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Liu X, Zhang L, Sun L, Liu R. Survival analysis of the duration of rumors during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:519. [PMID: 38373928 PMCID: PMC10875786 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic towards the end of 2019 triggered a relentless spread of online misinformation, which significantly impacted societal stability, public perception, and the effectiveness of measures to prevent and control the epidemic. Understanding the complex dynamics and characteristics that determine the duration of rumors is crucial for their effective management. In response to this urgent requirement, our study takes survival analysis method to analyze COVID-19 rumors comprehensively and rigorously. Our primary aim is to clarify the distribution patterns and key determinants of their persistence. Through this exploration, we aim to contribute to the development of robust rumor management strategies, thereby reducing the adverse effects of misinformation during the ongoing pandemic. METHODS The dataset utilized in this research was sourced from Tencent's "Jiao Zhen" Verification Platform's "Real-Time Debunking of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia" system. We gathered a total of 754 instances of rumors from January 18, 2020, to January 17, 2023. The duration of each rumor was ascertained using the Baidu search engine. To analyze these rumors, survival analysis techniques were applied. The study focused on examining various factors that might influence the rumors' longevity, including the theme of the content, emotional appeal, the credibility of the source, and the mode of presentation. RESULTS Our study's results indicate that a rumor's lifecycle post-emergence typically progresses through three distinct phases: an initial rapid decline phase (0-25 days), followed by a stable phase (25-1000 days), and ultimately, an extinction phase (beyond 1000 days). It is observed that half of the rumors fade within the first 25 days, with an average duration of approximately 260.15 days. When compared to the baseline category of prevention and treatment rumors, the risk of dissipation is markedly higher in other categories: policy measures rumors are 3.58 times more likely to perish, virus information rumors have a 0.52 times higher risk, epidemic situation rumors are 4.86 times more likely to die out, and social current affairs rumors face a 2.02 times increased risk. Additionally, in comparison to wish rumors, bogie rumors and aggression rumors have 0.26 and 0.27 times higher risks of dying, respectively. In terms of presentation, graphical and video rumors share similar dissolution risks, whereas textual rumors tend to have a longer survival time. Interestingly, the credibility of the rumor's source does not significantly impact its longevity. CONCLUSION The survival time of rumors is strongly linked to their content theme and emotional appeal, whereas the credibility of the source and the format of presentation have a more auxiliary influence. This study recommends that government agencies should adopt specific strategies to counter rumors. Experts and scholars are encouraged to take an active role in spreading health knowledge. It's important for the public to proactively seek trustworthy sources for accurate information. Media platforms are advised to maintain journalistic integrity, verify the accuracy of information, and guide the public towards improved media literacy. These actions, collectively, can foster a collaborative alliance between the government and the media, effectively combating misinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lixiang Sun
- School of Languages and Communication Studies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ran Liu
- School of Medical Humanities and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Zhang L, Jin Y, Li J, He Z, Zhang D, Zhang M, Zhang S. Epidemiological research on rare diseases using large-scale online search queries and reported case data. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:236. [PMID: 37559136 PMCID: PMC10411025 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare diseases have become a major public health concern worldwide. However, detailed epidemiological data are lacking. With the development of the Internet, search queries have played an important role in disease surveillance. In this study, we explored a new method for the epidemiological research on rare diseases, using large-scale online search queries and reported case data. We distilled search logs related to rare diseases nationwide from 2016 to 2019. The case data were obtained from China's national database of rare diseases during the same period. RESULTS A total of 120 rare diseases were included in this study. From 2016 to 2019, the number of patients with rare diseases estimated using search data and those obtained from the case database showed an increasing trend. Rare diseases can be ranked by the number of search estimated patients and reported patients, and the rankings of each disease in both search and reported case data were generally stable. Furthermore, the disease rankings in the search data were relatively consistent with the reported case data in each year, with more than 50% of rare diseases having a ranking difference of -20 to 20 between the two systems. In addition, the relationship between the disease rankings in the two systems was generally stable over time. Based on the relationship between the disease rankings in the search and reported case data, rare diseases can be classified into two categories. CONCLUSION Online search queries may provide an important new resource for detecting rare diseases. Rare diseases can be classified into two categories to guide different epidemiological research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyu He
