1
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Wong CH, Wingett SW, Qian C, Hunter MR, Taliaferro JM, Ross-Thriepland D, Bullock SL. Genome-scale requirements for dynein-based transport revealed by a high-content arrayed CRISPR screen. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306048. [PMID: 38448164 PMCID: PMC10916854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor dynein plays a key role in cellular organization. However, little is known about how dynein's biosynthesis, assembly, and functional diversity are orchestrated. To address this issue, we have conducted an arrayed CRISPR loss-of-function screen in human cells using the distribution of dynein-tethered peroxisomes and early endosomes as readouts. From a genome-wide gRNA library, 195 validated hits were recovered and parsed into those impacting multiple dynein cargoes and those whose effects are restricted to a subset of cargoes. Clustering of high-dimensional phenotypic fingerprints revealed co-functional proteins involved in many cellular processes, including several candidate novel regulators of core dynein functions. Further analysis of one of these factors, the RNA-binding protein SUGP1, indicates that it promotes cargo trafficking by sustaining functional expression of the dynein activator LIS1. Our data represent a rich source of new hypotheses for investigating microtubule-based transport, as well as several other aspects of cellular organization captured by our high-content imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Wong
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Genomic Research, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven W. Wingett
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chen Qian
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Morag Rose Hunter
- Centre for Genomic Research, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - J. Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Simon L. Bullock
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Franks SN, Heon-Roberts R, Ryan BJ. CRISPRi: a way to integrate iPSC-derived neuronal models. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:539-551. [PMID: 38526223 PMCID: PMC11088925 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The genetic landscape of neurodegenerative diseases encompasses genes affecting multiple cellular pathways which exert effects in an array of neuronal and glial cell-types. Deconvolution of the roles of genes implicated in disease and the effects of disease-associated variants remains a vital step in the understanding of neurodegeneration and the development of therapeutics. Disease modelling using patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has enabled the generation of key cell-types associated with disease whilst maintaining the genomic variants that predispose to neurodegeneration. The use of CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), alongside other CRISPR-perturbations, allows the modelling of the effects of these disease-associated variants or identifying genes which modify disease phenotypes. This review summarises the current applications of CRISPRi in iPSC-derived neuronal models, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screens, and discusses the future opportunities for disease modelling, identification of disease risk modifiers and target/drug discovery in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N.J. Franks
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Brent J. Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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3
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Ünlü B, Pons C, Ho UL, Batté A, Aloy P, van Leeuwen J. Global analysis of suppressor mutations that rescue human genetic defects. Genome Med 2023; 15:78. [PMID: 37821946 PMCID: PMC10568808 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic suppression occurs when the deleterious effects of a primary "query" mutation, such as a disease-causing mutation, are rescued by a suppressor mutation elsewhere in the genome. METHODS To capture existing knowledge on suppression relationships between human genes, we examined 2,400 published papers for potential interactions identified through either genetic modification of cultured human cells or through association studies in patients. RESULTS The resulting network encompassed 476 unique suppression interactions covering a wide spectrum of diseases and biological functions. The interactions frequently linked genes that operate in the same biological process. Suppressors were strongly enriched for genes with a role in stress response or signaling, suggesting that deleterious mutations can often be buffered by modulating signaling cascades or immune responses. Suppressor mutations tended to be deleterious when they occurred in absence of the query mutation, in apparent contrast with their protective role in the presence of the query. We formulated and quantified mechanisms of genetic suppression that could explain 71% of interactions and provided mechanistic insight into disease pathology. Finally, we used these observations to predict suppressor genes in the human genome. CONCLUSIONS The global suppression network allowed us to define principles of genetic suppression that were conserved across diseases, model systems, and species. The emerging frequency of suppression interactions among human genes and range of underlying mechanisms, together with the prevalence of suppression in model organisms, suggest that compensatory mutations may exist for most genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Ünlü
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Pons
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Uyen Linh Ho
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Batté
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jolanda van Leeuwen
