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Romero JM, Serrano-Bueno G, Camacho-Fernández C, Vicente MH, Ruiz MT, Pérez-Castiñeira JR, Pérez-Hormaeche J, Nogueira FTS, Valverde F. CONSTANS, a HUB for all seasons: How photoperiod pervades plant physiology regulatory circuits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2086-2102. [PMID: 38513610 PMCID: PMC11132886 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
How does a plant detect the changing seasons and make important developmental decisions accordingly? How do they incorporate daylength information into their routine physiological processes? Photoperiodism, or the capacity to measure the daylength, is a crucial aspect of plant development that helps plants determine the best time of the year to make vital decisions, such as flowering. The protein CONSTANS (CO) constitutes the central regulator of this sensing mechanism, not only activating florigen production in the leaves but also participating in many physiological aspects in which seasonality is important. Recent discoveries place CO in the center of a gene network that can determine the length of the day and confer seasonal input to aspects of plant development and physiology as important as senescence, seed size, or circadian rhythms. In this review, we discuss the importance of CO protein structure, function, and evolutionary mechanisms that embryophytes have developed to incorporate annual information into their physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Romero
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Gloria Serrano-Bueno
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Carolina Camacho-Fernández
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mateus Henrique Vicente
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Ruiz
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - J Román Pérez-Castiñeira
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Hormaeche
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio T S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Federico Valverde
- Plant Development Group - Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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2
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Chen Y, Zhou R, Hu Q, Wei W, Liu J. Conservation and Divergence of the CONSTANS-Like (COL) Genes Related to Flowering and Circadian Rhythm in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760379. [PMID: 34880887 PMCID: PMC8645894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The CONSTANS-LIKE (COL) genes are important signaling component in the photoperiod pathway and flowering regulation pathway. However, people still know little about their role in Brassica napus. To achieve a better understanding of the members of the BnaCOL gene family, reveal their evolutionary relationship and related functions involved in photoperiod regulation, we systematically analyzed the BnaCOL family members in B. napus genome. A total of 33 BnaCOL genes distributed unevenly on 16 chromosomes were identified in B. napus and could be classified into three subfamilies. The same subfamilies have relatively conservative gene structures, three-dimensional protein structures and promoter motifs such as light-responsive cis-elements. The collinearity analysis detected 37 pairs of repetitive genes in B. napus genome. A 67.7% of the BnaCOL genes were lost after B. napus genome polyploidization. In addition, the BnaCOL genes showed different tissue-specific expression patterns. A 81.8% of the BnaCOL genes were mainly expressed in leaves, indicating that they may play a conservative role in leaves. Subsequently, we tested the circadian expression profiles of nine homologous genes that regulate flowering in Arabidopsis. Most BnaCOL genes exhibit several types of circadian rhythms, indicating that these BnaCOL genes are involved in the photoperiod pathway. As such, our research has laid the foundation for understanding the exact role of the BnaCOL family in the growth and development of rapeseed, especially in flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Chen
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Rijin Zhou
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenliang Wei
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory for Biological Sciences and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Gutiérrez-Larruscain D, Abeyawardana OAJ, Krüger M, Belz C, Juříček M, Štorchová H. Transcriptomic study of the night break in Chenopodium rubrum reveals possible upstream regulators of the floral activator CrFTL1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 265:153492. [PMID: 34385120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from vegetative to reproductive phases is the most fundamental and tightly controlled switch in the life of flowering plants. The short-day plant Chenopodium rubrum is a fast cycling annual plant lacking a juvenile phase. It can be induced to flowering at the seedling stage by exposure to a single period of darkness. This floral induction may then be cancelled by a short pulse of red light at midnight called night break (NB), which also inhibits the floral activator FLOWERING LOCUS T LIKE 1 (CrFTL1). We performed a comparative transcriptomic study between C. rubrum seedlings treated by NB and ones growing through uninterrupted night, and found about six hundred differentially expressed genes, including the B-BOX DOMAIN (BBX) genes. We focused on the CrBBX19 and BOLTING TIME CONTROL 1 (BTC1) genes, homologous to the upstream regulators of the BvFT2, a floral inducer in sugar beet. The transcription patterns of the two genes were compatible with their putative role as a sensor of the dark period length optimal for flowering (CrBBX19), and a signal of lights-on (CrBTC1), but the participation of other genes cannot be excluded. The expression profiles of CrBBX19 and the homolog of the core endogenous clock gene LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY) were highly similar, which suggested their co-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gutiérrez-Larruscain
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Oushadee A J Abeyawardana