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Yeasin M, Paul RK, Das S, Deka D, Karak T. Change in the air due to the coronavirus outbreak in four major cities of India: What do the statistics say? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 10:100325. [PMID: 37274946 PMCID: PMC10226293 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The onset of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) has impacted all sectors of society. To avoid the rapid spread of this virus, the Government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown in four phases. Lockdown, due to COVID-19 pandemic, resulted a decline in pollution in India in general and in dense cities in particular. Data on key air quality indicators were collected, imputed, and compiled for the period 1st August 2018 to 31st May 2020 for India's four megacities, namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and machine learning technique e.g. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with the inclusion of lockdown dummy in both the models have been applied to examine the impact of anthropogenic activity on air quality parameters. The number of indicators having significant lockdown dummy are six (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, CO, benzene, and AQI), five (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2 and benzene), five (PM10, NOx, CO, benzene and AQI) and three (PM2.5, PM10, and AQI) for Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Hyderabad respectively. It was also observed that the prediction accuracy significantly improved when a lockdown dummy was incorporated. The highest reduction in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is found for CO in Hyderabad (28.98%) followed by the NOx in Delhi (28.55%). Overall, it can be concluded that there is a significant decline in the value of air quality parameters in the lockdown period as compared to the same time phase in the previous year. Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic will help to achieve significant improvement in ambient air quality while keeping economic growth in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yeasin
- ICAR Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Paul
- ICAR Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sampa Das
- Dibrugarh Polytechnic, Lahowal, Dibrugarh 786010, Assam, India
| | - Diganta Deka
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom, Dibrugarh, Assam 786101, India
| | - Tanmoy Karak
- Upper Assam Advisory Centre, Tea Research Association, Dikom, Dibrugarh, Assam 786101, India
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Nagaland University, Nagaland 797106, India
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Yang J, Zhou J, Luo T, Xie Y, Wei Y, Mai H, Yang Y, Cui P, Ye L, Liang H, Huang J. Predicting pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in China using Baidu search index: an ARIMAX model approach. Environ Health Prev Med 2023; 28:68. [PMID: 37926526 PMCID: PMC10636285 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing researches have established a correlation between internet search data and the epidemics of numerous infectious diseases. This study aims to develop a prediction model to explore the relationship between the Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) epidemic trend in China and the Baidu search index. METHODS Collect the number of new cases of PTB in China from January 2011 to August 2022. Use Spearman rank correlation and interaction analysis to identify Baidu keywords related to PTB and construct a PTB comprehensive search index. Evaluate the predictive performance of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and ARIMA with explanatory variable (ARIMAX) models for the number of PTB cases. RESULTS Incidence of PTB had shown a fluctuating downward trend. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the PTB comprehensive search index and its incidence was 0.834 (P < 0.001). The ARIMA model had an AIC value of 2804.41, and the MAPE value was 13.19%. The ARIMAX model incorporating the Baidu index demonstrated an AIC value of 2761.58 and a MAPE value of 5.33%. CONCLUSIONS The ARIMAX model is superior to ARIMA in terms of fitting and predicting accuracy. Additionally, the use of Baidu Index has proven to be effective in predicting cases of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingyan Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yulan Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiru Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huanzhuo Mai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuecong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Chen J, Mi H, Fu J, Zheng H, Zhao H, Yuan R, Guo H, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Lyu H, Zhang Y, She N, Ren X. Construction and validation of a COVID-19 pandemic trend forecast model based on Google Trends data for smell and taste loss. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1025658. [PMID: 36530657 PMCID: PMC9751448 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1025658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the role of smell and taste changes in preventing and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, we aimed to build a forecast model for trends in COVID-19 prediction based on Google Trends data for smell and taste loss. Methods Data on confirmed COVID-19 cases from 6 January 2020 to 26 December 2021 were collected from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. The keywords "loss of smell" and "loss of taste" were used to search the Google Trends platform. We constructed a transfer function model for multivariate time-series analysis and to forecast confirmed cases. Results From 6 January 2020 to 28 November 2021, a total of 99 weeks of data were analyzed. When the delay period was set from 1 to 3 weeks, the input sequence (Google Trends of loss of smell and taste data) and response sequence (number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases per week) were significantly correlated (P < 0.01). The transfer function model showed that worldwide and in India, the absolute error of the model in predicting the number of newly diagnosed COVID-19 cases in the following 3 weeks ranged from 0.08 to 3.10 (maximum value 100; the same below). In the United States, the absolute error of forecasts for the following 3 weeks ranged from 9.19 to 16.99, and the forecast effect was relatively accurate. For global data, the results showed that when the last point of the response sequence was at the midpoint of the uptrend or downtrend (25 July 2021; 21 November 2021; 23 May 2021; and 12 September 2021), the absolute error of the model forecast value for the following 4 weeks ranged from 0.15 to 5.77. When the last point of the response sequence was at the extreme point (2 May 2021; 29 August 2021; 20 June 2021; and 17 October 2021), the model could accurately forecast the trend in the number of confirmed cases after the extreme points. Our developed model could successfully predict the development trends of COVID-19. Conclusion Google Trends for loss of smell and taste could be used to accurately forecast the development trend of COVID-19 cases 1-3 weeks in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Mi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinyu Fu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haitian Zheng
