Validation of the Third Molar Maturation Index (I3M) to assess the legal adult age in the Portuguese population

Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Third Molar Maturity Index (I3m) and Mandibular Condyle Cortication for Determining the Legal Age (18) of Latvian Individuals

Background: It is important to accurately determine the legal age at which a person is considered and treated as an adult; in many countries, it is 18. With the increasing migration flow to European countries, accurate age estimation methods must be implemented. In this study, the third molar maturity (I3m) index and mandible condyle cortication stage were tested to distinguish adult from non-adult Latvian individuals using dental panoramic radiographs. Methods: This study included 716 selected dental panoramic radiographs of patients between the ages of 14 and 22. The lower-left third molar apical root parts were analyzed, and the I3m index was calculated. In addition, the condyle cortication stage was evaluated. Results: All logistic regression models achieved statistically significant results (p < 0.001). The accuracy was high for all groups (males: 0.90, females: 0.87, both genders: 0.89), and the sensitivity was lower than the specificity, particularly for females (sensitivity: 0.55). The I3m index appears to be a strong predictor across all models, while the mandibular condyle cortication stage plays a more nuanced role, depending on sex and the stage of condyle maturation. A higher I3m index value (greater than the cut-off of 0.095 in males) indicates a higher likelihood of being classified as a non-adult male for this model; however, in females, a cut-off point higher than 0.150 indicated a higher likelihood of being classified as a non-adult female. The new proposed cut-off values need to be tested on a new sample. Conclusions: The I3m index is a reliable age estimation tool, and a modified cut-off value could be determined for each gender in Latvian individuals. The condyle cortication stage is a weak tool for chronological age estimation in dental panoramic radiographs.

Third molar maturity index for discriminating between adults and minors: validation in an Iranian sample

The life-altering effects of criminal trials necessitate providing reliable methods to distinguish adults (≥18) from minors (< 18). The present study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the third molar maturity index (I3M) introduced by Cameriere et al. (2008) in distinguishing adults from minors in the Iranian population. Panoramic radiographs of 800 Iranian individuals (400 males and 400 females) aged 14-23 were evaluated. The cut-off value of I3M=0.08 was analysed to determine whether the individual is younger or older than 18. All male or female subjects with I3M above 0.7 were below 18 years old. The cut-off value of 0.08 showed a sensitivity of 80.83% and 63.33% and a specificity of 88.12% and 93.12%, respectively, in males and females. The positive predictive values were 91.08% and 93.25%, and the negative predictive values were 75.40% and 62.87%, respectively, for males and females. The Bayes' post-test probability was 94% for females and 92% for males. 83.75% of males and 75.25% of females correctly classified as adults or minors. The most remarkable error rate occurred at 18 years old (67.5 % in females and 57.5% in males). By ROC curve analysis, the population-specific cut-off values of I3M 0.097 for males, 0.116 for females, and 0.099 regardless of sex, were acquired, which improved the sensitivity of discrimination between adults and minors (86.3%, 73.8%, and 78.1 %, respectively). The results showed that I3M is a reliable method for distinguishing between minors and adults in the Iranian population. This method provides a higher accuracy level in identifying individuals under 18 years old. Population-specific I3M cut-off values increased accuracy, sensitivity, and NPV, especially for females. The I3M method produced better results in diagnosing adult males than adult females and a higher accuracy level in identifying individuals under 18.

Evaluation of Third Molar Maturity Index by Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Legal Age Estimation: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACT

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of the third molar maturity index (I 3M ) for discriminating Turkish minors from adults, and its relationship with chronological age using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 122 CBCT scans of Turkish individuals (55 boys and 67 girls) aged 13 to 23 years were evaluated using the I 3M cutoff value. Chronological age gradually decreased as the I 3M value increased. The overall accuracy was 95.9%. The sensitivity and specificity of this test were 93.5% and 97.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 95.6%. The intraclass correlation coefficient values of the I 3M for the intraobserver and interobserver agreements were 0.998 and 0.996, respectively. This study showed relatively higher reproducibility of measurements on CBCT scans than on panoramic radiographs in the literature. Cone beam computed tomography may be advantageous and preferred over panoramic radiographs in distinguishing the legal age threshold of 18 years according to Cameriere's method when a more extensive investigation is needed to support the solution of challenging and uncertain cases in forensic medicine.

Third molar maturity index (I3M) assessment according to different geographical zones: a large multi-ethnic study sample

Identification of living undocumented individuals highlights the need for accurate, precise, and reproducible age estimation methods, especially in those cases involving minors. However, when their country of origin is unknown, or it can be only roughly estimated, it is extremely difficult to apply assessment policies, procedures, and practices that are accurate and child-sensitive. The main aim of this research is to optimize the correct classification of adults and minors by establishing new cut-off values for four different continents (Africa, America, Asia, and Europe). For this purpose, a vast sample of 10,701 orthopantomographs (OPTs) from four continents was evaluated. For determination and subsequent validation of the new third molar maturity index (I_3M) cut-off values by world regions, a cross-validation by holdout method was used and contingency tables (confusion matrices) were generated. The lower third molar maturity indexes, from both left and right side (I_3ML and I_3MR) and the combination of both sides (I_3ML_I_3MR) were calculated. The new cut-off values, that aim to differentiate between a minor and an adult, with more than 74.00% accuracy for all populations were as follows (I_3ML; I_3MR; I_3ML_I_3MR, respectively): Africa = (0.10; 0.10; 0.10), America = (0.10; 0.09; 0.09), Asia = (0.15; 0.17; 0.14), and Europe = (0.09; 0.09; 0.09). The higher sensitivity (Se) was detected for the I_3ML for male African people (91%) and the higher specificity (Sp) of all the parameters (I_3ML; I_3MR; I_3ML_I_3MR) for Europeans both male and female (> 91%). The original cut-off value (0.08) is still useful, especially in discriminating individuals younger than 18 years old which is the goal of the forensic methods used for justice.

