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Seblani R, Keinath AP, Munkvold G. Gummy stem blight: One disease, three pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:825-837. [PMID: 37129449 PMCID: PMC10346371 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gummy stem blight (GSB) is a major disease of cucurbits worldwide. It is caused by three fungal species that are morphologically identical and have overlapping geographic and host ranges. Controlling GSB is challenging due to the lack of resistant cultivars and the pathogens' significant ability to develop resistance to systemic fungicides. The causal agent of GSB is recognized as a complex of three phylogenetically distinct species belonging to domain Eukaryota, kingdom Fungi, phylum Ascomycota, subphylum Pezizomycotina, class Dothideomycetes, subclass Pleosporomycetida, order Pleosporales, family Didymellaceae, genus Stagonosporopsis, species cucurbitacearum, citrulli, and caricae. Pycnidia are tan with dark rings of cells around the ostiole measuring 120-180 μm in diameter. Conidia are 6-13 μm long, hyaline, cylindrical with round ends, and non- or monoseptate. Pseudothecia are black and globose in shape and have a diameter of 125-213 μm. Ascospores are 14-18 × 4-6 μm long, hyaline, ellipsoidal with round ends, and monoseptate with a distinct constriction at the septum. Eight ascospores are found per ascus. The upper end of the apical cell is pointed, whereas the lower end of the bottom cell is blunt. Species-specific PCR primers that can be used in a multiplex conventional PCR assay are available. The GSB species complex is pathogenic to 37 species of cucurbits from 21 different genera. S. cucurbitacearum and S. citrulli are specific to cucurbits, while S. caricae is also pathogenic to papaya and babaco-mirim (Vasconcellea monoica), a related fruit. Under favourable environmental conditions, symptoms can appear 3-12 days after spore germination. Leaf spots often start at the leaf margin or extend to the margins. Spots expand and coalesce, resulting in leaf blighting. Active lesions are typically water-soaked. Cankers are observed on crowns, main stems, and vines. Red to amber gummy exudates are often seen on the stems after cankers develop on cortical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewa Seblani
- Plant Pathology, Entomology, and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | | | - Gary Munkvold
- Plant Pathology, Entomology, and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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Dalcin MS, Dias BL, Viteri Jumbo LO, Oliveira ACSS, Araújo SHC, Moura WS, Mourão DSC, Ferreira TPS, Campos FS, Cangussu ASR, Alves MVG, Andrade BS, Mantilla-Afanador JG, Aguiar RWA, Oliveira EE, Santos GR. Potential Action Mechanism and Inhibition Efficacy of Morinda citrifolia Essential Oil and Octanoic Acid against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum Infestations. Molecules 2022; 27:5173. [PMID: 36014413 PMCID: PMC9414982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant-based products has been shown to efficiently inhibit fungi-mediated diseases in agricultural crops. Here, we extracted and evaluated the composition of noni, Morinda citrifolia L., essential oil and assessed its activities against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in Cucumis melo L. Using in silico molecular approaches, potential interactions between the essential oil major components and S. cucurbitacearum tyrosine-tRNA ligase were predicted. Finally, we also measured the potential interference of plant physiology (the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis) mediated by the application of the M. citrifolia essential oil. Chromatographic analysis revealed that octanoic acid (75.8%), hexanoic acid (12.8%), and isobutyl pent-4-enyl carbonate (3.1%) were the major essential oil compounds. Octanoic acid and noni essential oil, when used as preventive measures, reduce fungal mycelial growth at a concentration of 5 mg/mL without causing significant damage to the treated leaves, which reinforces their efficacies as preventive tools against S. cucurbitacearum. Molecular docking analyses predicted very stable interactions between the major essential oil constituents and S. cucurbitacearum tyrosine-tRNA ligase, suggesting the interference of these plant-based molecules upon enzyme activation. Octanoic acid and M. citrifolia essential oil at concentrations of 20 mg/mL decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rate of melon plants, resulting in robust phytotoxicity. Collectively, our findings indicated that despite the phytotoxicity risks at higher concentrations, M. citrifolia essential oil and octanoic acid, have potential as alternative tools for the integrative management of S. cucurbitacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus S. Dalcin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Bruna L. Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia—Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Luis O. Viteri Jumbo
- Carrera de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional de Loja (UNL), Loja 110103, Ecuador
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Ana C. S. S. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Sabrina H. C. Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Florestais e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Wellington S. Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia—Rede Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Dalmarcia S. C. Mourão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Talita P. S. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Fabricio S. Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander R. Cangussu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Marcos V. G. Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
| | - Bruno S. Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié 45206-190, BA, Brazil
| | - Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