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongyue Zhao
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanwei Guo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Lyu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yitong Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ningning She
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyong Ren
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Chu Y, Li W, Wang S, Jia G, Zhang Y, Dai H. Increasing public concern on insomnia during the COVID-19 outbreak in China: An info-demiology study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11830. [PMCID: PMC9681991 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Chu
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Centre for Mental Health Guidance, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Guizhi Jia
- Department of Physiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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Using the Baidu index to understand Chinese interest in thyroid related diseases. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17160. [PMID: 36229549 PMCID: PMC9558018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Common thyroid diseases are hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, thyroid tumor and so on. Baidu is currently the most widely used online search tool in China, has developed an internet search trends collection and analysis tool called the Baidu Index. The aim of the present study was to understand the trend and characteristics of public's online attention to thyroid diseases, and to explore the value of Baidu Index in monitoring online retrieval behavior of thyroid-related information. Taking the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2019 as the time range into consideration, we used the big data analysis tool of Baidu Index and took "thyroid nodules", "thyroid cancer", "thyroiditis" "hyperthyroidism" and "hypothyroidism" as the keywords, the data of "search index" and "media index" were recorded on a weekly basis, and all information were aggregated into quarterly and annual to generate the final data which was carried out for secondary analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the search index of keywords and the year. One-way Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the differences between search index and media index. Among the five keywords, thyroid nodule search index had the highest growth rate (640%), followed by thyroid cancer (298%). The media's attention to thyroid diseases had been declining year by year. Unlike the public's attention, the media index of hyperthyroidism was significantly higher than other keywords. Over the past nine years, the public's attention to thyroid-related diseases has been increasing gradually. Baidu Index is an effective tool to track the health information query behavior of Chinese internet users, which can provide a cost-effective supplement to traditional monitoring system.
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Xu S, Zhang J, Shen R. Uncertainty, Search Engine Data, and Stock Market Returns During a Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:884324. [PMID: 35462843 PMCID: PMC9019127 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.884324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a series of uncertain events, including the spread of COVID-19, has affected the Chinese stock market. When people face uncertainty, they often turn to internet search engines to obtain more information to support their investment decisions. This paper uses the uncertainty index, investor sentiment reflected by search engine data, and Chinese stock return data during the pandemic to examine the relationships among the three. Using daily data from March 2, 2020, to March 2, 2021, our empirical findings reveal that stock returns during a pandemic lead to an increase in investor retrieval of search engine data and that uncertainty affects stock returns during a pandemic. However, the reverse is not true. Therefore, in the face of an uncertainty such as market volatility caused by the spread of the pandemic, the active release of favorable information by regulators can help guide investor sentiment, prevent sharp stock market volatility, and improve the effectiveness of policy governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Shen
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Ding Y, Jiang Y, Zhu M, Zhu Q, He Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Qi J, Feng Y, Huang R, Yin H, Li S, Sun Y. Follicular fluid lipidomic profiling reveals potential biomarkers of polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:960274. [PMID: 36176459 PMCID: PMC9513192 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.960274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder associated with multiple metabolic conditions including obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility; however, the molecular diversity of the ovarian follicle microenvironment is not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the follicular fluid (FF) lipidomic profiles in different phenotypes of PCOS and to explore novel lipid biomarkers. METHODS A total of 25 women with PCOS and 12 women without PCOS who underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer were recruited, and their FF samples were collected for the lipidomic study. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to compare the differential abundance of FF lipids between patients with different PCOS phenotypes and controls. Subsequently, correlations between specific lipid concentrations in FF and high-quality embryo rate (HQER) were analyzed to further evaluate the potential interferences of lipid levels with oocyte quality in PCOS. Candidate biomarkers were then compared via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS In total, 19 lipids were identified in ovarian FF. Of these, the concentrations of ceramide (Cer) and free fatty acids (FFA) in FF were significantly increased, whereas those of lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) were reduced in women with PCOS compared to controls, especially in obese and insulin-resistant groups. In addition, six subclasses of ceramide, FFA, and LPG were correlated with oocyte quality. Twenty-three lipid subclasses were identified as potential biomarkers of PCOS, and ROC analysis indicated the prognostic value of Cer,36:1;2, FFA C14:1, and LPG,18:0 on HQER in patients with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed the unique lipidomic profiles in FF from women with PCOS. Moreover, it provided metabolic signatures as well as candidate biomarkers that help to better understand the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qinling Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqiong He
