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Wosiak A, Szmajda-Krygier D, Pietrzak J, Boncela J, Balcerczak E. Assessment of the Influence of 5-Fluorouracil on SMAD4 and TGFB1 Gene Expression, Apoptosis Induction and DNA Damage in Human Cell Lines. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050570. [PMID: 37237640 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD family member 4, SMAD4) is involved in the adenoma-carcinoma pathway, leading to the development of colon cancer. The encoded protein is a key downstream signaling mediator in the TGFβ pathway. This pathway has tumor-suppressor functions, including cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Its activation in late-stage cancer can promote tumorigenesis, including metastasis and chemoresistance. Most colorectal cancer patients receive chemotherapy based on 5-FU as an adjuvant treatment. However, the success of therapy is hampered by multidrug resistance by neoplastic cells. In colorectal cancer, resistance to 5-FU-based therapy is influenced by SMAD4 gene expression, as patients with decreased SMAD4 gene expression probably have a higher risk of developing 5-FU-induced resistance. The mechanism leading to the development of this phenomenon is not fully understood. Therefore, the present study assesses the possible influence of 5-FU on changes in the expression of the SMAD4 and TGFB1 genes. PATIENTS AND METHODS The effect of 5-FU on the expression of SMAD4 and TGFB1 in colorectal cancer cells derived from the CACO-2, SW480 and SW620 cell lines was evaluated using real-time PCR. The cytotoxicity of 5-FU on colon cancer cells was assessed by the MTT method, and its effect on the induction of cell apoptosis and the initiation of DNA damage using a flow cytometer. RESULTS Significant changes in the level of SMAD4 and TGFB1 gene expression were noted in the CACO-2, SW480 and SW620 cells treated with 5-FU at various concentrations during 24 h and 48 h exposure. The use of 5-FU at a concentration of 5 µmol/L resulted in a decrease in the expression of the SMAD4 gene in all cell lines at both exposure times, while the concentration of 100 µmol/L increased the expression of the SMAD4 gene in CACO-2 cells. The level of expression of the TGFB1 gene was higher for all cells treated with 5-FU at the highest concentrations, while the exposure time was extended to 48 h. CONCLUSION The observed in vitro changes in CACO-2 cells caused by 5-FU may be of clinical relevance when choosing the drug concentration for treating patients with colorectal cancer. It is possible that 5-FU has a stronger effect on colorectal cancer cells at the higher concentrations. Low concentrations of 5-FU may not have a therapeutic effect and may also influence drug resistance in cancer cells. Higher concentrations and prolonged exposure time may affect SMAD4 gene expression, which may increase the effectiveness of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wosiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szmajda-Krygier
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Pietrzak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Boncela
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Science, 106 Lodowa, 93-232 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Ma SC, Zhang JQ, Yan TH, Miao MX, Cao YM, Cao YB, Zhang LC, Li L. Novel strategies to reverse chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36645225 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy with high morbidity and fatality. Chemotherapy, as traditional therapy for CRC, has exerted well antitumor effect and greatly improved the survival of CRC patients. Nevertheless, chemoresistance is one of the major problems during chemotherapy for CRC and significantly limits the efficacy of the treatment and influences the prognosis of patients. To overcome chemoresistance in CRC, many strategies are being investigated. Here, we review the common and novel measures to combat the resistance, including drug repurposing (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, metformin, dichloroacetate, enalapril, ivermectin, bazedoxifene, melatonin, and S-adenosylmethionine), gene therapy (ribozymes, RNAi, CRISPR/Cas9, epigenetic therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, and noncoding RNAs), protein inhibitor (EFGR inhibitor, S1PR2 inhibitor, and DNA methyltransferase inhibitor), natural herbal compounds (polyphenols, terpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, and sterols), new drug delivery system (nanocarriers, liposomes, exosomes, and hydrogels), and combination therapy. These common or novel strategies for the reversal of chemoresistance promise to improve the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chang Ma
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutic University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Hua Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutic University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Xing Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutic University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye-Min Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers as Nanocarriers for 5-Fluorouracil: Effectiveness of Complex Formation and Cytotoxicity Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011167. [PMID: 34681827 PMCID: PMC8537672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two generations of positively charged poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAMs) were selected for study as potential carriers for the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU), a drug primarily used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Analytical techniques, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, NMR Spectroscopy and Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV), have shown that the most critical factor determining the formation of a PAMAM-5FU complex is the starting components' protonation degree. The tests confirmed the system's ability to attach about 20 5FU molecules per one dendrimer molecule for the G4PAMAM dendrimer and about 25 molecules for the G6PAMAM