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Afonso MB, Marques V, van Mil SW, Rodrigues CM. Human liver organoids: From generation to applications. Hepatology 2024; 79:1432-1451. [PMID: 36815360 PMCID: PMC11095893 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, research into human hepatology has been revolutionized by the development of mini human livers in a dish. These liver organoids are formed by self-organizing stem cells and resemble their native counterparts in cellular content, multicellular architecture, and functional features. Liver organoids can be derived from the liver tissue or pluripotent stem cells generated from a skin biopsy, blood cells, or renal epithelial cells present in urine. With the development of liver organoids, a large part of previous hurdles in modeling the human liver is likely to be solved, enabling possibilities to better model liver disease, improve (personalized) drug testing, and advance bioengineering options. In this review, we address strategies to generate and use organoids in human liver disease modeling, followed by a discussion of their potential application in drug development and therapeutics, as well as their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta B. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Saskia W.C. van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M.P. Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Tong Y, Ueyama-Toba Y, Yokota J, Matsui H, Kanai M, Mizuguchi H. Efficient hepatocyte differentiation of primary human hepatocyte-derived organoids using three dimensional nanofibers (HYDROX) and their possible application in hepatotoxicity research. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10846. [PMID: 38736008 PMCID: PMC11089038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human liver organoids are in vitro three dimensionally (3D) cultured cells that have a bipotent stem cell phenotype. Translational research of human liver organoids for drug discovery has been limited by the challenge of their low hepatic function compared to primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Various attempts have been made to develop functional hepatocyte-like cells from human liver organoids. However, none have achieved the same level of hepatic functions as PHHs. We here attempted to culture human liver organoids established from cryopreserved PHHs (PHH-derived organoids), using HYDROX, a chemically defined 3D nanofiber. While the proliferative capacity of PHH-derived organoids was lost by HYDROX-culture, the gene expression levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes were significantly improved. Enzymatic activities of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 in HYDROX-cultured PHH-derived organoids (Org-HYDROX) were comparable to those in PHHs. When treated with hepatotoxic drugs such as troglitazone, amiodarone and acetaminophen, Org-HYDROX showed similar cell viability to PHHs, suggesting that Org-HYDROX could be applied to drug-induced hepatotoxicity tests. Furthermore, Org-HYDROX maintained its functions for up to 35 days and could be applied to chronic drug-induced hepatotoxicity tests using fialuridine. Our findings demonstrated that HYDROX could possibly be a novel biomaterial for differentiating human liver organoids towards hepatocytes applicable to pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Tong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ueyama-Toba
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Yokota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsui
- Bio-Industry Unit, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
- Cell Business Unit, Diagnostics Management Department, Analytical and Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Bio-Industry Unit, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, 619-0237, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Zhang W, Wu H, Luo S, Lu X, Tan X, Wen L, Ma X, Efferth T. Molecular insights into experimental models and therapeutics for cholestasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116594. [PMID: 38615607 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a range of conditions caused by the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) or disruptions in bile flow, which can harm the liver and bile ducts. To investigate its pathogenesis and treatment, it is essential to establish and assess experimental models of cholestasis, which have significant clinical value. However, owing to the complex pathogenesis of cholestasis, a single modelling method can merely reflect one or a few pathological mechanisms, and each method has its adaptability and limitations. We summarize the existing experimental models of cholestasis, including animal models, gene-knockout models, cell models, and organoid models. We also describe the main types of cholestatic disease simulated clinically. This review provides an overview of targeted therapy used for treating cholestasis based on the current research status of cholestasis models. In addition, we discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of different models of cholestasis to help establish experimental models that resemble clinical disease conditions. In sum, this review not only outlines the current research with cholestasis models but also projects prospects for clinical treatment, thereby bridging basic research and practical therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiman Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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4
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Cardinale V, Paradiso S, Alvaro D. Biliary stem cells in health and cholangiopathies and cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2024; 40:92-98. [PMID: 38320197 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses evidence regarding progenitor populations of the biliary tree in the tissue regeneration and homeostasis, and the pathobiology of cholangiopathies and malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS In embryogenesis biliary multipotent progenitor subpopulation contributes cells not only to the pancreas and gall bladder but also to the liver. Cells equipped with a constellation of markers suggestive of the primitive endodermal phenotype exist in the peribiliary glands, the bile duct glands, of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. These cells are able to be isolated and cultured easily, which demonstrates the persistence of a stable phenotype during in vitro expansion, the ability to self-renew in vitro, and the ability to differentiate between hepatocyte and biliary and pancreatic islet fates. SUMMARY In normal human livers, stem/progenitors cells are mostly restricted in two distinct niches, which are the bile ductules/canals of Hering and the peribiliary glands (PBGs) present inside the wall of large intrahepatic bile ducts. The existence of a network of stem/progenitor cell niches within the liver and along the entire biliary tree inform a patho-biological-based translational approach to biliary diseases and cholangiocarcinoma since it poses the basis to understand biliary regeneration after extensive or chronic injuries and progression to fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savino Paradiso
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Obeid DA, Mir TA, Alzhrani A, Altuhami A, Shamma T, Ahmed S, Kazmi S, Fujitsuka I, Ikhlaq M, Shabab M, Assiri AM, Broering DC. Using Liver Organoids as Models to Study the Pathobiology of Rare Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:446. [PMID: 38398048 PMCID: PMC10887144 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver organoids take advantage of several important features of pluripotent stem cells that self-assemble in a three-dimensional culture matrix and reproduce many aspects of the complex organization found within their native tissue or organ counterparts. Compared to other 2D or 3D in vitro models, organoids are widely believed to be genetically stable or docile structures that can be programmed to virtually recapitulate certain biological, physiological, or pathophysiological features of original tissues or organs in vitro. Therefore, organoids can be exploited as effective substitutes or miniaturized models for the study of the developmental mechanisms of rare liver diseases, drug discovery, the accurate evaluation of personalized drug responses, and regenerative medicine applications. However, the bioengineering of organoids currently faces many groundbreaking challenges, including a need for a reasonable tissue size, structured organization, vascularization, functional maturity, and reproducibility. In this review, we outlined basic methodologies and supplements to establish organoids and summarized recent technological advances for experimental liver biology. Finally, we discussed the therapeutic applications and current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A. Obeid
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Tanveer Ahmad Mir
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Alaa Alzhrani
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Altuhami
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Talal Shamma
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sana Ahmed
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shadab Kazmi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Mohd Ikhlaq
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Shabab
- School of Pharmacy, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh 147301, Punjab, India
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dieter C. Broering
