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Liu Y, Pan H, Wang H, Yuan Y, Cao F, Song W, Wang Z. Mutations in the NDV fusion protein HR4 region decreased fusogenic activity due to failed protein expression. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106713. [PMID: 38810765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the pathogen of a zoonosis that is primarily transmitted by poultry and has severe infectivity and a high fatality rate. Many studies have focused on the role of the NDV fusion (F) protein in the cell-cell membrane fusion process. However, little attention has been given to the heptad repeat region, HR4, which is located in the NDV F2 subunit. Here, site-directed mutants were constructed to study the function of the NDV F protein HR4 region and identify the key amino acids in this region. Nine conserved amino acids were substituted with alanine or the corresponding amino acid of other aligned paramyxoviruses. The desired mutants were examined for changes in fusogenic activity through three kinds of membrane fusion assays and expression and proteolysis through IFA, FACS and WB. The results showed that when conserved amino acids (L81, Y84, L88, L91, L92, P94, L95 and I99) were replaced with alanine, the fusogenic activity of the F protein was abolished, possibly because of failed protein expression not only on the cell surface but also inside cells. These data indicated that the conserved amino acids above in NDV F HR4 are critical for normal protein synthesis and expression, possibly for the stability of the F protein monomer, formation of trimer and conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Huazheng Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Fangfang Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Anderson LJ, Jadhao SJ, Hussaini L, Ha B, McCracken CE, Gibson T, Yildirim I, Yi J, Stephens K, Korski C, Kao C, Sun H, Lee CY, Jaunarajs A, Rostad CA, Anderson EJ. Development and comparison of immunologic assays to detect primary RSV infections in infants. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1332772. [PMID: 38283339 PMCID: PMC10811012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1332772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Effective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines have been developed and licensed for elderly adults and pregnant women but not yet for infants and young children. The RSV immune state of the young child, i.e., previously RSV infected or not, is important to the conduct and interpretation of epidemiology studies and vaccine clinical trials. To address the need for sensitive assays to detect immunologic evidence of past infection, we developed, characterized, and evaluated 7 assays including 4 IgG antibody enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), two neutralizing antibody assays, and an IFN-γ EliSpot (EliSpot) assay. The four IgG EIAs used a subgroup A plus subgroup B RSV-infected Hep-2 cell lysate antigen (Lysate), an expressed RSV F protein antigen (F), an expressed subgroup A G protein antigen (Ga), or an expressed subgroup B G protein (Gb) antigen. The two neutralizing antibody assays used either a subgroup A or a subgroup B RSV strain. The EliSpot assay used a sucrose cushion purified combination of subgroup A and subgroup B infected cell lysate. All seven assays had acceptable repeatability, signal against control antigen, lower limit of detection, and, for the antibody assays, effect of red cell lysis, lipemia and anticoagulation of sample on results. In 44 sera collected from children >6 months after an RSV positive illness, the lysate, F, Ga and Gb IgG EIAs, and the subgroup A and B neutralizing antibody assays, and the EliSpot assays were positive in 100%, 100%, 86%, 95%, 43%, and 57%, respectively. The Lysate and F EIAs were most sensitive for detecting RSV antibody in young children with a documented RSV infection. Unexpectedly, the EliSpot assay was positive in 9/15 (60%) of PBMC specimens from infants not exposed to an RSV season, possibly from maternal microchimerism. The Lysate and F EIAs provide good options to reliably detect RSV antibodies in young children for epidemiologic studies and vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samadhan J Jadhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Binh Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Courtney E McCracken
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Theda Gibson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inci Yildirim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jumi Yi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kathy Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chelsea Korski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carol Kao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Heying Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chun Yi Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Christina A Rostad
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Cadena-Cruz C, Villarreal Camacho JL, De Ávila-Arias M, Hurtado-Gomez L, Rodriguez A, San-Juan-Vergara H. Respiratory syncytial virus entry mechanism in host cells: A general overview. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:341-350. [PMID: 37537859 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes acute respiratory infections in neonates and older adults. To infect host cells, the attachment glycoprotein (G) interacts with a cell surface receptor. This interaction determines the specific cell types that are susceptible to infection. RSV possesses a type I fusion protein F. Type I fusion proteins are metastable when rearrangement of the prefusion F occurs; the fusion peptide is exposed transforming the protein into postfusion form. The transition between the prefusion form and its postfusion form facilitates the viral envelope and the host cell membrane to fuse, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Understanding the entry mechanism employed by RSV is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies. In this review, we will discuss the various types of viral fusion proteins and explore the potential entry mechanisms utilized by RSV. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will provide valuable insights for the development of novel approaches to treat RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cadena-Cruz
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J L Villarreal Camacho
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Marcio De Ávila-Arias
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gomez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodriguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Esposito S, Abu Raya B, Baraldi E, Flanagan K, Martinon Torres F, Tsolia M, Zielen S. RSV Prevention in All Infants: Which Is the Most Preferable Strategy? Front Immunol 2022; 13:880368. [PMID: 35572550 PMCID: PMC9096079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a spectrum of respiratory illnesses in infants and young children that may lead to hospitalizations and a substantial number of outpatient visits, which result in a huge economic and healthcare burden. Most hospitalizations happen in otherwise healthy infants, highlighting the need to protect all infants against RSV. Moreover, there is evidence on the association between early-life RSV respiratory illness and recurrent wheezing/asthma-like symptoms As such, RSV is considered a global health priority. However, despite this, the only prevention strategy currently available is palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) indicated in a subset of preterm infants or those with comorbidities, hence leaving the majority of the infant population unprotected against this virus. Therefore, development of prevention strategies against RSV for all infants entering their first RSV season constitutes a large unmet medical need. The aim of this review is to explore different immunization approaches to protect all infants against RSV. Prevention strategies include maternal immunization, immunization of infants with vaccines, immunization of infants with licensed mAbs (palivizumab), and immunization of infants with long-acting mAbs (e.g., nirsevimab, MK-1654). Of these, palivizumab use is restricted to a small population of infants and does not offer a solution for all-infant protection, whereas vaccine development in infants has encountered various challenges, including the immaturity of the infant immune system, highlighting that future pediatric vaccines will most likely be used in older infants (>6 months of age) and children. Consequently, maternal immunization and immunization of infants with long-acting mAbs represent the two feasible strategies for protection of all infants against RSV. Here, we present considerations regarding these two strategies covering key areas which include mechanism of action, "consistency" of protection, RSV variability, duration of protection, flexibility and optimal timing of immunization, benefit for the mother, programmatic implementation, and acceptance of each strategy by key stakeholders. We conclude that, based on current data, immunization of infants with long-acting mAbs might represent the most effective approach for protecting all infants entering their first RSV season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Bahaa Abu Raya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Woman’s and Child’s Health, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Katie Flanagan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Federico Martinon Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infections and Pediatrics Research group (GENVIP), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “A&P Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Department for Children and Adolescents, Division of Allergology, Pulmonology and Cystic Fibrosis, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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