dendrimer, which gives a system yield of 16% for the fourth generation and 5% for sixth generation dendrimers. Additionally, using the QCM-D method, the adsorption efficiency and the number of drug molecules immobilized in the dendrimer structure were determined. A new aspect in our study was the determination of the change in zeta potential (ζ) induced by the immobilization of 5FU molecules on the dendrimer's outer shell and the importance of this effect in the direct contact of the carrier with cells. Cytotoxicity tests (resazurin reduction and MTS tests) showed no toxicity of dendrimers against mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and a significant decrease in cell viability in the case of four human malignant cell lines: malignant melanoma (A375), glioblastoma (SNB-19), prostate cancer (Du-145) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) during incubation with PAMAM-5FU complexes. The purpose of our work was to investigate the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the carrier and active substance and the system efficiency and optimizing conditions for the formation of an efficient system based on PAMAM dendrimers as nanocarriers for 5-fluorouracil. An additional aspect was to identify potential application properties of the complexes, as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests.
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Dupertuis YM, Boulens N, Angibaud E, Briod AS, Viglione A, Allémann E, Delie F, Pichard C. Antitumor Effect of 5-Fluorouracil-Loaded Liposomes Containing n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Two Different Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:36. [PMID: 33404935 PMCID: PMC7788038 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) could act synergistically with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to kill cancer cells. To facilitate their simultaneous transport in the bloodstream, we synthesized, for the first time, liposomes (LIPUFU) containing 5-FU in the aqueous core and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at a ratio of 1:2 in the lipid bilayer. LIPUFU werestable with uniform size of 154 ± 4 nm, PDI of 0.19 ± 0.03 and zeta potential of -41 ± 2 mV. They contained 557 ± 210 μmol/l DHA, 1467 ± 362 μmol/l EPA, and 9.8 ± 1.1 μmol/l 5-FU. Control liposomes without (LIP) or with only 5-FU (LIFU) or n-3 PUFAs (LIPU) were produced in a similar way. The effects of these different liposomal formulations on the cell cycle, growth, and apoptosis were evaluated in two human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines differing in sensitivity to 5-FU, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. LIPUFU were more cytotoxic than LIP, LIFU, and LIPU in both LS174T (p53+/+, bax-/-) and HT-29 (p53-/0, bax+/+) cell lines. Similar to LIFU, LIPUFU increased the percentage of cells in S phase, apoptosis, and/or necrosis. The cytotoxic potential of LIPUFU was confirmed in vivo by tumor growth inhibition in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane model. These results suggest that LIPUFU could be considered to facilitate the simultaneous transport of 5-FU and n-3 PUFAs to the tumor site, in particular in case of CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Marc Dupertuis
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Boulens
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Angibaud
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Sophia Briod
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Viglione
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Eric Allémann
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Delie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claude Pichard
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
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The Design of Anionic Surfactant-Based Amino-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and their Application in Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111035. [PMID: 33138139 PMCID: PMC7693828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma remains the most lethal form of skin cancer and most challenging to treat despite advances in the oncology field. Our work describes the utilization of nanotechnology to target melanoma locally in an attempt to provide an advanced and efficient quality of therapy. Amino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-NH2) were developed in situ through the utilization of anionic surfactant and different volumes of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a co-structure directing agent (CSDA). Prepared particles were characterized for their morphology, particles size, 5-flurouracol (5-FU) and dexamethasone (DEX) loading capacity and release, skin penetration, and cytotoxicity in vitro in HT-144 melanoma cells. Results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm showed that using different volumes of APTES during the functionalization process had an impact on the internal and external morphology of the particles, as well as particle size. However, changing the volume of APTES did not affect the diameter of formed mesochannels, which was about 4 nm. MSN-NH2 showed a relatively high loading capacity of 5-FU (12.6 ± 5.5) and DEX (44.72 ± 4.21) when using drug: MSN-NH2 ratios of 5:1 for both drugs. The release profile showed that around 83% of 5-FU and 21% of DEX were released over 48 h in pH 7.4. The skin permeability study revealed that enhancement ratio of 5-Fu and DEX using MSN-NH2 were 4.67 and 5.68, respectively, relative to their free drugs counterparts. In addition, the accumulation of drugs in skin layers where melanoma cells usually reside were enhanced approximately 10 times with 5-FU and 5 times with DEX when delivering drugs using MSN-NH2 compared to control. MSN-NH2 alone was nontoxic to melanoma cells when incubated for 48 h in the range of 0 to 468 µg/mL. The combination of 5-FU MSN-NH2 and DEX MSN-NH2 showed significant increase in toxicity compared to their free dug counterparts and exhibited a synergetic effect as well as the ability to circumvent DEX induced 5-FU resistance in melanoma cells.
