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Bokhari SMZ, Hamar P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D): An Angiogenesis Bypass in Malignant Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13317. [PMID: 37686121 PMCID: PMC10487419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the key regulators of vasculogenesis in normal and oncological development. VEGF-A is the most studied angiogenic factor secreted by malignant tumor cells under hypoxic and inflammatory stress, which made VEGF-A a rational target for anticancer therapy. However, inhibition of VEGF-A by monoclonal antibody drugs led to the upregulation of VEGF-D. VEGF-D was primarily described as a lymphangiogenic factor; however, VEGF-D's blood angiogenic potential comparable to VEGF-A has already been demonstrated in glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. These findings suggested a role for VEGF-D in facilitating malignant tumor growth by bypassing the anti-VEGF-A antiangiogenic therapy. Owing to its high mitogenic ability, higher affinity for VEGFR-2, and higher expression in cancer, VEGF-D might even be a stronger angiogenic driver and, hence, a better therapeutic target than VEGF-A. In this review, we summarized the angiogenic role of VEGF-D in blood vasculogenesis and its targetability as an antiangiogenic therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hamar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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2
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Khademi M, Babaei Z, Ghorbanhosseini SS, Emami Razavi A, Aghaei M. Molecular mechanisms of miR-1236 in the assessment of tumor lymphangiogenesis in human ovarian cancer patients. J Gene Med 2023; 25:e3480. [PMID: 36750632 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor lymphangiogenesis is a critical component in the progression of cancers and specific microRNAs have been reported to be implicated in this process. Recent studies revealed the involvement of miR-1236 in lymphangiogenic signaling by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3). However, the prognostic importance of miR-1236 and its clinical relevance for lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer (OC) remains unclear. METHODS The study included 52 ovarian tumors and 28 normal ovarian tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to analyze the VEGFR3, VEGF-C, LYVE-1 and PROX1 mRNA expression as well as miR-1236. VEGFR3 protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry staining. Immunohistochemistry for the podoplanin marker (D2-40) was performed to measure lymphatic vessel density (LVD). In addition, diagnostic evaluation based on the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed. The influence of miR-1236 on overall survival was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Here, we show that miR-1236 expression was significantly decreased in ovarian tumors compared with control tissues (p < 0.001) and correlated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and patient survival (All P < 0.05). Moreover, in ovarian tumors, LVD as well as the gene expression of VEGFR3, VEGF-C and LYVE-1, but not PROX1, were found to be remarkably higher compared with control tissues. We also detected a more robust positive staining for VEGFR3 in OC tissues than in control tissues. Furthermore, our results demonstrated an inverse association of miR-1236 expression with LVD, VEGFR3, LYVE-1 and PROX1 expression in OC tissues. The ROC curve analysis indicated that miR-1236 expression has the potential to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in OC. Survival analysis further verified a lowered overall survival rate in patients with low miR-1236 expression than in those with high expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for the translational involvement of miR-1236 in the lymphangiogenesis of OC by regulating lymphangiogenesis-related factors and support the clinical importance of miR-1236 as a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Khademi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Ghorbanhosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirnader Emami Razavi
- Iran National Tumor Bank, Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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3
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Zhai CY, Yin LX, Han WD. Programmed cell death-1 inhibitor combination treatment for recurrent proficient mismatch repair/ miscrosatellite-stable type endometrial cancer: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:7474-7482. [PMID: 36157989 PMCID: PMC9353916 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i21.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers of the female reproductive tract, and the incidence is increasing rapidly. Immunotherapy using programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors is an emerging research topic and treatment strategy for refractory gynecological malignancies. However, clinical management of EC with checkpoint inhibitors requires improvement. Herein, we discuss a case of refractory proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/miscrosatellite-stable (MSS) EC treated with a combination of PD-1 and angiogenesis inhibitors and offer a review of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes based on previous studies.
CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old woman diagnosed with invasive or metastatic EC in 2015 was treated with six courses of chemotherapy and refused further radiotherapy. Four years later, she developed chest pain, and lung biopsy indicated thyroid transcription factor-1 (-), Napsin A (-), estrogen receptor (+), progesterone receptor (+), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (D5F3) (-), and receptor tyrosine kinase (D4D6) (-) metastatic EC. Genetic testing results showed low tumor mutation burden, pMMR, PD ligand 1 (-), MSS, and HLA-class 1 heterogeneous disease. The patient was started on toripalimab combined with nab-paclitaxel for seven cycles (every 3 wk), but this regimen was terminated because of an intolerable chemotherapy adverse event. The disease progressed in 2020, and the patient’s treatment was switched from nab-paclitaxel to anlotinib, while immunotherapy using toripalimab was continued. The patient achieved a major partial response with well-tolerated toxicities, and treatment is ongoing.
CONCLUSION Molecular testing is advised for clinical classifications of EC owing to its high heterogeneity. In this case, the patient had pMMR/MSS EC and achieved a positive outcome with combination PD-1 inhibitor treatment. These results warrant further clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Ya Zhai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiasha Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu-Xi Yin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Dong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang Province, China
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4
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Derlatka P, Grabowska-Derlatka L, Halaburda-Rola M, Szeszkowski W, Czajkowski K. The Value of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Treatment Response in Patients with Epithelial Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102464. [PMID: 35626067 PMCID: PMC9139226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of our study was to describe the selected parameters of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI in primary tumors in patients with serous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), as well as in disease course prognosis and treatment response, including bevacizumab maintenance therapy. Materials and Methods. In total, 55 patients with primary serous EOC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent MR imaging using a 1.5 T clinical whole-body MR system in preoperative DWI and DCE MRI selected parameters: apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), time to peek (TTP) and perfusion maximum enhancement (Perf. Max. En.) were measured. The data were compared with histopathological and immunochemistry results (with Ki67 and VEGF expression) and clinical outcomes. Results. Higher mean ADC values were found in low-grade EOC compared to high-grade EOC: 1151.27 vs. 894,918 (p < 0.0001). A negative correlation was found between ADC and Ki67 expression (p = 0.027), and between ADC and VEGF expression (p = 0.042). There was a negative correlation between TTP and PFS (p = 0.0019) and Perf. Max. En. and PSF (p = 0.003). In the Kaplan−Meier analysis (log rank), a longer PFS was found in patients with ADC values greater than the median; p = 0.046. The Kaplan−Meier analysis showed a longer PFS (p = 0.0126) in a group with TTP below the mean value for this parameter in patients who received maintenance treatment with bevacizumab. Conclusions. The described relationships between PFS and DCE and DWI allow us to hope to include these parameters in the group of EOC prognostic factors. This aspect seems to be of particular interest in the case of the association of PFS with DCE values in the group of patients treated with bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Derlatka
- Second Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2 St., 00-315 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (L.G.-D.); Tel.: +48-22-5966-512 (P.D.); +48-22-5992-300 (L.G.-D.)
| | - Laretta Grabowska-Derlatka
- Second Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.H.-R.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.D.); (L.G.-D.); Tel.: +48-22-5966-512 (P.D.); +48-22-5992-300 (L.G.-D.)
