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Ściuk A, Wątor K, Staroń I, Worsztynowicz P, Pokrywka K, Sliwiak J, Kilichowska M, Pietruszewska K, Mazurek Z, Skalniak A, Lewandowski K, Jaskolski M, Loch JI, Surmiak M. Substrate Affinity Is Not Crucial for Therapeutic L-Asparaginases: Antileukemic Activity of Novel Bacterial Enzymes. Molecules 2024; 29:2272. [PMID: 38792133 PMCID: PMC11124013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases are used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this work was to compare the antiproliferative potential and proapoptotic properties of novel L-asparaginases from different structural classes, viz. EcAIII and KpAIII (class 2), as well as ReAIV and ReAV (class 3). The EcAII (class 1) enzyme served as a reference. The proapoptotic and antiproliferative effects were tested using four human leukemia cell models: MOLT-4, RAJI, THP-1, and HL-60. The antiproliferative assay with the MOLT-4 cell line indicated the inhibitory properties of all tested L-asparaginases. The results from the THP-1 cell models showed a similar antiproliferative effect in the presence of EcAII, EcAIII, and KpAIII. In the case of HL-60 cells, the inhibition of proliferation was observed in the presence of EcAII and KpAIII, whereas the proliferation of RAJI cells was inhibited only by EcAII. The results of the proapoptotic assays showed individual effects of the enzymes toward specific cell lines, suggesting a selective (time-dependent and dose-dependent) action of the tested L-asparaginases. We have, thus, demonstrated that novel L-asparaginases, with a lower substrate affinity than EcAII, also exhibit significant antileukemic properties in vitro, which makes them interesting new drug candidates for the treatment of hematological malignancies. For all enzymes, the kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) and thermal stability (Tm) were determined. Structural and catalytic properties of L-asparaginases from different classes are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ściuk
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Wątor
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Staroń
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Worsztynowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Kinga Pokrywka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Marta Kilichowska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Pietruszewska
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Zofia Mazurek
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Skalniak
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland; (P.W.); (K.P.); (J.S.); (M.J.)
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.Ś.); (M.K.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- II Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
- Center for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawińska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (Z.M.); (A.S.)
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Sengupta S, Biswas M, Gandhi KA, Gupta SK, Gera PB, Gota V, Sonawane A. Preclinical evaluation of engineered L-asparaginase variants to improve the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Transl Oncol 2024; 43:101909. [PMID: 38412663 PMCID: PMC10907863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Escherichia coli l-asparaginase (EcA), an integral part of multi-agent chemotherapy protocols of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is constrained by safety concerns and the development of anti-asparaginase antibodies. Novel variants with better pharmacological properties are desirable. METHODS Thousands of novel EcA variants were constructed using protein engineering approach. After preliminary screening, two mutants, KHY-17 and KHYW-17 were selected for further development. The variants were characterized for asparaginase activity, glutaminase activity, cytotoxicity and antigenicity in vitro. Immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were tested in vivo. Binding of the variants to pre-existing antibodies in primary and relapsed ALL patients' samples was evaluated. RESULTS Both variants showed similar asparaginase activity but approximately 24-fold reduced glutaminase activity compared to wild-type EcA (WT). Cytotoxicity against Reh cells was significantly higher with the mutants, although not toxic to human PBMCs than WT. The mutants showed approximately 3-fold lower IgG and IgM production compared to WT. Pharmacokinetic study in BALB/c mice showed longer half-life of the mutants (KHY-17- 267.28±9.74; KHYW-17- 167.41±14.4) compared to WT (103.24±18). Single and repeat-doses showed no toxicity up to 2000 IU/kg and 1600 IU/kg respectively. Efficacy in ALL xenograft mouse model showed 80-90 % reduction of leukemic cells with mutants compared to 40 % with WT. Consequently, survival was 90 % in each mutant group compared to 10 % with WT. KHYW-17 showed over 2-fold lower binding to pre-existing anti-asparaginase antibodies from ALL patients treated with l-asparaginase. CONCLUSION EcA variants demonstrated better pharmacological properties compared to WT that makes them good candidates for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumika Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mainak Biswas
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Khushboo A Gandhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Khargarh, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Khargarh, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Poonam B Gera
- Department of Pathology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Khargarh, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Khargarh, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India; Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore), Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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Sania A, Muhammad MA, Sajed M, Azim N, Ahmad N, Aslam M, Tang XF, Rashid N. Structural and functional analyses of an L-asparaginase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130438. [PMID: 38408579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome sequence of Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis contains an open reading frame annotated as a type II L-asparaginase (ASNaseGt). Critical structural analysis disclosed that ASNaseGt might be a type I L-asparaginase. In order to determine whether it is a type I or type II L-asparaginase, we have performed the structural-functional characterization of the recombinant protein as well as analyzed the localization of ASNaseGt in G. thermopakistaniensis. ASNaseGt exhibited optimal activity at 52 °C and pH 9.5. There was a > 3-fold increase in activity in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Apparent Vmax and Km values were 2735 U/mg and 0.35 mM, respectively. ASNaseGt displayed high thermostability with >80 % residual activity even after 6 h of incubation at 55 °C. Recombinant ASNaseGt existed in oligomeric form. Addition of β-mercaptoethanol lowered the degree of oligomerization and displayed that tetrameric form was the most active, with a specific activity of 4300 U/mg. Under physiological conditions, ASNaseGt displayed >50 % of the optimal activity. Localization studies in G. thermopakistaniensis revealed that ASNaseGt is a cytosolic protein. Structural and functional characterization, and localization in G. thermopakistaniensis displayed that ASNaseGt is not a type II but a type I L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sania