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering and BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research and Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia (A.A.); (S.A.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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Delacher M, Schmidleithner L, Simon M, Stüve P, Sanderink L, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Wuttke M, Schambeck K, Ruhland B, Hofmann V, Bittner S, Ritter U, Pant A, Helbich SS, Voss M, Lemmermann NA, Bessiri-Schake L, Bohn T, Eigenberger A, Menevse AN, Gebhard C, Strieder N, Abken H, Rehli M, Huehn J, Beckhove P, Hehlgans T, Junger H, Geissler EK, Prantl L, Werner JM, Schmidl C, Brors B, Imbusch CD, Feuerer M. The effector program of human CD8 T cells supports tissue remodeling. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230488. [PMID: 38226976 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8 T lymphocytes are classically viewed as cytotoxic T cells. Whether human CD8 T cells can, in parallel, induce a tissue regeneration program is poorly understood. Here, antigen-specific assay systems revealed that human CD8 T cells not only mediated cytotoxicity but also promoted tissue remodeling. Activated CD8 T cells could produce the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-ligand amphiregulin (AREG) and sensitize epithelial cells for enhanced regeneration potential. Blocking the EGFR or the effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF could inhibit tissue remodeling. This regenerative program enhanced tumor spheroid and stem cell-mediated organoid growth. Using single-cell gene expression analysis, we identified an AREG+, tissue-resident CD8 T cell population in skin and adipose tissue from patients undergoing abdominal wall or abdominoplasty surgery. These tissue-resident CD8 T cells showed a strong TCR clonal relation to blood PD1+TIGIT+ CD8 T cells with tissue remodeling abilities. These findings may help to understand the complex CD8 biology in tumors and could become relevant for the design of therapeutic T cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Delacher
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Malte Simon
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Stüve
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Wuttke
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schambeck
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Ruhland
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Hofmann
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bittner
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Asmita Pant
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sara Salome Helbich
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Morten Voss
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Niels A Lemmermann
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Bessiri-Schake
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigenberger
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ayse Nur Menevse
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Interventional Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hinrich Abken
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Genetic Immunotherapy, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
- RESIST, Cluster of Excellence 2155, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp Beckhove
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Interventional Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Junger
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jens M Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt Brors
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine Heidelberg, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases , Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles D Imbusch
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz, Germany
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy , Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
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Mizoi K, Okada R, Mashimo A, Masuda N, Itoh M, Ishida S, Yamazaki D, Ogihara T. Novel Screening System for Biliary Excretion of Drugs Using Human Cholangiocyte Organoid Monolayers with Directional Drug Transport. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:427-433. [PMID: 38369341 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
It has recently been reported that cholangiocyte organoids can be established from primary human hepatocytes. The purpose of this study was to culture the organoids in monolayers on inserts to investigate the biliary excretory capacity of drugs. Cholangiocyte organoids prepared from hepatocytes had significantly higher mRNA expression of CK19, a bile duct epithelial marker, compared to hepatocytes. The organoids also expressed mRNA for efflux transporters involved in biliary excretion of drugs, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). The subcellular localization of each protein was observed. These results suggest that the membrane-cultured cholangiocyte organoids are oriented with the upper side being the apical membrane side (A side, bile duct lumen side) and the lower side being the basolateral membrane side (B side, hepatocyte side), and that each efflux transporter is localized to the apical membrane side. Transport studies showed that the permeation rate from the B side to the A side was faster than from the A side to the B side for the substrates of each efflux transporter, but this directionality disappeared in the presence of inhibitor of each transporter. In conclusion, the cholangiocyte organoid monolayer system has the potential to quantitatively evaluate the biliary excretion of drugs. The results of the present study represent an unprecedented system using human cholangiocyte organoids, which may be useful as a screening model to directly quantify the contribution of biliary excretion to the clearance of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Mizoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare
| | - Ryo Okada
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | - Arisa Mashimo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Kendai Translational Research Center (KTRC)
| | - Norio Masuda
- MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES CO., LTD. (MBL)
| | - Manabu Itoh
- JSR-Keio University Medical and Chemical Innovation Center (JKiC), JSR Corporation
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Daiju Yamazaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare
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8
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Garcia Moreno AS, Guicciardi ME, Wixom AQ, Jessen E, Yang J, Ilyas SI, Bianchi JK, Pinto E Vairo F, Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. IL-17 Signaling in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Patient-Derived Organoids. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3406046. [PMID: 37886596 PMCID: PMC10602181 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3406046/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unclear, although studies implicate IL-17A as an inflammatory mediator in this disease. However, a direct assessment of IL-17 signaling in PSC cholangiocytes is lacking. In this study we aimed to investigate the response of PSC extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECO) to IL-17A stimulation. Cholangiocytes obtained from PSC and non-PSC patients by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) were cultured as ECO. The ECO were treated with vehicle or IL-17A and assessed by transcriptomics, secretome analysis, and genome sequencing (GS). Unsupervised clustering of all integrated scRNA-seq data identified 8 cholangiocyte clusters which did not differ between PSC and non-PSC ECO. However, PSC ECO cells demonstrated a robust response to IL-17 treatment, noted by an increased number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) by transcriptomics, and more abundant chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion. After rigorous filtering, GS identified candidate somatic variants shared among PSC ECO from unrelated individuals. However, no candidate rare variants in genes regulating the IL-17 pathway were identified, but rare variants regulating the MAPK signaling pathway were present in all PSC ECO. In conclusion, PSC and non-PSC patient derived ECO respond differently to IL-17 stimulation implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of PSC.
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9
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Ober K, Roos FJM, van Tienderen GS, Köten K, Klaassen A, Mi W, van der Laan LJW, Verstegen MMA. Protocol for inducing branching morphogenesis in human cholangiocyte and cholangiocarcinoma organoids. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102431. [PMID: 37432852 PMCID: PMC10362172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile ducts are essential for bile transport and consist of complex branching tubular networks. Human patient-derived cholangiocyte develops a cystic rather than branching duct morphology. Here, we present a protocol to establish branching morphogenesis in cholangiocyte and cholangiocarcinoma organoids. We describe steps for the initiation, maintenance, and expansion of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids branching morphology. This protocol enables the study of organ-specific and mesenchymal-independent branching morphogenesis and provides an improved model to study biliary function and diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Roos et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Ober
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gilles S van Tienderen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kübra Köten
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelot Klaassen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wunan Mi
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Kardia E, Fakhri O, Pavy M, Mason H, Huang N, Smertina E, Jenckel M, Peng NYG, Estes MK, Strive T, Frese M, Smith I, Hall RN. Hepatobiliary organoids derived from leporids support the replication of hepatotropic lagoviruses. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37584657 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Lagovirus of the family Caliciviridae contains some of the most virulent vertebrate viruses known. Lagoviruses infect leporids, such as rabbits, hares and cottontails. Highly pathogenic viruses such as Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 1 (RHDV1) cause a fulminant hepatitis that typically leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation within 24-72 h of infection, killing over 95 % of susceptible animals. Research into the pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for this extreme phenotype has been hampered by the lack of a reliable culture system. Here, we report on a new ex vivo model for the cultivation of lagoviruses in cells derived from the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and European brown hare (Lepus europaeus). We show that three different lagoviruses, RHDV1, RHDV2 and RHDVa-K5, replicate in monolayer cultures derived from rabbit hepatobiliary organoids, but not in monolayer cultures derived from cat (Felis catus) or mouse (Mus musculus) organoids. Virus multiplication was demonstrated by (i) an increase in viral RNA levels, (ii) the accumulation of dsRNA viral replication intermediates and (iii) the expression of viral structural and non-structural proteins. The establishment of an organoid culture system for lagoviruses will facilitate studies with considerable implications for the conservation of endangered leporid species in Europe and North America, and the biocontrol of overabundant rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egi Kardia
