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Konstantinou EK, Gioxari A, Dimitriou M, Panoutsopoulos GI, Panagiotopoulos AA. Molecular Pathways of Genistein Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5556. [PMID: 38791595 PMCID: PMC11122029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The most common malignancy in women is breast cancer. During the development of cancer, oncogenic transcription factors facilitate the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Antiapoptotic proteins are markedly upregulated in cancer cells, which promotes tumor development, metastasis, and cell survival. Promising findings have been found in studies on the cell cycle-mediated apoptosis pathway for medication development and treatment. Dietary phytoconstituents have been studied in great detail for their potential to prevent cancer by triggering the body's defense mechanisms. The underlying mechanisms of action may be clarified by considering the role of polyphenols in important cancer signaling pathways. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, lignins, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, xanthones, and stilbenes are examples of natural chemicals that are being studied for potential anticancer drugs. These substances are also vital for signaling pathways. This review focuses on innovations in the study of polyphenol genistein's effects on breast cancer cells and presents integrated chemical biology methods to harness mechanisms of action for important therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Athanasios A. Panagiotopoulos
- Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.K.K.); (A.G.); (M.D.); (G.I.P.)
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Lee J, Campbell EK, Culakova E, Blanchard LM, Wixom N, Peppone LJ, Campbell TM. Changes in the consumption of isoflavones, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids in women with metastatic breast cancer adopting a whole-food, plant-based diet: post-hoc analysis of nutrient intake data from an 8-week randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1338392. [PMID: 38577156 PMCID: PMC10991800 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1338392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diets rich in minimally processed plant-based foods are recommended to breast cancer patients, and some may have an interest in whole-food, plant-based (WFPB) diets that avoid animal-based foods, added fats, and refined sugars. Within WFPB diets, the intakes of isoflavones, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs), and omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs (n-3 PUFAs), which have been discussed in reference to breast cancer outcomes, have not been well characterized. Methods Women with stage IV breast cancer on stable therapy were randomized 2:1 into (1) a WFPB intervention (N = 21) or (2) usual care (N = 11) for 8 weeks. Three meals per day were provided. Outcomes presented here include dietary intake of isoflavones, n-3 and n-6- PUFAs, which were assessed using three-day food records at baseline and 8 weeks. Baseline and 8-week mean intake within groups were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and between control and intervention groups by a two-sample t-test. Results The WFPB intervention participants increased their daily consumption of total isoflavones from a mean of 0.8 mg/day to 14.5 mg/day (p < 0.0001) and decreased the n-6:n-3 ratio of their diet from a mean of 9.3 to 3.7 (p < 0.0001). Within the WFPB group, linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA) consumption decreased by a mean of 3.8 g (p = 0.0095), from 12.8 g/day to 9.0 g/day; total n-3 PUFA consumption increased by a mean of 1.1 g (p = 0.0005), from 1.6 g/day to 2.7 g/day. Conclusion Transitioning to a WFPB diet resulted in significantly increased isoflavone intake and decreased n-6:n-3 ratio in women with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Erin K. Campbell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Eva Culakova
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lisa M. Blanchard
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Nellie Wixom
- Clinical Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Luke J. Peppone
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas M. Campbell
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Kang JH, Dong Z, Shin SH. Benefits of Soybean in the Era of Precision Medicine: A Review of Clinical Evidence. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1552-1562. [PMID: 37674385 PMCID: PMC10774093 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) is an important ingredient of cuisines worldwide. While there is a wealth of evidence that soybean could be a good source of macronutrients and phytochemicals with health-promoting effects, concerns regarding adverse effects have been raised. In this work, we reviewed the current clinical evidence focusing on the benefits and risks of soybean ingredients. In breast, prostate, colorectal, ovarian, and lung cancer, epidemiological studies showed an inverse association between soybean food intake and cancer risks. Soybean intake was inversely correlated with risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and soy isoflavones ameliorated osteoporosis and hot flashes. Notably, soybean was one of the dietary protein sources that may reduce the risk of breast cancer and T2DM. However, soybean had adverse effects on certain types of drug treatment and caused allergies. In sum, this work provides useful considerations for planning clinical soybean research and selecting dietary protein sources for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P.R. China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio & Medical Bigdata (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Chatterjee P, Banerjee S. Evaluating chemotherapeutic potential of soya-isoflavonoids against high penetrance genes in triple-negative breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37559513 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2243352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer (BC) associated with a poor prognosis. Owing to the structural similarity with 17-β-estradiol, consumption of soya-isoflavonoids are associated with a reduced rate of hormone-receptive BC incidence, but their role in TNBC is not deciphered in detail. This present study thus aims to investigate the therapeutic binding dynamics of dietary soya-flavonoids with the six high penetrance (HP) receptors in TNBC, viz. BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, PTEN, STK11 and TP53. Out of the 14 soya-flavonoids screened based on ADMET descriptors and several other physicochemical, bioavailability, drug and lead-likeness properties, four hits were shortlisted (Daidzein, Genistein, Glycitein and Biochanin A). Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed Genistein as the most potential multi-target inhibitor of the six TNBC HP genes. Additionally, Genistein exhibited excellent binding specificity with PTEN, a potent mediator of the PI3K signaling pathway in TNBC. The binding interaction of PTEN and Genistein was further compared against a standardized FDA-approved chemotherapeutic inhibitor, Olaparib, computed through various MD trajectory analysis, principal component analysis and computation of free energy landscape. This study reveals a comparatively better binding dynamics of PTEN-Genistein than PTEN-Olaparib. With a significant global surge in biomarker-based precision therapeutics in oncology, the results of this exhaustive in-silico study thus encourage the prospect of validating PTEN as a druggable target of Genistein, a unique drug-receptor combination in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Chatterjee
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Satarupa Banerjee
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Yap B, Rajaram N, Ho WK, Khor GL, Teo SH. Perceptions, attitudes and beliefs towards soya among healthy Asian women participating in a soya randomised controlled trial. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e69. [PMID: 37457681 PMCID: PMC10345781 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The soya-breast cancer risk relationship remains controversial in Asia due to limited and inconsistent research findings and is exacerbated by difficulties in recruiting and retaining participants in intervention trials. Understanding public perceptions towards soya is important for designing effective intervention trials. Here, we administered a close-ended, quantitative survey to healthy, peri- and post-menopausal Asian women in the Malaysian Soy and Mammographic Density (MiSo) Study to assess perception towards soya and explore motivators and barriers that affect study adherence using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Belief (COM-B) Model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Of 118 participants, the majority reported the belief that soya promotes good health (Supplement = 85⋅7 %, Diet = 90⋅0 %, Control = 87⋅9 %). Most participants reported obtaining information about soya from the internet (Supplement = 61⋅0 %, Diet = 55⋅3 %, Control = 35⋅9 %), while health professionals were least reported (Supplement = 9⋅8 %, Diet = 7⋅9 %, Control = 5⋅1 %). Stratified analyses by study completion and adherence status yielded comparable findings. By the end of the study, dietary arm participants reported a strong belief that soya has no impact on their health (Supplement = 7⋅1 % v. Diet = 20⋅0 % v. Control = 0⋅0 %, P = 0⋅012). Motivation and opportunity strongly facilitated soya consumption, while psychological capability was the most common barrier to consumption though less evident among dietary arm participants. While most Asian women have a positive perception towards soya, theory-based intervention trials are warranted to understand the perception-study adherence relationship and to accurately inform the public of the health effects of soya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Yap
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Rajaram
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia
| | - Weang Kee Ho
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia
| | - Geok Lin Khor