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Majida Atta Muhammad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naseema Azim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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Tsegaye K, Tsehai BA, Getie B. Desirable L-asparaginases for treating cancer and current research trends. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1269282. [PMID: 38591038 PMCID: PMC11001194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1269282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid depletion therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment. It exploits the differences in the metabolic processes between healthy and cancerous cells. Certain microbial enzymes induce cancer cell apoptosis by removing essential amino acids. L-asparaginase is an enzyme approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The enzymes currently employed in clinics come from two different sources: Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Nevertheless, the search for improved enzymes and other sources continues because of several factors, including immunogenicity, in vivo instability, and protease degradation. Before determining whether L-asparaginase is clinically useful, research should consider the Michaelis constant, turnover number, and maximal velocity. The identification of L-asparaginase from microbial sources has been the subject of various studies. The primary goals of this review are to explore the most current approaches used in the search for therapeutically useful L-asparaginases and to establish whether these investigations identified the crucial characteristics of L-asparaginases before declaring their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindu Tsegaye
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Birhan Getie
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Tripathy RK, Anakha J, Pande AH. Towards development of biobetter: L-asparaginase a case study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130499. [PMID: 37914146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (ASNase) has played a key role in the management of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). As an amidohydrolase, it catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine, a crucial step in the treatment of ALL. Various ASNase variants have evolved from diverse sources since it was first used in paediatric patients in the 1960s. This review describes the available ASNase and approaches being used to develop ASNase as a biobetter candidate. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review discusses the Glycosylation and PEGylation techniques, which are frequently used to develop biobetter versions of the majority of the therapeutic proteins. Further, it explores current ASNase biobetters in therapeutic use and discusses the protein engineering and chemical modification approaches that were employed to reduce immunogenicity, extend protein half-life, and enhance protease stability of ASNase. Emerging strategies like immobilization and encapsulation are also highlighted as potential pathways for improving ASNase properties. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The purpose of the development of ASNase biobetter is to achieve a novel therapeutic candidate that could improve catalytic efficiency, in vivo stability with minimum glutaminase (GLNase) activity and toxicity. Modification of ASNase by immobilization and encapsulation or by fusion technologies like Albumin fusion, Fc fusion, ELP fusion, XTEN fusion, etc. can be exploited to develop a novel biobetter candidate suitable for therapeutic approaches. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review emphasizes the importance of biobetter development for therapeutic proteins like ASNase. Improved ASNase molecules have the potential to significantly advance the treatment of ALL and have broader implications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan K Tripathy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - J Anakha
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay H Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India.
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de Lima JY, de Castro Andreassa E, Venturi Biembengut Í, de Arruda Campos Brasil de Souza T. Dissecting dual specificity: Identifying key residues in L-asparaginase for enhanced acute lymphoid leukemia therapy and reduced adverse effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127998. [PMID: 37949271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli (EcA) has been used for the treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) since the 1970s. Nevertheless, the enzyme has a second specificity that results in glutaminase breakdown, resulting in depletion from the patient's body, causing severe adverse effects. Despite the huge interest in the use of this enzyme, the exact process of glutamine depletion is still unknown and there is no consensus regarding L-asparagine hydrolysis. Here, we investigate the role of T12, Y25, and T89 in asparaginase and glutaminase activities. We obtained individual clones containing mutations in the T12, Y25 or T89 residues. After the recombinant production of wild-type and mutated EcA, The purified samples were subjected to structural analysis using Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry, which revealed that all samples contained thermostable molecules in their active structural conformation, the homotetramer conformation. The quaternary conformation was confirmed by DLS and SEC. The activity enzymatic assay combined with molecular dynamics simulation identified the contribution of T12, Y25, and T89 residues in EcA glutaminase and asparaginase activities. Our results mapped the enzymatic behavior paving the way for the designing of improved EcA enzymes, which is important in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhenifer Yonara de Lima
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil.
| | - Emanuella de Castro Andreassa
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
| | - Ísis Venturi Biembengut
- Structural and Computational Proteomics Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, PR 80320-290, Brazil
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Dastmalchi M, Alizadeh M, Jamshidi-Kandjan O, Rezazadeh H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Farajollahi MM, Dastmalchi S. Expression and Biological Evaluation of an Engineered Recombinant L-asparaginase Designed by In Silico Method Based on Sequence of the Enzyme from Escherichia coli. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:827-836. [PMID: 38022803 PMCID: PMC10676546 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medical usage of L-asparaginase (ASNase), the first-line of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, is linked to allergic responses and toxicities, which necessitates the development of new bio-better ASNases. The aim of the current study was in silico design of a novel ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties using strategies encompassing sequence-function analysis of known ASNase mutants. Additionally, current study aimed to show that the new enzyme is active. Methods Based on 21 experimentally reported mutations for ASNase, a virtual library of mutated enzymes with all 7546 possible combinations of up to 4 mutations was generated. Three-dimensional models of proposed mutant enzymes were built and their in silico stabilities were calculated. The most promising mutant was selected for preparing a genetic construct suitable for expression of the designed ASNase in bacterial cells. Results Computational study predicted that Y176F/S241C double mutation of Escherichia coli ASNase may increase its folding stability. The designed ASNase was expressed in two different E. coli strains (Origami B(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS) and then the soluble fractions prepared from the cell lysates of the host cells were used in enzyme activity assay. Results showed that enzyme activity of soluble fraction from Origami (95.4 ± 7.5 IU/0.1 mL) was four times higher than that of soluble fraction from pLysS (25.8 ± 2.5 IU/0.1 mL). Conclusion A novel functional double mutant ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties was designed and produced in E. coli. The results of the current study suggest a great commercial potential for the identified enzyme in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Dastmalchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Jamshidi-Kandjan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, POBOX:99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Nag R, Joshi S, Rathore AS, Majumder S. Profiling Enzyme Activity of l-Asparaginase II by NMR-Based Methyl Fingerprinting at Natural Abundance. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10826-10838. [PMID: 37154467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