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Omid Fakhri
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan Pavy
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hugh Mason
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nina Huang
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Elena Smertina
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nias Y G Peng
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tanja Strive
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Michael Frese
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Ina Smith
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robyn N Hall
- Health and Biosecurity Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
- Present address: Ausvet, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
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11
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ten Dam MJ, Frederix GW, ten Ham RM, van der Laan LJ, Schneeberger K. Toward Transplantation of Liver Organoids: From Biology and Ethics to Cost-effective Therapy. Transplantation 2023; 107:1706-1717. [PMID: 36757819 PMCID: PMC10358442 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, and many patients would benefit from liver transplantation. However, because of a shortage of suitable donor livers, even of those patients who are placed on the donor liver waiting list, many do not survive the waiting time for transplantation. Therefore, alternative treatments for end-stage liver disease need to be explored. Recent advances in organoid technology might serve as a solution to overcome the donor liver shortage in the future. In this overview, we highlight the potential of organoid technology for cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches. Both organoid-based approaches could be used as treatment for end-stage liver disease patients. Additionally, organoid-based cell therapy can also be used to repair liver grafts ex vivo to increase the supply of transplantable liver tissue. The potential of both approaches to become clinically available is carefully assessed, including their clinical, ethical, and economic implications. We provide insight into what aspects should be considered further to allow alternatives to donor liver transplantation to be successfully clinically implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J.M. ten Dam
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert W.J. Frederix
- Department of Public Health, Healthcare Innovation and Evaluation and Medical Humanities, Julius Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske M.T. ten Ham
- Department of Public Health, Healthcare Innovation and Evaluation and Medical Humanities, Julius Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J.W. van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Han DW, Xu K, Jin ZL, Xu YN, Li YH, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim KP, Ryu D, Hong K, Kim NH. Customized liver organoids as an advanced in vitro modeling and drug discovery platform for non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3595-3613. [PMID: 37497008 PMCID: PMC10367556 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have presented a major and common health concern worldwide due to their increasing prevalence and progressive development of severe pathological conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although a large number of drug candidates for the treatment of NASH have entered clinical trial testing, all have not been released to market due to their limited efficacy, and there remains no approved treatment for NASH available to this day. Recently, organoid technology that produces 3D multicellular aggregates with a liver tissue-like cytoarchitecture and improved functionality has been suggested as a novel platform for modeling the human-specific complex pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH. In this review, we describe the cellular crosstalk between each cellular compartment in the liver during the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. We also summarize the current state of liver organoid technology, describing the cellular diversity that could be recapitulated in liver organoids and proposing a future direction for liver organoid technology as an in vitro platform for disease modeling and drug discovery for NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - KangHe Xu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DongHee Ryu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The institute of advanced regenerative science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
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13
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Owen T, Carpino G, Chen L, Kundu D, Wills P, Ekser B, Onori P, Gaudio E, Alpini G, Francis H, Kennedy L. Endothelin Receptor-A Inhibition Decreases Ductular Reaction, Liver Fibrosis, and Angiogenesis in a Model of Cholangitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:513-540. [PMID: 37336290 PMCID: PMC10462792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) leads to ductular reaction and fibrosis and is complicated by vascular dysfunction. Cholangiocyte and endothelial cell crosstalk modulates their proliferation in cholestatic models. Endothelin (ET)-1 and ET-2 bind to their receptor, ET-A, and cholangiocytes are a key source of ET-1 after bile duct ligation. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ET-A inhibition in PSC and biliary-endothelial crosstalk mediated by this pathway. METHODS Wild-type and multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2-/-) mice at 12 weeks of age were treated with vehicle or Ambrisentan (ET-A antagonist) for 1 week by daily intraperitoneal injections. Human control and PSC samples were used. RESULTS Mdr2-/- mice at 4, 8, and 12 weeks displayed angiogenesis that peaked at 12 weeks. Mdr2-/- mice at 12 weeks had enhanced biliary ET-1/ET-2/ET-A expression and secretion, whereas human PSC had enhanced ET-1/ET-A expression and secretion. Ambrisentan reduced biliary damage, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis in Mdr2-/- mice. Mdr2-/- mice had squamous cholangiocytes with blunted microvilli and dilated arterioles lacking cilia; however, Ambrisentan reversed these alterations. Ambrisentan decreased cholangiocyte expression of pro-angiogenic factors, specifically midkine, through the regulation of cFOS. In vitro, ET-1/ET-A caused cholangiocyte senescence, endothelial cell angiogenesis, and macrophage inflammation. In vitro, human PSC cholangiocyte supernatants increased endothelial cell migration, which was blocked with Ambrisentan treatment. CONCLUSIONS ET-A inhibition reduced biliary and liver damage in Mdr2-/- mice. ET-A promotes biliary angiocrine signaling that may, in turn, enhance angiogenesis. Targeting ET-A may prove therapeutic for PSC, specifically patients displaying vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Owen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lixian Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Payton Wills
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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14
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Chen S, Zhang L, Rao J, Lu X, Ma Y. Liver organoids: a promising three-dimensional model for insights and innovations in tumor progression and precision medicine of liver cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1180184. [PMID: 37334366 PMCID: PMC10272526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one type of cancer with high incidence rate and high mortality rate in the worldwide. Systemic therapy is the major treatment for PLC, including surgical resection, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. However, mainly due to the heterogeneity of tumors, responses to the above drug therapy differ from person to person, indicating the urgent needs for personalized treatment for PLC. Organoids are 3D models derived from adult liver tissues or pluripotent stem cells. Based on the ability to recapitulate the genetic and functional features of in vivo tissues, organoids have assisted biomedical research to make tremendous progress in understanding disease origin, progression and treatment strategies since their invention and application. In liver cancer research, liver organoids contribute greatly to reflecting the heterogeneity of liver cancer and restoring tumor microenvironment (TME) by co-organizing tumor vasculature and stromal components in vitro. Therefore, they provide a promising platform for further investigation into the biology of liver cancer, drug screening and precision medicine for PLC. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of liver organoids in liver cancer, in terms of generation methods, application in precision medicine and TME modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Rao