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Samelson AJ, Ariqat N, McKetney J, Rohanitazangi G, Bravo CP, Goodness D, Tian R, Grosjean P, Abskharon R, Eisenberg D, Kanaan NM, Gan L, Condello C, Swaney DL, Kampmann M. CRISPR screens in iPSC-derived neurons reveal principles of tau proteostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.16.545386. [PMID: 37398204 PMCID: PMC10312804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.545386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is the aggregation of proteins. Aggregation of the protein tau defines tauopathies, which include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Specific neuronal subtypes are selectively vulnerable to the accumulation of tau aggregates, and subsequent dysfunction and death. The mechanisms underlying cell type-selective vulnerability are unknown. To systematically uncover the cellular factors controlling the accumulation of tau aggregates in human neurons, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRi-based modifier screen in iPSC-derived neurons. The screen uncovered expected pathways, including autophagy, but also unexpected pathways including UFMylation and GPI anchor synthesis, that control tau oligomer levels. We identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase CUL5 as a tau interactor and potent modifier of tau levels. In addition, disruption of mitochondrial function increases tau oligomer levels and promotes proteasomal misprocessing of tau. These results reveal new principles of tau proteostasis in human neurons and pinpoint potential therapeutic targets for tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi J Samelson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nabeela Ariqat
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin McKetney
- University of California San Francisco, Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gita Rohanitazangi
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celeste Parra Bravo
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darrin Goodness
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Parker Grosjean
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Romany Abskharon
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - David Eisenberg
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biological Chemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, ca
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- University of California San Francisco, Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Wong CH, Wingett SW, Qian C, Taliaferro JM, Ross-Thriepland D, Bullock SL. Genome-scale requirements for dynein-based trafficking revealed by a high-content arrayed CRISPR screen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530592. [PMID: 36909483 PMCID: PMC10002790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) motor plays a key role in cellular organisation by transporting a wide variety of cellular constituents towards the minus ends of microtubules. However, relatively little is known about how the biosynthesis, assembly and functional diversity of the motor is orchestrated. To address this issue, we have conducted an arrayed CRISPR loss-of-function screen in human cells using the distribution of dynein-tethered peroxisomes and early endosomes as readouts. From a guide RNA library targeting 18,253 genes, 195 validated hits were recovered and parsed into those impacting multiple dynein cargoes and those whose effects are restricted to a subset of cargoes. Clustering of high-dimensional phenotypic fingerprints generated from multiplexed images revealed co-functional genes involved in many cellular processes, including several candidate novel regulators of core dynein functions. Mechanistic analysis of one of these proteins, the RNA-binding protein SUGP1, provides evidence that it promotes cargo trafficking by sustaining functional expression of the dynein activator LIS1. Our dataset represents a rich source of new hypotheses for investigating microtubule-based transport, as well as several other aspects of cellular organisation that were captured by our high-content imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Wong
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, R&D, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
- Current address: Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Steven W. Wingett
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Chen Qian
- Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, R&D, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - J. Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Simon L. Bullock
- Cell Biology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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6
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Leng K, Kampmann M. Towards elucidating disease-relevant states of neurons and glia by CRISPR-based functional genomics. Genome Med 2022; 14:130. [PMID: 36401300 PMCID: PMC9673433 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of neurological diseases has been tremendously enhanced over the past decade by the application of new technologies. Genome-wide association studies have highlighted glial cells as important players in diseases. Single-cell profiling technologies are providing descriptions of disease states of neurons and glia at unprecedented molecular resolution. However, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the mechanisms driving disease-associated cell states, and how these states contribute to disease. These gaps in our understanding can be bridged by CRISPR-based functional genomics, a powerful approach to systematically interrogate gene function. In this review, we will briefly review the current literature on neurological disease-associated cell states and introduce CRISPR-based functional genomics. We discuss how advances in CRISPR-based screens, especially when implemented in the relevant brain cell types or cellular environments, have paved the way towards uncovering mechanisms underlying neurological disease-associated cell states. Finally, we will delineate current challenges and future directions for CRISPR-based functional genomics to further our understanding of neurological diseases and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Leng