l-asparaginase II (MW 135 kDa) from E. coli is an FDA-approved protein drug used for the treatment of childhood leukemia. Despite its long history as a chemotherapeutic, the structural basis of enzyme action, in solution, remains widely contested. In this work, methyl-based 2D [1H-13C]-heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR, at natural abundance, has been used to profile the enzymatic activity of the commercially available enzyme drug. The [1H-13C]-HSQC NMR spectra of the protein reveal the role of a flexible loop segment in the activity of the enzyme, in solution. Addition of asparagine to the protein results in distinct conformational changes of the loop that could be signatures of intermediates formed in the catalytic reaction. To this end, an isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based assay has been developed to measure the enzymatic reaction enthalpy, as a marker for its activity. Combining both ITC and NMR, it was shown that the disruption of the protein conformation can result in the loss of function. The scope, robustness, and validity of the loop fingerprints in relation to enzyme activity have been tested under different solution conditions. Overall, our results indicate that 2D NMR can be used reliably to gauge the structure-function of this enzyme, bypassing the need to label the protein. Such natural abundant NMR methods can be potentially extended to probe the structure-function aspects of high-molecular-weight protein therapeutics (glycosylated protein drugs, enzymes, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and Fc-fusion proteins), where (a) flexible loops are required for their function and (b) isotope labeling may not be straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachayita Nag
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag Singh Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Subhabrata Majumder
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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Guardamagna I, Iaria O, Lonati L, Mentana A, Previtali A, Uggè V, Ivaldi GB, Liotta M, Tabarelli de Fatis P, Scotti C, Pessino G, Maggi M, Baiocco G. Asparagine and Glutamine Deprivation Alters Ionizing Radiation Response, Migration and Adhesion of a p53 null Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032983. [PMID: 36769302 PMCID: PMC9917910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most prominent form of colon cancer for both incidence (38.7 per 100,000 people) and mortality (13.9 per 100,000 people). CRC's poor response to standard therapies is linked to its high heterogeneity and complex genetic background. Dysregulation or depletion of the tumor suppressor p53 is involved in CRC transformation and its capability to escape therapy, with p53null cancer subtypes known, in fact, to have a poor prognosis. In such a context, new therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing CRC proliferation must be investigated. In clinical practice, CRC chemotherapy is often combined with radiation therapy with the aim of blocking the expansion of the tumor mass or removing residual cancer cells, though contemporary targeting of amino acid metabolism has not yet been explored. In the present study, we used the p53null Caco-2 model cell line to evaluate the effect of a possible combination of radiation and L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase), a protein drug that blocks cancer proliferation by impairing asparagine and glutamine extracellular supply. When L-ASNase was administered immediately after IR, we observed a reduced proliferative capability, a delay in DNA-damage response and a reduced capability to adhere and migrate. Our data suggest that a correctly timed combination of X-rays and L-ASNase treatment could represent an advantage in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Guardamagna
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ombretta Iaria
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lonati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Mentana
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Previtali
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Virginia Uggè
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Liotta
- Unit of Medical Physics, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Scotti
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Pessino
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maristella Maggi
- Unit of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giorgio Baiocco
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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10
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Zhou R, Liang T, Li T, Huang J, Chen C. Possible mechanism of metabolic and drug resistance with L-asparaginase therapy in childhood leukaemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1070069. [PMID: 36816964 PMCID: PMC9929349 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1070069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase, which hydrolyzes asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, is frequently used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. When combined with other chemotherapy drugs, the event-free survival rate is 90%. Due to immunogenicity and drug resistance, however, not all patients benefit from it, restricting the use of L-asparaginase therapy in other haematological cancers. To solve the problem of immunogenicity, several L-ASNase variants have emerged, such as Erwinia-ASNase and PEG-ASNase. However, even when Erwinia-ASNase is used as a substitute for E. coli-ASNase or PEG-ASNase, allergic reactions occur in 3%-33% of patients. All of these factors contributed to the development of novel L-ASNases. Additionally, L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, such as the methylation status of ASNS promoters and activation of autophagy, have further emphasized the importance of personalized treatment for paediatric haematological neoplasms. In this review, we discussed the metabolic effects of L-ASNase, mechanisms of drug resistance, applications in non-ALL leukaemia, and the development of novel L-ASNase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chun Chen
- *Correspondence: Junbin Huang, ; Chun Chen,
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11
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Anticancer Asparaginases: Perspectives in Using Filamentous Fungi as Cell Factories. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase) catalyzes the breakdown of L-asparagine into aspartate and ammonia, which leads to an anti-neoplastic activity stemming from its capacity to deplete L-asparagine concentrations in the bloodstream, and it is therefore used in cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to inhibit malignant cell growth. Nowadays, this anti-cancer enzyme, largely produced by Escherichia coli, is well established on the market. However, E. coli L-asparaginase therapy has side effects such as anaphylaxis, coagulation abnormality, low plasma half-life, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, protease action, hyperglycemia, and cerebral dysfunction. This review provides a perspective on the use of filamentous fungi as alternative cell factories for L-asparaginase production. Filamentous fungi, such as various Aspergillus species, have superior protein secretion capacity compared to yeast and bacteria and studies show their potential for the future production of proteins with humanized N-linked glycans. This article explores the past and present applications of this important enzyme and discusses the prospects for using filamentous fungi to produce safe eukaryotic asparaginases with high production yields.