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Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Abedi-Gaballu F, Abbaspour S, Ghasabi M, Yekta R, Shirjang S, Dehghan G, Hamblin MR, Baradaran B. Hyaluronic acid-decorated liposomal nanoparticles for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil into HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6817-6830. [PMID: 31989649 PMCID: PMC7384933 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of liposomes as drug carriers improves the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, while at the same time reducing side effects. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is recognized by the CD44 receptor, which is overexpressed in many cancer cells. In this study, we developed HA-modified liposomes encapsulating 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and tested them against a CD44 expressing colorectal cell line (HT29) and a non-CD44 expressing hepatoma cell line. The average size of 5-FU-lipo and 5-FU-lipo-HA nanoparticles were 112 ± 28 and 144 ± 77 nm, respectively. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay showed selective cancer cell death depending on the CD44 expression in a time-dependent manner. Apoptosis assays and cell-cycle analysis indicated that G0/G1 arrest occurred. The colony formation study revealed that cells treated with 5-FU-lipo and 5-FU-lipo-HA had reduced colony formation. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction study showed that the oncogenic messenger RNA and microRNA levels were significantly reduced in the 5-FU-lipo-HA-treated group, while tumor suppressors were increased in that group. We suggest that optimal targeted delivery and release of 5-FU into colorectal cancer cells, renders them susceptible to apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and decreased colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Fereydoon Abedi-Gaballu
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheil Abbaspour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehri Ghasabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Yekta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Shirjang
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Krajewska JB, Bartoszek A, Fichna J. New Trends in Liposome-based Drug Delivery in Colorectal Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:3-11. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180903150928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in both men and women. Approximately
one-third of patients do not survive five years from diagnosis, which indicates the need for
treatment improvement, also through new ways of drug delivery. A possible strategy to increase treatment
efficacy is the use of liposomal formulation, which allows delivering both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
compounds with better biocompatibility and reduced side-effects. Liposomal formulations
showed better antitumor activity, longer drug accumulation and no cytotoxic effect on normal cells
when compared to free drugs. In this review, we will present liposomal preparations studied in CRC in
vitro and in vivo. We will focus on the advantages of liposomal delivery over conventional therapy as
well as modifications which increase specificity, drug accumulation and efficacy. Moreover, we will
discuss formulations investigated in clinical trials. Liposomal delivery has a great potential in overcoming
current limitations of cancer therapy and development of this system gives new perspectives in
CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Krajewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Bartoszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Rodallec A, Sicard G, Fanciullino R, Benzekry S, Lacarelle B, Milano G, Ciccolini J. Turning cold tumors into hot tumors: harnessing the potential of tumor immunity using nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1139-1147. [PMID: 30354685 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1540588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitors have considerably changed the landscape of oncology. However apart from world-acclaimed success stories limited to melanoma and lung cancer, many solid tumors failed to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors due to limited immunogenicity, unfavorable tumor micro-environments (TME), lack of infiltrating T lymphocytes or increases in Tregs. Areas covered: Combinatorial strategies are foreseen as the future of immunotherapy and using cytotoxics or modulating agents is expected to boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this respect, nanoparticles displaying unique pharmacokinetic features such as tumor targeting properties, optimal payload delivery and long-lasting interferences with TME, are promising candidates for such combinations. This review covers the basis, expectancies, limits and pitfalls of future combination between nanoparticles and immune check point inhibitors. Expert opinion: Nanoparticles allow optimal delivery of variety of payloads in tumors while sparing healthy tissue, thus triggering immunogenic cell death. Depleting tumor stroma could further help immune cells and monoclonal antibodies to better circulate in the TME, plus immune-modulating properties of the charged cytotoxics. Finally, nanoparticles themselves present immunogenicity and antigenicity likely to boost immune response at the tumor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rodallec
