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Byrne CM, Márquez AC, Cai B, Coombs D, Gantt S. Spatial kinetics and immune control of murine cytomegalovirus infection in the salivary glands. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011940. [PMID: 39150988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common congenital infection. Several HCMV vaccines are in development, but none have yet been approved. An understanding of the kinetics of CMV replication and transmission may inform the rational design of vaccines to prevent this infection. The salivary glands (SG) are an important site of sustained CMV replication following primary infection and during viral reactivation from latency. As such, the strength of the immune response in the SG likely influences viral dissemination within and between hosts. To study the relationship between the immune response and viral replication in the SG, and viral dissemination from the SG to other tissues, mice were infected with low doses of murine CMV (MCMV). Following intra-SG inoculation, we characterized the viral and immunological dynamics in the SG, blood, and spleen, and identified organ-specific immune correlates of protection. Using these data, we constructed compartmental mathematical models of MCMV infection. Model fitting to data and analysis indicate the importance of cellular immune responses in different organs and point to a threshold of infection within the SG necessary for the establishment and spread of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Byrne
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Hargrave KE, Worrell JC, Pirillo C, Brennan E, Masdefiol Garriga A, Gray JI, Purnell T, Roberts EW, MacLeod MKL. Lung influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cell location and optimal cytokine production are dependent on interactions with lung antigen-presenting cells. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00050-3. [PMID: 38851589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection leads to the formation of mucosal memory CD4 T cells that can protect the host. An in-depth understanding of the signals that shape memory cell development is required for more effective vaccine design. We have examined the formation of memory CD4 T cells in the lung following IAV infection of mice, characterizing changes to the lung landscape and immune cell composition. IAV-specific CD4 T cells were found throughout the lung at both primary and memory time points. These cells were found near lung airways and in close contact with a range of immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. Interactions between lung IAV-specific CD4 T cells and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)II+ cells during the primary immune response were important in shaping the subsequent memory pool. Treatment with an anti-MHCII blocking antibody increased the proportion of memory CD4 T cells found in lung airways but reduced interferon-γ expression by IAV-specific immunodominant memory CD4 T cells. The immunodominant CD4 T cells expressed higher levels of programmed death ligand 1 (PD1) than other IAV-specific CD4 T cells and PD1+ memory CD4 T cells were located further away from MHCII+ cells than their PD1-low counterparts. This distinction in location was lost in mice treated with anti-MHCII antibodies. These data suggest that sustained antigen presentation in the lung impacts the formation of memory CD4 T cells by regulating their cytokine production and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie E Hargrave
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Euan Brennan
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Joshua I Gray
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Caceres CJ, Gay LC, Faccin FC, Pérez DR. Use of Reverse Genetics for the Generation of Recombinant Influenza Viruses Carrying Nanoluciferase. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2733:47-74. [PMID: 38064026 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3533-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (FLUAV) and influenza B (FLUBV) viruses are human and/or animal pathogens widely studied due to their importance to public health and animal production. Both FLUAV and FLUBV possess a genome composed of eight viral gene segments. For reverse genetics of influenza viruses, transcription of the mRNA for the viral proteins is typically done from a plasmid encoding an RNA polymerase II (pol II) promoter element upstream of cloned viral cDNA and expressed like host mRNA. On the other side, the synthesis of the negative-sense, single-stranded, uncapped vRNAs can be accomplished by the host's RNA polymerase I (pol I). The reverse genetics for influenza has allowed the manipulation of influenza genomes incorporating heterogeneous sequences into different segments of the influenza genome, such as reporter genes. In this chapter, we outline the protocol from the generation of reverse genetic plasmid that can be applied for the cloning of any of the segments of FLUAV or FLUBV. Furthermore, we describe a protocol for generating FLUAV or FLUBV recombinant viruses carrying Nanoluciferase (NLuc) in the PB1 gene using reverse genetics. Finally, we delineate a microneutralization protocol using FLUAV-NLuc or FLUBV-NLuc viruses optimized for the use of antibodies from different sources (mice, ferrets, avian, etc.), which provides a more sensitive, reliable, and avidity-independent method to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against FLUAV or FLUBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Pérez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Davies KA, Welch SR, Jain S, Sorvillo TE, Coleman-McCray JD, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF, Albariño C, Spengler JR. Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Reporter Mouse-Adapted Ebola Viruses Maintain Pathogenicity and Can Be Visualized in Vivo. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S536-S547. [PMID: 37145895 PMCID: PMC11014640 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes lethal disease in humans but not in mice. Here, we generated recombinant mouse-adapted (MA) EBOVs, including 1 based on the previously reported serially adapted strain (rMA-EBOV), along with single-reporter rMA-EBOVs expressing either fluorescent (ZsGreen1 [ZsG]) or bioluminescent (nano-luciferase [nLuc]) reporters, and dual-reporter rMA-EBOVs expressing both ZsG and nLuc. No detriment to viral growth in vitro was seen with inclusion of MA-associated mutations or reporter proteins. In CD-1 mice, infection with MA-EBOV, rMA-EBOV, and single-reporter rMA-EBOVs conferred 100% lethality; infection with dual-reporter rMA-EBOV resulted in 73% lethality. Bioluminescent signal from rMA-EBOV expressing nLuc was detected in vivo and ex vivo using the IVIS Spectrum CT. Fluorescent signal from rMA-EBOV expressing ZsG was detected in situ using handheld blue-light transillumination and ex vivo through epi-illumination with the IVIS Spectrum CT. These data support the use of reporter MA-EBOV for studies of Ebola virus in animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Davies
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shilpi Jain