| | - Marta Halaburda-Rola
- Second Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.H.-R.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Szeszkowski
- Second Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.H.-R.); (W.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Czajkowski
- Second Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Karowa 2 St., 00-315 Warsaw, Poland;
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Ravaggi A, Gambino A, Ferrari F, Olivari A, Zanotti L, Romani C, Ardighieri L, Antonelli P, Garganese G, Gallo D, Scambia G, Bignotti E, Sartori E, Calza S, Odicino F. VEGF-D Serum Level as a Potential Predictor of Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis in Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818613. [PMID: 35463308 PMCID: PMC9026339 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radical surgical resection of the primary tumor with mono/bilateral inguinofemoral lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for invasive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and is frequently related to severe morbidity. Tailoring surgical treatment is of paramount importance, and a comprehensive preoperative evaluation is mandatory. Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is considered a regulator of lymphangiogenesis involved in tumor spread via lymphatic vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of VEGF-D in the prediction of inguinofemoral lymph node metastasis. Methods We analyzed the preoperative levels of serum VEGF-D (sVEGF-D) from two independent cohorts of patients with VSCC by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its protein expression on tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. Logistic regression was performed to identify the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis, and Cox proportional hazard model was used for survival analysis. Results High levels of sVEGF-D, but not tissue VEGF-D, significantly correlated with positive groin nodes and a more advanced International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) stage. In multivariable analysis, a high sVEGF-D level was an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis and worse prognosis. A prediction model based on sVEGF-D, tumor grade assessed on biopsy, tumor diameter, and lymph node clinical evaluation was able to predict lymph node metastasis, reaching C-index values of 0.79 and 0.73 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Conclusions The preoperative sVEGF-D level might be a reliable biomarker for the prediction of lymph node metastasis and prognosis in patients with VSCC, supporting better clinical/surgical decision. Multicenter prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ravaggi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia-Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angela Gambino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Olivari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia-Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia-Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Ardighieri
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonelli
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Garganese
- Gynecology and Breast Care Center, Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy.,Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Gallo
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia-Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Unit of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,BDbiomed, Big & Open Data Innovation Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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6
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Mustapha R, Ng K, Monypenny J, Ng T. Insights Into Unveiling a Potential Role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Metastasis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:661516. [PMID: 34568423 PMCID: PMC8455920 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.661516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) develop in non-lymphatic tissue in chronic inflammation and cancer. TLS can mature to lymph node (LN) like structures with germinal centers and associated vasculature. TLS neogenesis in cancer is highly varied and tissue dependent. The role of TLS in adaptive antitumor immunity is of great interest. However, data also show that TLS can play a role in cancer metastasis. The importance of lymphatics in cancer distant metastasis is clear yet the precise detail of how various immunosurveillance mechanisms interplay within TLS and/or draining LN is still under investigation. As part of the tumor lymphatics, TLS vasculature can provide alternative routes for the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche and cancer dissemination. The nature of the cytokine and chemokine signature at the heart of TLS induction can be key in determining the success of antitumor immunity or in promoting cancer invasiveness. Understanding the biochemical and biomechanical factors underlying TLS formation and the resulting impact on the primary tumor will be key in deciphering cancer metastasis and in the development of the next generation of cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Mustapha
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK King’s Health Partners Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenrick Ng
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Medical School Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK King’s Health Partners Centre, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK City of London Centre, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Fahmi MN, Pradjatmo H, Astuti I, Nindrea RD. Cytokines as Prognostic Biomarkers of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:315-323. [PMID: 33639643 PMCID: PMC8190346 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The value of cytokines as epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) prognostic factors has been widely investigated. This study aimed to determine the role of single cytokine as a biomarker prognosis in EOC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting cytokine as the prognostic predictor in EOC based on PRISMA guideline. We included English articles investigating associations of preoperative cytokines level in tissue, blood or ascites with overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) from PUBMED and EBSCO. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Fifty studies investigating twenty types of cytokines in tumor tissue, serum, and ascites from 5,376 patients were included. Pre-operative high VEGF level was associated with poor OS (HR 2.28, 95%CI [1.28, 3.28]) and DFS (HR 2.13, 95%CI [1.63, 2.78]) in serum and OS (HR 1.80, 95%CI [1.45, 2.23]) in tissue. IL-6 level in blood was associated with DFS (HR 1.60, 95%CI [1.21, 2.11]). There was no single cytokine which investigated by at least 2 studies reporting hazard ratio in ascites, so we did not conduct the meta-analysis. Other cytokines (serum IL-8; ascites fluid IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α; and ovarian tissue TGF-α, CSF-1, IL-10 ,TGF-β1, IL-17) associated with the poorer prognosis, could not be pooled due to lack of studies. CONCLUSION Pre-operative VEGF level in serum and tissue specimen seem to be the potential candidate of an unfavorable prognostic biomarker for EOC. The evidence was lacking to support the other cytokines investigated in blood, tissue and ascites as prognostic biomarkers for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moh Nailul Fahmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heru Pradjatmo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Indwiani Astuti
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ricvan Dana Nindrea
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia
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8
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Soyama H, Miyamoto M, Matsuura H, Iwahashi H, Kakimoto S, Ishibashi H, Sakamoto T, Hada T, Suminokura J, Takano M. Rapid decrease in serum VEGF-A levels may be a worse prognostic biomarker for patients with platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer treated with bevacizumab and gemcitabine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:941-947. [PMID: 32279102 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between changes in the levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) after treatment with bevacizumab and gemcitabine (Bev-Gem) and the clinical outcome. METHODS Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer patients treated with Bev-Gem therapy at our hospital between 2014 and 2018 were identified. Serum VEGF levels at the first and second treatment cycle were measured by ELISA. All patients were categorized into two groups-patients with > 50% decrease in serum VEGF-A levels (Group A) and patients with < 50% decrease serum VEGF-A levels (Group B). The association between clinical outcome and serum VEGF levels was investigated between the two groups. RESULTS Among 18 patients, 10 were in Group A and 8 in Group B. Group A exhibited a lower response rate (0% vs.75% p < 0.01) and clinical benefit rate (60% vs.100% p = 0.02) than Group B. The median serum VEGF-A level of Group A before the first cycle of Bev-Gem therapy was higher than that in Group B (61.2 vs. 3.7 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Group A exhibited worse PFS (7 vs., 10 months, p < 0.01) and OS (17 vs. 26 months, p = 0.04) than Group B. There were more patients with > 10% increase in serum VEGF-B levels in Group A than in Group B (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The rapid decrease in VEGF-A levels and the resultant increase in serum VEGF-B levels might be associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome. Large-scale studies are needed to further examine these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Soyama
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Morikazu Miyamoto
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Matsuura
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hideki Iwahashi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakimoto
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishibashi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakamoto
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Taira Hada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Jin Suminokura
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
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9
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Alvarez Secord A, Bell Burdett K, Owzar K, Tritchler D, Sibley AB, Liu Y, Starr MD, Brady JC, Lankes HA, Hurwitz HI, Mannel RS, Tewari KS, O'Malley DM, Gray H, Bakkum-Gamez JN, Fujiwara K, Boente M, Deng W, Burger RA, Birrer MJ, Nixon AB. Predictive Blood-Based Biomarkers in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Treated with Carboplatin and Paclitaxel with or without Bevacizumab: Results from GOG-0218. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1288-1296. [PMID: 31919136 PMCID: PMC7073274 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GOG-0218, a double-blind placebo-controlled phase III trial, compared carboplatin and paclitaxel with placebo, bevacizumab followed by placebo, or bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Results demonstrated significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS), but no overall survival (OS) benefit with bevacizumab. Blood samples were collected for biomarker analyses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Plasma samples were analyzed via multiplex ELISA technology for seven prespecified biomarkers [IL6, Ang-2, osteopontin (OPN), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), VEGF-D, IL6 receptor (IL6R), and GP130]. The predictive value of each biomarker with respect to PFS and OS was assessed using a protein marker by treatment interaction term within the framework of a Cox proportional hazards model. Prognostic markers were identified using Cox models adjusted for baseline covariates. RESULTS Baseline samples were available from 751 patients. According to our prespecified analysis plan, IL6 was predictive of a therapeutic advantage with bevacizumab for PFS (P = 0.007) and OS (P = 0.003). IL6 and OPN were found to be negative prognostic markers for both PFS and OS (P < 0.001). Patients with high median IL6 levels (dichotomized at the median) treated with bevacizumab had longer PFS (14.2 vs. 8.7 months) and OS (39.6 vs. 33.1 months) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS The inflammatory cytokine IL6 may be predictive of therapeutic benefit from bevacizumab when combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Aligning with results observed in patients with renal cancer treated with antiangiogenic therapies, it appears plasma IL6 may also define those patients with EOC more or less likely to benefit from the addition of bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kirsten Bell Burdett
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kouros Owzar
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Alexander B Sibley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yingmiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark D Starr
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - J Chris Brady
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Heather A Lankes
- Biopathology Center, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Herbert I Hurwitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert S Mannel
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Krishnansu S Tewari
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California
| | - David M O'Malley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Heidi Gray
- Division of Gynecology Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan
| | | | - Wei Deng
- GOG Statistical and Data Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Robert A Burger
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Birrer
- Division of Gynecologic Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Dana Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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10
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The role of tumor-derived exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes, belonging to the group of extracellular bodies, are released by healthy as well as cancerous cells and serve as a communication pathway. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) possess the capacity to reprogram the function of normal cells owing to their genetic and molecular cargo. Such exosomes target endothelial cells (among others) in the tumor microenvironment to promote angiogenesis. Blood supply is essential in solid tumor growth and metastasis. The potential of pro-angiogenic changes is enhanced by an increased amount of circulating tumor-derived exosomes in the body fluids of cancer patients. A vascular network is important, since the proliferation, as well as the metastatic spread of cancer cells depends on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. New blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are formed through processes called angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Angiogenesis is regulated by both activator and inhibitor molecules. Thousands of patients have received anti-angiogenic therapy to date. Despite their theoretical efficacy, anti-angiogenic treatments have not proved beneficial in terms of long-term survival. Tumor-derived exosomes carrying pro-angiogenic factors might be a target for new anti-cancer therapy.