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjun Lu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Organ Transplant Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Yang S, Hu H, Kung H, Zou R, Dai Y, Hu Y, Wang T, Lv T, Yu J, Li F. Organoids: The current status and biomedical applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e274. [PMID: 37215622 PMCID: PMC10192887 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) miniaturized versions of organs or tissues that are derived from cells with stem potential and can self-organize and differentiate into 3D cell masses, recapitulating the morphology and functions of their in vivo counterparts. Organoid culture is an emerging 3D culture technology, and organoids derived from various organs and tissues, such as the brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney, have been generated. Compared with traditional bidimensional culture, organoid culture systems have the unique advantage of conserving parental gene expression and mutation characteristics, as well as long-term maintenance of the function and biological characteristics of the parental cells in vitro. All these features of organoids open up new opportunities for drug discovery, large-scale drug screening, and precision medicine. Another major application of organoids is disease modeling, and especially various hereditary diseases that are difficult to model in vitro have been modeled with organoids by combining genome editing technologies. Herein, we introduce the development and current advances in the organoid technology field. We focus on the applications of organoids in basic biology and clinical research, and also highlight their limitations and future perspectives. We hope that this review can provide a valuable reference for the developments and applications of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yang
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Haijie Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Hengchung Kung
- Krieger School of Arts and SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ruiqi Zou
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yushi Dai
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Yafei Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan ProvinceWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianrun Lv
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Departments of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Departments of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Fuyu Li
- Division of Biliary Tract SurgeryDepartment of General SurgeryWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina
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16
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Kim HJ, Kim G, Chi KY, Kim H, Jang YJ, Jo S, Lee J, Lee Y, Woo DH, Han C, Kim SK, Park HJ, Kim JH. Generation of multilineage liver organoids with luminal vasculature and bile ducts from human pluripotent stem cells via modulation of Notch signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 36737811 PMCID: PMC9898924 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The generation of liver organoids recapitulating parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell interplay is essential for the precise in vitro modeling of liver diseases. Although different types of multilineage liver organoids (mLOs) have been generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), the assembly and concurrent differentiation of multiple cell types in individual mLOs remain a major challenge. Particularly, most studies focused on the vascularization of mLOs in host tissue after transplantation in vivo. However, relatively little information is available on the in vitro formation of luminal vasculature in mLOs themselves. METHODS The mLOs with luminal blood vessels and bile ducts were generated by assembling hepatic endoderm, hepatic stellate cell-like cells (HscLCs), and endothelial cells derived entirely from hPSCs using 96-well ultra-low attachment plates. We analyzed the effect of HscLC incorporation and Notch signaling modulation on the formation of both bile ducts and vasculature in mLOs using immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and live-perfusion imaging. The potential use of the mLOs in fibrosis modeling was evaluated by histological and gene expression analyses after treatment with pro-fibrotic cytokines. RESULTS We found that hPSC-derived HscLCs are crucial for generating functional microvasculature in mLOs. HscLC incorporation and subsequent vascularization substantially reduced apoptotic cell death and promoted the survival and growth of mLOs with microvessels. In particular, precise modulation of Notch signaling during a specific time window in organoid differentiation was critical for generating both bile ducts and vasculature. Live-cell imaging, a series of confocal scans, and electron microscopy demonstrated that blood vessels were well distributed inside mLOs and had perfusable lumens in vitro. In addition, exposure of mLOs to pro-fibrotic cytokines induced early fibrosis-associated events, including upregulation of genes associated with fibrotic induction and endothelial cell activation (i.e., collagen I, α-SMA, and ICAM) together with destruction of tissue architecture and organoid shrinkage. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that mLOs can reproduce parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell interactions and suggest that their application can advance the precise modeling of liver diseases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Gyeongmin Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Kyun Yoo Chi
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- grid.418982.e0000 0004 5345 5340Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jang
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Seongyea Jo
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea ,grid.418982.e0000 0004 5345 5340Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 South Korea
| | - Jihun Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841 South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Woo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, NEXEL Co., Ltd, Seoul, 07802 South Korea
| | - Choongseong Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, NEXEL Co., Ltd, Seoul, 07802 South Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 South Korea
| | - Han-Jin Park
- grid.418982.e0000 0004 5345 5340Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Modeling bile duct ischemia and reoxygenation injury in human cholangiocyte organoids for screening of novel cholangio-protective agents. EBioMedicine 2023; 88:104431. [PMID: 36608526 PMCID: PMC9826934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia of the bile duct is a common feature in liver disease and transplantation, which represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially after liver transplantation. Detailed knowledge of its pathogenesis remains incomplete due to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. METHODS To recapitulate biliary damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion in vitro, human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) were grown at low oxygen levels of 1% up to 72 h, followed by re-oxygenation at normal levels. FINDINGS ICOs stressed by ischemia and subsequent re-oxygenation represented the dynamic change in biliary cell proliferation, upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers, and the evocation of phase-dependent cell death programs similar to what is described in patients. Clinical-grade alpha-1 antitrypsin was identified as a potent inhibitor of both ischemia-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate that ICOs recapitulate ischemic cholangiopathy in vitro and enable drug assessment studies for the discovery of new therapeutics for ischemic cholangiopathies. FUNDING Dutch Digestive FoundationMLDS D16-26; TKI-LSH (Topconsortium Kennis en Innovatie-Life Sciences & Health) grant RELOAD, EMC-LSH19002; Medical Delta program "Regenerative Medicine 4D"; China Scholarship Council No. 201706230252.
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18
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Zhao Z, Chen X, Dowbaj AM, Sljukic A, Bratlie K, Lin L, Fong ELS, Balachander GM, Chen Z, Soragni A, Huch M, Zeng YA, Wang Q, Yu H. Organoids. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:94. [PMID: 37325195 PMCID: PMC10270325 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have attracted increasing attention because they are simple tissue-engineered cell-based in vitro models that recapitulate many aspects of the complex structure and function of the corresponding in vivo tissue. They can be dissected and interrogated for fundamental mechanistic studies on development, regeneration, and repair in human tissues. Organoids can also be used in diagnostics, disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. Organoids are derived from either pluripotent or tissue-resident stem (embryonic or adult) or progenitor or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues, such as tumors. To date, numerous organoid engineering strategies that support organoid culture and growth, proliferation, differentiation and maturation have been reported. This Primer serves to highlight the rationale underlying the selection and development of these materials and methods to control the cellular/tissue niche; and therefore, structure and function of the engineered organoid. We also discuss key considerations for generating robust organoids, such as those related to cell isolation and seeding, matrix and soluble factor selection, physical cues and integration. The general standards for data quality, reproducibility and deposition within the organoid community is also outlined. Lastly, we conclude by elaborating on the limitations of organoids in different applications, and key priorities in organoid engineering for the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anna M. Dowbaj
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Sljukic
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kaitlin Bratlie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luda Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gowri Manohari Balachander
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Alice Soragni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Hanry Yu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, A*STAR, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
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19
