistic design for drug formulation safety, rigor and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagsen Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - JoEllyn M McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Qiaoyu Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tanmay A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wenkuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nathan A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bhagya L Dyavar Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adam Szlachetka
- Nebraska Nanomedicine Production Plant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Benson J Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Hendricks CM, Cordeiro T, Gomes AP, Stevenson M. The Interplay of HIV-1 and Macrophages in Viral Persistence. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646447. [PMID: 33897659 PMCID: PMC8058371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade host cell immune responses and persist for lifelong infection. Latent cellular reservoirs are responsible for this persistence of HIV-1 despite the powerful effects of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) to control circulating viral load. While cellular reservoirs have been extensively studied, much of these studies have focused on peripheral blood and resting memory CD4+ T cells containing latent HIV-1 provirus; however, efforts to eradicate cellular reservoirs have been stunted by reservoirs found in tissues compartments that are not easily accessible. These tissues contain resting memory CD4+ T cells and tissue resident macrophages, another latent cellular reservoir to HIV-1. Tissue resident macrophages have been associated with HIV-1 infection since the 1980s, and evidence has continued to grow regarding their role in HIV-1 persistence. Specific biological characteristics play a vital role as to why macrophages are latent cellular reservoirs for HIV-1, and in vitro and in vivo studies exhibit how macrophages contribute to viral persistence in individuals and animals on antiretroviral therapies. In this review, we characterize the role and evolutionary advantages of macrophage reservoirs to HIV-1 and their contribution to HIV-1 persistence. In acknowledging the interplay of HIV-1 and macrophages in the host, we identify reasons why current strategies are incapable of eliminating HIV-1 reservoirs and why efforts must focus on eradicating reservoirs to find a future functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna M Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thaissa Cordeiro
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ana Paula Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Central Nervous System (CNS) Viral Seeding by Mature Monocytes and Potential Therapies To Reduce CNS Viral Reservoirs in the cART Era. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03633-20. [PMID: 33727362 PMCID: PMC8092320 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03633-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized mechanisms of CNS viral reservoir establishment/replenishment using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of PLWH on cART and propose therapeutic targets to reduce/block selective entry of cells harboring HIV (HIV+) into the CNS. Using DNA/RNAscope, we show that CD14+ CD16+ monocytes with integrated HIV, transcriptionally active, and/or with active viral replication from PBMC of PLWH prescribed cART and virally suppressed, selectively transmigrate across a human BBB model. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the central nervous system (CNS) within a few days after primary infection, establishing viral reservoirs that persist even with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). We show that monocytes from people living with HIV (PLWH) on suppressive cART harboring integrated HIV, viral mRNA, and/or viral proteins preferentially transmigrate across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to CCL2 and are significantly enriched post-transmigration, and even more highly enriched posttransmigration than T cells with similar properties. Using HIV-infected ART-treated mature monocytes cultured in vitro, we recapitulate these findings and demonstrate that HIV+ CD14+ CD16+ ART-treated monocytes also preferentially transmigrate. Cenicriviroc and anti-JAM-A and anti-ALCAM antibodies significantly and preferentially reduce/block transmigration of HIV+ CD14+ CD16+ ART-treated monocytes. These findings highlight the importance of monocytes in CNS HIV reservoirs and suggest targets to eliminate their formation and reseeding.
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Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria Induce HIV-1 Latency in Macrophages through Altered Transcription Factor Recruitment to the LTR. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02141-20. [PMID: 33472928 PMCID: PMC8092691 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are infected by HIV-1 in vivo and contribute to both viral spread and pathogenesis. Recent human and animal studies suggest that HIV-1-infected macrophages serve as a reservoir that contributes to HIV-1 persistence during anti-retroviral therapy. The ability of macrophages to serve as persistent viral reservoirs is likely influenced by the local tissue microenvironment, including interactions with pathogenic and commensal microbes. Here we show that the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and the gut-associated microbe Escherichia coli (E. coli), which encode ligands for both Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4, repressed HIV-1 replication in macrophages and thereby induced a state reminiscent of viral latency. This repression was mediated by signaling through TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF and was associated with increased production of type I interferons. Inhibiting TLR4 signaling, blocking type 1 interferon, or knocking-down TRIF reversed LPS- and GC-mediated repression of HIV-1. Finally, the repression of HIV-1 in macrophages was associated with the recruitment of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) to the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) downstream of the 5' HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Our data indicate that IRF8 is responsible for repression of HIV-1 replication in macrophages in response to TRIF-dependent signaling during GC and E. coli co-infection. These findings highlight the potential role of macrophages as HIV-1 reservoirs as well as the role of the tissue microenvironment and co-infections as modulators of HIV-1 persistence.IMPORTANCE The major barrier toward the eradication of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a small reservoir of latently infected cells, which include CD4+ T cells and macrophages that escape immune-mediated clearance and the effects of anti-retroviral therapy. There remain crucial gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to transcriptionally silent or latent HIV-1 infection of macrophages. The significance of our research is in identifying microenvironmental factors, such as commensal and pathogenic microbes, that can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of latent HIV-1 infection in macrophages. It is hoped that identifying key processes contributing to HIV-1 persistence in macrophages may ultimately lead to novel therapeutics to eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs in vivo.
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50
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Saba I, Barat C, Chabaud S, Reyjon N, Leclerc M, Jakubowska W, Orabi H, Lachhab A, Pelletier M, Tremblay MJ, Bolduc S. Immunocompetent Human 3D Organ-Specific Hormone-Responding Vaginal Mucosa Model of HIV-1 Infection. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:152-166. [PMID: 33573474 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of appropriate experimental models often limits our ability to investigate the establishment of infections in specific tissues. To reproduce the structural and spatial organization of vaginal mucosae to study human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, we used the self-assembly technique to bioengineer tridimensional vaginal mucosae using human cells extracted from HIV-1-negative healthy pre- and postmenopausal donors. We produced a stroma, free of exogenous material, that can be adapted to generate near-to-native vaginal tissue with the best complexity obtained with seeded epithelial cells on the organ-specific stroma. The autologous engineered tissues had mechanical properties close to native mucosa and shared similar glycogen production, which declined in reconstructed tissues of the postmenopausal donor. The in vitro-engineered tissues were also rendered immune competent by adding human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) on the epithelium or in the stroma layers. The model was infected with HIV-1, and viral replication and transcytosis were observed when immunocompetent reconstructed vaginal mucosa tissue has incorporated MDMs into the stroma and infected with free HIV-1 green fluorescent protein (GFP) viral particles. These data illustrate a natural permissiveness of immunocompetent untransformed human vaginal mucosae to HIV-1 infection. This model offers a physiological tool to explore viral load, HIV-1 transmission in an environment that may contribute to the virus propagation, and new antiviral treatments in vitro. Impact statement This study introduces an innovative immunocompetent three-dimensional human organ-specific vaginal mucosa free of exogenous material for in vitro modeling of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. The proposed model is histologically close to native tissue, especially by presenting glycogen accumulation in the epithelium's superficial cells, responsive to estrogen, and able to sustain a monocyte-derived macrophage population infected or not by HIV-1 during ∼2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Saba
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Chabaud
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nolan Reyjon
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Maude Leclerc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Weronika Jakubowska
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Hazem Orabi
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada
| | - Asmaa Lachhab
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Infectious and Immune Diseases, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bolduc
- Centre de Recherche en Organogenèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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