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12
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Gustafson KT, Mokhtari N, Manalo EC, Montoya Mira J, Gower A, Yeh YS, Vaidyanathan M, Esener SC, Fischer JM. Hybrid Silica-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles for Enhanced Enzyme-Based Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010143. [PMID: 36678770 PMCID: PMC9866096 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cancer cells rely heavily on non-essential biomolecules for survival, growth, and proliferation. Enzyme based therapeutics can eliminate these biomolecules, thus specifically targeting neoplastic cells; however, enzyme therapeutics are susceptible to immune clearance, exhibit short half-lives, and require frequent administration. Encapsulation of therapeutic cargo within biocompatible and biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) is a strategy for controlled release. Unfortunately, PLGA NPs exhibit burst release of cargo shortly after delivery or upon introduction to aqueous environments where they decompose via hydrolysis. Here, we show the generation of hybrid silica-coated PLGA (SiLGA) NPs as viable drug delivery vehicles exhibiting sub-200 nm diameters, a metastable Zeta potential, and high loading efficiency and content. Compared to uncoated PLGA NPs, SiLGA NPs offer greater retention of enzymatic activity and slow the burst release of cargo. Thus, SiLGA encapsulation of therapeutic enzymes, such as asparaginase, could reduce frequency of administration, increase half-life, and improve efficacy for patients with a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Gustafson
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Negin Mokhtari
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elise C. Manalo
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jose Montoya Mira
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Austin Gower
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ya-San Yeh
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mukanth Vaidyanathan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Nano Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sadik C. Esener
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Nano Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jared M. Fischer
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Massive annotation of bacterial L-asparaginases reveals their puzzling distribution and frequent gene transfer events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15797. [PMID: 36138049 PMCID: PMC9500103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Asparaginases, which convert l-asparagine to l-aspartate and ammonia, come in five types, AI-AV. Some bacterial type AII enzymes are a key element in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, but new l-asparaginases with better therapeutic properties are urgently needed. Here, we search publicly available bacterial genomes to annotate l-asparaginase proteins belonging to the five known types. We characterize taxonomic, phylogenetic, and genomic patterns of l-asparaginase occurrences pointing to frequent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, also occurring multiple times in the same recipient species. We show that the reference AV gene, encoding a protein originally found and structurally studied in Rhizobium etli, was acquired via HGT from Burkholderia. We also describe the sequence variability of the five l-asparaginase types and map the conservation levels on the experimental or predicted structures of the reference enzymes, finding the most conserved residues in the protein core near the active site, and the most variable ones on the protein surface. Additionally, we highlight the most common sequence features of bacterial AII proteins that may aid in selecting therapeutic l-asparaginases. Finally, we point to taxonomic units of bacteria that do not contain recognizable sequences of any of the known l-asparaginase types, implying that those microorganisms most likely contain new, as yet unknown types of l-asparaginases. Such novel enzymes, when properly identified and characterized, could hold promise as antileukemic drugs.
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14
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Darvishi F, Jahanafrooz Z, Mokhtarzadeh A. Microbial L-asparaginase as a promising enzyme for treatment of various cancers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5335-5347. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Biochemical characterization and detection of antitumor activity of l-asparaginase from thermophilic Geobacillus kaustophilus DSM 7263 T. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 199:106146. [PMID: 35863721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginases, which are oncolytic enzymes, have been used in clinical applications for many years. These enzymes are also important in food processing industry due to their potential in acrylamide-mitigation. In this study, the gene for l-asparaginase (GkASN) from a thermophilic bacterium, Geobacillus kaustophilus, was cloned and expressed in E. coli Rosetta™2 (DE3) cells utilizing the pET-22b(+) vector. The 6xHis-tag attached enzyme was purified and analyzed both biochemically and structurally. The molecular mass of GkASN was determined as ∼36 kDa by SDS-PAGE, Western Blotting, and MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme was determined as 55 °C and 8.5, respectively. The enzyme retained 89% of its thermal stability at 37 °C and 75% at 55 °C after 6 h of incubation. The enzyme activity was inhibited in the presence of Cu2+, Fe3+, Zn2+, and EDTA, while the activity was enhanced in the presence of Mn2+, Mg2+, and thiol group protective agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol and DTT. The structural modeling analysis demonstrated that the catalytic residues of the enzyme were partially similar to other asparaginases. The therapeutic potential of GkASN was tested on hepatocellular carcinoma cells, a solid cancer type with high mortality rate and rapidly increasing incidence in recent years. We showed that the GkASN-induced asparagine deficiency effectively reduced the metastatic synergy in HCC SNU387 cells on a xCELLigence system with differentiated epithelial Hep3B and poorly differentiated metastatic mesenchymal HCC SNU387 cells.
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16
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Patel PG, Panseriya HZ, Vala AK, Dave BP, Gosai HB. Exploring current scenario and developments in the field of microbial L-asparaginase production and applications: A review. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Maggi M, Scotti C. Structural Aspects of E. coli Type II Asparaginase in Complex with Its Secondary Product L-Glutamate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115942. [PMID: 35682622 PMCID: PMC9180372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial L-asparaginases are amidohydrolases (EC 3.5.1.1) capable of deaminating L-asparagine and, with reduced efficiency, L-glutamine. Interest in the study of L-asparaginases is driven by their use as biodrugs for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, we report for the first time the description of the molecular structure of type II asparaginase from Escherichia coli in complex with its secondary product, L-glutamate. To obtain high-quality crystals, we took advantage of the N24S variant, which has structural and functional features similar to the wild-type enzyme, but improved stability, and which yields more ordered crystals. Analysis of the structure of the N24S-L-glutamate complex (N24S-GLU) and comparison with its apo and L-aspartate-bound form confirmed that the enzyme-reduced catalytic efficiency in the presence of L-glutamine is due to L-glutamine misfitting into the enzyme-binding pocket, which causes a local change in the catalytic center geometry. Moreover, a tight interaction between the two protomers that form the enzyme active site limits the capability of L-glutamine to fit into (and to exit from) the binding pocket of E. coli L-asparaginase, explaining why the enzyme has lower glutaminolytic activity compared to other enzymes of the same family, in particular the Erwinia chrysanthemi one.