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Christopoulos P, Matsas A, Eleftheriades M, Kotsira G, Eleftheriades A, Vlahos NF. Investigating the Link between Early Life and Breast Anomalies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10030601. [PMID: 36980159 PMCID: PMC10047184 DOI: 10.3390/children10030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Several factors during childhood and adolescence are thought to be associated with the development of proliferative benign breast diseases and breast cancer in adulthood. In order to identify them, the authors conducted an extensive review of the literature up to October 2022, searching for clinical studies, reports, and guidelines in English. A thorough Medline/Pubmed and Google scholar database research was performed, investigating the link between diet, exercise, age of menarche, body mass index, ionizing radiation exposure during childhood and adolescence, and proliferative breast diseases and breast cancer in adulthood. A list of keywords, including breast disorders, adolescence, childhood, and breast cancer was included in our search algorithm. Numerous studies concede that the development of breast disease in adulthood is influenced by various risk factors, whose influence begins during early childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Christopoulos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Alkis Matsas
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Makarios Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Kotsira
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Eleftheriades
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Vlahos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Aretaieion" Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Pejčić T, Zeković M, Bumbaširević U, Kalaba M, Vovk I, Bensa M, Popović L, Tešić Ž. The Role of Isoflavones in the Prevention of Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020368. [PMID: 36829927 PMCID: PMC9952119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes epidemiological studies on breast cancer and prostate cancer with an overview of their global incidence distribution to investigate the relationship between these diseases and diet. The biological properties, mechanisms of action, and available data supporting the potential role of isoflavones in the prevention of breast cancer and prostate cancer are discussed. Studies evaluating the effects of isoflavones in tissue cultures of normal and malignant breast and prostate cells, as well as the current body of research regarding the effects of isoflavones attained through multiple modifications of cellular molecular signaling pathways and control of oxidative stress, are summarized. Furthermore, this review compiles literature sources reporting on the following: (1) levels of estrogen in breast and prostate tissue; (2) levels of isoflavones in the normal and malignant tissue of these organs in European and Asian populations; (3) average concentrations of isoflavones in the secretion of these organs (milk and semen). Finally, particular emphasis is placed on studies investigating the effect of isoflavones on tissues via estrogen receptors (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pejčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Milica Zeković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Bumbaširević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Kalaba
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Vovk
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Maja Bensa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lazar Popović
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put Doktora Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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Rajaram N, Yap B, Eriksson M, Mariapun S, Tan LM, Sa’at H, Ho ELM, Taib NAM, Khor GL, Yip CH, Ho WK, Hall P, Teo SH. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Soy Isoflavone Intake on Mammographic Density among Malaysian Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020299. [PMID: 36678170 PMCID: PMC9862880 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy intake is associated with lower breast cancer risk in observational studies concerning Asian women, however, no randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been conducted among Asian women living in Asia. This three-armed RCT assessed the effects of one-year soy isoflavone (ISF) intervention on mammographic density (MD) change among healthy peri- and postmenopausal Malaysian women. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03686098). Participants were randomized into the 100 mg/day ISF Supplement, 50 mg/day ISF Diet, or control arm, and assessed for change in absolute and relative dense area from digital mammograms conducted at enrolment and after 12 months, compared over time across study arms using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Out of 118 women enrolled, 91 women completed the intervention, while 27 women (23%) were lost in follow up. The ISF supplement arm participants observed a larger decline in dense area (−1.3 cm2), compared to the ISF diet (−0.5 cm2) and control arm (−0.8 cm2), though it was not statistically significant (p = 0.48). Notably, among women enrolled within 5 years of menopause; dense area declined by 6 cm2 in the ISF supplement arm, compared to <1.0 cm2 in the control arm (p = 0.13). This RCT demonstrates a possible causal association between soy ISF intake and MD, a biomarker of breast cancer risk, among Asian women around the time of menopause, but these findings require confirmation in a larger trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rajaram
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Beverley Yap
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Lee Mei Tan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Hamizah Sa’at
- University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Evelyn Lai Ming Ho
- ParkCity Medical Centre, Ramsay Sime Darby Healthcare, Kuala Lumpur 52200, Malaysia
| | | | - Geok Lin Khor
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Ramsay Sime Darby Healthcare, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Weang Kee Ho
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia
| | - Per Hall
- Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-356-509-797
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms disrupt quality of life. This study tested the effects of a dietary intervention on vasomotor symptoms and menopause-related quality of life. METHODS Postmenopausal women (n = 84) reporting at least two moderate-to-severe hot flashes daily were randomly assigned, in two successive cohorts, to an intervention including a low-fat, vegan diet and cooked soybeans (½ cup [86 g] daily) or to a control group making no dietary changes. During a 12-week period, a mobile application was used to record hot flashes (frequency and severity), and vasomotor, psychosocial, physical, and sexual symptoms were assessed with the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire. Between-group differences were assessed for continuous ( t tests) and binary ( χ2 /McNemar tests) outcomes. In a study subsample, urinary equol was measured after the consumption of ½ cup (86 g) of cooked whole soybeans twice daily for 3 days. RESULTS In the intervention group, moderate-to-severe hot flashes decreased by 88% ( P < 0.001) compared with 34% for the control group ( P < 0.001; between-group P < 0.001). At 12 weeks, 50% of completers in the intervention group reported no moderate-to-severe hot flashes at all. Among controls, there was no change in this variable from baseline ( χ2 test, P < 0.001). Neither seasonality nor equol production status was associated with the degree of improvement. The intervention group reported greater reductions in the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire vasomotor ( P = 0.004), physical ( P = 0.01), and sexual ( P = 0.03) domains. CONCLUSIONS A dietary intervention consisting of a plant-based diet, minimizing oils, and daily soybeans significantly reduced the frequency and severity of postmenopausal hot flashes and associated symptoms.
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Ohishi T, Miyoshi N, Mori M, Sagara M, Yamori Y. Health Effects of Soy Isoflavones and Green Tea Catechins on Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases Based on Urinary Biomarker Levels. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248899. [PMID: 36558031 PMCID: PMC9781513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols have various health effects. Genistein, which is abundant in soybeans, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate, which is abundant in green tea, are major flavonoids, a subclass group of polyphenols. Several epidemiological studies have shown that these flavonoids have beneficial effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, other studies did not show such effects. Several confounding factors, including recall bias, are related to these inconsistent findings, and the determination of metabolites in the urine may be useful in reducing the number of confounding factors. Equipment, which can be used by research participants to collect samples from a portion of voided urine within 24 h without the help of medical workers, has been developed for epidemiological investigations. Previous studies, in which flavonoid metabolites in these urine samples were measured, revealed that soy intake was correlated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Although soybeans and green tea consumption may have protective effects against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, further clinical studies that consider different confounding factors are required to provide evidence for the actual impact of dietary flavonoids on human diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. One possible mechanism involved is discussed in relation to the downregulation of reactive oxygen species and the upregulation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase elicited by these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Ohishi
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Numazu, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan
- Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mari Mori
- Department of Health Management, School of Health Studies, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
- NPO World Health Frontier Institute, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
| | - Miki Sagara
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Disease Model Cooperative Research Association, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamori
- Institute for World Health Development, Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8143, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (Y.Y.)