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shengxian Li, ; Yun Sun,
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shengxian Li, ; Yun Sun,
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English AS, Talhelm T, Tong R, Li X, Su Y. Historical rice farming explains faster mask use during early days of China's COVID-19 outbreak. CURRENT RESEARCH IN ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 3:100034. [PMID: 35098192 PMCID: PMC8761258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of the coronavirus outbreak, we observed mask use in public among 1,330 people across China. People in regions with a history of farming rice wore masks more often than people in wheat regions. Cultural differences persisted after taking into account objective risk factors such as local COVID cases. The differences fit with the emerging theory that rice farming's labor and irrigation demands made societies more interdependent, with tighter social norms. Cultural differences were strongest in the ambiguous, early days of the pandemic, then shrank as masks became nearly universal (94%). Separate survey and internet search data replicated this pattern. Although strong cultural differences lasted only a few days, research suggests that acting just a few days earlier can reduce deaths substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Talhelm
- Behavioral Science, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago; Chicago, USA
| | - Rongtian Tong
- Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington; Seattle, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University; Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Su
- Intercultural Institute, Shanghai International Studies University; Shanghai, China
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Cao M, Guan T, Han X, Shen B, Chao B, Liu Y. Impact of a health campaign on Chinese public awareness of stroke: evidence from internet search data. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e054463. [PMID: 34907069 PMCID: PMC8672014 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health campaigns have the potential to improve public awareness, but their impact can be difficult to assess. Internet search data provide information concerning online health information-seeking behaviour in the population and may serve as a proxy for public awareness to evaluate health campaigns. This study aimed to measure the impact of World Stroke Day (WSD) in China using Baidu search data. METHODS Daily search index values (SIV) for the term 'stroke' were collected from January 2011 to December 2019 using the Baidu Index platform. We examined the mean difference in SIV between the 4 weeks surrounding WSD (period of interest) and the rest of the year (control period) for each year by t-test analysis. The mean difference between the period of interest and the control period was also calculated. The joinpoint regression model was used to analyse the trends of internet search activity 30 days before and after WSD for each year (2011-2019). Finally, the top and rising queries related to stroke during the week of the campaign in 2020 were summarised. RESULTS A significant mean increase in SIV of 418.5 (95% CI: 298.8 to 538.2) for the period of interest surrounding WSD was observed, 36.2% greater than the SIV during the control period (2011-2019). Short-term joinpoint analysis showed a significant increase in SIV 3 days before WSD, a peak on WSD and a decrease to the precampaign level 3 days after WSD. The rising related queries suggested that the public had increasing concerns about stroke warning signs, stroke prevention and stroke recovery during the campaign. CONCLUSIONS The WSD campaign increased internet search activity. These research techniques can be applied to evaluation of other health campaigns. Advancing understanding of public demand will enable tailoring of the campaign and strengthen health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cao
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjia Guan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Han
- Department of Medical Statistics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Shen
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Chao
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Detecting epidemiological relevance of adenoid hypertrophy, rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis through an Internet search. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 279:1349-1355. [PMID: 34104981 PMCID: PMC8187132 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to detect the epidemiological relevance between adenoid hypertrophy (AH) and rhinosinusitis, and AH and allergic rhinitis (AR) through an Internet search. Methods Internet search query data from January 2011 to December 2019 in China were retrieved from the Baidu Index (BI). Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to detect the correlation among the search volumes of AH, rhinosinusitis, and AR. We also collected search data from the first 5 months of 2020, when quarantine was implemented in China due to the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic. Then, we compared the search data to those obtained during the same period in 2019 to assess the effects of isolation on AH and AR. Results Statistically significant relevance was found between the search variations of AH and rhinosinusitis during 2011–2019 (R = 0.643, P < 0.05). However, the relationship between AH and AR was weak (R = − 0.239, P < 0.05) and that between rhinosinusitis and AR (R = − 0.022, P > 0.05) was not relevant. The average monthly search volume of AH and rhinosinusitis had a strong correlation (R = 0.846, P < 0.01), but AH and AR and rhinosinusitis and AR were not correlated (R = – 0.350, P > 0.05; R = – 0.042, P > 0.05, respectively). AH and rhinosinusitis search volumes decreased consistently during the first 5 months of 2020 (isolation), whereas that for AR increased during January–February. Conclusion AH had an epidemiological relationship with rhinosinusitis, which was not consistent with AR. The decrease in public gathering effectively reduced the morbidities of AH and rhinosinusitis but not those of AR.