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Manuela Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Claudia Belz
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloslav Juříček
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Štorchová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 16502, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hirakawa H, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Suzuki Y, Nagano AJ, Sugiyama S, Onodera Y. A spinach genome assembly with remarkable completeness, and its use for rapid identification of candidate genes for agronomic traits. DNA Res 2021; 28:6303609. [PMID: 34142133 PMCID: PMC8231376 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is grown as a nutritious leafy vegetable worldwide. To accelerate spinach breeding efficiency, a high-quality reference genome sequence with great completeness and continuity is needed as a basic infrastructure. Here, we used long-read and linked-read technologies to construct a de novo spinach genome assembly, designated SOL_r1.1, which was comprised of 287 scaffolds (total size: 935.7 Mb; N50 = 11.3 Mb) with a low proportion of undetermined nucleotides (Ns = 0.34%) and with high gene completeness (BUSCO complete 96.9%). A genome-wide survey of resistance gene analogues identified 695 genes encoding nucleotide-binding site domains, receptor-like protein kinases, receptor-like proteins and transmembrane-coiled coil domains. Based on a high-density double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing-based linkage map, the genome assembly was anchored to six pseudomolecules representing ∼73.5% of the whole genome assembly. In addition, we used SOL_r1.1 to identify quantitative trait loci for bolting timing and fruit/seed shape, which harbour biologically plausible candidate genes, such as homologues of the FLOWERING LOCUS T and EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE genes. The new genome assembly, SOL_r1.1, will serve as a useful resource for identifying loci associated with important agronomic traits and for developing molecular markers for spinach breeding/selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirakawa
- The Department of Technology Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- The Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Suguru Sugiyama
- School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Onodera
- The Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Patiranage DSR, Asare E, Maldonado-Taipe N, Rey E, Emrani N, Tester M, Jung C. Haplotype variations of major flowering time genes in quinoa unveil their role in the adaptation to different environmental conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2565-2579. [PMID: 33878205 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Response to photoperiod is of major importance in crop production. It defines the adaptation of plants to local environments. Quinoa is a short-day plant which had been domesticated in the Andeans regions. We wanted to understand the adaptation to long-day conditions by studying orthologues of two major flowering time regulators of Arabidopsis, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and CONSTANS (CO) in quinoa accessions with contrasting photoperiod response. By searching the quinoa reference genome sequence, we identified 24 FT and six CO homologs. CqFT genes displayed remarkably different expression patterns between long- and short-day conditions, whereas the influence of the photoperiod on CqCOL expressions was moderate. Cultivation of 276 quinoa accessions under short- and long-day conditions revealed great differences in photoperiod sensitivity. After sequencing their genomes, we identified large sequence variations in 12 flowering time genes. We found non-random distribution of haplotypes across accessions from different geographical origins, highlighting the role of CqFT and CqCOL genes in the adaptation to different day-length conditions. We identified five haplotypes causing early flowering under long days. This study provides assets for quinoa breeding because superior haplotypes can be assembled in a predictive breeding approach to produce well-adapted early flowering lines under long-day photoperiods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Asare
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Elodie Rey
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Tester
- Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Jiang J, Li J, Xu X, Yang H. Transcriptome Analysis of Flower Development and Mining of Genes Related to Flowering Time in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158128. [PMID: 34360893 PMCID: PMC8347202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a morphogenetic process in which angiosperms shift from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Flowering time has a strong influence on fruit growth, which is closely related to productivity. Therefore, research on crop flowering time is particularly important. To better understand the flowering period of the tomato, we performed transcriptome sequencing of early flower buds and flowers during the extension period in the later-flowering “Moneymaker” material and the earlier-flowering “20965” homozygous inbred line, and we analyzed the obtained data. At least 43.92 million clean reads were obtained from 12 datasets, and the similarity with the tomato internal reference genome was 92.86–94.57%. Based on gene expression and background annotations, 49 candidate genes related to flowering time and flower development were initially screened, among which the greatest number belong to the photoperiod pathway. According to the expression pattern of candidate genes, the cause of early flowering of “20965” is predicted. The modes of action of the differentially expressed genes were classified, and the results show that they are closely related to hormone regulation and participated in a variety of life activities in crops. The candidate genes we screened and the analysis of their expression patterns provide a basis for future functional verification, helping to explore the molecular mechanism of tomato flowering time more comprehensively.