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11
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Sopo M, Anttila M, Hämäläinen K, Kivelä A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Kosma VM, Keski-Nisula L, Sallinen H. Expression profiles of VEGF-A, VEGF-D and VEGFR1 are higher in distant metastases than in matched primary high grade epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:584. [PMID: 31200683 PMCID: PMC6570919 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In many malignancies including ovarian cancer, different angiogenic factors have been related to poor prognosis. However, data on their relations to each other or importance as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer is missing. Therefore, we investigated the expressions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D, and the receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in patients with malignant epithelial ovarian neoplasms. We further compared expression levels between primary tumors and related distant omental metastases. Methods This study included 86 patients with malignant ovarian epithelial tumors and 16 related distant metastases. Angiogenic factor expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (n = 102) and qRT-PCR (n = 29). Results Compared to primary high grade serous ovarian tumors, the related omental metastases showed higher expressions of VEGF-A (p = 0.022), VEGF-D (p = 0.010), and VEGFR1 (p = 0.046). In univariate survival analysis, low epithelial expression of VEGF-A in primary tumors was associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.024), and short progression-free survival was associated with high VEGF-C (p = 0.034) and low VEGFR3 (p = 0.002). The relative expressions of VEGF-D, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 mRNA determined by qRT-PCR analyses were significantly correlated with the immunohistochemically detected levels of these proteins in primary high grade serous ovarian cancer and metastases (p = 0.004, p = 0.009, p = 0.015, and p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusions The expressions of VEGF receptors and their ligands significantly differed between malignant ovarian tumors and paired distant metastases. VEGF-A, VEGF-D, and VEGFR1 protein expressions seem to be higher in distant metastases than in the primary high grade serous ovarian cancer lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Sopo
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maarit Anttila
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Hämäläinen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annukka Kivelä
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leea Keski-Nisula
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Sallinen
- Department of Gynecology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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12
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Phase II trial of nintedanib in patients with bevacizumab-resistant recurrent epithelial ovarian, tubal, and peritoneal cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 153:555-561. [PMID: 30929823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.03.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bevacizumab provides benefit in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), yet resistance to bevacizumab often occurs. We determined if nintedanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGF, FGF, and PDGF receptors has antitumor activity in bevacizumab-resistant recurrent EOC, tubal, and peritoneal cancer. METHODS This phase II study evaluated nintedanib 200 mg/day until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objective was 6-month progression free survival (PFS6m). Secondary objectives were response rate and toxicity. Simon two-stage optimal design was used. Baseline angiogenic plasma biomarkers were measured. RESULTS 27 patients were enrolled evaluable for PFS; 26 were evaluable for PFS6m. The median age was 65 years (range 44-73); 89.9% had high-grade serous EOC; 70% received at least >2 prior chemotherapies; and 81% (22/27) had chemoresistant disease. With median follow up of 15.6 months (range 2-38) the PFS6m rate was 11.5% (3/26). Three participants had long duration of disease control (8-16 months). Median PFS and overall survival were 1.8 and 16 months, respectively. Response rate was 7.4% (2/27 PR). Thirty-seven percent (10/27) had stable disease, while 56% (15/27) had progressive disease. Adverse events included Grade 3 liver enzyme elevation (15%), Grade 3 diarrhea (7%), Grade 2 fatigue (7%), and Grade 2 nausea/vomiting (15%). PD patients exhibited higher levels of CD73, IL6, and VEGFD (p < 0.05) compared to PR/SD patients. IL6 was associated with worse PFS (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Single-agent nintedanib has minimal activity in an unselected bevacizumab-resistant EOC population. Nintedanib was tolerable and toxicities were manageable. Plasma CD73, IL6, and VEGFD were identified as prognostic markers for progressive disease, and IL6 was associated with worse PFS confirming similar observations made in patients treated with other anti-angiogenic agents.
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13
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PKCζ facilitates lymphatic metastatic spread of prostate cancer cells in a mice xenograft model. Oncogene 2019; 38:4215-4231. [PMID: 30705401 PMCID: PMC6756056 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer disseminates primarily into the adjacent lymph nodes, which is related to a poor outcome. Atypical protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) is highly expressed in aggressive prostate cancer and correlates with Gleason score, clinical stage, and poor prognosis. Here, we report the molecular mechanisms of PKCζ in lymphatic metastasis during prostate cancer progression. Using zinc-finger nuclease technology or PKCζ shRNA lentiviral particles, and orthotopic mouse xenografts, we show that PKCζ-knockout or knockdown from aggressive prostate cancer (PC3 and PC3U) cells, decreasesd tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis in vivo. Intriguingly, PKCζ-knockout or knockdown impaired the activation of AKT, ERK, and NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer cells, thereby impairing the expression of lymphangiogenic factors and macrophage recruitment, resulting in aberrant lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, PKCζ regulated the expression of hyaluronan synthase enzymes, which is important for hyaluronan-mediated lymphatic drainage and tumor dissemination. Thus, PKCζ plays a crucial oncogenic role in the lymphatic metastasis of prostate cancer and is predicted to be a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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14
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Chellappan DK, Leng KH, Jia LJ, Aziz NABA, Hoong WC, Qian YC, Ling FY, Wei GS, Ying T, Chellian J, Gupta G, Dua K. The role of bevacizumab on tumour angiogenesis and in the management of gynaecological cancers: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:1127-1144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Emerging Roles for VEGF-D in Human Disease. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8010001. [PMID: 29300337 PMCID: PMC5871970 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are located in many tissues and organs throughout the body, and play important roles in a wide variety of prevalent diseases in humans. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is a secreted protein that can promote the remodeling of blood vessels and lymphatics in development and disease. Recent fundamental and translational studies have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms by which VEGF-D exerts its effects in human disease. Hence this protein is now of interest as a therapeutic and/or diagnostic target, or as a potential therapeutic agent, in a diversity of indications in cardiovascular medicine, cancer and the devastating pulmonary condition lymphangioleiomyomatosis. This has led to clinical trial programs to assess the effect of targeting VEGF-D signaling pathways, or delivering VEGF-D, in angina, cancer and ocular indications. This review summarizes our understanding of VEGF-D signaling in human disease, which is largely based on animal disease models and clinicopathological studies, and provides information about the outcomes of recent clinical trials testing agonists or antagonists of VEGF-D signaling.