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Lu LJW, Chen NW, Brunder DG, Nayeem F, Nagamani M, Nishino TK, Anderson KE, Khamapirad T. Soy isoflavones decrease fibroglandular breast tissue measured by magnetic resonance imaging in premenopausal women: A 2-year randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 52:158-168. [PMID: 36513449 PMCID: PMC9825101 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Populations consuming soy have reduced risk for breast cancer, but the mechanisms are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that soy isoflavones, which have ovarian hormone-like effects, can reduce fibroglandular breast tissue (FGBT, 'breast density'), a strong risk marker for breast cancer. METHODS Premenopausal women (age 30-42 years) were randomized to consume isoflavones (136.6 mg as aglycone equivalents, n = 99) or placebo (n = 98) for 5 days per week up to 2 years, and changes in breast composition measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and yearly intervals were compared after square root transformation using linear mixed effects regression models. RESULTS By intention-to-treat analyses (n = 194), regression coefficients (β estimates) of the interaction of time and isoflavone treatment were -0.238 (P = 0.06) and -0.258 (P < 0.05) before and after BMI adjustment, respectively for FGBT, 0.620 (P < 0.05) and 0.248 (P = 0.160), respectively for fatty breast tissue (FBT), and -0.155 (P < 0.05) and -0.107 (P < 0.05), respectively for FGBT as percent of total breast (FGBT%). β Estimates for interaction of treatment with serum calcium were -2.705 for FBT, and 0.588 for FGBT% (P < 0.05, before but not after BMI adjustment). BMI (not transformed) was related to the interaction of treatment with time (β = 0.298) or with calcium (β = -1.248) (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of isoflavones in adherent subjects (n = 135) significantly predicted these changes in breast composition. Based on the modeling results, after an average of 1.2, 2.2 and 3.3 years of supplementation, a mean decrease of FGBT by 5.3, 12.1, and 19.3 cc, respectively, and a mean decrease of FGBT% by 1.37, 2.43, and 3.50%, respectively, were estimated for isoflavone exposure compared to placebo treatment. Subjects with maximum isoflavone excretion were estimated to have 38 cc less FGBT (or ∼3.13% less FGBT%) than subjects without isoflavone excretion. Decrease in FGBT and FGBT% was more precise with daidzein than genistein. CONCLUSIONS Soy isoflavones can induce a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in FGBT, a biomarker for breast cancer risk, in premenopausal women, and moderate effects of calcium on BMI and breast fat, suggesting a beneficial effect of soy consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION www. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT00204490. TRIAL REGISTRATION www. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT00204490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jane W Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, USA.
| | - Nai-Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, USA.
| | - Donald G Brunder
- Academic Computing, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1035, USA
| | - Fatima Nayeem
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, USA
| | - Manubai Nagamani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas K Nishino
- Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, USA.
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12
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Kim JH, Jeong M, Doo EH, Koo YT, Lee SJ, Jang JW, Park JHY, Huh CS, Byun S, Lee KW. Glycine max Fermented by a Novel Probiotic, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LDTM 8102, Increases Immuno-Modulatory Function. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1146-1153. [PMID: 36168203 PMCID: PMC9628972 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2206.06038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many probiotic species have been used as a fermentation starter for manufacturing functional food materials. We have isolated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis LDTM 8102 from the feces of infants as a novel strain for fermentation. While Glycine max has been known to display various bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-skin aging, and anti-cancer effects, the immune-modulatory effect of Glycine max has not been reported. In the current study, we have discovered that the extract of Glycine max fermented with B. animalis subsp. lactis LDTM 8102 (GFB 8102), could exert immuno-modulatory properties. GFB 8102 treatment increased the production of immune-stimulatory cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages without any noticeable cytotoxicity. Analysis of the molecular mechanism revealed that GFB 8102 could upregulate MAPK2K and MAPK signaling pathways including ERK, p38, and JNK. GFB 8102 also increased the proliferation rate of splenocytes isolated from mice. In an animal study, administration of GFB 8102 partially recovered cyclophosphamide-mediated reduction in thymus and spleen weight. Moreover, splenocytes from the GFB 8102-treated group exhibited increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production. Based on these findings, GFB 8102 could be a promising functional food material for enhancing immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Jeong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Doo
- Department of Yuhan Biotechnology, School of Bio-Health Sciences, Yuhan University, Bucheon 14780, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tae Koo
- Natural Products Convergence R&D Division, Kwangdong Pharm Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joo Lee
- Natural Products Convergence R&D Division, Kwangdong Pharm Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Jang
- Natural Products Convergence R&D Division, Kwangdong Pharm Co. Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Sung Huh
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea,Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea,
S. Byun Phone: +82-2-2123-5896 E-mail:
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author K.W. Lee Phone: +82-2-880-4662 E-mail:
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13
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Estrogenic in vitro evaluation of zearalenone and its phase I and II metabolites in combination with soy isoflavones. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3385-3402. [PMID: 35986755 PMCID: PMC9584851 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHumans and animals are exposed to multiple substances in their food and feed that might have a negative health impact. Among these substances, the Fusarium mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and α-zearalanol (α-ZAL) are known to possess endocrine disruptive properties. In a mixed diet or especially animal feed, these potential contaminants might be ingested together with naturally occurring phytoestrogens such as soy isoflavones. So far, risk assessment of potential endocrine disruptors is usually based on adverse effects of single compounds whereas studies investigating combinatorial effects are scarce. In the present study, we investigated the estrogenic potential of mycoestrogens and the isoflavones genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAI) and glycitein (GLY) as well as equol (EQ), the gut microbial metabolite of DAI, in vitro alone or in combination, using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay in Ishikawa cells. In the case of mycoestrogens, the tested concentration range included 0.001 to 10 nM with multiplication steps of 10 in between, while for the isoflavones 1000 times higher concentrations were investigated. For the individual substances the following order of estrogenicity was obtained: α-ZEL > α-ZAL > ZEN > GEN > EQ > DAI > GLY. Most combinations of isoflavones with mycoestrogens enhanced the estrogenic response in the investigated concentrations. Especially lower concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL and α-ZAL (0.001—0.01 nM) in combination with low concentrations of GEN, DAI and EQ (0.001—0.1 µM) strongly increased the estrogenic response compared to the single substances.
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14
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Yang H, Li T, Cao W. Optimizing pre-treatment of alkaline hydrolysis RP-HPLC for enhancing accuracy of soy isoflavone determination. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1207:123382. [PMID: 35878432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones (IFs) are important bioactive compounds which offers several benefits to human health. Despite the importance of IFs content, there are still some deficiencies in the existing methods. The objective of this study is to optimize key parameters of alkaline hydrolysis method for enhancing both reliability and accuracy of quantitative analysis of IFs contents in soybeans and soy protein products. Solvent type, extraction temperature, heating mode, alkaline concentration, hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time and some details are key points to target analytes which yield determining parameters. The biggest IFs content was obtained by extraction using methanol (MeOH)/water (80:20, v/v) in a 75 ℃ oven for 2 h, and hydrolyzation with 3 M NaOH solution at a room temperature for 10 mins. The total IFs content obtained by the improved method has increased by 16.4% compared with AOAC Official Method 2001.10. The accuracy of the method was evaluated using the relative standard deviation (RSD). Intraday accuracies in the total amount of isoflavones of four samples were 0.03%-0.63% (n = 3). Interday accuracy in the total amount of isoflavones was 2.71% (n = 6). LOD of IFs ranged from 0.1μg/mL for aglycones to 0.2μg/mL for glucosides. LOQ of IFs ranged from 0.3μg/mL for aglycones to 0.5μg/mL for glucosides. The improved method was proven to be a more accurate way to determine IFs contents in soybeans and soy protein products and thus making it useful for quality control and systematic in-depth study of soybeans and soy products; even to further assess the dietary soy exposure and the soy-health association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Tong Li
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Wenming Cao
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200137, China.