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Ravi S, Campagna G, Della Lucia MC, Broccanello C, Bertoldo G, Chiodi C, Maretto L, Moro M, Eslami AS, Srinivasan S, Squartini A, Concheri G, Stevanato P. SNP Alleles Associated With Low Bolting Tendency in Sugar Beet. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693285. [PMID: 34322145 PMCID: PMC8311237 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of efficient molecular markers related to low bolting tendency is a priority in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) breeding. This study aimed to identify SNP markers associated with low bolting tendency by establishing a genome-wide association study. An elaborate 3-year field trial comprising 13 sugar beet lines identified L14 as the one exhibiting the lowest bolting tendency along with an increased survival rate after autumnal sowing. For SNP discovery following phenotyping, contrasting phenotypes of 24 non-bolting and 15 bolting plants of the L14 line were sequenced by restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq). An association model was established with a set of 10,924 RAD-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The allelic status of the most significantly associated SNPs ranked based on their differential allelic status between contrasting phenotypes (p < 0.01) was confirmed on three different validation datasets comprising diverse sugar beet lines and varieties adopting a range of SNP detection technologies. This study has led to the identification of SNP_36780842 and SNP_48607347 linked to low bolting tendency and can be used for marker-assisted breeding and selection in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samathmika Ravi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Campagna
- Cooperativa Produttori Agricoli Società Cooperativa Agricola (COPROB), Minerbio, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Della Lucia
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Broccanello
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertoldo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Maretto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Moro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Azam Sadat Eslami
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Concheri
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
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Maldonado-Taipe N, Patirange DSR, Schmöckel SM, Jung C, Emrani N. Validation of suitable genes for normalization of diurnal gene expression studies in Chenopodium quinoa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0233821. [PMID: 33705394 PMCID: PMC7951847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoa depicts high nutritional quality and abiotic stress resistance, attracting strong interest in the last years. To unravel the function of candidate genes for agronomically relevant traits, studying their transcriptional activities by RT-qPCR is an important experimental approach. The accuracy of such experiments strongly depends on precise data normalization. To date, validation of potential candidate genes for normalization of diurnal expression studies has not been performed in C. quinoa. We selected eight candidate genes based on transcriptome data and literature survey, including conventionally used reference genes. We used three statistical algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm and NormFinder) to test their stability and added further validation by a simulation-based strategy. We demonstrated that using different reference genes, including those top ranked by stability, causes significant differences among the resulting diurnal expression patterns. Our results show that isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme (IDH-A) and polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) are suitable genes to normalize diurnal expression data of two different quinoa accessions. Moreover, we validated our reference genes by normalizing two known diurnally regulated genes, BTC1 and BBX19. The validated reference genes obtained in this study will improve the accuracy of RT-qPCR data normalization and facilitate gene expression studies in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Han R, Truco MJ, Lavelle DO, Michelmore RW. A Composite Analysis of Flowering Time Regulation in Lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:632708. [PMID: 33763095 PMCID: PMC7982828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.632708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergo profound physiological changes when transitioning from vegetative to reproductive growth. These changes affect crop production, as in the case of leafy vegetables. Lettuce is one of the most valuable leafy vegetable crops in the world. Past genetic studies have identified multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect the timing of the floral transition in lettuce. Extensive functional molecular studies in the model organism Arabidopsis provide the opportunity to transfer knowledge to lettuce to explore the mechanisms through which genetic variations translate into changes in flowering time. In this review, we integrated results from past genetic and molecular studies for flowering time in lettuce with orthology and functional inference from Arabidopsis. This summarizes the basis for all known genetic variation underlying the phenotypic diversity of flowering time in lettuce and how the genetics of flowering time in lettuce projects onto the established pathways controlling flowering time in plants. This comprehensive overview reveals patterns across experiments as well as areas in need of further study. Our review also represents a resource for developing cultivars with delayed flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkui Han
- The Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria José Truco
- The Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dean O. Lavelle
- The Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Richard W. Michelmore
- The Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard W. Michelmore,
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Yang T, He Y, Niu S, Yan S, Zhang Y. Identification and characterization of the CONSTANS (CO)/CONSTANS-like (COL) genes related to photoperiodic signaling and flowering in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110653. [PMID: 33218623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CO is an important regulator of photoperiodic response and flowering. However, the biological functions of CO and COL genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) remain elusive. Here we identified 13 members in CO/COL family from the tomato genome. They were divided into three groups, and each group had specific characteristics in gene structures and protein domains. The SlCO/SlCOL genes showed different tissue-specific expression patterns and circadian rhythms, indicating their functional diversity in tomato. Moreover, among 13 members, the expression of SlCOL, SlCOL4a, and SlCOL4b was negatively correlated with flowering time variation in ten tomato lines. Through interaction network prediction, we found three FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT), FT-like (FTL), and FT-like 1 (FTL1), which functioned as candidate interactors of SlCOL, SlCOL4a, and SlCOL4b. Further expression analyses suggested that SFT coincided with the three SlCOL genes in ten tomato lines with varied flowering time. These findings implied that SlCOL, SlCOL4a, and SlCOL4b are potential flowering inducers in tomato, and SFT may act as their downstream target. Thus, our study built a foundation for understanding the precise roles of SlCO/SlCOL family in plant growth and development of tomato, especially in flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongwen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Shaobo Niu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Siwei Yan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, PR China.