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16
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Lindgren A, Anttila M, Rautiainen S, Arponen O, Kivelä A, Mäkinen P, Härmä K, Hämäläinen K, Kosma VM, Ylä-Herttuala S, Vanninen R, Sallinen H. Primary and metastatic ovarian cancer: Characterization by 3.0T diffusion-weighted MRI. Eur Radiol 2017; 27:4002-4012. [PMID: 28289938 PMCID: PMC5544807 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to investigate whether apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) measured by 3.0T diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) associate with histological aggressiveness of ovarian cancer (OC) or predict the clinical outcome. This prospective study enrolled 40 patients with primary OC, treated 2011-2014. Methods DWI was performed prior to surgery. Two observers used whole lesion single plane region of interest (WLsp-ROI) and five small ROIs (S-ROI) to analyze ADCs. Samples from tumours and metastases were collected during surgery. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to measure the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. Results The interobserver reliability of ADC measurements was excellent for primary tumours ICC 0.912 (WLsp-ROI). Low ADCs significantly associated with poorly differentiated OC (WLsp-ROI P = 0.035). In primary tumours, lower ADCs significantly associated with high Ki-67 (P = 0.001) and low VEGF (P = 0.001) expression. In metastases, lower ADCs (WLsp-ROI) significantly correlated with low VEGF receptors mRNA levels. ADCs had predictive value; 3-year overall survival was poorer in patients with lower ADCs (WLsp-ROI P = 0.023, S-ROI P = 0.038). Conclusion Reduced ADCs are associated with histological severity and worse outcome in OC. ADCs measured with WLsp-ROI may serve as a prognostic biomarker of OC. Key Points • Reduced ADCs correlate with prognostic markers: poor differentiation and high Ki-67 expression • ADCs also significantly correlated with VEGF protein expression in primary tumours • Lower ADC values are associated with poorer survival in ovarian cancer • Whole lesion single plane-ROI ADCs may be used as a prognostic biomarker in OC
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Affiliation(s)
- Auni Lindgren
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maarit Anttila
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Suvi Rautiainen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Otso Arponen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annukka Kivelä
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Härmä
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Hämäläinen
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Sallinen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Gynaecology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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17
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Davydova N, Harris NC, Roufail S, Paquet-Fifield S, Ishaq M, Streltsov VA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Differential Receptor Binding and Regulatory Mechanisms for the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and -D. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27265-27278. [PMID: 27852824 PMCID: PMC5207153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C and VEGF-D are secreted glycoproteins that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. They exhibit structural homology and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors on endothelial cells that signal for growth of blood vessels and lymphatics. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were thought to exhibit similar bioactivities, yet recent studies indicated distinct signaling mechanisms (e.g. tumor-derived VEGF-C promoted expression of the prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme COX-2 in lymphatics, a response thought to facilitate metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature, whereas VEGF-D did not). Here we explore the basis of the distinct bioactivities of VEGF-D using a neutralizing antibody, peptide mapping, and mutagenesis to demonstrate that the N-terminal α-helix of mature VEGF-D (Phe93–Arg108) is critical for binding VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Importantly, the N-terminal part of this α-helix, from Phe93 to Thr98, is required for binding VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-2. Surprisingly, the corresponding part of the α-helix in mature VEGF-C did not influence binding to either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3, indicating distinct determinants of receptor binding by these growth factors. A variant of mature VEGF-D harboring a mutation in the N-terminal α-helix, D103A, exhibited enhanced potency for activating VEGFR-3, was able to promote increased COX-2 mRNA levels in lymphatic endothelial cells, and had enhanced capacity to induce lymphatic sprouting in vivo. This mutant may be useful for developing protein-based therapeutics to drive lymphangiogenesis in clinical settings, such as lymphedema. Our studies shed light on the VEGF-D structure/function relationship and provide a basis for understanding functional differences compared with VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davydova
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Nicole C Harris
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sally Roufail
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Musarat Ishaq
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and
| | - Steven P Williams
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Tara Karnezis
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Steven A Stacker
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, .,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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18
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Lim JJ, Yang K, Taylor-Harding B, Wiedemeyer WR, Buckanovich RJ. VEGFR3 inhibition chemosensitizes ovarian cancer stemlike cells through down-regulation of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Neoplasia 2015; 16:343-53.e1-2. [PMID: 24862760 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In ovarian cancer, loss of BRCA gene expression in tumors is associated with improved response to chemotherapy and increased survival. A means to pharmacologically downregulate BRCA gene expression could improve the outcomes of patients with BRCA wild-type tumors. We report that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) inhibition in ovarian cancer cells is associated with decreased levels of both BRCA1 and BRCA2. Inhibition of VEGFR3 in ovarian tumor cells was associated with growth arrest. CD133(+) ovarian cancer stemlike cells were preferentially susceptible to VEGFR3-mediated growth inhibition. VEGFR3 inhibition-mediated down-regulation of BRCA gene expression reversed chemotherapy resistance and restored chemosensitivity in resistant cell lines in which a BRCA2 mutation had reverted to wild type. Finally, we demonstrate that tumor-associated macrophages are a primary source of VEGF-C in the tumor microenvironment. Our studies suggest that VEGFR3 inhibition may be a pharmacologic means to downregulate BRCA genes and improve the outcomes of patients with BRCA wild-type tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung J Lim
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Barbie Taylor-Harding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Division of Gynecology and Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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OSAWA YUKI, YOKOYAMA YOSHIHITO, SHIGETO TATSUHIKO, FUTAGAMI MASAYUKI, MIZUNUMA HIDEKI. Decreased expression of carbonyl reductase 1 promotes ovarian cancer growth and proliferation. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1252-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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20
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Tamura R, Yokoyama Y, Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Mizunuma H. 4-Methylumbelliferone inhibits ovarian cancer growth by suppressing thymidine phosphorylase expression. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:94. [PMID: 25304388 PMCID: PMC4198731 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-014-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU), a hyaluronan (HA) synthesis inhibitor, has antitumor activity in cancer cells. However, few studies have focused on its effects on ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 4-MU on ovarian cancer and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Methods The HRA human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma cell line was used in this study. The effects of 4-MU on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined by using in vitro assays as well as an in vivo rat peritoneal carcinomatosis model. The expression of HA synthase (HAS), CD44 HA receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) mRNA in HRA cells was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results 4-MU administration inhibited the growth of peritoneal tumors and significantly prolonged survival. In vitro experiments showed that 4-MU inhibited HRA cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, while it did not affect HRA cell invasion and migration. 4-MU significantly decreased TP mRNA expression in HRA cells. On the other hand, since HAS2, CD44, and VEGF endogenous mRNA expression levels were very low in HRA cells, it was impossible to evaluate the effect of 4-MU treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that 4-MU exerts its antitumor effect on ovarian cancer through suppressing TP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Yokoyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Hideki Mizunuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
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Secord AA, Nixon AB, Hurwitz HI. The search for biomarkers to direct antiangiogenic treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:349-58. [PMID: 25178997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents have demonstrated improved progression-free survival in women with primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Biomarkers that predict outcomes in patients treated with antiangiogenic agents are being investigated to rationally direct therapy for women most likely to benefit from these agents. Among the most promising plasma-based biomarkers are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and VEGF receptor-2. While these biomarkers have been correlated with prognosis, they have not been shown to predict benefit, specifically from anti-VEGF therapy, highlighting the need for alternative biomarkers, including molecular and clinical factors, which may be predictive of outcome in women with ovarian cancer treated with antiangiogenic agents. Biomarkers are currently being investigated as secondary outcomes in several ongoing phase II and phase III clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents in patients with EOC. Molecular techniques, such as microarray analyses, and imaging techniques, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, are also being explored in this field. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current biomarker research, with an emphasis on angiogenic biomarkers associated with EOC.
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Widodo I, Ferronika P, Harijadi A, Triningsih FE, Utoro T, Soeripto. Clinicopathological significance of lymphangiogenesis and tumor lymphovascular invasion in indonesian breast cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:997-1001. [PMID: 23621275 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.2.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphangiogenesis, assessed as lymphovascular density (LVD), is the initial step of generalized tumor lymphovascular invasion (LVI). It also involves VEGF-C as the most important protein family. Lymphangiogenesis among breast cancer cases correlations with several clinicopathological factors are important to determine prognosis and treatment strategies, but results have been controversial and require clarification. AIM To define correlations between VEGF-C expression, LVD and LVI with several clinicopathological parameters from Indonesian breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a cross-sectional study, a total of 48 paraffin-embedded tissues of breast cancer from Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Indonesia were assessed for VEGF-C expression, LVD and LVI by immunohistochemistry. Correlations of these markers with clinicopathological parameters like patient age, tumor size, lymph node status, grade, ER/PR and Her-2 status, cell proliferation and p-53 expression were investigated by linear analysis. Correlations of VEGF-C expression and LVI with several clinicopathological parameters were analyzed with Coefficient Contingency Chi-Square test. RESULTS The mean of patients age was 53.0 year, pre and post-menopausal patients accounting for 56.3% and 43.8%, respectively. Some 10.4% were well, 41.7% moderate and 47.9% poorly differentiated. ER positivity was evident in 50% while PR and Her-2 positivity was found in 31.3% and 33.3%, respectively. Breast cancer cells with over-expression of p-53 was 64.6% and with high cell proliferation was 56.3%. Lymph node metastasis was noted in 63.5%, and LVI in 72.9%. Significant correlations were found between LVD and tumor size (p:0.037), grade (p:0.000), lymphnode status (p:0.036), LVI (p:0.003), as well as with p-53 and cell proliferation. There were also significant correlation of VEGF-C (p:0.011) and LVI (p:0.001) with tumor grade. Only ER status was found to have a correlation with tumor size (p:0.027). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that in Indonesian breast cancer patients, lymphangiogenesis is correlated with tumor size, grade, lymph node status and tumor lymphovascular invasion, the latter also being related with p-53 over expression and high cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irianiwati Widodo
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia.