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Li Y, Li TY, Qi Q, Zhang MT, Tong MX, Su PJ, Zhang ZB. Human poliovirus receptor contributes to biliary atresia pathogenesis by exacerbating natural-killer-cell-mediated bile duct injury. Liver Int 2022; 42:2724-2742. [PMID: 36251580 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in biliary atresia (BA) pathogenesis; human poliovirus receptor (PVR) is an important NK-cell modulator. Here, we explored the role of PVR in BA pathogenesis. METHODS Poliovirus receptor expression and NK cell-associated genes were detected in human BA samples and a rotavirus-induced BA mouse model using quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Chemically modified small interfering RNA silenced PVR expression in the BA model, and its effects on the population and function of intrahepatic NK cells were investigated using flow cytometry (FCM). The effects of PVR overexpression and knockdown on proliferation, apoptosis and NK-cell-mediated lysis of cultured human cholangiocytes were analysed using FCM and cell viability assays. Serum PVR, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) levels were measured in a cohort of 50 patients using ELISA. RESULTS Poliovirus receptor expression was upregulated in the biliary epithelium of BA patients and BA model and was positively correlated with the population and activation of intrahepatic NK cells. Silencing of PVR expression impaired the cytotoxicity of NK cells, reduced inflammation and protected mice from rotavirus-induced BA. Activation of the TLR3-IRF3 signalling pathway induced PVR expression in cultured cholangiocytes. PVR overexpression promoted proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of cholangiocytes but exacerbated NK cell-mediated cholangiocyte lysis. Serum PVR levels were elevated in BA patients and were positively correlated with HMGB1 and IL-1beta levels. CONCLUSIONS Poliovirus receptor contributes to BA pathogenesis by regulating NK cell-mediated bile duct injury; PVR has the value as a biomarker of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Qi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Xin Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Jun Su
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Torizal FG, Utami T, Lau QY, Inamura K, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Dialysis based-culture medium conditioning improved the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived-liver organoid in a high cell density. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20774. [PMID: 36456801 PMCID: PMC9715714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived liver organoids (HLOs) have recently become a promising alternative for liver regenerative therapy. To realize this application, a large amount of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived-liver cells are required for partial liver replacement during transplantation. This method requires stepwise induction using costly growth factors to direct the hiPSCs into the hepatic lineage. Therefore, we developed a simple dialysis-based medium conditioning that fully utilized growth factors accumulation to improve hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs at a high cell density. The results demonstrated that the dialysis culture system could accumulate the four essential growth factors required in each differentiation stage: activin A, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and oncostatin M (OSM). As a result, this low lactate culture environment allowed high-density bipotential hepatic differentiation of up to 4.5 × 107 cells/mL of human liver organoids (HLOs), consisting of hiPSC derived-hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) and cholangiocyte like-cells (CLCs). The differentiated HLOs presented a better or comparable hepatic marker and hepatobiliary physiology to the one that differentiated in suspension culture with routine daily medium replacement at a lower cell density. This simple miniaturized dialysis culture system demonstrated the feasibility of cost-effective high-density hepatic differentiation with minimum growth factor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tia Utami
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiao You Lau
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Inamura
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Tomofuji K, Fukumitsu K, Kondo J, Horie H, Makino K, Wakama S, Ito T, Oshima Y, Ogiso S, Ishii T, Inoue M, Hatano E. Liver ductal organoids reconstruct intrahepatic biliary trees in decellularized liver grafts. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121614. [PMID: 35688027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional scaffolds decellularized from native organs are a promising technique to establish engineered liver grafts and overcome the current shortage of donor organs. However, limited sources of bile duct cells and inappropriate cell distribution in bioengineered liver grafts have hindered their practical application. Organoid technology is anticipated to be an excellent tool for the advancement of regenerative medicine. In the present study, we reconstructed intrahepatic bile ducts in a rat decellularized liver graft by recellularization with liver ductal organoids. Using an ex vivo perfusion culture system, we demonstrated the biliary characteristics of repopulated mouse liver organoids, which maintained bile duct markers and reconstructed biliary tree-like networks with luminal structures. We also established a method for the co-recellularization with engineered bile ducts and primary hepatocytes, revealing the appropriate cell distribution to mimic the native liver. We then utilized this model in human organoids to demonstrate the reconstructed bile ducts. Our results show that liver ductal organoids are a potential cell source for bile ducts from bioengineered liver grafts using three-dimensional scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Horie
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenta Makino
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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22
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Wang Z, Faria J, van der Laan LJW, Penning LC, Masereeuw R, Spee B. Human Cholangiocytes Form a Polarized and Functional Bile Duct on Hollow Fiber Membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:868857. [PMID: 35813994 PMCID: PMC9263983 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide; most often the hepatocytes or cholangiocytes are damaged. Diseases of the biliary tract cause severe patient burden, and cholangiocytes, the cells lining the biliary tract, are sensitive to numerous drugs. Therefore, investigations into proper cholangiocyte functions are of utmost importance, which is restricted, in vitro, by the lack of primary human cholangiocytes allowing such screening. To investigate biliary function, including transepithelial transport, cholangiocytes must be cultured as three-dimensional (3D) ductular structures. We previously established murine intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoid-derived cholangiocyte-like cells (CLCs) and cultured them onto polyethersulfone hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) to generate 3D duct structures that resemble native bile ducts at the structural and functional level. Here, we established an efficient, stepwise method for directed differentiation of human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) into CLCs. Human ICO-derived CLCs showed key characteristics of cholangiocytes, such as the expression of structural and functional markers, formation of primary cilia, and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport in a polarized fashion. The organoid cultures exhibit farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-dependent functions that are vital to liver bile acid homeostasis in vivo. Furthermore, human ICO-derived CLCs cultured on HFMs in a differentiation medium form tubular architecture with some tight, confluent, and polarized monolayers that better mimic native bile duct characteristics than differentiated cultures in standard 2D or Matrigel-based 3D culture plates. Together, our optimized differentiation protocol to obtain CLC organoids, when applied on HFMs to form bioengineered bile ducts, will facilitate studying cholangiopathies and allow developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - João Faria
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Louis C. Penning
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rosalinde Masereeuw, ; Bart Spee,
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Rosalinde Masereeuw, ; Bart Spee,
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23
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de Bruijn VMP, Wang Z, Bakker W, Zheng W, Spee B, Bouwmeester H. Hepatic bile acid synthesis and secretion: Comparison of in vitro methods. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:46-60. [PMID: 35724847 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reliable hepatic in vitro systems are crucial for the safety assessment of xenobiotics. Certain xenobiotics decrease the hepatic bile efflux, which can ultimately result in cholestasis. Preclinical animal models and the currently available in vitro systems poorly predict a xenobiotic's cholestatic potential. Here, we compared the phenotype and capacity of three liver derived in vitro systems to emulate human functionality to synthesize and secrete bile acids (BAs). To this end, basal BA production of sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHHs), HepaRG cells (HepaRGs) and hepatocyte-like intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICO-heps) were analysed, and the effect of the known BSEP (Bile Salt Export Pump)-inhibitors bosentan and lopinavir on BA disposition in SCHHs and HepaRGs was quantified. RT-qPCR of selected target genes involved in maturation status, synthesis, transport and conjugation of BAs was performed to mechanistically underpin the observed differences in BA homeostasis. ICO-heps produced a (very) low amount of BAs. SCHHs are a powerful tool in cholestasis-testing due to their high basal BA production and high transporter expression compared to the other models tested. HepaRGs were responsive to both selected BSEP-inhibitors and produced a BA profile that is most similar to the human in vivo situation, making them a suitable and practical candidate for cholestasis-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands
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24