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18
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Pokrovskaya MV, Pokrovsky VS, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN, Zhdanov DD. Molecular Analysis of L-Asparaginases for Clarification of the Mechanism of Action and Optimization of Pharmacological Functions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030599. [PMID: 35335974 PMCID: PMC8948990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases (EC 3.5.1.1) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. These proteins with different biochemical, physicochemical and pharmacological properties are found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and mammals. To date, asparaginases from E. coli and Dickeya dadantii (formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi) are widely used in hematology for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemias. However, their medical use is limited by side effects associated with the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine, as well as the development of immune reactions. To solve these issues, gene-editing methods to introduce amino-acid substitutions of the enzyme are implemented. In this review, we focused on molecular analysis of the mechanism of enzyme action and to optimize the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Pokrovskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Olimpiisky Prospect 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Van Trimpont M, Peeters E, De Visser Y, Schalk AM, Mondelaers V, De Moerloose B, Lavie A, Lammens T, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel Insights on the Use of L-Asparaginase as an Efficient and Safe Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040902. [PMID: 35205650 PMCID: PMC8870365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) therapy is key for achieving the very high cure rate of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet its use is mostly confined to this indication. One main reason preventing the expansion of today’s FDA-approved L-ASNases to solid cancers is their high toxicity and side effects, which become especially challenging in adult patients. The design of optimized L-ASNase molecules provides opportunities to overcome these unwanted toxicities. An additional challenge to broader application of L-ASNases is how cells can counter the pharmacological effect of this drug and the identification of L-ASNases resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability, with a focus on both hematological and solid tumors. Abstract L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme that hydrolyses the amino acid asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia. Systemic administration of bacterial L-ASNase is successfully used to lower the bioavailability of this non-essential amino acid and to eradicate rapidly proliferating cancer cells with a high demand for exogenous asparagine. Currently, it is a cornerstone drug in the treatment of the most common pediatric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since these lymphoblasts lack the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), these cells depend on the uptake of extracellular asparagine for survival. Interestingly, recent reports have illustrated that L-ASNase may also have clinical potential for the treatment of other aggressive subtypes of hematological or solid cancers. However, immunogenic and other severe adverse side effects limit optimal clinical use and often lead to treatment discontinuation. The design of optimized and novel L-ASNase formulations provides opportunities to overcome these limitations. In addition, identification of multiple L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, including ASNS promoter reactivation and desensitization, has fueled research into promising novel drug combinations to overcome chemoresistance. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance both in hematological and solid tumors, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Van Trimpont
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Peeters
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanti De Visser
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda M. Schalk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tim Lammens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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20
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Massah M, Balmeh N, Goodarzi K, Allahyari Fard N. Molecular docking analysis of H1 and H2 antihistamines groups with l-asparaginase II for reducing allergenicity; an in silico approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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A Targeted Catalytic Nanobody (T-CAN) with Asparaginolytic Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225637. [PMID: 34830793 PMCID: PMC8616244 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The therapy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is based on Escherichia coli (E. coli) L-asparaginase, which is a very effective drug in most cases. However, its side effects sometimes prevent its usage or impose its interruption. The main issues derive from its bacterial origin, which elicits a strong immune response in the patient, and from its generalized action on all body compartments. In this work, we describe how we generated a fully active and miniaturized form of L-asparaginase starting from a camel single domain antibody, a class of antibodies known to have a very limited immunogenicity in humans. We also targeted it onto tumor cells by attaching it to an antibody fragment directed onto the CD19 B-cell surface receptor, expressed on ALL cells. We named this new molecule “Targeted Catalytic Nanobody” (T-CAN). The T-CAN is active and successfully binds to CD19 expressing cells in vitro. Thanks to its reduced immunogenic potential, it represents a new tool which deserves further development. Abstract E. coli L-asparaginase is an amidohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.1) which has been successfully used for the treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia for over 50 years. Despite its efficacy, its side effects, and especially its intrinsic immunogenicity, hamper its usage in a significant subset of cases, thus limiting therapeutic options. Innovative solutions to improve on these drawbacks have been attempted, but none of them have been truly successful so far. In this work, we fully replaced the enzyme scaffold, generating an active, miniaturized form of L-asparaginase by protein engineering of a camel single domain antibody, a class of antibodies known to have a limited immunogenicity in humans. We then targeted it onto tumor cells by an antibody scFv fragment directed onto the CD19 B-cell surface receptor expressed on ALL cells. We named this new type of nanobody-based antibody-drug conjugate “Targeted Catalytic Nanobody” (T-CAN). The new molecule retains the catalytic activity and the binding capability of the original modules and successfully targets CD19 expressing cells in vitro. Thanks to its theoretically reduced immunogenic potential compared to the original molecule, the T-CAN can represent a novel approach to tackle current limitations in L-asparaginase usage.
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22
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Revealing Escherichia coli type II L-asparaginase active site flexible loop in its open, ligand-free conformation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18885. [PMID: 34556749 PMCID: PMC8460627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1993, when the structure of Escherichia coli type II L-asparaginase (EcAII) in complex with L-aspartate was firstly reported, many structures of the wild type and mutated enzyme have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. None of them report the full structure of the monomer in its ligand-free, open conformation, mainly because of the high dynamic and flexibility of the active site flexible loop. Here we report for the first time the structure of EcAII wild type in its open conformation comprising, for at least one protomer, clear electron density for the active site flexible loop (PDB ID: 6YZI). The structural element is highly mobile and it is transposed onto the rigid part of the active site upon substrate binding to allow completion of the enzyme catalytic center, thanks to key residues that serve as hinges and anchoring points. In the substrate binding pocket, several highly conserved water molecules are coordinated by residues involved in substrate binding, comprising two water molecules very likely involved in the enzyme catalytic process. We also describe, by molecular dynamics simulations, how the transposition of the loop, besides providing the proximity of residues needed for catalysis, causes a general stabilization of the protein.