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15
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Lesser C, Mericq V, Reyes M, Garmendia ML, Shepherd JA, Michels KB, Corvalán C, Pereira A. Habitual Phytoestrogen Intake Is Associated with Breast Composition in Girls at 2 Years after Menarche Onset. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:1334-1340. [PMID: 35477112 PMCID: PMC9250624 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High phytoestrogen intake during adolescence is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Breast density (BD) is a strong predictor of breast cancer and can be considered an early marker. We aim to assess the association between the mean habitual intake of isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset and absolute fibroglandular volume (AFGV) and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) in Hispanic girls at the end of puberty. METHODS Longitudinal study set up in the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (GOCS). We included 329 girls with dietary data (multiple 24-hours recalls) from puberty until 2 years after menarche onset (81% had 2-4 recalls). Two international datasets were used to estimate isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens in the diet. Breast composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at 2 years after menarche. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between isoflavones, lignans, and total phytoestrogens intake and AFGV and %FGV. RESULTS The average total phytoestrogen intake was 1 mg/day and %FGV was 50.7% (SD = 15.2) and AFGV 218.8 cm3 (SD = 79.3). An inverse association was found between consumption of isoflavones and AFGV, as well as, with total phytoestrogens [Q4 vs. Q1 adjusted model ß = -49.2 cm3; 95% CI (-85.5 to -13.0)]. CONCLUSIONS Girls with a higher intake of total phytoestrogens and isoflavones during puberty until 2 years after menarche onset had significantly lower AFGV. IMPACT Although the intake of phytoestrogens is low in Western populations, higher consumption of them during a critical period of life like puberty could be beneficial to reduce breast cancer during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Lesser
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research (IDIMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - John A Shepherd
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer Epidemiology), University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Karin B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Camila Corvalán
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Pereira
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Song H, Jeong A, Tran TXM, Lee J, Kim M, Park B. Association between Micronutrient Intake and Breast Cancer Risk According to Body Mass Index in South Korean Adult Women: A Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132644. [PMID: 35807825 PMCID: PMC9268499 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between micronutrient intake and breast cancer risk in South Korean adult women. This association was stratified according to body mass index (BMI) categories. Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) and the Health Examinee Study were analyzed. Altogether, 63,337 individuals (aged ≥40 years) completed the baseline and first follow-up surveys; 40,432 women without a history of cancer at baseline were included in this study. The association between micronutrient intake and breast cancer was determined by estimating the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. A stratified analysis by BMI (<25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2) was performed. The an analysis of 15 micronutrients and breast cancer risk revealed that none of the micronutrients were associated with breast cancer risk after adjusting for covariates. In obese women, the risk of breast cancer was significantly reduced in the group that consumed vitamin C more than the recommended level (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31−0.93) and vitamin B6 levels above the recommended level (HR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25−0.89). In obese women, exceeding the recommended daily intake levels of vitamin C and vitamin B6 was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. However, other micronutrients were not associated with breast cancer risk in these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyeon Song
- Graduate School of Public Health, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Ansun Jeong
- Graduate School of Public Health, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Thi Xuan Mai Tran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (T.X.M.T.); (J.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Jiseon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (T.X.M.T.); (J.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (T.X.M.T.); (J.L.); (M.K.)
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (T.X.M.T.); (J.L.); (M.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2220-0682; Fax: +82-31-2220-0699
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17
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Cao S, Liu L, Zhu Q, Zhu Z, Zhou J, Wei P, Wu M. Adherence to the Vegetable-Fruit-Soy Dietary Pattern, a Reference From Mediterranean Diet, Protects Against Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Among Chinese Women. Front Nutr 2022; 9:800996. [PMID: 35425800 PMCID: PMC9001898 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.800996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diet-center hypothesis has gained much support from the apparent protective effect of the Mediterranean diet on breast cancer. However, the evidence of the association between Mediterranean diet adherence and breast cancer molecular subtypes remains small, especially in non-Mediterranean populations. Methods The subjects from the Chinese Wuxi Exposure and Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, included 818 patients and 935 healthy controls. A validated food frequency questionnaire used for diet assessment and a modified version of the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, which is called the alternate Chinese Diet Score, was developed to assess adherence to a migrated Chinese version of the Mediterranean diet, which we called the vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern. Soy foods, rapeseed oil, and coarse cereals replaced legumes, olive oil, and whole grains reflecting the cuisine of the region. We examined the association between the vegetable-fruit-soy diet adherence and breast cancer risk, stratified by menopause status (pre- or postmenopausal) and receptor status [estrogen-receptor (ER), progesterone-receptor (PR) status, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)] oncogene expression, followed by five specific combinations (ER+, ER–, ER+/PR+,ER–/PR–, and ER–/PR–/HER2–). Results The results suggest that the vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern was inversely associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk [4th vs. 1st quartile, odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.41, 0.80; P trend < 0.001] and that the inverse association was somewhat stronger to detect among ER- subtypes (OR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.37, 0.94; P trend = 0.003) and ER–/PR–subtypes (OR = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.41, 0.93; P trend = 0.012). We did not observe any significant association between the vegetable-fruit-soy diet characteristics and ER+ subtype, as well as between PR+ and ER+/PR+ subtypes. Conclusion The favorable influence from the Mediterranean diet may also apply to Chinese women. The vegetable-fruit-soy dietary pattern may reduce the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly among ER- subtype, and ER–/PR–subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linchen Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianrang Zhu
- Department of Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Department of Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Wu,
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18
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Soda K. Overview of Polyamines as Nutrients for Human Healthy Long Life and Effect of Increased Polyamine Intake on DNA Methylation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010164. [PMID: 35011727 PMCID: PMC8750749 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines, spermidine and spermine, are synthesized in every living cell and are therefore contained in foods, especially in those that are thought to contribute to health and longevity. They have many physiological activities similar to those of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances such as polyphenols. These include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, cell and gene protection, and autophagy activation. We have first reported that increased polyamine intake (spermidine much more so than spermine) over a long period increased blood spermine levels and inhibited aging-associated pathologies and pro-inflammatory status in humans and mice and extended life span of mice. However, it is unlikely that the life-extending effect of polyamines is exerted by the same bioactivity as polyphenols because most studies using polyphenols and antioxidants have failed to demonstrate their life-extending effects. Recent investigations revealed that aging-associated pathologies and lifespan are closely associated with DNA methylation, a regulatory mechanism of gene expression. There is a close relationship between polyamine metabolism and DNA methylation. We have shown that the changes in polyamine metabolism affect the concentrations of substances and enzyme activities involved in DNA methylation. I consider that the increased capability of regulation of DNA methylation by spermine is a key of healthy long life of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyasu Soda