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13
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Qiu H, Zheng R, Wang X, Chen Z, Feng P, Huang X, Zhou Y, Tao J, Dai M, Yuan L, Wang X, Zhang L, Yang Q. Using the Internet Big Data to Investigate the Epidemiological Characteristics of Allergic Rhinitis and Allergic Conjunctivitis. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1833-1841. [PMID: 33986620 PMCID: PMC8110272 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s307247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) based on the Internet big data. Methods The Baidu index (BDI) of keywords “allergic rhinitis” and “allergic conjunctivitis” in Mandarin, the daily pollen concentration (PC) released by the Beijing Meteorological Bureau and the volumes of outpatient visits (OV) of the Beijing Tongren Hospital (Beijing) and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou) from 2017 to 2020 were obtained. The temporal and spatial changes of AR and AC were discussed. The correlations between BDI and PC/OV were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis. Results The trends of BDI of “AR”/“AC” in Beijing showed obvious seasonal variations, but not in Guangzhou. The BDI of “AR” and “AC” was consistent with the OV in both cities (r1AR-BJ=0.580, P<0.001; r1AR-GZ=0.360, P=0.031; r1AC-BJ=0.885, P<0.001; r1AC-GZ=0.694, P<0.001). The BDI of “AR” and “AC” was highly consistent with the change of the PC in Beijing (r AR-Pollen=0.826, P<0.001; r AC-Pollen=0.564, P<0.001). The OV of AR in Beijing and Guangzhou decreased significantly in the first half of 2020, but there was no significant change in AC. In the first half of 2020, the OV of AC in Beijing was significantly higher than that of AR, while that of AC in Guangzhou was slightly higher than that of AR. Conclusion The BDI could reflect the real-world situation to some extent and has the potential to predict the epidemiological characteristics of AR and AC. The BDI and OV of AR decreased significantly, but those of AC were still at a high level, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the environment where most people in Beijing and Guangzhou wore masks without eye protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanggui Chen
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Feng
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuekun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterol, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxiong Yuan
- Department of Science and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Qintai Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China.,Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People's Republic of China
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14
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Yang J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Shen S, Su M, Bai Y, Zhou J, Gong P. Using Internet Search Queries to Assess Public Awareness of the Healthy Cities Approach: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084264. [PMID: 33920543 PMCID: PMC8072553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cities around the globe are embracing the Healthy Cities approach to address urban health challenges. Public awareness is vital for successfully deploying this approach but is rarely assessed. In this study, we used internet search queries to evaluate the public awareness of the Healthy Cities approach applied in Shenzhen, China. The overall situation at the city level and the intercity variations were both analyzed. Additionally, we explored the factors that might affect the internet search queries of the Healthy Cities approach. Our results showed that the public awareness of the approach in Shenzhen was low. There was a high intercity heterogeneity in terms of interest in the various components of the Healthy Cities approach. However, we did not find a significant effect of the selected demographic, environmental, and health factors on the search queries. Based on our findings, we recommend that the city raise public awareness of healthy cities and take actions tailored to health concerns in different city zones. Our study showed that internet search queries can be a valuable data source for assessing the public awareness of the Healthy Cities approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.B.); (P.G.)
- Tsinghua Urban Institute, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62787211
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.B.); (P.G.)
| | - Yixiong Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.B.); (P.G.)
- Tsinghua Urban Institute, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoqing Shen
- Shenzhen Research Center of Digital City Engineering, Shenzhen Municipal Bureau of Planning and Natural Resource Management, Shenzhen 518034, China;
| | - Mo Su
- School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yuqi Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.B.); (P.G.)
- Tsinghua Urban Institute, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Business Intelligence Lab, Baidu Research, Baidu Inc., Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Peng Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.B.); (P.G.)
- Tsinghua Urban Institute, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Geography, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Fisman R, Lin H, Sun C, Wang Y, Zhao D. What motivates non-democratic leadership: Evidence from COVID-19 reopenings in China. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS 2021; 196:104389. [PMID: 36536637 PMCID: PMC9753912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examine Chinese cities' COVID-19 reopening plans as a window into governments' economic and social priorities. We measure reopenings based on official government news announcements, and show that these are predicted by citizen discontent, as captured by Baidu searches for terms such as "unemployment" and "protest" in the prior week. The effects are particularly strong early in the epidemic, indicating a priority on initiating economic recovery as early as possible. These results indicate that even a non-democratic government may respond to citizen concerns, possibly to minimize dissent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Fisman
- Economics Department, Boston University, Room 304A, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- Finance Department, School of Business, Nanjing University, Anzhong Building, 210093 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cong Sun
- School of Urban and Regional Science, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- School of Management and Economics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Daxuan Zhao
- Department of Finance, School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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16