- a SMARTc Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille UMR Inserm U1068 , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Guillaume Sicard
- a SMARTc Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille UMR Inserm U1068 , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Raphaelle Fanciullino
- a SMARTc Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille UMR Inserm U1068 , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | | | - Bruno Lacarelle
- a SMARTc Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille UMR Inserm U1068 , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Gerard Milano
- c EA666 Oncopharmacology Unit , Centre Antoine Lacassagne , Nice , France
| | - Joseph Ciccolini
- a SMARTc Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille UMR Inserm U1068 , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France
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Rodallec A, Fanciullino R, Lacarelle B, Ciccolini J. Seek and destroy: improving PK/PD profiles of anticancer agents with nanoparticles. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2018; 11:599-610. [PMID: 29768060 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1477586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) relationships with cytotoxics are usually based on a steepening concentration-effect relationship; the greater the drug amount, the greater the effect. The Maximum Tolerated Dose paradigm, finding the balance between efficacy, while keeping toxicities at their manageable level, has been the rule of thumb for the last 50-years. Developing nanodrugs is an appealing strategy to help broaden this therapeutic window. The fact that efficacy and toxicity with cytotoxics are intricately linked is primarily due to the complete lack of specificity toward the tumor tissue during their distribution phase. Because nanoparticles are expected to better target tumor tissue while sparing healthy cells, accumulating large amounts of cytotoxics in tumors could be achieved in a safer way. Areas covered: This review aims at presenting how nanodrugs present unique features leading to reconsidering PK/PD relationships of anticancer agents. Expert commentary: The constant interplay between carrier PK, interactions with cancer cells, payload release, payload PK, target expression and target engagement, makes picturing the exact PK/PD relationships of nanodrugs particularly challenging. However, those improved PK/PD relationships now make the once contradictory higher efficacy and lower toxicities requirement an achievable goal in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rodallec
- a SMARTc Unit, Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Inserm UMR U1068 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille , Aix-Marseille Universite , Marseille , France
| | - Raphaelle Fanciullino
- a SMARTc Unit, Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Inserm UMR U1068 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille , Aix-Marseille Universite , Marseille , France
| | - Bruno Lacarelle
- a SMARTc Unit, Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Inserm UMR U1068 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille , Aix-Marseille Universite , Marseille , France
| | - Joseph Ciccolini
- a SMARTc Unit, Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Inserm UMR U1068 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille , Aix-Marseille Universite , Marseille , France
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An anti-EpCAM antibody EpAb2-6 for the treatment of colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24947-68. [PMID: 26317650 PMCID: PMC4694806 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is known to be overexpressed in epithelial cancers associated with enhanced malignant potential, particularly colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, it is unknown whether progression of malignance can be directly inhibited by targeting EpCAM. Here, we have generated five novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against EpCAM. One of these anti-EpCAM mAbs, EpAb2-6, was found to induce cancer cell apoptosis in vitro, inhibit tumor growth, and prolong the overall survival of both a pancreatic cancer metastatic mouse model and mice with human colon carcinoma xenografts. EpAb2-6 also increases the therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) therapy in a colon cancer animal model and gemcitabine therapy in a pancreatic cancer animal model. Furthermore, EpAb2-6, which binds to positions Y95 and D96 of the EGF-II/TY domain of EpCAM, inhibits production of EpICD, thereby decreasing its translocation and subsequent signal activation. Collectively, our results indicate that the novel anti-EpCAM mAb can potentially be used for cancer-targeted therapy.