- Department Cardiovascular Institute for Medical Research, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847, Amanuma, Saitama-City 330-0834, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Flasch M, Bueschl C, Del Favero G, Adam G, Schuhmacher R, Marko D, Warth B. Elucidation of xenoestrogen metabolism by non-targeted, stable isotope-assisted mass spectrometry in breast cancer cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106940. [PMID: 34673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to xenoestrogens, i.e., chemicals that imitate the hormone 17β-estradiol, has the potential to influence hormone homeostasis and action. Detailed knowledge of xenobiotic biotransformation processes in cell models is key when transferring knowledge learned from in vitro models to in vivo relevance. This study elucidated the metabolism of two naturally-occurring phyto- and mycoestrogens; namely genistein and zearalenone, in an estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) with the aid of stable isotope-assisted metabolomics and the bioinformatic tool MetExtract II. Metabolism was studied in a time course experiment after 2 h, 6 h and 24 h incubation. Twelve and six biotransformation products of zearalenone and genistein were detected, respectively, clearly demonstrating the abundant xenobiotic biotransformation capability of the cells. Zearalenone underwent extensive phase-I metabolism resulting in α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), a molecule known to possess a significantly higher estrogenicity, and several phase-II metabolites (sulfo- and glycoconjugates) of the native compound and the major phase I metabolite α-ZEL. Moreover, potential adducts of zearalenone with a vitamin and several hydroxylated metabolites were annotated. Genistein metabolism resulted in sulfation, combined sulfation and hydroxylation, acetylation, glucuronidation and unexpectedly adduct formation with pentose- and hexose sugars. Kinetics of metabolite formation and subsequent excretion into the extracellular medium revealed a time-dependent increase in most biotransformation products. The untargeted elucidation of biotransformation products formed during cell culture experiments enables an improved and more meaningful interpretation of toxicological assays and has the potential to identify unexpected or unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Flasch
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bueschl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Bhat SS, Prasad SK, Shivamallu C, Prasad KS, Syed A, Reddy P, Cull CA, Amachawadi RG. Genistein: A Potent Anti-Breast Cancer Agent. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1502-1517. [PMID: 34698063 PMCID: PMC8929066 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is an isoflavonoid present in high quantities in soybeans. Possessing a wide range of bioactives, it is being studied extensively for its tumoricidal effects. Investigations into mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity have revealed many pathways including induction of cell proliferation, suppression of tyrosine kinases, regulation of Hedgehog-Gli1 signaling, modulation of epigenetic activities, seizing of cell cycle and Akt and MEK signaling pathways, among others via which the cancer cell proliferation can be controlled. Notwithstanding, the observed activities have been time- and dose-dependent. In addition, genistein has also shown varying results in women depending on the physiological parameters, such as the early or post-menopausal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha S. Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (S.S.B.); (S.K.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Shashanka K. Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (S.S.B.); (S.K.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (S.S.B.); (S.K.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru Campus, Mysuru 570026, Karnataka, India;
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pruthvish Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560107, Karnataka, India;
| | | | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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21
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Finkeldey L, Schmitz E, Ellinger S. Effect of the Intake of Isoflavones on Risk Factors of Breast Cancer-A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Intervention Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072309. [PMID: 34371819 PMCID: PMC8308688 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that high intake of soy isoflavones may protect against breast cancer, but causal relationships can only be established by experimental trials. Thus, we aimed to provide a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of an isoflavone intake on risk factors of breast cancer in healthy subjects. After a systematic literature search in PubMed, 18 different RCTs with pre- and/or postmenopausal women were included and investigated for details according to the PRISMA guideline. In these studies, isoflavones were provided by soy food or supplements in amounts between 36.5-235 mg/d for a period of 1-36 months. Breast density, estrogens including precursors, metabolites, estrogen response such as length of menstrual cycle, and markers of proliferation and inflammation were considered. However, in most studies, differences were not detectable between isoflavone and control/placebo treatment despite a good adherence to isoflavone treatment, irrespective of the kind of intervention, the dose of isoflavones used, and the duration of isoflavone treatment. However, the lack of significant changes in most studies does not prove the lack of effects as a sample size calculation was often missing. Taking into account the risk of bias and methodological limitations, there is little evidence that isoflavone treatment modulates risk factors of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Future studies should calculate the sample size to detect possible effects and consider methodological details to improve the study quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Finkeldey
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Street 277, 41065 Mönchengladbach, Germany; (L.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Schmitz
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Street 277, 41065 Mönchengladbach, Germany; (L.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Sabine Ellinger
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Street 277, 41065 Mönchengladbach, Germany; (L.F.); (E.S.)
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Human Nutrition, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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22
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Janulewicz PA, Carlson JM, Wesselink AK, Wise LA, Hatch EE, Edwards LM, Peters JL. Urinary Isoflavones Levels in Relation to Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Female and Male Adults in the U.S. General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:389-400. [PMID: 31490099 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1663497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens found in plant-based foods and nutritional supplements. Experimental studies show a positive association between isoflavones and hypothyroidism, but epidemiological findings are conflicting. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association between urinary isoflavone concentrations and serum thyroid hormone concentrations in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2010). In this study, we found that Daidzein and O-DMA associations with free T4 were stronger among women: a 10-fold increase in daidzein was associated with a 3.2% (95% CI: 1.9%, 4.5%) increase in women and a 0.6% (95% CI: -1.7%, 0.6%) decrease in men and a 10-fold increase in O-DMA was related to a 2.0% (95% CI: 1.1%, 2.9%) increase in women and a 0.3% (95% CI: -1.2%, 0.5%) decrease in men. In this study, selected urinary isoflavone concentrations were associated with serum thyroid hormone concentration in a sex-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Janulewicz
- Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Carlson
- Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hatch
- Epidemiology Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lariah M Edwards
- Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junenette L Peters
- Environmental Health Department, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Lindermann Peressoni Teixeira MJ, Colonetti Colombo C, Colonetti L, Rosa MID, Colonetti T. Influence of phytoestrogens on endometrial thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric 2021; 25:118-127. [PMID: 34036861 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1921728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the influence of the use of phytoestrogens on variations in endometrial thickness in postmenopausal women. Randomized controlled trials were searched in the following electronic databases until March 2020: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and LILACS. We used the terms 'phytoestrogens' and 'endometrium' or 'endometrial hyperplasia' to search for relevant trials. The data were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 10 studies involving 1476 patients were included. The difference in endometrial thickness was evaluated in 10 studies, with a total of 805 participants in the phytoestrogen group and 761 in the control group. Such a difference was not significant between groups after 3 months (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.37 to 0.37; I2 = 63%), 6 months (SMD -0.30, 95% CI -0.79 to 0.19; I2 = 70%), 12 months (SMD -0.02, 95% CI 0.22 to -0.18; I2 = 0%) and 24 months (SMD -0.09, 95% CI -0.25, 0.08; I2 = 0%) of use. Our meta-analysis shows no changes in endometrial thickness in women using phytoestrogens. Evidence is still uncertain owing to the presence of heterogeneity among the studies currently available, whose reported outcomes cover a period between 3 and 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Colonetti Colombo
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - L Colonetti
- Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M Inês da Rosa
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - T Colonetti
- Department of Medicine School, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomedicine Translational, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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24
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The Potential Effects of Phytoestrogens: The Role in Neuroprotection. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102954. [PMID: 34065647 PMCID: PMC8156305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds. Their structure is similar to 17-β-estradiol, the main female sex hormone. This review offers a concise summary of the current literature on several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, mainly their neuroprotective effect. Phytoestrogens lower the risk of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease. They also reduce the risk of brain disease. The effects of phytoestrogens and their derivatives on cancer are mainly due to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and metabolism, leading to antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and epigenetic effects. The brain controls the secretion of estrogen (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis). However, it has not been unequivocally established whether estrogen therapy has a neuroprotective effect on brain function. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens seem to be related to both their antioxidant properties and interaction with the estrogen receptor. The possible effects of phytoestrogens on the thyroid cause some concern; nevertheless, generally, no serious side effects have been reported, and these compounds can be recommended as health-promoting food components or supplements.
