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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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2
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Stoeger T, Grant RA, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Anekalla KR, Liu SS, Tejedor-Navarro H, Singer BD, Abdala-Valencia H, Schwake M, Tetreault MP, Perlman H, Balch WE, Chandel NS, Ridge KM, Sznajder JI, Morimoto RI, Misharin AV, Budinger GRS, Nunes Amaral LA. Aging is associated with a systemic length-associated transcriptome imbalance. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:1191-1206. [PMID: 37118543 PMCID: PMC10154227 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is among the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality. To contribute toward a molecular understanding of aging, we analyzed age-resolved transcriptomic data from multiple studies. Here, we show that transcript length alone explains most transcriptional changes observed with aging in mice and humans. We present three lines of evidence supporting the biological importance of the uncovered transcriptome imbalance. First, in vertebrates the length association primarily displays a lower relative abundance of long transcripts in aging. Second, eight antiaging interventions of the Interventions Testing Program of the National Institute on Aging can counter this length association. Third, we find that in humans and mice the genes with the longest transcripts enrich for genes reported to extend lifespan, whereas those with the shortest transcripts enrich for genes reported to shorten lifespan. Our study opens fundamental questions on aging and the organization of transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stoeger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Rogan A Grant
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Kishore R Anekalla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sophia S Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jacob I Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Lung Institute for Translational Science at Northwestern University (SQLIFTSNU), Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Luis A Nunes Amaral
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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3
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Wood EK, Sullivan EL. The Influence of Diet on Metabolism and Health Across the Lifespan in Nonhuman Primates. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 24. [PMID: 35425871 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The macro and micronutrient composition and the overall quantity of the diet are important predictors of physical and psychological health and, as a consequence, behavior. Translational preclinical models are critical to identifying the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Nonhuman primate models are particularly instrumental to this line of research as they exhibit considerable genetic, social, and physiological similarities, as well as similarities in their developmental trajectories to humans. This review aims to discuss recent contributions to the field of diet and metabolism and health using nonhuman primate models. The influence of diet composition on health and physiology across the lifespan will be the primary focus, including recent work examining the impact of maternal diet programming of offspring physiologic and behavioral developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Wood
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185 Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006
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4
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Sostre-Colón J, Gavin MJ, Santoleri D, Titchenell PM. Acute Deletion of the FOXO1-dependent Hepatokine FGF21 Does not Alter Basal Glucose Homeostasis or Lipolysis in Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6550639. [PMID: 35303074 PMCID: PMC8995092 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) is a critical regulator of hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity. Previous work by our group and others demonstrated that genetic inhibition of FOXO1 improves insulin sensitivity both in genetic and dietary mouse models of metabolic disease. Mechanistically, this is due in part to cell nonautonomous control of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanisms mediating this liver-adipose tissue crosstalk remain ill defined. One candidate hepatokine controlled by hepatic FOXO1 is fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Preclinical and clinical studies have explored the potential of pharmacological FGF21 as an antiobesity and antidiabetic therapy. In this manuscript, we performed acute loss-of-function experiments to determine the role of hepatocyte-derived FGF21 in glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance both in control and mice lacking hepatic insulin signaling. Surprisingly, acute deletion of FGF21 did not alter glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, or adipocyte lipolysis in either liver-specific FGF21KO mice or mice lacking hepatic AKT-FOXO1-FGF21, suggesting a permissive role for endogenous FGF21 in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin tolerance in mice. In addition, these data indicate that liver FOXO1 controls glucose homeostasis independently of liver-derived FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimarie Sostre-Colón
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dominic Santoleri
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paul M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Correspondence: Paul M. Titchenell, PhD, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Rm. 12-104, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Queen NJ, Bates R, Huang W, Xiao R, Appana B, Cao L. Visceral adipose tissue-directed FGF21 gene therapy improves metabolic and immune health in BTBR mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:409-422. [PMID: 33575433 PMCID: PMC7848733 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone that serves as a potent effector of energy homeostasis. Increasingly, FGF21 is viewed as a promising therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and other metabolic complications. Exogenous administration of native FGF21 peptide has proved difficult due to unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we utilized an engineered serotype adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector coupled with a dual-cassette design to selectively overexpress FGF21 in visceral adipose tissue of insulin-resistant BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice. Under high-fat diet conditions, a single, low-dose intraperitoneal injection of AAV-FGF21 resulted in sustained benefits, including improved insulin sensitivity, glycemic processing, and systemic metabolic function and reduced whole-body adiposity, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory cytokines, and adipose tissue macrophage inflammation. Our study highlights the potential of adipose tissue as a FGF21 gene-therapy target and the promise of minimally invasive AAV vectors as therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Queen
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rhiannon Bates
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Run Xiao
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bhavya Appana
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Abstract
As a non-canonical fibroblast growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as an endocrine hormone that signals to distinct targets throughout the body. Interest in therapeutic applications for FGF21 was initially sparked by its ability to correct metabolic dysfunction and decrease body weight associated with diabetes and obesity. More recently, new functions for FGF21 signalling have emerged, thus indicating that FGF21 is a dynamic molecule capable of regulating macronutrient preference and energy balance. Here, we highlight the major physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF21 related to nutrient and energy homeostasis and summarize current knowledge regarding FGF21’s pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, we provide new perspectives and highlight critical unanswered questions surrounding this unique metabolic messenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neurosciences Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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7
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Antibody-mediated activation of the FGFR1/Klothoβ complex corrects metabolic dysfunction and alters food preference in obese humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28992-29000. [PMID: 33139537 PMCID: PMC7682391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012073117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) controls metabolic organ homeostasis and eating behavior via FGF receptor 1/Klothoβ (FGFR1/KLB) complexes. Here we show that a bispecific anti-FGFR1/KLB agonist antibody, BFKB8488A, mimics the actions of FGF21 in monkeys and humans. BFKB8488A induced marked weight loss in obese monkeys while elevating expression of FGFR1 target genes in adipose tissue. A clinical study in overweight human participants demonstrated that a single dose of BFKB8488A caused transient body weight reduction, sustained improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, and a trend toward reduction in preference for sweet taste and carbohydrate intake. These data suggest that antibody-mediated activation of the FGFR1/KLB complex in humans recapitulates the effects of FGF21 and can be used as therapy for obesity-related metabolic defects. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) controls metabolic organ homeostasis and eating/drinking behavior via FGF receptor 1/Klothoβ (FGFR1/KLB) complexes expressed in adipocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, and the nervous system in mice. Chronic administration of recombinant FGF21 or engineered variants improves metabolic health in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans; however, the rapid turnover of these molecules limits therapeutic utility. Here we show that the bispecific anti-FGFR1/KLB agonist antibody BFKB8488A induced marked weight loss in obese cynomolgus monkeys while elevating serum adiponectin and the adipose expression of FGFR1 target genes, demonstrating its action as an FGF21 mimetic. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, single ascending-dose study in overweight/obese human participants, subcutaneous BFKB8488A injection caused transient body weight reduction, sustained improvement in cardiometabolic parameters, and a trend toward reduction in preference for sweet taste and carbohydrate intake. These data suggest that specific activation of the FGFR1/KLB complex in humans can be used as therapy for obesity-related metabolic defects.
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