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Cholon DM, Gentzsch M. Established and novel human translational models to advance cystic fibrosis research, drug discovery, and optimize CFTR-targeting therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Roos FJM, van Tienderen GS, Wu H, Bordeu I, Vinke D, Albarinos LM, Monfils K, Niesten S, Smits R, Willemse J, Rosmark O, Westergren-Thorsson G, Kunz DJ, de Wit M, French PJ, Vallier L, IJzermans JNM, Bartfai R, Marks H, Simons BD, van Royen ME, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW. Human branching cholangiocyte organoids recapitulate functional bile duct formation. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:776-794.e13. [PMID: 35523140 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cholangiocyte organoids show great promise for regenerative therapies and in vitro modeling of bile duct development and diseases. However, the cystic organoids lack the branching morphology of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs). Here, we report establishing human branching cholangiocyte organoid (BRCO) cultures. BRCOs self-organize into complex tubular structures resembling the IHBD architecture. Single-cell transcriptomics and functional analysis showed high similarity to primary cholangiocytes, and importantly, the branching growth mimics aspects of tubular development and is dependent on JAG1/NOTCH2 signaling. When applied to cholangiocarcinoma tumor organoids, the morphology changes to an in vitro morphology like primary tumors. Moreover, these branching cholangiocarcinoma organoids (BRCCAOs) better match the transcriptomic profile of primary tumors and showed increased chemoresistance to gemcitabine and cisplatin. In conclusion, BRCOs recapitulate a complex process of branching morphogenesis in vitro. This provides an improved model to study tubular formation, bile duct functionality, and associated biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J M Roos
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gilles S van Tienderen
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Bordeu
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dina Vinke
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Muñoz Albarinos
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathryn Monfils
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sabrah Niesten
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorke Willemse
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oskar Rosmark
- Lung Biology, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel J Kunz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maurice de Wit
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Cancer Treatment Screening Facility, Department of Neurology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Bartfai
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben D Simons
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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26
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Willemse J, van Tienderen G, van Hengel E, Schurink I, van der Ven D, Kan Y, de Ruiter P, Rosmark O, Westergren-Thorsson G G, Schneeberger K, van der Eerden B, Roest H, Spee B, van der Laan L, de Jonge J, Verstegen M. Hydrogels derived from decellularized liver tissue support the growth and differentiation of cholangiocyte organoids. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121473. [PMID: 35344800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cholangiocyte organoids are promising for regenerative medicine applications, such as repair of damaged bile ducts. However, organoids are typically cultured in mouse tumor-derived basement membrane extracts (BME), which is poorly defined, highly variable and limits the direct clinical applications of organoids in patients. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived hydrogels prepared from decellularized human or porcine livers are attractive alternative culture substrates. Here, the culture and expansion of human cholangiocyte organoids in liver ECM(LECM)-derived hydrogels is described. These hydrogels support proliferation of cholangiocyte organoids and maintain the cholangiocyte-like phenotype. The use of LECM hydrogels does not significantly alter the expression of selected genes or proteins, such as the cholangiocyte marker cytokeratin-7, and no species-specific effect is found between human or porcine LECM hydrogels. Proliferation rates of organoids cultured in LECM hydrogels are lower, but the differentiation capacity of the cholangiocyte organoids towards hepatocyte-like cells is not altered by the presence of tissue-specific ECM components. Moreover, human LECM extracts support the expansion of ICO in a dynamic culture set up without the need for laborious static culture of organoids in hydrogel domes. Liver ECM hydrogels can successfully replace tumor-derived BME and can potentially unlock the full clinical potential of human cholangiocyte organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorke Willemse
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles van Tienderen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline van Hengel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Schurink
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana van der Ven
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yik Kan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oskar Rosmark
- Lung Biology, Department Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Schneeberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van der Eerden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Erasmus MC-University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Roest
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Design by Nature: Emerging Applications of Native Liver Extracellular Matrix for Cholangiocyte Organoid-Based Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030110. [PMID: 35324799 PMCID: PMC8945468 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid technology holds great promise for regenerative medicine. Recent studies show feasibility for bile duct tissue repair in humans by successfully transplanting cholangiocyte organoids in liver grafts during perfusion. Large-scale expansion of cholangiocytes is essential for extending these regenerative medicine applications. Human cholangiocyte organoids have a high and stable proliferation capacity, making them an attractive source of cholangiocytes. Commercially available basement membrane extract (BME) is used to expand the organoids. BME allows the cells to self-organize into 3D structures and stimulates cell proliferation. However, the use of BME is limiting the clinical applications of the organoids. There is a need for alternative tissue-specific and clinically relevant culture substrates capable of supporting organoid proliferation. Hydrogels prepared from decellularized and solubilized native livers are an attractive alternative for BME. These hydrogels can be used for the culture and expansion of cholangiocyte organoids in a clinically relevant manner. Moreover, the liver-derived hydrogels retain tissue-specific aspects of the extracellular microenvironment. They are composed of a complex mixture of bioactive and biodegradable extracellular matrix (ECM) components and can support the growth of various hepatobiliary cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the clinical potential of native liver ECM-based hydrogels for applications with human cholangiocyte organoids. We discuss the current limitations of BME for the clinical applications of organoids and how native ECM hydrogels can potentially overcome these problems in an effort to unlock the full regenerative clinical potential of the organoids.
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Lehmann V, Schene IF, Ardisasmita AI, Liv N, Veenendaal T, Klumperman J, van der Doef HPJ, Verkade HJ, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW, Jans JJM, Verhoeven‐Duif NM, van Hasselt PM, Nieuwenhuis EES, Spee B, Fuchs SA. The potential and limitations of intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids to study inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:353-365. [PMID: 34671987 PMCID: PMC9298016 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) comprise a diverse group of individually rare monogenic disorders that affect metabolic pathways. Mutations lead to enzymatic deficiency or dysfunction, which results in intermediate metabolite accumulation or deficit leading to disease phenotypes. Currently, treatment options for many IEMs are insufficient. Rarity of individual IEMs hampers therapy development and phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity suggest beneficial effects of personalized approaches. Recently, cultures of patient-own liver-derived intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) have been established. Since most metabolic genes are expressed in the liver, patient-derived ICOs represent exciting possibilities for in vitro modeling and personalized drug testing for IEMs. However, the exact application range of ICOs remains unclear. To address this, we examined which metabolic pathways can be studied with ICOs and what the potential and limitations of patient-derived ICOs are to model metabolic functions. We present functional assays in patient ICOs with defects in branched-chain amino acid metabolism (methylmalonic acidemia), copper metabolism (Wilson disease), and transporter defects (cystic fibrosis). We discuss the broad range of functional assays that can be applied to ICOs, but also address the limitations of these patient-specific cell models. In doing so, we aim to guide the selection of the appropriate cell model for studies of a specific disease or metabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lehmann
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Imre F. Schene
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Arif I. Ardisasmita
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Tineke Veenendaal
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Department of Pediatric GastroenterologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of HepatologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith J. M. Jans
- Department of Metabolic DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Spee