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Hertel J, Hirche C, Wissmann C, Ebert MP, Höcker M. Transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR3) gene is regulated by the zinc finger proteins Sp1 and Sp3 and is under epigenetic control: transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:131-45. [PMID: 24710631 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) has been linked to the regulation of lymphangiogenesis and the lymphatic spread of solid malignancies. The molecular mechanisms controlling VEGFR3 gene expression have, however, remained poorly understood. Here, we aimed at assessing these mechanisms through VEGFR3 gene promoter analysis and the identification of transcription factors binding to it. In addition, we focussed on epigenetic modifications underlying VEGFR3 transcription regulation. METHODS 5' Deletion analyses for the identification of functional promoter elements, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitations, methylation-specific PCRs, and Trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-Aza desoxycytidine (5-Aza dC) treatments were performed in this study. RESULTS Following the isolation of a 2 kb stretch of 5'-flanking DNA of VEGFR3, we identified a novel GC-rich element (GRE) spanning -101/-66 sufficient for VEGFR3 transcription and activated by Sp1 and Sp3, respectively. Histone de-acetylase inhibition by TSA led to the accumulation of acetylated histones H3/H4 at the VEGFR3 gene promoter, up-regulation of its mRNA levels, and transactivation of promoter reporter constructs in endothelial cell lines. Similarly, methylation inhibition by 5-Aza dC triggered up-regulation of VEGFR3 mRNA levels and increased promoter activity. TSA and 5-Aza-dC did not influence Sp1/Sp3 binding, but increased the transactivating capacity of both transcription factors, suggesting epigenetic modification as an underlying mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Here we describe the identification of regulatory elements controlling human VEGFR3 gene expression and show that histone acetylation and CpG methylation are important determinants of VEGFR3 transcription regulation. These findings may facilitate the development of intervention strategies aimed at targeting VEGFR3-based tumor lymphangiogenesis and/or lymphatic tumor spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hertel
- Laboratory for Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis, Campus Mitte, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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WANG YU, YAN SHI, LIU XIAOLIN, ZHANG WENJING, LI YINGWEI, DONG RUIFEN, ZHANG QING, YANG QIFENG, YUAN CUNZHONG, SHEN KENG, KONG BEIHUA. miR-1236-3p represses the cell migration and invasion abilities by targeting ZEB1 in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1905-10. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Du LC, Chen XC, Wang D, Wen YJ, Wang CT, Wang XM, Kan B, Wei YQ, Zhao X. VEGF-D-induced draining lymphatic enlargement and tumor lymphangiogenesis promote lymph node metastasis in a xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:14. [PMID: 24502459 PMCID: PMC3929486 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D has been shown to promote lymph node metastasis in several cancers. Although generally overexpressed in ovarian carcinoma, its role in nodal dissemination of this cancer is unclear. To clarify the role of VEGF-D and the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated the function of VEGF-D using a mouse xenograft model of ovarian cancer. METHODS Human ovarian serous adenocarcinoma SKOV3 cells were transfected with VEGF-D recombinant plasmid DNA, or with control vectors. The cells were injected subcutaneously into the footpads of nude mice. Tumor growth was evaluated weekly. Draining lymphatics were observed grossly with Evan's blue lymphangiography. Tumoral lymphatics were delineated with both Evan's blue and LYVE-1 immunostaining. Tumor metastases to lymph nodes were evaluated by H&E and CA125/CD40 staining. Expression of VEGF-D in primary tumors and levels of CA125 in involved lymph nodes were examined by immunohistochemistry. Tumor cell apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst dyeing. RESULTS Mice bearing VEGF-D overexpressing xenografts showed a significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis and markedly greater tumor volume compared with the controls. The functional lymphatic vessels were denser and enlarged in marginal and central tumor portions. Additionally, higher CA125 expression was observed in the involved lymph nodes. Mice bearing VEGF-D overexpressing xenografts also exhibited a markedly lower apoptotic index compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the important role of VEGF-D in promoting lymph node metastasis by increasing tumor lymphangiogenesis, stimulating draining lymphatic vessel formation, and enhancing tumor invasiveness. Our findings show that VEGF-D can be a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Cheng Du
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Jun Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Ting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue-Mei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, China
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Hardenberg JV, Martini T, Knauer A, Ströbel P, Becker A, Herrmann E, Schubert C, Steidler A, Bolenz C. Expression and predictive value of lymph-specific markers in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:54.e9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Senthilkumar K, Venkatesan J, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Antiangiogenic effects of marine sponge derived compounds on cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1097-1108. [PMID: 24148290 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The term "angiogenic switch" refers to a time-restricted event during tumor progression where the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, resulting in the transition from dormant avascularized hyperplasia to outgrowing vascularized tumor and eventually to malignant tumor progression. Targeting angiogenesis and its mechanistic pathways are critical target for cancer therapy. Recently, marine derived compounds, plays major role in cancer research. Several sponge derived compounds such as alkaloids, terpenes, macrocylic lactone and polyketide are leading drugs in the treatment of different types of diseases including cancer. Those marine sponge compounds inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Hence, this review sheds light on angiogenic regulators and marine sponge derived antiangiogenic compounds for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Senthilkumar
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Sanmartín E, Sirera R, Usó M, Blasco A, Gallach S, Figueroa S, Martínez N, Hernando C, Honguero A, Martorell M, Guijarro R, Rosell R, Jantus-Lewintre E, Camps C. A gene signature combining the tissue expression of three angiogenic factors is a prognostic marker in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:612-20. [PMID: 24145997 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are key mechanisms for tumor growth and dissemination. They are mainly regulated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands and receptors. The aim of this study was to analyze relative expression levels of angiogenic markers in resectable non-small cell lung cancer patients in order to asses a prognostic signature that could improve characterization of patients with worse clinical outcomes. METHODS RNA was obtained from tumor and normal lung specimens from 175 patients. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the relative expression of HIF1A, PlGF, VEGFA, VEGFA165b, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, NRP1 and NRP2. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that tumor size and ECOG-PS are prognostic factors for time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS). This analysis in the case of angiogenic factors also revealed that PlGF, VEGFA, VEGFB and VEGFD distinguish patients with different outcomes. Taking into account the complex interplay between the different ligands of the VEGF family and to more precisely predict the outcome of the patients, we considered a new analysis combining several VEGF ligands. In order to find independent prognostic variables, we performed a multivariate Cox analysis, which showed that the subgroup of patients with higher relative expression of VEGFA plus lower VEGFB and VEGFD presented the poorest outcome for both TTP and OS. CONCLUSIONS The relative expression of these three genes can be considered as an angiogenic gene signature whose applicability for the selection of candidates for targeted therapies needs to be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sanmartín
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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He L, He J, Zhao X. Expression of VEGF-D in epithelial ovarian cancer and its relationship to lymphatic metastasis. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2013; 12:e161-6. [PMID: 23915006 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the contribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D to tumor progression, tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS The expression profiles of VEGF-D in 18 benign, 14 borderline and 87 malignant epithelial ovarian cancers were examined using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Lymphatic vessels were identified using IHC staining on lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1), which is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan in identifying lymphatic vessels. The potential correlation among VEGF-D, lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and clinico-pathological factors of the epithelial ovarian cancer was also analyzed. RESULTS Positive IHC staining of VEGF-D was observed in 17% of benign, 21% of borderline and 80% of malignant epithelial ovarian tumors specimens. In the epithelial ovarian cancer specimens, the LVD was 3.41 ± 2.37 in the VEGF-D negative (17 patients), 5.42 ± 3.49 in the weak (26 patients), 7.22 ± 2.36 in the moderate (27 patients) and 7.35 ± 4.06 in the strong (17 patients) groups, respectively. Additionally, the expression of VEGF-D was positively correlated with LVD (r = 0.415, P < 0.001). The expression level of VEGF-D was significantly higher in lymph node-positive epithelial ovarian cancer than in lymph node-negative patients (P = 0.009, P < 0.05). The expression of VEGF-D was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage and tumor histological differentiation, but not with the patients' age or histology type. CONCLUSION VEGF-D may play an important role in the process of lymphatic metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyong He
- Physical Examination Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Signaling for lymphangiogenesis via VEGFR-3 is required for the early events of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:819-32. [PMID: 23591595 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes is an important and early event in many tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), VEGF-D and their receptor VEGFR-3, play a role in tumor spread via the lymphatics, although the timing of their involvement is not understood. In contrast, VEGFR-2, activated by VEGF-A, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, is a mediator of angiogenesis and drives primary tumor growth. We demonstrate the critical role for VEGFR-3, but not VEGFR-2, in the early events of metastasis. In a tumor model exhibiting both VEGF-D-dependent angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, an antibody to VEGFR-2 (DC101) was capable of inhibiting angiogenesis (79 % reduction in PECAM + blood vessels) and growth (93 % reduction in tumor volume). However, unlike an anti-VEGFR-3 Mab (mF4-31C1), DC101 was not capable of eliminating either tumor lymphangiogenesis or lymphogenous metastasis (60 % reduction of lymph node metastasis by DC101 vs 95 % by mF4-31C1). Early excision of the primary tumors demonstrated that VEGF-D-mediated tumor spread precedes angiogenesis-induced growth. Small but highly metastatic primary human breast cancers had significantly higher lymphatic vessel density (23.1 vessels/mm(2)) than size-matched (11.7) or larger non-metastatic tumors (12.4) thus supporting the importance of lymphatic vessels, as opposed to angiogenesis-mediated primary tumor growth, for nodal metastasis. These results suggest that lymphangiogenesis via VEGF-D is more critical than angiogenesis for nodal metastasis.