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Chen B, Ma W, Pan Y, Guo W, Chen Y. PM 2.5 exposure and anxiety in China: evidence from the prefectures. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:429. [PMID: 33653307 PMCID: PMC7923520 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health concerns today. While numerous factors are known to affect anxiety disorders, the ways in which environmental factors aggravate or mitigate anxiety are not fully understood. METHODS Baidu is the most widely used search engine in China, and a large amount of data on internet behavior indicates that anxiety is a growing concern. We reviewed the annual Baidu Indices of anxiety-related keywords for cities in China from 2013 to 2018 and constructed anxiety indices. We then employed a two-way fixed effect (FE) model to analyze the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and anxiety at the prefectural level. RESULTS The results indicated that there was a significant positive association between PM2.5 and anxiety index. The anxiety index increased by 0.1565258 for every unit increase in the PM2.5 level (P < 0.05), which suggested that current PM2.5 levels in China pose a considerable risk to mental health. CONCLUSION The enormous impact of PM2.5 exposure indicates that the macroscopic environment can shape individual mentality and social behavior, and that it can be extremely destructive in terms of societal mindset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buwei Chen
- Department of Sociology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Sociology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yu Pan
- JD.com Retail, Technology and Data Center, Transaction Product Department, Core Transaction Product Group, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Center on Population, Environment, Technology, and Society (C-PETS), School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yunsong Chen
- Department of Sociology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu Province China
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17
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Huang W, Cao B, Yang G, Luo N, Chao N. Turn to the Internet First? Using Online Medical Behavioral Data to Forecast COVID-19 Epidemic Trend. Inf Process Manag 2021; 58:102486. [PMID: 33519039 PMCID: PMC7836698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The surveillance and forecast of newly confirmed cases are important to mobilize medical resources and facilitate policymaking during a public health emergency. Digital surveillance using data available online has increasingly become a trend with the advancement of the Internet. In this study, we assessed the predictive value of multiple online medical behavioral data, including online medical consultation (OMC), online medical appointment (OMA), and online medical search (OMS) for the regional outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in Shenzhen, China during January 1, 2020 to March 5, 2020. Multivariate vector autoregression models were used for the prediction. The results identified a novel predictor, OMC, which can forecast the disease trend up to 2 days ahead of the official reports of confirmed cases from the local health department. OMS data had relatively weaker predictive power than OMC in our model, and OMA data failed to predict the confirmed cases. This study highlights the importance of OMC data and has implication in providing evidence-based guidelines for local authorities to evaluate risks and allocate resources during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensen Huang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, No. 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bolin Cao
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, No. 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, No. 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ningzheng Luo
- Health 160, Shenzhen Ningyuan Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Naipeng Chao
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, No. 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Corsi A, de Souza FF, Pagani RN, Kovaleski JL. Big data analytics as a tool for fighting pandemics: a systematic review of literature. JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND HUMANIZED COMPUTING 2021; 12:9163-9180. [PMID: 33144892 PMCID: PMC7595572 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-020-02617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious and contagious diseases represent a major challenge for health systems worldwide, either in private or public sectors. More recently, with the increase in cases related to these problems, combined with the recent global pandemic of COVID-19, the need to study strategies to treat these health disturbs is even more latent. Big Data, as well as Big Data Analytics techniques, have been addressed in this context with the possibility of predicting, mapping, tracking, monitoring, and raising awareness about these epidemics and pandemics. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify how BDA can help in cases of pandemics and epidemics. To achieve this purpose, a systematic review of literature was carried out using the methodology Methodi Ordinatio. The rigorous search resulted in a portfolio of 45 articles, retrived from scientific databases. For the collection and analysis of data, the softwares NVivo 12 and VOSviewer were used. The content analysis sought to identify how Big Data and Big Data Analytics can help fighting epidemics and pandemics. The types and sources of data used in cases of previous epidemics and pandemics were identified, as well as techniques for treating these data. The results showed that the main sources of data come from social media and Internet search engines. The most common techniques for analyzing these data involve the use of statistics, such as correlation and regression, combined with other techniques. Results shows that there is a fruitiful field of study to be explored by both areas, Big Data and Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Corsi
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR) Câmpus Ponta Grossa, Av. Monteiro Lobato, s/n-Km 04, Ponta Grossa, PR 84016-210 Brazil
| | - Fabiane Florencio de Souza
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR) Câmpus Ponta Grossa, Av. Monteiro Lobato, s/n-Km 04, Ponta Grossa, PR 84016-210 Brazil
| | - Regina Negri Pagani
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR) Câmpus Ponta Grossa, Av. Monteiro Lobato, s/n-Km 04, Ponta Grossa, PR 84016-210 Brazil
| | - João Luiz Kovaleski
- Federal University of Technology-Paraná (UTFPR) Câmpus Ponta Grossa, Av. Monteiro Lobato, s/n-Km 04, Ponta Grossa, PR 84016-210 Brazil
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Gao J, Li J, Wang M. Time series analysis of cumulative incidences of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in China using both Grey and SARIMA models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241217. [PMID: 33112899 PMCID: PMC7592733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are common enteric diseases causing disability and death in China. Incidence data of typhoid and paratyphoid between 2004 and 2016 in China were analyzed descriptively to explore the epidemiological features such as age-specific and geographical distribution. Cumulative incidence of both fevers displayed significant decrease nationally, displaying a drop of 73.9% for typhoid and 86.6% for paratyphoid in 2016 compared to 2004. Cumulative incidence fell in all age subgroups and the 0–4 years-old children were the most susceptible ones in recent years. A cluster of three southwestern provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi) were the top high-incidence regions. Grey model GM (1,1) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model were employed to extract the long-term trends of the diseases. Annual cumulative incidence for typhoid and paratyphoid were formulated by GM (1,1) as x^(t)=−14.98(e−0.10(t−2004)−e−0.10(t−2005)) and x^(t)=−4.96(e−0.19(t−2004)−e−0.19(t−2005)) respectively. SARIMA (0,1,7) × (1,0,1)12 was selected among a collection of constructed models for