- Research Institute in Microbiology and Agroindustrial Biotechnology, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 No. 60-63, Manizales 170002, Colombia
| | - Raimundo W. A. Aguiar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
| | - Eugênio E. Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Gil R. Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Gurupi 77410-530, TO, Brazil
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Murolo S, Moumni M, Mancini V, Allagui MB, Landi L, Romanazzi G. Detection and Quantification of Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in Seeds of Cucurbita maxima Using Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:764447. [PMID: 35087483 PMCID: PMC8788924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum is an important seedborne pathogen of squash (Cucurbita maxima). The aim of our work was to develop a rapid and sensitive diagnostic tool for detection and quantification of S. cucurbitacearum in squash seed samples, to be compared with blotter analysis, that is the current official seed test. In blotter analysis, 29 of 31 seed samples were identified as infected, with contamination from 1.5 to 65.4%. A new set of primers (DB1F/R) was validated in silico and in conventional, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital (dd) PCR. The limit of detection of S. cucurbitacearum DNA for conventional PCR was ∼1.82 × 10–2 ng, with 17 of 19 seed samples positive. The limit of detection for ddPCR was 3.6 × 10–3 ng, which corresponded to 0.2 copies/μl. Detection carried out with artificial samples revealed no interference in the absolute quantification when the seed samples were diluted to 20 ng. All seed samples that showed S. cucurbitacearum contamination in the blotter analysis were highly correlated with the absolute quantification of S. cucurbitacearum DNA (copies/μl) in ddPCR (R2 = 0.986; p ≤ 0.01). Our ddPCR protocol provided rapid detection and absolute quantification of S. cucurbitacearum, offering a useful support to the standard procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marwa Moumni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.,Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Valeria Mancini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mohamed Bechir Allagui
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Lucia Landi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Wang F, Qi J, Tian M, Gao Y, Xiong X, Wang J, Song F, Li D. Genome Sequence Resource for Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, a Cause of Gummy Stem Blight Disease of Watermelon. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:977-980. [PMID: 33797947 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-21-0048-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gummy stem blight (GSB), which is caused by three related species of Stagonosporopsis, is a worldwide devastating disease of cucurbit crops including watermelon. Previously S. cucurbitacearum was reported to be the major fungal cause of watermelon GSB in Southern China, where it causes a significant decrease in watermelon yield. Here, we present the draft whole genome sequence, gene prediction and annotation of S. cucurbitacearum strain DBTL4, isolated from diseased watermelon plants. To our knowledge, this is the first publicly available genome sequence of this species, and knowledge of this genome sequence will help further understand the pathogenic mechanism of S. cucurbitacearum to cucurbit plants.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Miao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Fengming Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Moumni M, Allagui MB, Mezrioui K, Ben Amara H, Romanazzi G. Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082354. [PMID: 33919567 PMCID: PMC8073776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are gaining interest as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for management of seedborne pathogens. Here, seven essential oils were initially tested in vivo for disinfection of squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) naturally contaminated by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium fujikuro, Fusarium solani, Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, Curvularia spicifera, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The seeds were treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum majorana (#1 and #2). Incidence of S. cucurbitacearum was reduced, representing a range between 67.0% in L. nobilis to 84.4% in O. majorana #2. Treatments at 0.5 mg/mL essential oils did not affect seed germination, although radicles were shorter than controls, except with C. citratus and O. majorana #1 essential oils. Four days after seeding, seedling emergence was 20%, 30%, and 10% for control seeds and seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil (0.5 mg/mL) and fungicides (25 g/L difenoconazole plus 25 g/L fludioxonil). S. cucurbitacearum incidence was reduced by ~40% for plantlets from seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil. These data show the effectiveness of this essential oil to control the transmission of S. cucurbitacearum from seeds to plantlets, and thus define their potential use for seed decontamination in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Moumni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (K.M.)
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (H.B.A.)
| | - Mohamed Bechir Allagui
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (H.B.A.)
| | - Kaies Mezrioui
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (K.M.)
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (H.B.A.)
| | - Hajer Ben Amara
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia, University of Carthage, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; (M.B.A.); (H.B.A.)
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.M.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204336
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