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Walton RT, Singh A, Blainey PC. Pooled genetic screens with image-based profiling. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e10768. [PMID: 36366905 PMCID: PMC9650298 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial structure in biology, spanning molecular, organellular, cellular, tissue, and organismal scales, is encoded through a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors in individual cells. Microscopy remains the most direct approach to exploring the intricate spatial complexity defining biological systems and the structured dynamic responses of these systems to perturbations. Genetic screens with deep single-cell profiling via image features or gene expression programs have the capacity to show how biological systems work in detail by cataloging many cellular phenotypes with one experimental assay. Microscopy-based cellular profiling provides information complementary to next-generation sequencing (NGS) profiling and has only recently become compatible with large-scale genetic screens. Optical screening now offers the scale needed for systematic characterization and is poised for further scale-up. We discuss how these methodologies, together with emerging technologies for genetic perturbation and microscopy-based multiplexed molecular phenotyping, are powering new approaches to reveal genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Walton
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Avtar Singh
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Cellular and Tissue GenomicsGenentechSouth San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Paul C Blainey
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Biological EngineeringMITCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMITCambridgeMAUSA
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8
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A human tau seeded neuronal cell model recapitulates molecular responses associated with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2673. [PMID: 35177665 PMCID: PMC8854741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular models recapitulating features of tauopathies are useful tools to investigate the causes and consequences of tau aggregation and the identification of novel treatments. We seeded rat primary cortical neurons with tau isolated from Alzheimer’s disease brains to induce a time-dependent increase in endogenous tau inclusions. Transcriptomics of seeded and control cells identified 1075 differentially expressed genes (including 26 altered at two time points). These were enriched for lipid/steroid metabolism and neuronal/glial cell development genes. 50 genes were correlated with tau inclusion formation at both transcriptomic and proteomic levels, including several microtubule and cytoskeleton-related proteins such as Tubb2a, Tubb4a, Nefl and Snca. Several genes (such as Fyn kinase and PTBP1, a tau exon 10 repressor) interact directly with or regulate tau. We conclude that this neuronal model may be a suitable platform for high-throughput screens for target or hit compound identification and validation.
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9
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Lu L, Yu X, Cai Y, Sun M, Yang H. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:803894. [PMID: 34992519 PMCID: PMC8724030 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cognitive impairment, abnormal behavior, and social deficits, which is intimately linked with excessive β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition along with many other misfolded proteins, neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, and mitochondrial damage in neurons, leading to neuron loss. Currently, research on the pathological mechanism of AD has been elucidated for decades, still no effective treatment for this complex disease was developed, and the existing therapeutic strategies are extremely erratic, thereby leading to irreversible and progressive cognitive decline in AD patients. Due to gradually mental dyscapacitating of AD patients, AD not only brings serious physical and psychological suffering to patients themselves, but also imposes huge economic burdens on family and society. Accordingly, it is very imperative to recapitulate the progress of gene editing-based precision medicine in the emerging fields. In this review, we will mainly focus on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technique in the fields of AD research and gene therapy, and summarize the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in the aspects of AD model construction, screening of pathogenic genes, and target therapy. Finally, the development of delivery systems, which is a major challenge that hinders the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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10
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Grivennikov IA, Tarantul VZ. Genome Editing Technology for the Study and Correction of Neurodegenerative Diseases. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971242104005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Lai SSM, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chok KC, Chye SM. Endosomal-lysosomal dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1087-1100. [PMID: 33881723 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal-lysosomal system mediates the process of protein degradation through endocytic pathway. This system consists of early endosomes, late endosomes, recycling endosomes and lysosomes. Each component in the endosomal-lysosomal system plays individual crucial role and they work concordantly to ensure protein degradation can be carried out functionally. Dysregulation in the endosomal-lysosomal system can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities are the earliest pathological features to note and hence it is important to understand the involvement of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. In-depth understanding of this dysfunction can allow development of new therapeutic intervention to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Shi Min Lai
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kian Chung Chok
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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