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Mathieu AS, Périlleux C, Jacquemin G, Renard ME, Lutts S, Quinet M. Impact of vernalization and heat on flowering induction, development and fertility in root chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 254:153272. [PMID: 32980639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is a biennial plant that requires vernalization for flowering initiation. However, we previously showed that heat can induce root chicory flowering independently of vernalization. To deepen our understanding of the temperature control of flowering in this species, we investigated the impact of heat, vernalization and their interaction on flowering induction and reproductive development. Heat increased the flowering percentage of non-vernalized plants by 25% but decreased that of vernalized plants by 65%. After bolting, heat negatively affected inflorescence development, decreasing the proportion of sessile capitula on the floral stem by 40% and the floral stem dry weight by 42% compared to control conditions, although it did not affect the number of flowers per capitulum. Heat also decreased flower fertility: pollen production, pollen viability and stigma receptivity were respectively 25%, 3% and 82% lower in heat-treated plants than in untreated control plants. To investigate the genetic control of flowering by temperature in root chicory, we studied the expression of the FLC-LIKE1 (CiFL1) gene in response to heat; CiFL1 was previously shown to be repressed by vernalization in chicory and to repress flowering when over-expressed in Arabidopsis. Heat treatment increased CiFL1 expression, as well as the percentage of bolting and flowering shoot apices. Heat thus has a dual impact on flowering initiation in root chicory since it appears to both induce flowering and counteract vernalization. However, after floral transition, heat has a primarily negative impact on root chicory reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Mathieu
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5 (bte 7.07.13), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claire Périlleux
- InBioS, PhytoSYSTEMS, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman Campus Quartier Vallée 1, Chemin de la Vallée 4, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Jacquemin
- Crop Production Systems Unit, Production and Sectors Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 4 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marie-Eve Renard
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5 (bte 7.07.13), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5 (bte 7.07.13), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie végétale, Earth and Life Institute-Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5 (bte 7.07.13), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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12
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López-Marqués RL, Nørrevang AF, Ache P, Moog M, Visintainer D, Wendt T, Østerberg JT, Dockter C, Jørgensen ME, Salvador AT, Hedrich R, Gao C, Jacobsen SE, Shabala S, Palmgren M. Prospects for the accelerated improvement of the resilient crop quinoa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5333-5347. [PMID: 32643753 PMCID: PMC7501820 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Crops tolerant to drought and salt stress may be developed by two approaches. First, major crops may be improved by introducing genes from tolerant plants. For example, many major crops have wild relatives that are more tolerant to drought and high salinity than the cultivated crops, and, once deciphered, the underlying resilience mechanisms could be genetically manipulated to produce crops with improved tolerance. Secondly, some minor (orphan) crops cultivated in marginal areas are already drought and salt tolerant. Improving the agronomic performance of these crops may be an effective way to increase crop and food diversity, and an alternative to engineering tolerance in major crops. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a nutritious minor crop that tolerates drought and salinity better than most other crops, is an ideal candidate for both of these approaches. Although quinoa has yet to reach its potential as a fully domesticated crop, breeding efforts to improve the plant have been limited. Molecular and genetic techniques combined with traditional breeding are likely to change this picture. Here we analyse protein-coding sequences in the quinoa genome that are orthologous to domestication genes in established crops. Mutating only a limited number of such genes by targeted mutagenesis appears to be a promising route for accelerating the improvement of quinoa and generating a nutritious high-yielding crop that can meet the future demand for food production in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L López-Marqués
- NovoCrops Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Correspondence: or
| | - Anton F Nørrevang
- NovoCrops Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max Moog
- NovoCrops Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Davide Visintainer
- NovoCrops Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Toni Wendt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jeppe T Østerberg
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Morten E Jørgensen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Andrés Torres Salvador
- The Quinoa Company, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (COCIBA), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Cumbayá, Ecuador
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael Palmgren
- NovoCrops Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Gaudinier A, Blackman BK. Evolutionary processes from the perspective of flowering time diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1883-1898. [PMID: 31536639 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although it is well appreciated that genetic studies of flowering time regulation have led to fundamental advances in the fields of molecular and developmental biology, the ways in which genetic studies of flowering time diversity have enriched the field of evolutionary biology have received less attention despite often being equally profound. Because flowering time is a complex, environmentally responsive trait that has critical impacts on plant fitness, crop yield, and reproductive isolation, research into the genetic architecture and molecular basis of its evolution continues to yield novel insights into our understanding of domestication, adaptation, and speciation. For instance, recent studies of flowering time variation have reconstructed how, when, and where polygenic evolution of phenotypic plasticity proceeded from standing variation and de novo mutations; shown how antagonistic pleiotropy and temporally varying selection maintain polymorphisms in natural populations; and provided important case studies of how assortative mating can evolve and facilitate speciation with gene flow. In addition, functional studies have built detailed regulatory networks for this trait in diverse taxa, leading to new knowledge about how and why developmental pathways are rewired and elaborated through evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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