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Teresa E Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - JoAnn D Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - César Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hamele CE, Spurrier MA, Leonard RA, Heaton NS. Segmented, Negative-Sense RNA Viruses of Humans: Genetic Systems and Experimental Uses of Reporter Strains. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:261-282. [PMID: 37774125 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-120445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Negative-stranded RNA viruses are a large group of viruses that encode their genomes in RNA across multiple segments in an orientation antisense to messenger RNA. Their members infect broad ranges of hosts, and there are a number of notable human pathogens. Here, we examine the development of reverse genetic systems as applied to these virus families, emphasizing conserved approaches illustrated by some of the prominent members that cause significant human disease. We also describe the utility of their genetic systems in the development of reporter strains of the viruses and some biological insights made possible by their use. To conclude the review, we highlight some possible future uses of reporter viruses that not only will increase our basic understanding of how these viruses replicate and cause disease but also could inform the development of new approaches to therapeutically intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait E Hamele
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Rebecca A Leonard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Finney GE, Hargrave KE, Pingen M, Purnell T, Todd D, MacDonald F, Worrell JC, MacLeod MKL. Triphasic production of IFN γ by innate and adaptive lymphocytes following influenza A virus infection. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad014. [PMID: 37842651 PMCID: PMC10568397 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent antiviral cytokine that can be produced by many innate and adaptive immune cells during infection. Currently, our understanding of which cells produce IFNγ and where they are located at different stages of an infection is limited. We have used reporter mice to investigate in vivo expression of Ifnγ mRNA in the lung and secondary lymphoid organs during and following influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We observed a triphasic production of Ifnγ expression. Unconventional T cells and innate lymphoid cells, particularly NK cells, were the dominant producers of early Ifnγ, while CD4 and CD8 T cells were the main producers by day 10 post-infection. Following viral clearance, some memory CD4 and CD8 T cells continued to express Ifnγ in the lungs and draining lymph node. Interestingly, Ifnγ production by lymph node natural killer (NK), NKT, and innate lymphoid type 1 cells also continued to be above naïve levels, suggesting memory-like phenotypes for these cells. Analysis of the localization of Ifnγ+ memory CD4 and CD8 T cells demonstrated that cytokine+ T cells were located near airways and in the lung parenchyma. Following a second IAV challenge, lung IAV-specific CD8 T cells rapidly increased their expression of Ifnγ while CD4 T cells in the draining lymph node increased their Ifnγ response. Together, these data suggest that Ifnγ production fluctuates based on cellular source and location, both of which could impact subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Finney
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kerrie E Hargrave
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Todd
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Freya MacDonald
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Julie C Worrell
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan K L MacLeod
- Centre for Immunobiology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Singh VA, Kumar CS, Khare B, Kuhn RJ, Banerjee M, Tomar S. Surface decorated reporter-tagged chikungunya virus-like particles for clinical diagnostics and identification of virus entry inhibitors. Virology 2023; 578:92-102. [PMID: 36473281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-evolving and versatile VLP technology is becoming an increasingly popular area of science. This study presents surface decorated reporter-tagged VLPs of CHIKV, an enveloped RNA virus of the genus alphavirus and its applications. Western blot, IFA and live-cell imaging confirm the expression of reporter-tagged CHIK-VLPs from transfected HEK293Ts. CryoEM micrographs reveal particle diameter as ∼67nm and 56-70 nm, respectively, for NLuc CHIK-VLPs and mCherry CHIK-VLPs. Our study demonstrates that by exploiting NLuc CHIK-VLPs as a detector probe, robust ratiometric luminescence signal in CHIKV-positive sera compared to healthy controls can be achieved swiftly. Moreover, the potential activity of the Suramin drug as a CHIKV entry inhibitor has been validated through the reporter-tagged CHIK-VLPs. The results reported in this study open new avenues in the eVLPs domain and offer potential for large-scale screening of clinical samples and antiviral agents targeting entry of CHIKV and other alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedita Anand Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chandra Shekhar Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Baldeep Khare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Eriksson M, Nylén S, Grönvik KO. T cell kinetics reveal expansion of distinct lung T cell subsets in acute versus in resolved influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949299. [PMID: 36275685 PMCID: PMC9582761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is restricted to airway-associated tissues and elicits both cellular and humoral responses ultimately resulting in generation of memory cells able to initiate a rapid immune response against re-infections. Resident memory T cells confer protection at the site of infection where lung-resident memory T cells are important for protecting the host against homologous and heterologous influenza virus infections. Mapping kinetics of local and systemic T cell memory formation is needed to better understand the role different T cells have in viral control and protection. After infecting BALB/c mice with influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 the main proportion of activated T cells and B cells expressing the early activation marker CD69 was detected in lungs and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes. Increased frequencies of activated cells were also observed in the peripheral lymphoid organs spleen, inguinal lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes. Likewise, antigen-specific T cells were most abundant in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes but present in all organs studied. CD8+CD103-CD49a+ lung-resident T cells expanded simultaneously with timing of viral clearance whereas CD8+CD103+CD49a+ lung-resident T cells was the most abundant subset after resolution of infection and antigen-specific, lung-resident T cells were detected up to seven months after infection. In conclusion, the results in this detailed kinetic study demonstrate that influenza virus infection elicits adaptive immune responses mainly in respiratory tract-associated tissues and that distinct subsets of lung-resident T cells expand at different time points during infection. These findings contribute to the understanding of the adaptive immune response locally and systemically following influenza virus infection and call for further studies on the roles of the lung-resident T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Malin Eriksson,
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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