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25
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Fraser GE, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Orlich M, Mashchak A, Sirirat R, Knutsen S. Dairy, soy, and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 49:1526-1537. [PMID: 32095830 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between soy, dairy intakes and breast cancer risk are inconsistent. No studies exist with large numbers of dairy consumers and soy consumers to assess mutual confounding. METHODS The study cohort contains 52 795 North American women, initially free of cancer, followed for 7.9 years (29.7% were Black). Dietary intakes were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and, for 1011 calibration study subjects, from six structured 24-h dietary recalls. Incident invasive breast cancers were detected mainly by matching with cancer registries. Analyses used multivariable proportional hazards regression. RESULTS The participants (mean age of 57.1 years) experienced 1057 new breast cancer cases during follow-up. No clear associations were found between soy products and breast cancer, independently of dairy. However, higher intakes of dairy calories and dairy milk were associated with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.40] and 1.50 (95% CI 1.22-1.84), respectively, comparing 90th to 10th percentiles of intakes. Full fat and reduced fat milks produced similar results. No important associations were noted with cheese and yogurt. Substituting median intakes of dairy milk users by those of soy milk consumers was associated with HR of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.55-0.85). Similar-sized associations were found among pre- and post-menopausal cases, with CIs also excluding the null in estrogen receptor (ER+, ER-), and progesterone receptor (PR+) cancers. Less biased calibrated measurement-error adjusted regressions demonstrated yet stronger, but less precise, HRs and CIs that still excluded the null. CONCLUSIONS Higher intakes of dairy milk were associated with greater risk of breast cancer, when adjusted for soy intake. Current guidelines for dairy milk consumption could be viewed with some caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Fraser
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Karen Jaceldo-Siegl
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael Orlich
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Mashchak
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Rawiwan Sirirat
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Synnove Knutsen
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle, and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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26
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Oesterle I, Braun D, Berry D, Wisgrill L, Rompel A, Warth B. Polyphenol Exposure, Metabolism, and Analysis: A Global Exposomics Perspective. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:461-484. [PMID: 33351643 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062220-090807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are generally known for their health benefits and estimating actual exposure levels in health-related studies can be improved by human biomonitoring. Here, the application of newly available exposomic and metabolomic technology, notably high-resolution mass spectrometry, in the context of polyphenols and their biotransformation products, is reviewed. Comprehensive workflows for investigating these important bioactives in biological fluids or microbiome-related experiments are scarce. Consequently, this new era of nontargeted analysis and omic-scale exposure assessment offers a unique chance for better assessing exposure to, as well as metabolism of, polyphenols. In clinical and nutritional trials, polyphenols can be investigated simultaneously with the plethora of other chemicals to which we are exposed, i.e., the exposome, which may interact abundantly and modulate bioactivity. This research direction aims at ultimately eluting into atrue systems biology/toxicology evaluation of health effects associated with polyphenol exposure, especially during early life, to unravel their potential for preventing chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Oesterle
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , , .,Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; .,The Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annette Rompel
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; , ,
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27
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Shirabe R, Saito E, Sawada N, Ishihara J, Takachi R, Abe SK, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, Goto A, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Fermented and nonfermented soy foods and the risk of breast cancer in a Japanese population-based cohort study. Cancer Med 2020; 10:757-771. [PMID: 33340281 PMCID: PMC7877355 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although preclinical studies suggest that fermented soy foods may have a protective effect against breast cancer, no prospective cohort studies have examined this association. Objective Our study examined the association between fermented and nonfermented soy food intake and breast cancer risk using a population‐based prospective cohort study in Japan. Methods We included a total of 47,614 women aged 45–74 years in an analysis of the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for the assessment of dietary intake. Breast cancer incidence was analyzed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results During an average of 15.5 years of follow‐up, 825 breast cancer cases were newly identified. We found no association of intake of soy foods with breast cancer risk, regardless of fermentation, with multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest quartiles of fermented and nonfermented soy food intake of 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) and 1.15 (0.85, 1.57) compared with the lowest quartile (p for trend = 0.305 and 0.393). Unlike nonfermented soy, higher intake of fermented soy foods was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of nonlocalized breast cancer. The HR and 95% CI in the highest compared to lowest intake category of fermented soy foods was 0.53 (0.28, 0.99) versus nonfermented soy foods 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) (p for trend = 0.026 and 0.797). Conclusions Our analyses showed that fermented soy foods had no association with overall breast cancer but may be associated with decreased risk of nonlocalized breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shirabe
- School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Eiko Saito
- Division of Cancer Statistics Integration, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Junko Ishihara
- Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ribeka Takachi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Sarah Krull Abe
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Taichi Shimazu
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Japan
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28
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Sim EJ, Ko KP, Ahn C, Park SM, Surh YJ, An S, Kim SW, Lee MH, Lee JW, Lee JE, Kim KS, Yom CK, Kim HA, Park SK. Isoflavone intake on the risk of overall breast cancer and molecular subtypes in women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:615-626. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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29
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Selmin OI, Donovan MG, Stillwater BJ, Neumayer L, Romagnolo DF. Epigenetic Regulation and Dietary Control of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Nutr 2020; 7:159. [PMID: 33015128 PMCID: PMC7506147 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly heterogeneous group of breast cancers, lacking expression of the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC are characterized by a high level of mutation and metastasis, poor clinical outcomes and overall survival. Here, we review the epigenetic mechanisms of regulation involved in cell pathways disrupted in TNBC, with particular emphasis on dietary food components that may be exploited for the development of effective strategies for management of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Micah G Donovan
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Barbara J Stillwater
- Department of Surgery, Breast Surgery Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leigh Neumayer
- Department of Surgery, Breast Surgery Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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30
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Barnard ND, Leroy F. Children and adults should avoid consuming animal products to reduce risk for chronic disease: YES. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:926-930. [PMID: 32889521 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of animal products exposes humans to saturated fat, cholesterol, lactose, estrogens, and pathogenic microorganisms, while displacing fiber, complex carbohydrates, antioxidants, and other components needed for health. In the process, consumption of animal products increases the risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and other disorders. This dietary pattern also promotes the growth of unhealthful gut bacteria, fostering, among other things, the production of trimethylamine N-oxide, a proinflammatory compound associated with cardiovascular and neurological diseases. When omnivorous individuals change to a plant-based diet, diet quality as measured by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index improves, and the risk of these health problems diminishes. Planning for nutrient adequacy is important with any diet. However, a diet based on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and legumes, supplemented with vitamin B-12, is nutritionally superior to diets including animal products and is healthful for children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Barnard
- Adjunct Faculty, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.,Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Is There Such a Thing as "Anti-Nutrients"? A Narrative Review of Perceived Problematic Plant Compounds. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102929. [PMID: 32987890 PMCID: PMC7600777 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of lifestyle-induced chronic diseases. The thousands of phytochemicals they contain are implicated in cellular-based mechanisms to promote antioxidant defense and reduce inflammation. While recommendations encourage the intake of fruits and vegetables, most people fall short of their target daily intake. Despite the need to increase plant-food consumption, there have been some concerns raised about whether they are beneficial because of the various ‘anti-nutrient’ compounds they contain. Some of these anti-nutrients that have been called into question included lectins, oxalates, goitrogens, phytoestrogens, phytates, and tannins. As a result, there may be select individuals with specific health conditions who elect to decrease their plant food intake despite potential benefits. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the science of these ‘anti-nutrients’ and weigh the evidence of whether these compounds pose an actual health threat.
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32
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Sarkar N, Bose S. Controlled release of soy isoflavones from multifunctional 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:407-420. [PMID: 32652224 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent challenges in post-surgical bone tumor management have elucidated the need for a multifunctional scaffold, which can be used for residual tumor-cell suppression, defect repair, and simultaneous bone regeneration. In this perspective, 3D printing allows to create a wide variety of patient-specific implant with complex porous architecture and compatible mechanical strength to that of cancellous bone. Here, a multifunctional bone graft substitute is designed by incorporating the three primary soy isoflavones: genistein, daidzein, and glycitein onto a 3D printed (3DP) tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds with designed pores, endowing them with in vitro chemopreventive, bone-cell proliferating and immune-modulatory potential. The interconnected porosity and biodegradability of 3DP TCP ceramics have allowed controlled release kinetics of genistein, daidzein and glycitein in acidic and physiological buffer medium for 16 days, which is fitted with Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Presence of genistein, a well-known natural biomolecule shows a 90% reduction in vitro osteosarcoma (MG-63) cell viability and proliferation after 11 days. Meanwhile, daidzein, the other primary isoflavone, promotes in vitro cellular attachment and enhances viability and proliferation of human fetal osteoblast cell (hFOB). Furthermore, controlled release of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein from 3DP TCP scaffold demonstrates improved hFOB cell proliferation, viability, and differentiation in a dynamic flow-perfusion bioreactor, which is utilized to better simulate the clinical microenvironment. Finally, in vivo H&E staining confirms controlled co-delivery of genistein-daidzein-glycitein from 3DP scaffold carefully modulated neutrophil recruitment to the surgery site after 24 h of implantation in a rat distal femur model. These results advance our understanding towards multipronged therapeutic approaches utilizing synthetic bone graft substitutes as a drug delivery vehicle, and more importantly, demonstrate the feasibility of localized tumor cell suppression and bone cell proliferation for post-surgical defect repair application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Designed multimodal porosity of 3D printed TCP scaffold allows a controlled and sustained release of soy isoflavones, genistein, daidzein and glycitein in both physiological and acidic pH. Presence of genistein shows 90% reduction in vitro bone cancer cell viability and proliferation. Meanwhile, controlled release of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein from 3DP TCP scaffolds demonstrate improved osteoblast cell proliferation, viability, and differentiation in static and dynamic flow-perfusion bioreactor. Furthermore, H&E staining at 24 h post-surgical specimens from rat distal femur model shows neutrophil recruitment at the surgery site is significantly decreased, suggesting the anti-inflammatory property of soy isoflavones. This work provides deeper understanding on the design of a multifunctional 3D printed patient-specific scaffold with enhanced in vitro chemopreventive, osteogenic and in vivo anti-inflammatory ability.