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23
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Loch JI, Jaskolski M. Structural and biophysical aspects of l-asparaginases: a growing family with amazing diversity. IUCRJ 2021; 8:514-531. [PMID: 34258001 PMCID: PMC8256714 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases have remained an intriguing research topic since their discovery ∼120 years ago, especially after their introduction in the 1960s as very efficient antileukemic drugs. In addition to bacterial asparaginases, which are still used to treat childhood leukemia, enzymes of plant and mammalian origin are now also known. They have all been structurally characterized by crystallography, in some cases at outstanding resolution. The structural data have also shed light on the mechanistic details of these deceptively simple enzymes. Yet, despite all this progress, no better therapeutic agents have been found to beat bacterial asparaginases. However, a new option might arise with the discovery of yet another type of asparaginase, those from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia, and with progress in the protein engineering of enzymes with desired properties. This review surveys the field of structural biology of l-asparaginases, focusing on the mechanistic aspects of the well established types and speculating about the potential of the new members of this amazingly diversified family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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24
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Lubkowski J, Wlodawer A. Structural and biochemical properties of L-asparaginase. FEBS J 2021; 288:4183-4209. [PMID: 34060231 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (a hydrolase converting l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid) was the first enzyme to be used in clinical practice as an anticancer agent after its approval in 1978 as a component of a treatment protocol for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Structural and biochemical properties of l-asparaginases have been extensively investigated during the last half-century, providing an accurate structural description of the enzyme isolated from a variety of sources, as well as clarifying the mechanism of its activity. This review provides a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge of primarily structural, but also selected biochemical properties of 'bacterial-type' l-asparaginases from different organisms. The most extensively studied members of this enzyme family are l-asparaginases highly homologous to one of the two enzymes from Escherichia coli (usually referred to as EcAI and EcAII). Members of this enzyme family, although often called bacterial-type l-asparaginases, have been also identified in such divergent organisms as archaea or eukarya. Over 100 structural models of l-asparaginases have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank during the last 30 years. One of the prime achievements of structure-centered approaches was the elucidation of the details of the mechanism of enzymatic action of this unique hydrolase that utilizes a side chain of threonine as the primary nucleophile. The molecular basis of other important properties of these enzymes, such as their substrate specificity, is still being evaluated. Results of structural and mechanistic studies of l-asparaginases are being utilized in efforts to improve the clinical properties of this important anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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25
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Circumventing the side effects of L-asparaginase. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111616. [PMID: 33932739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of asparagine and successfully used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase toxicity is either related to hypersensitivity to the foreign protein or to a secondary L-glutaminase activity that causes inhibition of protein synthesis. PEGylated versions have been incorporated into the treatment protocols to reduce immunogenicity and an alternative L-asparaginase derived from Dickeya chrysanthemi is used in patients with anaphylactic reactions to the E. coli L-asparaginase. Alternative approaches commonly explore new sources of the enzyme as well as the use of protein engineering techniques to create less immunogenic, more stable variants with lower L-glutaminase activity. This article reviews the main strategies used to overcome L-asparaginase shortcomings and introduces recent tools that can be used to create therapeutic enzymes with improved features.
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26
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Díaz-Barriga C, Villanueva-Flores F, Quester K, Zárate-Romero A, Cadena-Nava RD, Huerta-Saquero A. Asparaginase-Phage P22 Nanoreactors: Toward a Biobetter Development for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050604. [PMID: 33922106 PMCID: PMC8170886 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) is a biopharmaceutical for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) treatment. However, it shows undesirable side effects such as short lifetimes, susceptibility to proteases, and immunogenicity. Here, ASNase encapsidation was genetically directed in bacteriophage P22-based virus-like particles (VLPs) (ASNase-P22 nanoreactors) as a strategy to overcome these challenges. ASNase-P22 was composed of 58.4 ± 7.9% of coat protein and 41.6 ± 8.1% of tetrameric ASNase. Km and Kcat values of ASNase-P22 were 15- and 2-fold higher than those obtained for the free enzyme, respectively. Resulting Kcat/Km value was 2.19 × 105 M−1 s−1. ASNase-P22 showed an aggregation of 60% of the volume sample when incubated at 37 °C for 12 days. In comparison, commercial asparaginase was completely aggregated under the same conditions. ASNase-P22 was stable for up to 24 h at 37 °C, independent of the presence of human blood serum (HBS) or whether ASNase-P22 nanoreactors were uncoated or PEGylated. Finally, we found that ASNase-P22 caused cytotoxicity in the leukemic cell line MOLT-4 in a concentration dependent manner. To our knowledge, this is the first work where ASNase is encapsulated inside of VLPs, as a promising alternative to fight ALL.