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic DiseasesUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Recapitulating lipid accumulation and related metabolic dysregulation in human liver-derived organoids. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:471-484. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yu JH, Ma S. Organoids as research models for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112987. [PMID: 34942189 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Organoid culture is an emerging research tool that has proved tremendously useful in a multitude of aspects, one of which is cancer research. They largely overcome the limitations of previous cancer models by their faithful recapitulation of the in vivo biology, while still remaining amenable to perturbations. Using a cocktail of biologicals that mimic the stem cell niche signaling, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) organoids could be generated from tissue samples of both human and murine origin. Existing reports show that HCC organoids retain key characteristics of their parental tumor tissue, including the histological architecture, genomic landscape, expression profile and intra-tumor heterogeneity. There is ongoing effort to establish living biobanks of patient-derived cancer organoids, annotated with multi-omics data and clinical data, and they can be particularly valuable in stratification of HCC subtypes, pre-clinical drug discovery and personalized medicine. In the future, efforts in the standardization of procedures and nomenclature, refinement of protocols, as well as engineering of the culture systems will enable scientists to unleash the full potential of organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hy Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Bijvelds MJC, Roos FJM, Meijsen KF, Roest HP, Verstegen MMA, Janssens HM, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge HR. Rescue of chloride and bicarbonate transport by elexacaftor-ivacaftor-tezacaftor in organoid-derived CF intestinal and cholangiocyte monolayers. J Cyst Fibros 2021; 21:537-543. [PMID: 34922851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF), loss of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-dependent bicarbonate secretion precipitates the accumulation of viscous mucus in the lumen of respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelial tissues. We investigated whether the combination of elexacaftor (ELX), ivacaftor (IVA) and tezacaftor (TEZ), apart from its well-documented effect on chloride transport, also restores Phe508del-CFTR-mediated bicarbonate transport. METHODS Epithelial monolayers were cultured from intestinal and biliary (cholangiocyte) organoids of homozygous Phe508del-CFTR patients and controls. Transcriptome sequencing was performed, and bicarbonate and chloride transport were assessed in the presence or absence of ELX/IVA/TEZ, using the intestinal current measurement technique. RESULTS ELX/IVA/TEZ markedly enhanced bicarbonate and chloride transport across intestinal epithelium. In biliary epithelium, it failed to enhance CFTR-mediated bicarbonate transport but effectively rescued CFTR-mediated chloride transport, known to be requisite for bicarbonate secretion through the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE2 (SLC4A2), which was highly expressed by cholangiocytes. Biliary but not intestinal epithelial cells expressed an alternative anion channel, anoctamin-1/TMEM16A (ANO1), and secreted bicarbonate and chloride upon purinergic receptor stimulation. CONCLUSIONS ELX/IVA/TEZ has the potential to restore both chloride and bicarbonate secretion across CF intestinal and biliary epithelia and may counter luminal hyper-acidification in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly F Meijsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hettie M Janssens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Roos FJM, Wu H, Willemse J, Lieshout R, Albarinos LAM, Kan Y, Poley J, Bruno MJ, de Jonge J, Bártfai R, Marks H, IJzermans JNM, Verstegen MMA, van der Laan LJW. Cholangiocyte organoids from human bile retain a local phenotype and can repopulate bile ducts in vitro. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e566. [PMID: 34954911 PMCID: PMC8710298 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established 3D organoid culture method enabled efficient expansion of cholangiocyte-like cells from intrahepatic (IHBD) and extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) tissue biopsies. The extensive expansion capacity of these organoids enables various applications, from cholangiocyte disease modelling to bile duct tissue engineering. Recent research demonstrated the feasibility of culturing cholangiocyte organoids from bile, which was minimal-invasive collected via endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (ERCP). However, a detailed analysis of these bile cholangiocyte organoids (BCOs) and the cellular region of origin was not yet demonstrated. In this study, we characterize BCOs and mirror them to the already established organoids initiated from IHBD- and EHBD-tissue. We demonstrate successful organoid-initiation from extrahepatic bile collected from gallbladder after resection and by ERCP or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopathy from a variety of patients. BCOs initiated from these three sources of bile all show features similar to in vivo cholangiocytes. The regional-specific characteristics of the BCOs are reflected by the exclusive expression of regional common bile duct genes (HOXB2 and HOXB3) by ERCP-derived BCOs and gallbladder-derived BCOs expressing gallbladder-specific genes. Moreover, BCOs have limited hepatocyte-fate differentiation potential compared to intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids. These results indicate that organoid-initiating cells in bile are likely of local (extrahepatic) origin and are not of intrahepatic origin. Regarding the functionality of organoid initiating cells in bile, we demonstrate that BCOs efficiently repopulate decellularized EHBD scaffolds and restore the monolayer of cholangiocyte-like cells in vitro. Bile samples obtained through minimally invasive procedures provide a safe and effective alternative source of cholangiocyte organoids. The shedding of (organoid-initiating) cholangiocytes in bile provides a convenient source of organoids for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J. M. Roos
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Haoyu Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jorke Willemse
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ruby Lieshout
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Yik‐Yang Kan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jan‐Werner Poley
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Bruno
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Jonge
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard Bártfai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan N. M. IJzermans
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Monique M. A. Verstegen
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. W. van der Laan
- Erasmus MCDepartment of Surgery, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Shi S, Verstegen MMA, Roest HP, Ardisasmita AI, Cao W, Roos FJM, de Ruiter PE, Niemeijer M, Pan Q, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Recapitulating Cholangiopathy-Associated Necroptotic Cell Death In Vitro Using Human Cholangiocyte Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:541-564. [PMID: 34700031 PMCID: PMC8688721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver and bile duct diseases often are associated with extensive cell death of cholangiocytes. Necroptosis represents a common mode of programmed cell death in cholangiopathy, however, detailed mechanistic knowledge is limited owing to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. To address this void, we investigated whether human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) can recapitulate cholangiopathy-associated necroptosis and whether this model can be used for drug screening. METHODS We evaluated the clinical relevance of necroptosis in end-stage liver diseases and liver transplantation by immunohistochemistry. Cholangiopathy-associated programmed cell death was evoked in ICOs derived from healthy donors or patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis or alcoholic liver diseases by the various stimuli. RESULTS The expression of key necroptosis mediators, receptor-interacting protein 3 and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like, in cholangiocytes during end-stage liver diseases was confirmed. The phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like expression was etiology-dependent. Gene expression analysis confirmed that primary cholangiocytes are more prone to necroptosis compared with primary hepatocytes. Both apoptosis and necroptosis could be specifically evoked using tumor necrosis factor α and second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases mimetic, with or without caspase inhibition in healthy and patient-derived ICOs. Necroptosis also was induced by ethanol metabolites or human bile in ICOs from donors and patients. The organoid cultures further uncovered interdonor variable and species-specific drug responses. Dabrafenib was identified as a potent necroptosis inhibitor and showed a protective effect against ethanol metabolite toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Human ICOs recapitulate cholangiopathy-associated necroptosis and represent a useful in vitro platform for the study of biliary cytotoxicity and preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Shi
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arif I Ardisasmita