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33
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Orman A, Johnson DL, Comander A, Brockton N. Breast Cancer: A Lifestyle Medicine Approach. Am J Lifestyle Med 2020; 14:483-494. [PMID: 32922233 DOI: 10.1177/1559827620913263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer diagnosis in the United States (excluding skin cancers), and the second leading cause of female cancer death. This article highlights the role that lifestyle plays in primary breast cancer prevention, breast cancer treatment, and tertiary breast cancer prevention. Current data regarding the benefits of a predominantly plant-based diet in combination with physical activity and maintenance of a healthy body weight will be reviewed. The evidenced-based patient-focused recommendations developed by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research will be discussed in the context of an overall lifestyle strategy. It is our hope that this publication empowers clinicians to provide patients with personalized cancer-protective lifestyle prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Comander
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nigel Brockton
- American Institute for Cancer Research, Arlington, Virginia
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34
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Buja A, Pierbon M, Lago L, Grotto G, Baldo V. Breast Cancer Primary Prevention and Diet: An Umbrella Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134731. [PMID: 32630215 PMCID: PMC7369836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Many studies have been published, but none have pooled the useful evidence available in the literature to produce guidelines and health policies promoting healthy eating styles to prevent breast cancer (BC). The present study aimed to summarize the evidence produced to date, taking a judicious, critical approach to the quality of the studies analyzed. Methods: An umbrella review method was adopted, which is a systematic review of second-level studies, meta-analyses and literature reviews. Results: In all, 48 studies were considered: 32 meta-analyses, 4 pooled analyses, 5 systematic reviews, and 7 qualitative reviews. A higher intake of total meat, or red or processed meats, or foods with a high glycemic index, or eggs would seem to be associated with a higher risk of BC. Some foods, such as vegetables, would seem instead to have an inverse association with BC risk. One meta-analysis revealed an inverse association between citrus fruit and mushroom consumption and BC. Some nutrients, such as calcium, folate, vitamin D, lignans and carotenoids, also seem to be inversely associated with BC risk. The evidence is still conflicting as concerns exposure to other dietary elements (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids, dairy foods). Conclusion: Nutrition is one of the most modifiable aspects of people’s lifestyles and dietary choices can affect health and the risk of cancer. Overall, adhering to a healthy eating style may be associated with a significant reduction in the risk of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Buja
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35127 Padova, Italy; (G.G.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-82-75-387; Fax: +39-82-75-392
| | - Marco Pierbon
- Masters Course in Sciences for the Public Health and Prevention Professions, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (L.L.)
| | - Laura Lago
- Masters Course in Sciences for the Public Health and Prevention Professions, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35127 Padova, Italy; (M.P.); (L.L.)
| | - Giulia Grotto
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35127 Padova, Italy; (G.G.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35127 Padova, Italy; (G.G.); (V.B.)
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35
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Lin CH, Yap YS, Lee KH, Im SA, Naito Y, Yeo W, Ueno T, Kwong A, Li H, Huang SM, Leung R, Han W, Tan B, Hu FC, Huang CS, Cheng AL, Lu YS. Contrasting Epidemiology and Clinicopathology of Female Breast Cancer in Asians vs the US Population. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1298-1306. [PMID: 31093668 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of breast cancer among younger East Asian women has been increasing rapidly over recent decades. This international collaborative study systemically compared the differences in age-specific incidences and pathological characteristics of breast cancer in East Asian women and women of predominantly European ancestry. METHODS We excerpted analytic data from six national cancer registries (979 675 cases) and eight hospitals (18 008 cases) in East Asian countries and/or regions and, for comparisons, from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database. Linear regression analyses of age-specific incidences of female breast cancer and logistic regression analyses of age-specific pathological characteristics of breast cancer were performed. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Unlike female colorectal cancer, the age-specific incidences of breast cancer among East Asian women aged 59 years and younger increased disproportionally over recent decades relative to rates in US contemporaries. For years 2010-2014, the estimated age-specific probability of estrogen receptor positivity increased with age in American patients, whereas that of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) declined with age. No similar trends were evident in East Asian patients; their probability of estrogen receptor positivity at age 40-49 years was statistically significantly higher (odd ratio [OR] = 1.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36 to 1.67, P < .001) and of TNBC was statistically significantly lower (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.88, P < .001), whereas the probability of ER positivity at age 50-59 years was statistically significantly lower (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.828 to 0.95, P < .001). Subgroup analyses of US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data showed similarly distinct patterns between East Asian American and white American patients. CONCLUSIONS Contrasting age-specific incidences and pathological characteristics of breast cancer between East Asian and American women, as well as between East Asian Americans and white Americans, suggests racial differences in the biology.
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36
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Wang B, Xu H, Hu X, Ma W, Zhang J, Li Y, Yu M, Zhang Y, Li X, Ye X. Synergetic inhibition of daidzein and regular exercise on breast cancer in bearing-4T1 mice by regulating NK cells and apoptosis pathway. Life Sci 2020; 245:117387. [PMID: 32007575 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition of daidzein or/and regular exercise on breast cancer and to reveal the potential biological mechanisms. BALB/c mice pretreated with regular exercise training for 20 days (15 m/min, 60 min/d) were orthotopically transplanted with mouse breast cancer cells (4T1), and then treated with daidzein (145 mg/kg) by gavage for another 22 days. Results showed that exercise or daidzein inhibited tumor growth in mice to a different degree. Particularly, co-treatment with exercise and daidzein showed an obviously synergistic inhibition on the tumor growth (P < 0.01), compared with the tumor control. Further researches indicated that the combination of exercise and daidzein synergistically mobilized and redistributed natural killer cells through upregulating the level of epinephrine and interleukin-6. Moreover, exercise combined with daidzein induces apoptosis in cancer cells via Fas/FasL-initiated mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway. These results suggested that regular exercise combined with daidzein may explore a candidate way to prevent and treat the breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Heshan Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyin Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuegang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xiaoli Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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37
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Wang Q, Liu X, Ren S. Tofu intake is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226745. [PMID: 31910211 PMCID: PMC6946133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies on the association between tofu intake and breast cancer incidence have reported inconsistent results. We reviewed the current evidence and quantitatively assessed this association by conducting a dose-response meta-analysis. The electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies published up to August, 2018. We included epidemiological studies that reported relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between tofu intake and breast cancer risk. A total of 14 studies (2 cohort studies, 12 case-control studies) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall OR of breast cancer for highest vs lowest intake of tofu was 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.88), with moderate heterogeneity (P = 0.011, I2 = 49.7%). Dose-response analysis based on 5 case-control studies revealed that each 10 g/d increase in tofu intake was associated with 10% reduction in the risk of breast cancer (95% CI 7%–13%, P = 0.037, I2 = 40.8%). In summary, our findings suggest an inverse dose-response association between tofu intake and risk of breast cancer. However, owing to the limitations of case-control studies, more properly designed prospective studies are warranted to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianghui Wang
- Department of Urology, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xingming Liu
- Department of Urology, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
| | - Shengqiang Ren
- Department of Urology, No. 906 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force, Ningbo, China
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Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Ferraz IS, Ued FDV, Almeida ACF, Ciampo LAD. Impact of soy consumption on human health: integrative review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Soy consumption is a millenary habit of populations of the eastern world and has recently increased in the western world. The risks and benefits of this practice have been extensively studied, with a current fundamental need of integration of available information. The aim of this study was to carry out an integrative review on this topic, in order to consolidate the available information. Based on the main question: “What is the impact of soy consumption on human health?”, were reviewed publications classified as original articles and reviews published from 1998 to 2020 in the databases Scopus, PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. A total of 97 studies were selected. In the present review were described the general impact of soy on human health and its protein quality, the effects of early exposure using soy formulas, and the effects of soy consumption on breast cancer, endometrial and ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, cardiovascular disease, glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes, obesity, reproductive health, menopause, female and male osteoporosis, microbiota, immunity and immunomodulation, thyroid function, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and renal function.