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Zhang F, Wang X, Xu X, Li M, Zhou J, Wang W. Reconstituted high density lipoprotein mediated targeted co-delivery of HZ08 and paclitaxel enhances the efficacy of paclitaxel in multidrug-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:11-21. [PMID: 27343697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL) has been successfully developed as a drug carrier since the enhanced HDL-lipids uptake is demonstrated in several human cancers. In this paper, rHDL, for the first time, was utilized to co-encapsulate two hydrophobic drugs: an anticancer drug, paclitaxel (PTX), and a new reversal agent for P-gp (P-glycoprotein)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer, N-cyano-1-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-N'-octyl-2(1H)-isoquinoline-carboximidamide (HZ08). We proposed this drug co-delivery strategy to reverse PTX resistance. The study aimed to develop a biomimetic nanovector, reconstituted high density lipoprotein (rHDL), mediating targeted PTX-HZ08 delivery for cancer therapy. Using sodium cholate dialysis method, we successfully formulated dual-agent co-delivering rHDL nanoparticles (PTX-HZ08-rHDL NPs) with a typical spherical morphology, well-distributed size (~100nm), high drug encapsulation efficiency (approximately 90%), sustained drug release properties and exceptional stability even after storage for 1month or incubation in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) DMEM for up to 2days. Results demonstrated that PTX-HZ08-rHDL NPs significantly enhanced anticancer efficacy in vitro, including higher cytotoxicity and better ability to induce cell apoptosis against both PTX-sensitive and -resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MCF-7/PTX cells). Mechanism studies demonstrated that these improvements could be correlated with increased cellular uptake of PTX mediated by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) as well as prolonged intracellular retention of PTX due to the HZ08 mediated drug-efflux inhibition. In addition, in vivo investigation showed that the PTX-HZ08-rHDL NPs were substantially safer, have higher tumor-targeted capacity and have stronger antitumor activity than the corresponding dosage of paclitaxel injection. These findings suggested that rHDL NPs could be an ideal tumor-targeted nanovector for simultaneous transfer of insoluble anticancer drug and drug resistance reversal agents. The PTX-HZ08-rHDL NPs co-delivery system might be a new promising strategy to overcome tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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ZHANG BINHAO, LENG CHAO, WU CHAO, ZHANG ZHANGUO, DOU LEI, LUO XIN, ZHANG BIXIANG, CHEN XIAOPING. Smad4 sensitizes colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil through cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/CDC2/survivin cascade. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:1807-15. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gao Y, Huo X, Dong L, Sun X, Sai H, Wei G, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Wu J. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy monitoring of 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in SW620 colon cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2585-91. [PMID: 25503826 PMCID: PMC4337715 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is associated with a high incidence and a poor prognosis. The aim of the present study was to determine whether Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy can be used to monitor the chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis of SW620 colon cancer cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the main chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of colorectal cancer, was determined as the inhibition of growth of the SW620 cells using an MTT assay. Cell starvation and 5-FU treatment synergized to arrest the cells in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle. FTIR combined with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis were used to analyze the SW620 cells following treatment with 5-FU for 12, 24 and 48 h. The apoptotic cells had several spectral characteristics. The relative peak intensity ratio (I1740/I1460) was significantly increased (P<0.05), the I1740/I1460 ratio, associated with a band of amino acid residues at 1,410 cm−1 was significantly increased at the early and late phases of cell death (P<0.05), the peaks at 1,240 cm−1 increased in wave number, a band at 1,040 cm−1, associated with polysaccharides, appeared at 24 and 48 h and then moved to a higher wave number and the I1040/I1460 ratio increased at the late stage of apoptosis. These results demonstrated that FTIR can be used as a label-free technique to monitor cancer cell apoptosis and to understand the spectral fingerprints of apoptotic cells. This suggested that FTIR spectral features have potential as a powerful tool to monitor cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiongwei Huo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - He Sai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Guangbing Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yizhuang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfu Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jinguang Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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Fanciullino R, Mollard S, Correard F, Giacometti S, Serdjebi C, Iliadis A, Ciccolini J. Biodistribution, tumor uptake and efficacy of 5-FU-loaded liposomes: why size matters. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2677-84. [PMID: 24752479 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have investigated the impact of particle size on the biodistribution, tumor uptake and antiproliferative efficacy of 5-FU-loaded liposomes. METHODS Three different batches of pegylated liposomes varying in size (i.e., 70, 120 and 250 nm respectively) were tested. The active compounds encapsulated were an equimolar mix of 5-FU, 2'-deoxyinosine and folinic acid. Liposomes were subsequently tested on the human breast cancer model MDA231 cells, a model previously found to be resistant to 5-FU. In vitro, antiproliferative efficacy and microscopy studies of liposomes uptake were carried out. In vivo, comparative biodistribution and efficacy studies were performed in tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Difference in size did not change in vitro antiproliferative activity. Fluorescence-Microscopy studies showed that liposomes were mainly uptaken by tumor cells through a direct internalization process, regardless of their size. Biodistribution profiles in tumor-bearing mice revealed higher accumulation of small liposomes in tumors throughout time as compared with normal and large liposomes (p < 0.05). Additionally, we observed that the bigger were the tumors, the more vascularised they were and the greater was the difference in accumulation between small and large liposomes. Consequently, in vivo efficacy studies showed at study conclusion that a 68% reduction in tumor size was achieved with small liposomes (p < 0.05), whereas larger liposomes failed to reduce significantly tumor growth. Similarly, at study conclusion a trend towards higher survival-rate in animals treated with smaller liposomes was observed. CONCLUSION This study suggests that particle size is critical to achieve higher selectivity and efficacy in experimental oncology, including in resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaelle Fanciullino
- Pharmacokinetics Unit, UMR S_911, CRO2, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France,
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Loss of Smad4 in colorectal cancer induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil through activating Akt pathway. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:946-57. [PMID: 24384683 PMCID: PMC3929873 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Higher frequency of Smad4 inactivation or loss of expression is observed in metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) leading to unfavourable survival and contributes to chemoresistance. However, the molecular mechanism of how Smad4 regulates chemosensitivity of CRC is unknown. Methods: We evaluated how the loss of Smad4 in CRC enhanced chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using two CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Immunoblotting with cell and tumour lysates and immunohistochemical analyses with tissue microarray were performed. Results: Knockdown or loss of Smad4 induced tumorigenicity, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and 5-FU resistance. Smad4 expression in mouse tumours regulated cell-cycle regulatory proteins leading to Rb phosphorylation. Loss of Smad4 activated Akt pathway that resulted in upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w, and Survivin. Suppression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by LY294002 restored chemosensitivity of Smad4-deficient cells to 5-FU. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in Smad4-deficient cells might also lead to chemoresistance. Low levels of Smad4 expression in CRC tissues correlated with higher levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-w and with poor overall survival as observed in immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays. Conclusion: Loss of Smad4 in CRC patients induces resistance to 5-FU-based therapy through activation of Akt pathway and inhibitors of this pathway may sensitise these patients to 5-FU.
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Fanciullino R, Mollard S, Giacometti S, Berda-Haddad Y, Chefrour M, Aubert C, Iliadis A, Ciccolini J. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lipofufol, a New Triple Stealth Liposomal Formulation of Modulated 5-Fu: Impact on Efficacy and Toxicity. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1281-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Biological evaluation of MR36, a novel non-polyglutamatable thymidylate synthase inhibitor that blocks cell cycle progression in melanoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1484-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tankiewicz-Kwedlo A, Pawlak D, Domaniewski T, Buczko W. Effect of erythropoietin, 5-fluorouracil and SN-38 on the growth of DLD-1 cells. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:926-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang N, Yin Y, Xu SJ, Chen WS. 5-Fluorouracil: mechanisms of resistance and reversal strategies. Molecules 2008; 13:1551-69. [PMID: 18794772 PMCID: PMC6244944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to review the published studies on the mechanisms of action and resistance of 5-fluorouracil. The review is divided into three main sections: mechanisms of anti-tumor action, studies of the resistance to the drug, and procedures for the identification of new genes involved in resistance with microarray techniques. The details of the induction and reversal of the drug resistance are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China; E-mail:
| | - Ying Yin
- Institute of Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P.R. China; E-mails: ;
| | - Sheng-Jie Xu
- Institute of Clinical Research, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P.R. China; E-mails: ;
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China; E-mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
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