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27
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de Araújo TS, Scapin SMN, de Andrade W, Fasciotti M, de Magalhães MTQ, Almeida MS, Lima LMTR. Biophysical characterization of two commercially available preparations of the drug containing Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase 2. Biophys Chem 2021; 271:106554. [PMID: 33607531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of asparagine and glutamine by L-asparaginase has been used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia for over four decades. Each L-asparaginase monomer has a long loop that closes over the active site upon substrate binding, acting as a lid. Here we present a comparative study of two commercially available preparations of the drug containing Escherichia coli L-Asparaginase 2 (EcA2), performed by a comprehensive array of biophysical and biochemical approaches. We report the oligomeric landscape and conformational and dynamic plasticity of E. coli type 2 L-asparaginase present in two different formulations, and its relationship with L-aspartic acid, which is present in Aginasa, but not in Leuginase. The L-Asp present in Aginasa formulation was found to provide to EcA2 a resistance to in vitro proteolysis. EcA2 shows a composition of monomers and oligomers up to tetramers, which is mostly not altered in the presence of L-Asp. Ion-mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry reveals two conformers for the monomeric EcA2, and that monomeric species has sufficient capacity for selective binding to L-Asp and L-Glu. The N-terminal loop of the EcA2 present in Leuginase, which is part of the active site is disordered, but it gets ordered in the presence of L-Asp, while L-Glu only does so to a limited extent. These data provide new insights on the mechanistic of ligand recognition by EcA2, and the impact of formulation in its conformational diversity landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Stelling de Araújo
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Protein Advanced Biochemistry - PAB, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Institute for Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo DeMeis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Sandra M N Scapin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - William de Andrade
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maíra Fasciotti
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Mariana T Q de Magalhães
- Macromolecular Biophysics Laboratory (LBM), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcius S Almeida
- Protein Advanced Biochemistry - PAB, National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil; Institute for Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo DeMeis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Luís Maurício T R Lima
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory - pbiotech, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil; National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil.
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28
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Kataria A, Patel AK, Kundu B. Distinct functional properties of secretory l-asparaginase Rv1538c involved in phagosomal survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochimie 2021; 182:1-12. [PMID: 33412160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) stains has escalated the need for developing more efficient drugs and therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis. Here we functionally annotate a secretory mycobacterial asparaginase Rv1538c (MtA) and describe its biochemical properties. MtA primarily existed as dimer along with a minor population of multimers. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated a compact structure in Tris HCl buffer at pH 8.0. Under these conditions it also displayed optimum activity. It retained ∼40% activity at pH 5.5, supporting its physiological relevance in acidic phagosomal environment. MtA contravened classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and exhibited product inhibition profile, yielding a Kcat of 869.4 s-1 and an apparent Km of 8.36 mM. We report the presence of several antigenic epitopes and a C-terminal YXXXD/E motif in MtA, hinting towards its potential to interact or influence host immune system. This was supported by our observation of morphological changes in MtA-treated human B lymphoblasts. We propose that MtA is a dual purpose enzyme used by Mtb to survive inside its host by; 1) ammonia-mediated neutralization of the phagosomal acidic pH and 2) inducing stress to primary immune cells and compromising the host immune response. Overall, this study contributes to our understanding of the biological role of mycobacterial asparaginase opening avenues for developing effective TB therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Kataria
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India, 110016.
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29
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Bueno CZ, Apolinário AC, Duro-Castano A, Poma A, Pessoa A, Rangel-Yagui CO, Battaglia G. l-Asparaginase Encapsulation into Asymmetric Permeable Polymersomes. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1471-1477. [PMID: 35653665 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This work reports, for the encapsulation of l-asparaginase, an anticancer enzyme into hybrid PMPC25-PDPA70/PEO16-PBO22 asymmetric polymersomes previously developed by our group, with loading capacities with over 800 molecules per vesicle. Enzyme-loaded polymersomes show permeability and capacity to hydrolyze l-asparagine, which is essential to cancer cells. The nanoreactors proposed in this work can be potentially used in further studies to develop novel therapeutic alternatives based on l-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Z Bueno
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexsandra C Apolinário
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom
| | - Aroa Duro-Castano
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom.,Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, WC1X 8LD London, United Kingdom
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlota O Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, WC1H 0AJ London, United Kingdom.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Radadiya A, Zhu W, Coricello A, Alcaro S, Richards NGJ. Improving the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3193-3200. [PMID: 32786406 PMCID: PMC7497903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) was first used as a component of combination drug therapies to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, almost 50 years ago. Administering this enzyme to reduce asparagine levels in the blood is a cornerstone of modern clinical protocols for ALL; indeed, this remains the only successful example of a therapy targeted against a specific metabolic weakness in any form of cancer. Three problems, however, constrain the clinical use of l-asparaginase. First, a type II bacterial variant of l-asparaginase is administered to patients, the majority of whom are children, which produces an immune response thereby limiting the time over which the enzyme can be tolerated. Second, l-asparaginase is subject to proteolytic degradation in the blood. Third, toxic side effects are observed, which may be correlated with the l-glutaminase activity of the enzyme. This Perspective will outline how asparagine depletion negatively impacts the growth of leukemic blasts, discuss the structure and mechanism of l-asparaginase, and briefly describe the clinical use of chemically modified forms of clinically useful l-asparaginases, such as Asparlas, which was recently given FDA approval for use in children (babies to young adults) as part of multidrug treatments for ALL. Finally, we review ongoing efforts to engineer l-asparaginase variants with improved therapeutic properties and briefly detail emerging, alternate strategies for the treatment of forms of ALL that are resistant to asparagine depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adriana Coricello
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.,Net4Science, Università "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nigel G J Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.,Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13079 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, Florida 32615, United States
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31