Diagnostic accuracy of the third molar maturity index (I3M) to assess the age of legal majority in Northern Brazil-population-specific cut-off values

International guidelines for dental age assessment have recommended the use of methods based on available population-specific data. The Third Molar Maturity Index (I_3M) was previously validated in several populations worldwide. This was the first study to evaluate the I_3M in a northern Brazilian population and to test the diagnostic accuracy of the method to distinguish between minors and adults. The sample consisted of 1.070 panoramic radiographs retrospectively collected from females (n = 595) and males (n = 475) with ages between 16 and 22 years. I_3M's original cut-off value of 0.08 was used to classify individuals below and above the age of 18. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to assess the accuracy (ACC) of the method. In females and males separately, the overall ACC was 73.1% and 80%, respectively. The overall ACC for the combined sample was 76.1%. For northern Brazilian males, the best cut-off value remained 0.08, while for females, an adjustment to 0.12 showed optimal outcomes. The new cut-off value led to an ACC of 98.5% for females, which reflected an increase of 25.5% compared to the original cut-off value. The original cut-off value proposed by I_3M was applicable to the present sample of northern Brazilian individuals. Adjustments to 0.12, however, may be encouraged to enhance the performance of the method among females.

Demirjian and Cameriere methods for age estimation in a Spanish sample of 1386 living subjects

Currently, human identification is a challenge. Migration due to war, economic crisis or other factors is frequent. The wisdom teeth are the last teeth to initiate and complete development therefore, are fundamental for determining the legal age of majority in different countries. The aim of the study is to determine the validity of two methods based on mineralisation of the third molar to predict the ages of majority of individuals in a Spanish population. Orthopantomographies of 636 men and 750 women (mean age, 16.5 years) were analysed. The Demirjian and Cameriere methods were used, and each tooth was assigned a value according to the degree of mineralisation and maturation. The level of significance used in the analyses was 5% (α = 0.05), with a power of 96.2%. The predictive ability of the Demirjian method to determine 18 years of age in the lower wisdom teeth 93%, respectively. The Cameriere method has a predictive capacity of 88%. There are no statistically significant differences between men and women. Stage H and a cut-off point of 0.08 were the guiding values for determining the age of majority of the study population. For other proposed age ranges (14 and 16 years), both methods were useful in determining the actual age of individuals, with the Demirjian method having a sensitivity of 97.5% with and Cameriere having a predictive capacity of 95%. Both methods can be used with high reliability to determine the age of individuals where reliable documentation is unavailable. Stage H with the Demirjian method and a cut-off point of 0.08 with the Cameriere method can determine the age of majority of the Spanish population. The combination of the two methods does not substantially increase predictive ability.

Comparison of the third molar maturity index (I3M) between left and right lower third molars to assess the age of majority: a multi-ethnic study sample

The diagnostic accuracy of the I_3M to assess the legal age of 18 years has already been tested in several specific-population samples. The left lower third molar has been extensively used for discriminating between minors and adults. This research aimed to compare the usefulness of lower third molar maturity indexes, from both left and right side (I_3ML and I_3MR), in samples originating from four distinct continents in order to examine possible differences in their accuracy values. For this purpose, a sample of 10,181 orthopantomograms (OPGs), from Europe, Africa, Asia and America, was analysed and previously scored in other studies. The samples included healthy subjects with no systemic disorders with both third molars and clear depicted root apices. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test for left and right asymmetry did not show any significant differences. Data about sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratio and accuracy were pooled together and showed similar results for I_3ML and I_3MR, respectively. In addition, all these quantities were high when only the I_3MR was considered to discriminate between adults and minors. The present referable database was the first to pool third molar measurements using panoramic radiographs of subjects coming from different continents. The results highlighted that both I_3ML and I_3MR are reliable indicators for assessing the legal age of 18 years old in those jurisdictions where this legal threshold has been set as the age of majority.

Dental Age Assessment by I2M and I3M: Portuguese Legal Age Thresholds of 12 and 14 Year Olds

Objective

Better understanding of dental age assessment may help in cases of age estimation in Forensic Clinics. The first aim was to provide essential information on method reliability for upcoming studies using dental age assessment by second molar index (I_2M), and third molar index (I_3M) for age estimation on legal ages of 12 - 14 years. The second aim was to document forensic method outcomes of the Demirjian method which has already been used in forensic clinic.

Material and Methods

Two samples were used for this purpose: for I_2M, 633 orthopantomographs (270 females / 363 males), the age range from 7 to 17 years and for I_3M, 471 orthopantomographs (253 females / 218 males), the age range from 10 to 23 years, from the database population of Lisbon North University Hospital Center, approved by the Ethic Committee.

Results

The I_3M cut-off point (1.133) for 12- year- olds obtained better results than the cut-off point stated by the I_2M (0.135). Besides, I_2M cut-off point (0.001) for 14- year- olds showed better results when compared with the cut-off point (0.705) established by the I_3M. Both methods are reliable for the legal age thresholds of 12 and 14 years. However, using I_2M and I_3M allows us to vary the cut-off value to privilege sensitivities or specificity, depending on which is more appropriate to the intended application.

Conclusions

The accuracy (88.94%) of I_3M obtained better results for the 12- year- old cut-off point (1.133) and the accuracy (90.21%) of the I_2M performed better for the 14- year- old cut-off point (0.001).