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wanlu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shiota J, Samuelson LC, Razumilava N. Hepatobiliary Organoids and Their Applications for Studies of Liver Health and Disease: Are We There Yet? Hepatology 2021; 74:2251-2263. [PMID: 33638203 PMCID: PMC9067600 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organoid culture systems have emerged as a frontier technology in liver and biliary research. These three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures derived from pluripotent and adult hepatobiliary cells model organ structure and function. Building on gastrointestinal organoid establishment, hepatobiliary organoid cultures were generated from mouse leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5-positive liver progenitor cells. Subsequently, 3D hepatobiliary organoid cultures were developed from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to model human and animal hepatobiliary health and disease. Hepatocyte organoids have been used to study Alagille syndrome, fatty liver disease, Wilson disease, hepatitis B viral infection, and cystic fibrosis. Cholangiocyte organoids have been established to study normal cholangiocyte biology and primary sclerosing cholangitis and to test organoid potential to form bile ducts and gallbladder tissue in vitro. Hepatobiliary cancer organoids, termed tumoroids, have been established from frozen and fresh human tissues and used as a drug-testing platform and for biobanking of cancer samples. CRISPR-based gene modifications and organoid exposure to infectious agents have permitted the generation of organoid models of carcinogenesis. This review summarizes currently available adult cell-derived hepatobiliary organoid models and their applications. Challenges faced by this young technology will be discussed, including the cellular immaturity of organoid-derived hepatocytes, co-culture development to better model complex tissue structure, the imperfection of extracellular matrices, and the absence of standardized protocols and model validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Shiota
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Linda C. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Organoid Technology Starts to Deliver: Repairing Damaged Liver Grafts During Normothermic Machine Perfusion. Transplantation 2021; 105:1886-1887. [PMID: 34416748 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gontran E, Loarca L, El Kassis C, Bouzhir L, Ayollo D, Mazari-Arrighi E, Fuchs A, Dupuis-Williams P. Self-Organogenesis from 2D Micropatterns to 3D Biomimetic Biliary Trees. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:112. [PMID: 34436115 PMCID: PMC8389215 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Globally, liver diseases account for 2 million deaths per year. For those with advanced liver disease the only curative approach is liver transplantation. However, less than 10% of those in need get a liver transplant due to limited organ availability. To circumvent this challenge, there has been a great focus in generating a bioengineered liver. Despite its essential role in liver functions, a functional biliary system has not yet been developed. In this framework, exploration of epithelial cell self-organogenesis and microengineering-driven geometrical cell confinement allow to envision the bioengineering of a functional biomimetic intrahepatic biliary tract. APPROACH three-dimensional (3D) bile ducts were built in vitro by restricting cell adhesion to two-dimensional (2D) patterns to guide cell self-organization. Tree shapes mimicking the configuration of the human biliary system were micropatterned on glass slides, restricting cell attachment to these areas. Different tree geometries and culture conditions were explored to stimulate self-organogenesis of normal rat cholangiocytes (NRCs) used as a biliary cell model, either alone or in co-culture with human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS Pre-seeding the micropatterns with HUVECs promoted luminogenesis with higher efficiency to yield functional branched biliary tubes. Lumen formation, apico-basal polarity, and preservation of the cholangiocyte phenotype were confirmed. Moreover, intact and functional biliary structures were detached from the micropatterns for further manipulation. CONCLUSION This study presents physiologically relevant 3D biliary duct networks built in vitro from 2D micropatterns. This opens opportunities for investigating bile duct organogenesis, physiopathology, and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gontran
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
- INSERM U-1279, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Lorena Loarca
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Cyrille El Kassis
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Latifa Bouzhir
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Dmitry Ayollo
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elsa Mazari-Arrighi
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Fuchs
- INSERM, Institut Universitaire d’Hematologie, Université de Paris, U976 HIPI, F-75006 Paris, France; (D.A.); (E.M.-A.); (A.F.)
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Vellefaux, F-75010 Paris, France
- CEA, IRIG, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Dupuis-Williams
- Physiopathogenèse et Traitement des Maladies du Foie, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, F-94800 Villejuif, France; (E.G.); (C.E.K.); (L.B.)
- ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, F-75005 Paris, France
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Marsee A, Roos FJM, Verstegen MMA, Gehart H, de Koning E, Lemaigre F, Forbes SJ, Peng WC, Huch M, Takebe T, Vallier L, Clevers H, van der Laan LJW, Spee B. Building consensus on definition and nomenclature of hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:816-832. [PMID: 33961769 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear definitions and nomenclature describing these systems also grows. To facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation, we revisit the concept of an organoid and introduce an intuitive classification system and nomenclature for describing these 3D structures through the consensus of experts in the field. To promote the standardization and validation of HPB organoids, we propose guidelines for establishing, characterizing, and benchmarking future systems. Finally, we address some of the major challenges to the clinical application of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Marsee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helmuth Gehart
- Institute for Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eelco de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lemaigre
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Weng Chuan Peng
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, and Center for Stem Cell, and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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38
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Ensinck M, Mottais A, Detry C, Leal T, Carlon MS. On the Corner of Models and Cure: Gene Editing in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:662110. [PMID: 33986686 PMCID: PMC8111007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.662110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a severe genetic disease for which curative treatment is still lacking. Next generation biotechnologies and more efficient cell-based and in vivo disease models are accelerating the development of novel therapies for CF. Gene editing tools, like CRISPR-based systems, can be used to make targeted modifications in the genome, allowing to correct mutations directly in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene. Alternatively, with these tools more relevant disease models can be generated, which in turn will be invaluable to evaluate novel gene editing-based therapies for CF. This critical review offers a comprehensive description of currently available tools for genome editing, and the cell and animal models which are available to evaluate them. Next, we will give an extensive overview of proof-of-concept applications of gene editing in the field of CF. Finally, we will touch upon the challenges that need to be addressed before these proof-of-concept studies can be translated towards a therapy for people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Ensinck
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angélique Mottais
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Detry
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Teresinha Leal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marianne S. Carlon
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Roos FJM, Verstegen MMA, Muñoz Albarinos L, Roest HP, Poley JW, Tetteroo GWM, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Human Bile Contains Cholangiocyte Organoid-Initiating Cells Which Expand as Functional Cholangiocytes in Non-canonical Wnt Stimulating Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:630492. [PMID: 33634107 PMCID: PMC7900156 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.630492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the bile duct (cholangiopathies) remain a common indication for liver transplantation, while little progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the underlying pathophysiology. This is largely due to lack of proper in vitro model systems to study cholangiopathies. Recently, a culture method has been developed that allows for expansion of human bile duct epithelial cells grown as extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ncECOs) in non-canonical Wnt-stimulating conditions. These ncECOs closely resemble cholangiocytes in culture and have shown to efficiently repopulate collagen scaffolds that could act as functional biliary tissue in mice. Thus far, initiation of ncECOs required tissue samples, thereby limiting broad patient-specific applications. Here, we report that bile fluid, which can be less invasively obtained and with low risk for the patients, is an alternative source for culturing ncECOs. Further characterization showed that bile-derived cholangiocyte organoids (ncBCOs) are highly similar to ncECOs obtained from bile duct tissue biopsies. Compared to the previously reported bile-cholangiocyte organoids cultured in canonical Wnt-stimulation conditions, ncBCOs have superior function of cholangiocyte ion channels and are able to respond to secretin and somatostatin. In conclusion, bile is a new, less invasive, source for patient-derived cholangiocyte organoids and makes their regenerative medicine applications more safe and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Muñoz Albarinos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Werner Poley
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geert W M Tetteroo
- Department of Surgery, IJsselland Hospital, Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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