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Tuppurainen L, Sallinen H, Kokki E, Koponen J, Anttila M, Pulkkinen K, Heikura T, Toivanen P, Hämäläinen K, Kosma VM, Heinonen S, Alitalo K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Preclinical safety, toxicology, and biodistribution study of adenoviral gene therapy with sVEGFR-2 and sVEGFR-3 combined with chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:29-37. [PMID: 23692381 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic gene therapy with soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and soluble VEGFR-3 in combination with chemotherapy is a potential new treatment for ovarian carcinoma. We evaluated the safety, toxicology, and biodistribution of intravenous AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 combined with chemotherapy in healthy rats (n=90) before entering a clinical setting. The study groups were: AdLacZ and AdLacZ with chemotherapy as control groups, low dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3, high dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3, combination of low dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 with chemotherapy, combination of high dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdVEGFR-3 with chemotherapy, and chemotherapy only. The follow-up time was 4 weeks. Safety and toxicology were assessed by monitoring the clinical status of the animals and by histological, hematological, and clinical chemistry parameters. For the biodistribution studies, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. Low dose (2×10(10) vp) AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 gene therapy was well tolerated, even when gene therapy was combined with chemotherapy. Notably, only transient elevation of liver enzymes and mild regenerative changes were seen in liver after the gene transfer in the groups that received high doses (2×10(11) vp) of AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 with or without chemotherapy. No life-threatening adverse effects were noticed in any of the treatment groups. The highest protein concentration of soluble VEGFR-2 (sVEGFR-2) in circulation was seen 1 week after the gene transfer. The combination of chemotherapy to gene therapy seemed to prolong the time of detectable transgene protein at least 1 week in the circulation. The expression of AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 transgenes was mainly seen in the liver and spleen as detected by qRT-PCR. According to these results, AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 gene therapy combined with chemotherapy is safe and can be brought to clinical testing in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tuppurainen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FIN-70211, Finland
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Chen JC, Chang YW, Hong CC, Yu YH, Su JL. The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis in tumor progression and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:88-107. [PMID: 23344023 PMCID: PMC3565253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) has been identified as a multifaceted factor participating in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-C is not only expressed in endothelial cells, but also in tumor cells. VEGF-C signaling is important for progression of various cancer types through both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Likewise, both receptors are expressed mainly on endothelial cells, but also expressed in tumor cells. The dimeric VEGF-C undergoes a series of proteolytic cleavage steps that increase the protein binding affinity to VEGFR-3; however, only complete processing, removing both the N- and C-terminal propeptides, yields mature VEGF-C that can bind to VEGFR-2. The processed VEGF-C can bind and activate VEGFR-3 homodimers and VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimers to elicit biological responses. High levels of VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C/VEGFRs signaling correlate significantly with poorer prognosis in a variety of malignancies. Therefore, the development of new drugs that selectively target the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis seems to be an effective means to potentiate anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng Shiang, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 7932); Fax: +886-4-2233-3496
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Kashima K, Watanabe M, Satoh Y, Hata J, Ishii N, Aoki Y. Inhibition of lymphatic metastasis in neuroblastoma by a novel neutralizing antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor-D. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:2144-52. [PMID: 22937829 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic spread is an important clinical determinant in the prognosis of many human cancers. The lymphangiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is implicated in the promotion of lymphatic metastasis through the development of lymphatic vessels in some human cancers. In this study, we developed an anti-VEGF-D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, and investigated its in vitro properties, in vivo effects against tumors and possible target indications to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic antibody. The cVE199 molecule was revealed to have a specific binding reactivity against human VEGF-D, as well as a specific inhibitory activity against the binding of human VEGF-D to VEGFR-3. In addition, cVE199 was found to inhibit the biological activity of VEGF-D against lymphatic cells in vitro. Because we determined that a neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-DZ, abundantly expressed VEGF-D, an in vivo efficacy study was performed using a xenograft model of SK-N-DZ. We found that cVE199 significantly decreased lymphatic metastasis of SK-N-DZ as well as lymphangiogenesis in primary lesions. Finally, we investigated VEGF-D expression in human neuroblastoma, finding that the molecule was expressed in 11 of 29 human neuroblastoma specimens (37.9%). In conclusion, we found that a novel anti-VEGF-D monoclonal antibody, cVE199, with specific reactivity against human VEGF-D, prevents lymphatic metastasis of neuroblastoma through the inhibition of lymphangiogenesis in an animal model. In addition, our results show that VEGF-D is expressed in some cases of human neuroblastomas, which suggests that cVE199 is a potential anti-metastasis therapeutic antibody in neuroblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kashima
- Department 2 of Pharmaceutical Research, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is a secreted glycoprotein that promotes growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis) and lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis), and can induce remodeling of large lymphatics. VEGF-D enhances solid tumor growth and metastatic spread in animal models of cancer, and in some human cancers VEGF-D correlates with metastatic spread, poor patient outcome, and, potentially, with resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs. Hence, VEGF-D signaling is a potential target for novel anti-cancer therapeutics designed to enhance anti-angiogenic approaches and to restrict metastasis. In the cardiovascular system, delivery of VEGF-D in animal models enhanced angiogenesis and tissue perfusion, findings which have led to a range of clinical trials testing this protein for therapeutic angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases. Despite these experimental and clinical developments, our knowledge of the signaling mechanisms driven by VEGF-D is still evolving--here we explore the biology of VEGF-D, its signaling mechanisms, and the clinical relevance of this growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Achen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 1 Saint Andrews Place, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
