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van Leeuwen KG, Schalekamp S, Rutten MJCM, Huisman M, Schaefer-Prokop CM, de Rooij M, van Ginneken B, Maresch B, Geurts BHJ, van Dijke CF, Laupman-Koedam E, Hulleman EV, Verhoeff EL, Meys EMJ, Mohamed Hoesein FAA, Ter Brugge FM, van Hoorn F, van der Wel F, van den Berk IAH, Luyendijk JM, Meakin J, Habets J, Verbeke JIML, Nederend J, Meys KME, Deden LN, Langezaal LCM, Nasrollah M, Meij M, Boomsma MF, Vermeulen M, Vestering MM, Vijlbrief O, Algra P, Algra S, Bollen SM, Samson T, von Brucken Fock YHG. Comparison of Commercial AI Software Performance for Radiograph Lung Nodule Detection and Bone Age Prediction. Radiology 2024; 310:e230981. [PMID: 38193833 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Multiple commercial artificial intelligence (AI) products exist for assessing radiographs; however, comparable performance data for these algorithms are limited. Purpose To perform an independent, stand-alone validation of commercially available AI products for bone age prediction based on hand radiographs and lung nodule detection on chest radiographs. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was carried out as part of Project AIR. Nine of 17 eligible AI products were validated on data from seven Dutch hospitals. For bone age prediction, the root mean square error (RMSE) and Pearson correlation coefficient were computed. The reference standard was set by three to five expert readers. For lung nodule detection, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was computed. The reference standard was set by a chest radiologist based on CT. Randomized subsets of hand (n = 95) and chest (n = 140) radiographs were read by 14 and 17 human readers, respectively, with varying experience. Results Two bone age prediction algorithms were tested on hand radiographs (from January 2017 to January 2022) in 326 patients (mean age, 10 years ± 4 [SD]; 173 female patients) and correlated strongly with the reference standard (r = 0.99; P < .001 for both). No difference in RMSE was observed between algorithms (0.63 years [95% CI: 0.58, 0.69] and 0.57 years [95% CI: 0.52, 0.61]) and readers (0.68 years [95% CI: 0.64, 0.73]). Seven lung nodule detection algorithms were validated on chest radiographs (from January 2012 to May 2022) in 386 patients (mean age, 64 years ± 11; 223 male patients). Compared with readers (mean AUC, 0.81 [95% CI: 0.77, 0.85]), four algorithms performed better (AUC range, 0.86-0.93; P value range, <.001 to .04). Conclusions Compared with human readers, four AI algorithms for detecting lung nodules on chest radiographs showed improved performance, whereas the remaining algorithms tested showed no evidence of a difference in performance. © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Omoumi and Richiardi in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kicky G van Leeuwen
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Steven Schalekamp
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Matthieu J C M Rutten
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Merel Huisman
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Cornelia M Schaefer-Prokop
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Maarten de Rooij
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Bram van Ginneken
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Bas Maresch
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Bram H J Geurts
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Cornelius F van Dijke
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Emmeline Laupman-Koedam
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Enzo V Hulleman
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Eric L Verhoeff
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Evelyne M J Meys
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Firdaus A A Mohamed Hoesein
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Floor M Ter Brugge
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Francois van Hoorn
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Frank van der Wel
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Inge A H van den Berk
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Jacqueline M Luyendijk
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - James Meakin
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Jesse Habets
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Jonathan I M L Verbeke
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Joost Nederend
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Karlijn M E Meys
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Laura N Deden
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Lucianne C M Langezaal
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Mahtab Nasrollah
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Marleen Meij
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Martijn F Boomsma
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Matthijs Vermeulen
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Myrthe M Vestering
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Onno Vijlbrief
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Paul Algra
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Selma Algra
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Stijn M Bollen
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Tijs Samson
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
| | - Yntor H G von Brucken Fock
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands (K.G.v.L., S.S., M.J.C.M.R., M.H., C.M.S.P., M.d.R., B.v.G., B.H.J.G., J.M.); Department of Radiology (M.J.C.M.R.) and Department of MICT and Imaging Techniques (T.S.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, the Netherlands (C.M.S.P., M.V.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands (B.M., M.M.V.); Department of Radiology, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands (C.F.v.D., P.A.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.L.K., F.v.d.W.); Department of Radiology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, the Netherlands (E.V.H., F.M.t.B., M.M., O.V., Y.H.G.v.B.F.); Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Deventer Hospital, Deventer, the Netherlands (E.L.V., J.M.L., M.N.); Department of Radiology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (E.M.J.M., J.N., K.M.E.M.); Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (F.A.A.M.H.); Department of Radiology, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands (F.v.H.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.A.H.v.d.B.); Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands (J.H.); Department of Radiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.I.M.L.V.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate, Arnhem, the Netherlands (L.N.D.); Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands (L.C.M.L., S.A.); Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, the Netherlands (M.F.B.); and Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, the Netherlands (S.M.B.)
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Guermazi A, Omoumi P, Tordjman M, Fritz J, Kijowski R, Regnard NE, Carrino J, Kahn CE, Knoll F, Rueckert D, Roemer FW, Hayashi D. How AI May Transform Musculoskeletal Imaging. Radiology 2024; 310:e230764. [PMID: 38165245 PMCID: PMC10831478 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
While musculoskeletal imaging volumes are increasing, there is a relative shortage of subspecialized musculoskeletal radiologists to interpret the studies. Will artificial intelligence (AI) be the solution? For AI to be the solution, the wide implementation of AI-supported data acquisition methods in clinical practice requires establishing trusted and reliable results. This implementation will demand close collaboration between core AI researchers and clinical radiologists. Upon successful clinical implementation, a wide variety of AI-based tools can improve the musculoskeletal radiologist's workflow by triaging imaging examinations, helping with image interpretation, and decreasing the reporting time. Additional AI applications may also be helpful for business, education, and research purposes if successfully integrated into the daily practice of musculoskeletal radiology. The question is not whether AI will replace radiologists, but rather how musculoskeletal radiologists can take advantage of AI to enhance their expert capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Guermazi
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Omoumi
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Mickael Tordjman
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Jan Fritz
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Richard Kijowski
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Nor-Eddine Regnard
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - John Carrino
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Charles E. Kahn
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Florian Knoll
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Frank W. Roemer
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
| | - Daichi Hayashi
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Mass (A.G., F.W.R., D.H.); Department of Radiology, VA Boston
Healthcare System, 1400 VFW Parkway, Suite 1B105, West Roxbury, MA 02132 (A.G.);
Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of
Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (P.O.); Department of Radiology, Hotel Dieu
Hospital and University Paris Cité, Paris, France (M.T.); Department of
Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY (J.F.,
R.K.); Gleamer, Paris, France (N.E.R.); Réseau d’Imagerie Sud
Francilien, Clinique du Mousseau Ramsay Santé, Evry, France (N.E.R.);
Pôle Médical Sénart, Lieusaint, France (N.E.R.); Department
of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell
Medicine, New York, NY (J.C.); Department of Radiology and Institute for
Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn (C.E.K.);
Departments of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering (F.K.) and
Radiology (F.W.R.), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen &
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen,
Germany (F.K.); School of Medicine & Computation, Information and
Technology Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich,
München, Germany (D.R.); Department of Computing, Imperial College
London, London, England (D.R.); and Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical
Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (D.H.)
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