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Lima GM, Effer B, Biasoto HP, Feijoli V, Pessoa A, Palmisano G, Monteiro G. Glycosylation of L-asparaginase from E. coli through yeast expression and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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What makes a good new therapeutic l-asparaginase? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Lubkowski J, Wlodawer A. Geometric considerations support the double-displacement catalytic mechanism of l-asparaginase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1850-1864. [PMID: 31423681 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Twenty crystal structures of the complexes of l-asparaginase with l-Asn, l-Asp, and succinic acid that are currently available in the Protein Data Bank, as well as 11 additional structures determined in the course of this project, were analyzed in order to establish the level of conservation of the geometric parameters describing interactions between the substrates and the active site of the enzymes. We found that such stereochemical relationships are highly conserved, regardless of the organism from which the enzyme was isolated, specific crystallization conditions, or the nature of the ligands. Analysis of the geometry of the interactions, including Bürgi-Dunitz and Flippin-Lodge angles, indicated that Thr12 (Escherichia coli asparaginase II numbering) is optimally placed to be the primary nucleophile in the most likely scenario utilizing a double-displacement mechanism, whereas catalysis through a single-displacement mechanism appears to be the least likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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34
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Lubkowski J, Chan W, Wlodawer A. Opportunistic complexes of E. coli L-asparaginases with citrate anions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11070. [PMID: 31363102 PMCID: PMC6667453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active sites of enzymes are highly optimized for interactions with specific substrates, thus binding of opportunistic ligands is usually observed only in the absence of native substrates or products. However, during growth of crystals required for structure determination enzymes are often exposed to conditions significantly divergent from the native ones, leading to binding of unexpected ligands to active sites even in the presence of substrates. Failing to recognize this possibility may lead to incorrect interpretation of experimental results and to faulty conclusions. Here, we present several examples of binding of a citrate anion to the active sites of E. coli L-asparaginases I and II, even in the presence of the native substrate, L-Asn. A part of this report focuses on a comprehensive re-interpretation of structural results published previously for complexes of type I L-asparaginase (EcAI) from E. coli. In two re-refined structures a citrate anion forms an acyl-enzyme reaction intermediate with the catalytic threonine. These results emphasize the importance of careful and critical analysis during interpretation of crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Lubkowski
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Waikin Chan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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35
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Li X, Zhang X, Xu S, Xu M, Yang T, Wang L, Zhang H, Fang H, Osire T, Rao Z. Insight into the thermostability of thermophilic L-asparaginase and non-thermophilic L-asparaginase II through bioinformatics and structural analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7055-7070. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Belén LH, Lissabet JB, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C, Effer B, Monteiro G, Pessoa A, Farías Avendaño JG. A structural in silico analysis of the immunogenicity of l-asparaginase from Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora. Biologicals 2019; 59:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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37
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Michelozzi IM, Granata V, De Ponti G, Alberti G, Tomasoni C, Antolini L, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Gentner B, Dazzi F, Biondi A, Coliva T, Rizzari C, Pievani A, Serafini M. Acute myeloid leukaemia niche regulates response to L-asparaginase. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:420-430. [PMID: 31044436 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eradicating the malignant stem cell is the ultimate challenge in the treatment of leukaemia. Leukaemic stem cells (LSC) hijack the normal haemopoietic niche, where they are mainly protected from cytotoxic drugs. The anti-leukaemic effect of L-asparaginase (ASNase) has been extensively investigated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but only partially in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). We explored the susceptibility of AML-LSC to ASNase as well as the role of the two major cell types that constitute the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, i.e., mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and monocytes/macrophages. Whilst ASNase was effective on both CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ CD38- LSC fractions, MSC and monocytes/macrophages partially counteracted the effect of the drug. Indeed, the production of cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, by BM monocytic cells and by AML cells classified as French-American-British M5 is related to the inactivation of ASNase. Our work demonstrates that, while MSC and monocytes/macrophages may provide a protective niche for AML cells, ASNase has a cytotoxic effect on AML blasts and, importantly, LSC subpopulations. Thus, these features should be considered in the design of future clinical studies aimed at testing ASNase efficacy in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria M Michelozzi
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Granata
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giada De Ponti
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Gaia Alberti
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Tomasoni
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Antolini
- Centro di Biostatistica per L'epidemiologia Clinica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Bernhard Gentner
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Biondi
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Coliva
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Haematology-Oncology Unit, Fondazione MBBM/San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alice Pievani
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- M. Tettamanti Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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38
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Brumano LP, da Silva FVS, Costa-Silva TA, Apolinário AC, Santos JHPM, Kleingesinds EK, Monteiro G, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Benyahia B, Junior AP. Development of L-Asparaginase Biobetters: Current Research Status and Review of the Desirable Quality Profiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:212. [PMID: 30687702 PMCID: PMC6335324 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is a vital component of the first line treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), an aggressive type of blood cancer expected to afflict over 53,000 people worldwide by 2020. More recently, ASNase has also been shown to have potential for preventing metastasis from solid tumors. The ASNase treatment is, however, characterized by a plethora of potential side effects, ranging from immune reactions to severe toxicity. Consequently, in accordance with Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles, ingenious new products tailored to minimize adverse reactions while increasing patient survival have been devised. In the following pages, the reader is invited for a brief discussion on the most recent developments in this field. Firstly, the review presents an outline of the recent improvements on the manufacturing and formulation processes, which can severely influence important aspects of the product quality profile, such as contamination, aggregation and enzymatic activity. Following, the most recent advances in protein engineering applied to the development of biobetter ASNases (i.e., with reduced glutaminase activity, proteolysis resistant and less immunogenic) using techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics, PEGylation, PASylation and bioconjugation are discussed. Afterwards, the attention is shifted toward nanomedicine including technologies such as encapsulation and immobilization, which aim at improving ASNase pharmacokinetics. Besides discussing the results of the most innovative and representative academic research, the review provides an overview of the products already available on the market or in the latest stages of development. With this, the review is intended to provide a solid background for the current product development and underpin the discussions on the target quality profile of future ASNase-based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pereira Brumano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tales Alexandre Costa-Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Krebs Kleingesinds
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Adalberto Pessoa Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Radha R, Arumugam N, Gummadi SN. Glutaminase free l-asparaginase from Vibrio cholerae: Heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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