high R2 and low errors. The predictive models for both fevers forecasted cumulative incidence to continue the slightly downward trend and maintain the cyclical seasonality in near future years. Such data-driven insights are informative and actionable for the prevention and control of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers as serious infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Mengqiao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Li K, Liang Y, Li J, Liu M, Feng Y, Shao Y. Internet search data could Be used as novel indicator for assessing COVID-19 epidemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:848-854. [PMID: 33134612 PMCID: PMC7585146 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) poses a huge challenge all countries, since no one is well prepared for it. To be better prepared for future pandemics, we evaluated association between the internet search data with reported COVID-19 cases to verify whether it could become an early indicator for emerging epidemic. After the keyword filtering and Index composition, we found that there were close correlations between Composite Index and suspected cases for COVID-19 (r = 0.921, P < 0.05). The Search Index was applied for the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables (ARIMAX) model to quantify the relationship. Compared with the model based on surveillance data only, the ARIMAX model had smaller Akaike Information Criterion (AIC = 403.51) and the most accurate predictive values. Overall, the Internet search data could serve as a convenient indicator for predicting the epidemic and to monitor its trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Meiliang Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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21
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Qiu HJ, Yuan LX, Wu QW, Zhou YQ, Zheng R, Huang XK, Yang QT. Using the internet search data to investigate symptom characteristics of COVID-19: A big data study. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 6:S40-S48. [PMID: 32837757 PMCID: PMC7236685 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Analyzing the symptom characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) to improve control and prevention. Methods Using the Baidu Index Platform (http://index.baidu.com) and the website of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention as data resources to obtain the search volume (SV) of keywords for symptoms associated with COVID-19 from January 1 to February 20 in each year from 2017 to 2020 and the epidemic data in Hubei province and the other top 9 impacted provinces in China. Data of 2020 were compared with those of the previous three years. Data of Hubei province were compared with those of the other 9 provinces. The differences and characteristics of the SV of COVID-19-related symptoms, and the correlations between the SV of COVID-19 and the number of newly confirmed/suspected cases were analyzed. The lag effects were discussed. Results Comparing the SV from January 1, 2020 to February 20, 2020 with those for the same period of the previous three years, Hubei's SV for cough, fever, diarrhea, chest tightness, dyspnea, and other symptoms were significantly increased. The total SV of lower respiratory symptoms was significantly higher than that of upper respiratory symptoms (P<0.001). The SV of COVID-19 in Hubei province was significantly correlated with the number of newly confirmed/suspected cases (rconfirmed = 0.723, rsuspected = 0.863, both p < 0.001). The results of the distributed lag model suggested that the patients who searched relevant symptoms on the Internet may begin to see doctors in 2–3 days later and be confirmed in 3–4 days later. Conclusion The total SV of lower respiratory symptoms was higher than that of upper respiratory symptoms, and the SV of diarrhea also increased significantly. It warned us to pay attention to not only the symptoms of the lower respiratory tract but also the gastrointestinal symptoms, especially diarrhea in patients with COVID-19. Internet search behavior had a positive correlation with the number of newly confirmed/suspected cases, suggesting that big data has an important role in the early warning of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Lian-Xiong Yuan
- Department of Science and Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qing-Wu Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xue-Kun Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Qin-Tai Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Department of Allergy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-senUniversity, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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22
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Correlation Studies between Land Cover Change and Baidu Index: A Case Study of Hubei Province. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi9040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current land cover research focuses primarily on spatial changes in land cover and the driving forces behind these changes. Among such forces is the influence of policy, which has proven difficult to measure, and no quantitative research has been conducted. On the basis of previous studies, we took Hubei Province as the research area, using remote sensing (RS) images to extract land cover change data using a single land use dynamic degree and a comprehensive land use dynamic degree to study land cover changes from 2000 to 2015. Then, after introducing the Baidu Index (BDI), we explored its relationship with land cover change and built a tool to quantitatively measure the impact of changes in land cover. The research shows that the key search terms in the BDI are ‘cultivated land occupation tax’ and ‘construction land planning permit’, which are closely related to changes in cultivated land and construction land, respectively. Cultivated land and construction land in all regions of Hubei Province are affected by policy measures with the effects of policy decreasing the greater the distance from Wuhan, while Wuhan is the least affected region.
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23
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Search trends and prediction of human brucellosis using Baidu index data from 2011 to 2018 in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5896. [PMID: 32246053 PMCID: PMC7125199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporting on brucellosis, a relatively rare infectious disease caused by Brucella, is often delayed or incomplete in traditional disease surveillance systems in China. Internet search engine data related to brucellosis can provide an economical and efficient complement to a conventional surveillance system because people tend to seek brucellosis-related health information from Baidu, the largest search engine in China. In this study, brucellosis incidence data reported by the CDC of China and Baidu index data were gathered to evaluate the relationship between them. We applied an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and an ARIMA model with Baidu search index data as the external variable (ARIMAX) to predict the incidence of brucellosis. The two models based on brucellosis incidence data were then compared, and the ARIMAX model performed better in all the measurements we applied. Our results illustrate that Baidu index data can enhance the traditional surveillance system to monitor and predict brucellosis epidemics in China.