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Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox S, Achen MG, Stacker SA. The connection between lymphangiogenic signalling and prostaglandin biology: a missing link in the metastatic pathway. Oncotarget 2012; 3:893-906. [PMID: 23097685 PMCID: PMC3478465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports important independent roles for lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and prostaglandins in the metastatic spread of cancer. The significance of the lymphangiogenic growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, is well established in animal models of metastasis, and a strong correlation exits between an increase in expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and metastatic spread in various solid human cancers. Similarly, key enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2, prototypic targets of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), are frequently over-expressed or de-regulated in the progression of cancer. Recent data have suggested an intersection of lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and the prostaglandin pathways in the control of metastatic spread via the lymphatic vasculature. Furthermore, this correlates with current clinical data showing that some NSAIDs enhance the survival of cancer patients through reducing metastasis. Here, we discuss the potential biochemical and cellular basis for such anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs through the prostaglandin and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karnezis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy despite several decades of progress in diagnosis and treatment. Taking advantage of the robust development of discovery and utility of prognostic biomarkers, clinicians and researchers are developing personalized and targeted treatment strategies. This review encompasses recently discovered biomarkers of ovarian cancer, the utility of published prognostic biomarkers for EOC (especially biomarkers related to angiogenesis and key signaling pathways), and their integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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van der Bilt ARM, de Vries EGE, de Jong S, Timmer-Bosscha H, van der Zee AGJ, Reyners AKL. Turning promise into progress for antiangiogenic agents in epithelial ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 84:224-42. [PMID: 22525643 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efforts to improve chemotherapeutic efficacy in epithelial ovarian cancer, outcome for patients with advanced disease has remained unchanged since the introduction of standard carboplatin and paclitaxel. Interest has therefore shifted toward molecularly targeted therapies that interfere with important features of ovarian carcinogenesis, such as angiogenesis. Several angiogenesis inhibitors, targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligands (bevacizumab, VEGF-Trap) or their receptors (VEGFR-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors) have been clinically evaluated. These agents demonstrated efficacy in phase II clinical trials. Results from phase III trials, in which bevacizumab was added to standard frontline chemotherapy, show a modest effect. Although the initial expectations for angiogenesis inhibitors have been tempered, further research is warranted to define their precise place in the treatment of ovarian cancer. This review summarizes the performed and ongoing studies with regard to angiogenesis inhibitors in ovarian cancer, and the available data on biomarkers for response prediction. Preclinical studies evaluating alternative angiogenesis inhibitors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne R M van der Bilt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Antiangiogenic gene therapy with soluble VEGF-receptors -1, -2 and -3 together with paclitaxel prolongs survival of mice with human ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2394-401. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Nersita R, Matrone A, Klain M, Scavuzzo F, Vitolo G, Abbondanza C, Carlino MV, Giacco V, Amato G, Carella C. Decreased serum vascular endothelial growth factor-D levels in metastatic patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:142-6. [PMID: 21781145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) has been identified as one of the lymphangiogenic growth factors involved in metastatic diffusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum VEGF-D levels in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer at different conditions of disease. DESIGN AND PATIENTS We studied prospectively the VEGF-D plasma levels in 96 subjects affected by differentiated thyroid cancer. The patients were divided into three groups according to the clinical and biochemical findings: patients with no evidence of disease (Cured), patients with pathological (>1 ng/ml) stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) (Path-Tg/rhTSH) levels only after rhTSH and patients with elevated basal Tg levels (Path-Tg/LT4). RESULTS The serum VEGF-D concentrations in patients of group Cured were not different from the controls, while group Path-Tg/rhTSH showed baseline serum VEGF-D levels significantly lower than group Cured and controls (P < 0·001 and P < 0·01, respectively). Moreover, the patients of group Path-Tg/LT4 showed median serum cytokine concentrations at baseline not significantly different from the patients of group Path-Tg/rhTSH. The rhTSH stimulation did not modify the difference in serum VEGF-D levels in patients of group Cured and group Path-Tg/rhTSH. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the VEGF-D serum levels are reduced in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid cancer, regardless of the degree of metastatic spread. It is possible that some other molecule produced by the tumoral tissue could affect the VEGF-D physiologically produced of from different tissues, thus conducting to a decrease in the VEGF-D found in blood of patients with evidence of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nersita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine F. Magrassi and A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Lin W, Jiang L, Chen Y, She F, Han S, Zhu J, Zhou L, Tang N, Wang X, Li X. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D promotes growth, lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in gallbladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 314:127-36. [PMID: 22071224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is a major prognostic factor for patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC), and greater understanding of the molecule mechanism of lymph node metastasis in GBC is needed to improve prognosis. VEGF-D has been implicated in the control of lymphangiogenesis in many carcinomas, but the biological function of VEGF-D in human GBC remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the role of the VEGF-D in human GBC cells and addressed the functional role of VEGF-D using a xenograft mouse model. We examined the expression of VEGF-D in three human gallbladder cancer cell lines. A lentivirus-based effective VEGF-D siRNA vector was infected into GBC NOZ cells. The effect of VEGF-D siRNA on GBC NOZ cells was investigated by cell proliferation assay and invasion assay. Furthermore, we examined the role of VEGF-D-SiRNA on GBC NOZ cells in the mice of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumor. Our results are as follows: VEGF-D mRNA and protein were expressed in all three GBC cell lines (GBC-SD, NOZ, and SGC-996). We successfully selected D-3/siRNA as the most effective siRNA to silence VEGF-D expression after four VEGF-D siRNA plasmid transfection in NOZ cells. VEGF-D mRNA and protein expression were suppressed by lentivirus-mediated D-3/siRNA. D-3-RNAi-LV inhibited NOZ cells proliferation and invasion ability in vitro. D-3-RNAi-LV inhibited tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis in the NOZ cell subcutaneous xenograft model. D-3-RNAi-LV inhibited lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in the NOZ cell orthotopic xenograft model. Furthermore, D-3-RNAi-LV inhibited tumor ascites and hepatic invasion in the NOZ cell orthotopic xenograft model. In conclusion, VEGF-D is involved and plays an important role in GBC progression, suggesting that VEGF-D may be a potential molecular target in the treatment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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Wu EH, Yan M. Lymphangiogenesis in cancers: A therapy target. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2555-2561. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i24.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a major cause of death among cancer patients. The lymphatic vasculature is an important route for the metastatic spread of cancer. Recent research has indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), VEGF-D and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) are closely related to tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, tumor metastasis and prognosis. Numerous studies demonstrate that the VEGF-C/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 signaling axis plays a leading role in the regulation of tumor lymphangiogenesis and is related to tumor metastasis and prognosis. It has been confirmed that inhibition of the VEGF-C/VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 signaling axis can exert anti-lymphangiogenic effect and thereby prevent tumor metastasis in animal models. In this paper we review the molecular biology of lymphangiogenesis, its relationship with cancer metastasis, and the clinical implications of inhibition of lymphangiogenesis.