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24
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Huang R, Luo G, Duan Q, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Tang W, Smith MK, Li J, Zou H. Using Baidu search index to monitor and predict newly diagnosed cases of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhea in China: estimates from a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036098. [PMID: 32209633 PMCID: PMC7202716 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Internet search engine data have been widely used to monitor and predict infectious diseases. Existing studies have found correlations between search data and HIV/AIDS epidemics. We aimed to extend the literature through exploring the feasibility of using search data to monitor and predict the number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea in China. METHODS This paper used vector autoregressive model to combine the number of newly diagnosed cases with Baidu search index to predict monthly newly diagnosed cases of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea in China. The procedures included: (1) keywords selection and filtering; (2) construction of composite search index; (3) modelling with training data from January 2011 to October 2016 and calculating the prediction performance with validation data from November 2016 to October 2017. RESULTS The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between the monthly number of newly diagnosed cases and the composite search index (the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were 0.777 for HIV/AIDS, 0.590 for syphilis and 0.633 for gonorrhoea, p<0.05 for all). The R2 were all more than 85% and the mean absolute percentage errors were less than 11%, showing the good fitting effect and prediction performance of vector autoregressive model in this field. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated the potential feasibility of using Baidu search data to monitor and predict the number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV/AIDS, syphilis and gonorrhoea in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganfeng Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qibin Duan
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseass, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingpeng Zhang
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Weiming Tang
- University of North Carolina Project China, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Medical University Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Kumi Smith
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Comparing Social media and Google to detect and predict severe epidemics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4747. [PMID: 32179780 PMCID: PMC7076014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet technologies have demonstrated their value for the early detection and prediction of epidemics. In diverse cases, electronic surveillance systems can be created by obtaining and analyzing on-line data, complementing other existing monitoring resources. This paper reports the feasibility of building such a system with search engine and social network data. Concretely, this study aims at gathering evidence on which kind of data source leads to better results. Data have been acquired from the Internet by means of a system which gathered real-time data for 23 weeks. Data on influenza in Greece have been collected from Google and Twitter and they have been compared to influenza data from the official authority of Europe. The data were analyzed by using two models: the ARIMA model computed estimations based on weekly sums and a customized approximate model which uses daily sums. Results indicate that influenza was successfully monitored during the test period. Google data show a high Pearson correlation and a relatively low Mean Absolute Percentage Error (R = 0.933, MAPE = 21.358). Twitter results are slightly better (R = 0.943, MAPE = 18.742). The alternative model is slightly worse than the ARIMA(X) (R = 0.863, MAPE = 22.614), but with a higher mean deviation (abs. mean dev: 5.99% vs 4.74%).
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26
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Dong D, Xu X, Xu W, Xie J. The Relationship Between the Actual Level of Air Pollution and Residents' Concern about Air Pollution: Evidence from Shanghai, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234784. [PMID: 31795301 PMCID: PMC6927008 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the relationship between the actual level of air pollution and residents’ concern about air pollution. The actual air pollution level was measured by the air quality index (AQI) reported by environmental monitoring stations, while residents’ concern about air pollution was reflected by the Baidu index using the Internet search engine keywords “Shanghai air quality”. On the basis of the daily data of 2068 days for the city of Shanghai in China over the period between 2 December 2013 and 31 July 2019, a vector autoregression (VAR) model was built for empirical analysis. Estimation results provided three interesting findings. (1) Local residents perceived the deprivation of air quality and expressed their concern on air pollution quickly, within the day on which the air quality index rose. (2) A decline in air quality in another major city, such as Beijing, also raised the concern of Shanghai residents about local air quality. (3) A rise in Shanghai residents’ concern had a beneficial impact on air quality improvement. This study implied that people really cared much about local air quality, and it was beneficial to inform more residents about the situation of local air quality and the risks associated with air pollution.
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27
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Li K, Liu M, Li J, Dong A, Zhou Y, Ding Y, Liang Y, Shao Y. Genomic Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/B) from Men Who Have Sex with Men in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:972-977. [PMID: 31187643 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel HIV-1 recombinant form (18GXD4705) composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B, acquired from an unmarried HIV-positive young man subject infected through homosexual contact in Guangxi Province of eastern China. The phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome of 18GXD4705 indicated that one subtype B segment was inserted into the CRF01_AE backbone, with one recombinant breakpoint demonstrated in the pol region. The CRF01_AE region (I and III) of recombinant correlated with a previously reported subcluster 4 lineage. The B subregions (II) are greatly clustered together, with B strain references. The continued generation of this novel recombinant increases the genetic complexity and diversity of the HIV epidemic in Guangxi. In addition, further molecular epidemiological investigations should be conducted to continuously monitor the dynamic transmission of HIV-1 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiliang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Aaobo Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment and Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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