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Hirashima Y, Yamada Y, Matsubara J, Takahari D, Okita N, Takashima A, Kato K, Hamaguchi T, Shirao K, Shimada Y, Taniguchi H, Shimoda T. Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, 2, and 3 expression on the outcome of patients with gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2011; 100:310-5. [PMID: 19068081 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is a multistep interactive process in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors have a major role. However, the clinical significance of these molecules in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Our study group comprised 86 patients who underwent gastrectomy and subsequently received chemotherapy for recurrent or residual tumor. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we analyzed the expression of VEGF receptors (VEGF-R) 1, 2, and 3. VEGF-R1 expression (defined as >5% staining) was found in the tumor cells of 65 tumors (76%) and in the stromal vessels of 36 tumors (42%). VEGF-R2 expression was found in tumor cells and stromal vessels of 0 and 46 tumors (0 and 53%), respectively, and VEGF-R3 expression was found in tumor cells and stromal vessels of 0 and 75 tumors (0 and 87%), respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that VEGF-R expression correlated with shorter survival (VEGF-R1 in stromal vessels, P = 0.001; VEGF-R2 in stromal vessels, P = 0.009; VEGF-R3 in stromal vessels, P = 0.005) and lower response to S-1 (VEGF-R1 in stromal vessels, P = 0.039). Multivariate analysis of potential prognostic factors showed that VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2 in stromal vessels were independent predictors of poor outcome. Our data suggest that VEGF-R expression can be a predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome in GC. VEGF-R are promising candidates as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hirashima
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Davydova N, Roufail S, Streltsov VA, Stacker SA, Achen MG. The VD1 neutralizing antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor-D: binding epitope and relationship to receptor binding. J Mol Biol 2011; 407:581-93. [PMID: 21315726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is a secreted protein that promotes tumor growth and metastatic spread in animal models of cancer. Expression of VEGF-D in prevalent human cancers was reported to correlate with lymph node metastasis and patient outcome-hence, this protein is a potential target for novel anticancer therapeutics designed to restrict tumor growth and spread. Here, we define the binding site in VEGF-D of a neutralizing antibody, designated VD1, which blocks the interaction of VEGF-D with its cell surface receptors vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3 and is being used for the development of therapeutic antibodies. We show by peptide-based mapping and site-directed mutagenesis that the VD1 binding site includes the five residues (147)NEESL(151) and that immunization with a synthetic peptide containing this motif generates antibodies that neutralize VEGF-D. The tertiary structure of VEGF-D indicates that the (147)NEESL(151) epitope is located in the L2 loop of the growth factor, which is important for receptor binding. Mutation of any of these five residues influences receptor binding; for example, mutations to E148, which abolished binding to VD1, impaired the interaction with VEGFR-2 but enhanced binding to VEGFR-3. This structure/function study indicates that the VD1 binding epitope is part of the receptor binding site of VEGF-D, identifies a region of VEGF-D critical for binding of receptors and explains why VD1 does not bind other members of the VEGF family of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davydova
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Post Office Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Sotiropoulou N, Bravou V, Kounelis S, Damaskou V, Papaspirou E, Papadaki H. Tumour expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors but not lymphatic vessel density is implicated in human cervical cancer progression. Pathology 2010; 42:629-36. [DOI: 10.3109/00313025.2010.522174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ma Y, Hou Y, Liu B, Li X, Yang S, Ma J. Intratumoral Lymphatics and Lymphatic Vessel Invasion Detected by D2-40 Are Essential for Lymph Node Metastasis in Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1847-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Feng Y, Wang W, Hu J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D as significant markers for assessment of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:802-12. [PMID: 20225197 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D induce lymphangiogenesis through activation of VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and have been implicated in tumor spread to the lymphatic system. Lymph node dissemination critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relationship of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and lymph node metastasis in cancers, including NSCLC, is still controversial. To evaluate the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in NSCLC tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). QRT-PCR revealed that in marginal region VEGF-C and VEGF-D mRNA was significantly higher than in tumor center, and VEGF-D mRNA was also higher than that in peritumoral lung tissue. Immunohistochemically, we observed the same heterogeneous expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D proteins. The group with high expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with the group with low expression. Furthermore, the group with high expression of VEGF-D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymphatic invasion. The group with high peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) had higher expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D mRNA compared with the group with low peritumoral LVD. Our studies suggested that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D at invasive edge was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis or lymphatic invasion in patients with NSCLC and may be involved in regulation of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuan Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Zhang L, Higashi K, Ishigaki Y, Ueda Y, Sakuma T, Takegami T, Oguchi M, Xu K, Ohta Y, Nishida H, Tonami H. Assessment of VEGF-D expression measured by immunohistochemical staining and F-18 FDG uptake on PET as biological prognostic factors for recurrence in patients with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 2010; 24:533-40. [PMID: 20607627 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-010-0392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the combined evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) expression and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake correlates with lymph node metastasis and post-operative recurrence in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Forty-six patients with lung adenocarcinomas, who had undergone both preoperative FDG PET imaging and thoracotomy, were enrolled in this study. The surgically resected tumor specimens were used to assess the protein levels of VEGF-D as measured by immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS The patients were divided into the following four groups: those who were VEGF-D negative and had low FDG uptake (group I, 3 patients), VEGF-D positive and had low FDG uptake (group II, 20 patients), VEGF-D negative and had high FDG uptake (group III, 13 patients), and VEGF-D positive and had high FDG uptake (group IV, 10 patients). Lymph node metastases were seen only in group III. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 66.7% in group I, 83.9% in group II, 8.3% in group III, and 64.0% in group IV (p < 0.0001). Thus, patients in group III exhibited the most unfavorable prognoses for recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the combined evaluation of VEGF-D expression and FDG uptake was an independent parameter for post-operative recurrence (p = 0.018). CONCLUSION A combination of low VEGF-D expression and high FDG uptake may be a biological indicator of lymph node metastasis and post-operative recurrence in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Tanaka M, Kitadai Y, Kodama M, Shinagawa K, Sumida T, Tanaka S, Oue N, Yasui W, Chayama K. Potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor-D as an autocrine factor for human gastric carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2121-7. [PMID: 20626397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D induces lymphangiogenesis by activating VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, which is expressed mainly by lymphatic endothelial cells. VEGFR-3 has also been detected in several types of malignant cells, but the significance of VEGFR-3 expression by malignant cells remains unclear. We examined the expression and function of VEGF-D/VEGFR-3 in human gastric carcinoma cells. Expression of VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 was analyzed in three human gastric carcinoma cell lines and 29 surgical specimens. cDNA microarray analysis was used to examine the effect of VEGF-D on the expression of genes associated with disease progression in VEGFR-3-expressing KKLS cells. VEGF-D-transfected cells and control cells were transplanted into the gastric wall of nude mice. In 10 of the 29 (34%) gastric carcinoma specimens and two of the three cell lines, cancer cells expressed both VEGF-D and VEGFR-3. In vitro treatment of KKLS cells with exogenous VEGF-D increased expression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 and stimulated cell proliferation. VEGF-D transfection into KKLS cells resulted in stimulation of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and cell proliferation, and in inhibition of apoptosis. VEGF-D may participate in the progression of human gastric carcinoma by acting via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ni XF, Wu CP, Jiang JT. Serum VEGFR-3 and survival of advanced gastric cancer patients treated with FOLFOX. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:2163-9. [PMID: 20440858 PMCID: PMC2864843 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i17.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore if vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can predict overall survival in advanced gastric cancer.
METHODS: VEGFR-3 level was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and CEA was assessed by chemiluminescence immunoassay in the sera of 81 advanced gastric cancer patients before treatment with oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid.
RESULTS: Median survival time in patients with a low serum VEGFR-3 level was significantly longer than in those with a higher VEGFR-3 level (15.4 mo vs 7.7 mo, P < 0.001). Patients with a low CEA level had a longer survival than those with a higher CEA level (15.8 mo vs 8.6 mo, P < 0.001). Thirty-nine patients with low VEGFR-3 and low CEA levels had a median survival of 19.7 mo (P = 0.0006). The hazard ratio for patients with a high VEGFR-3 level was 2.443 (P = 0.002).
CONCLUSION: High serum VEGFR-3 level is correlated significantly with poor survival. In patients with a high serum level of VEGFR-3, alternative chemotherapy regimens should be considered.
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Celikoglu F, Celikoglu SI, Goldberg EP. Intratumoural chemotherapy of lung cancer for diagnosis and treatment of draining lymph node metastasis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:287-95. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.03.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Reviewed here is the potential effectiveness of cytotoxic drugs delivered by intratumoural injection into endobronchial tumours through a bronchoscope for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and the diagnosis of occult or obvious cancer cell metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes.
Key findings
Intratumoural lymphatic treatment may be achieved by injection of cisplatin or other cytotoxic drugs into the malignant tissue located in the lumen of the airways or in the peribronchial structures using a needle catheter through a flexible bronchoscope. This procedure is termed endobronchial intratumoural chemotherapy and its use before systemic chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy or surgery may provide a prophylactic or therapeutic treatment for eradication of micrometastases or occult metastases that migrate to the regional lymph nodes draining the tumour area.
Conclusions
To better elucidate the mode of action of direct injection of cytotoxic drugs into tumours, we review the physiology of lymphatic drainage and sentinel lymph node function. In this light, the potential efficacy of intratumoural chemotherapy for prophylaxis and locoregional therapy of cancer metastasis via the sentinel and regional lymph nodes is indicated. Randomized multicenter clinical studies are needed to evaluate this new and safe procedure designed to improve the condition of non-small cell lung cancer patients and prolong their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firuz Celikoglu
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty and Institute of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyhan I Celikoglu
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty and Institute of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eugene P Goldberg
- Biomaterials Center, Department Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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