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Poljsak B, Milisav I. The Role of Antioxidants in Cancer, Friends or Foes? Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5234-5244. [PMID: 30674247 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190123112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of dietary supplements by millions of people is increasing [1]. Between 64 to 81% of cancer patients and survivors use multivitamin supplements after the cancer diagnosis [2]. The use of antioxidants during cancer therapy has been a hot topic in medical science for the last 20 years without clear answers and recommendations. It seems that antioxidants are able to I) decrease the cancer formation risk by quenching ROS that are involved in cancer initiation and progression and II) assist in survival of cancer/precancer cells once the malignant transformation already occurred. Antioxidants were shown to assist cancer initiation, interfere with cancer treatment by reducing its efficacy and patient survival, and vice versa, there are reports of beneficial antioxidant effect during the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Poljsak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Milisav
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Smeriglio A, Calderaro A, Denaro M, Laganà G, Bellocco E. Effects of Isolated Isoflavones Intake on Health. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5094-5107. [PMID: 28990503 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006143047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are naturally occurring flavonoids, commonly found in the food consumed for centuries in the East-Asian population, characterized by a structure able to exert nonsteroidal estrogen-like activity on human cells. They have attracted researcher interest all around the word, following the results obtained in epidemiological and clinical studies. The involvement of isoflavones and their metabolites in various biological processes suggests that they can influence several metabolic pathways and can influence the gene expression at epigenetic level, involving effects that probably are due to early life exposure. They show positive health effects on several diseases, especially in the prevention of coronary heart and neurological diseases, hormone-related cancers, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal symptoms. METHODS We have performed a critical evaluation of available literature trough a structured search of bibliographic databases about isoflavones health promoting properties, risk assessment and mechanisms of action. In addition, we supplied useful information on their biochemical properties, sources and bioavailability. RESULTS Although these molecules have been the subjects of numerous researches, their role for the wellness of the human organism remains controversial. Moreover, there are substantial inconsistencies between the results obtained by epidemiologic studies conducted on Eastern population, which found high health promoting properties, and Western clinical trials, which found much less positive effects. CONCLUSION Further epidemiologic studies and well-designed prospective human studies are to determine the beneficial effects of isoflavones exposure, as well as establishing its safe therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
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41
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Association between flavonoids, flavonoid subclasses intake and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in China. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 29:493-500. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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42
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Aune D. Plant Foods, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: A Review of the Evidence. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S404-S421. [PMID: 31728499 PMCID: PMC6855972 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a high intake of plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes has been recommended for chronic disease prevention, it has been unclear what is the optimal amount of intake of these foods and whether specific subtypes are particularly beneficial. The evidence from several recently published meta-analyses on plant foods and antioxidants and various health outcomes is reviewed as well as more recently published studies. In meta-analyses of prospective studies, inverse associations were observed between intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease overall, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. The strongest reductions in risk were observed at an intake of 800 g/d for fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15-20 g/d for nuts, respectively. Whole-grain and nut consumption was also inversely associated with mortality from respiratory disease, infections, and diabetes. Stronger and more linear inverse associations were observed between blood concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin E) and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality than for dietary intake. Most studies that have since been published have been consistent with these results; however, further studies are needed on subtypes of plant foods and less common causes of death. These results strongly support dietary recommendations to increase intake of plant foods, and suggest optimal intakes for chronic disease prevention may be ∼800 g/d for intakes of fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15-20 g/d for nuts. Diets high in plant foods could potentially prevent several million premature deaths each year if adopted globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Jaskulski S, Jung AY, Huebner M, Poschet G, Hell R, Hüsing A, Gonzalez-Maldonado S, Behrens S, Obi N, Becher H, Chang-Claude J. Prognostic associations of circulating phytoestrogens and biomarker changes in long-term survivors of postmenopausal breast cancer. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:1155-1169. [PMID: 31617773 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1672762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignans are associated with improved postmenopausal breast cancer (BC) survival, but whether these associations, particularly with enterolactone (major lignan metabolite), persist over time is unclear. Little is known about other phytoestrogens on prognosis in long-term survivors. The study examines associations of prognosis with 1) circulating postdiagnosis enterolactone, 2) eight circulating phytoestrogen metabolites, and 3) changes in enterolactone and genistein. In a German cohort of 2,105 postmenopausal BC patients with blood samples collected at recruitment 2002-2005 (baseline) and re-interview in 2009 (follow-up), delay-entry Cox proportional hazards regression was used. Landmark analysis showed that circulating enterolactone (log2) associations with 5-year survival changed over time, with strongest hazard ratios of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80-0.99) at blood draw (BD) and 0.86 (0.77-0.97) at 2 years post-BD for BC mortality, and 0.87 (0.80-0.95) at BD and 0.84 (0.76-0.92) at 3 years post-BD for all-cause mortality, which attenuated thereafter. In long-term survivors, increasing concentrations of genistein (1.17, 1.01-1.36), resveratrol (1.19, 1.02-1.40), and luteolin (1.96, 1.07-3.58) measured in follow-up blood samples were associated with poorer subsequent prognosis. Neither enterolactone at follow-up nor changes in enterolactone/genistein were associated with prognosis. Large long-term longitudinal studies with multiple phytoestrogen measurements are required to understand long-term effects of phytoestrogens after BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Jaskulski
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Audrey Y Jung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anika Hüsing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Behrens
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadia Obi
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Bioactive Compounds: Multi-Targeting Silver Bullets for Preventing and Treating Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101563. [PMID: 31618928 PMCID: PMC6826729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Each cell in our body is designed with a self-destructive trigger, and if damaged, can happily sacrifice itself for the sake of the body. This process of self-destruction to safeguard the adjacent normal cells is known as programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer cells outsmart normal cells and evade apoptosis and it is one of the major hallmarks of cancer. The cardinal quest for anti-cancer drug discovery (bioactive or synthetic compounds) is to be able to re-induce the so called “programmed cell death” in cancer cells. The importance of bioactive compounds as the linchpin of cancer therapeutics is well known as many effective chemotherapeutic drugs such as vincristine, vinblastine, doxorubicin, etoposide and paclitaxel have natural product origins. The present review discusses various bioactive compounds with known anticancer potential, underlying mechanisms by which they induce cell death and their preclinical/clinical development. Most bioactive compounds can concurrently target multiple signaling pathways that are important for cancer cell survival while sparing normal cells hence they can potentially be the silver bullets for targeting cancer growth and metastatic progression.
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45
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Miladinović J, Đorđević V, Balešević-Tubić S, Petrović K, Ćeran M, Cvejić J, Bursać M, Miladinović D. Increase of isoflavones in the aglycone form in soybeans by targeted crossings of cultivated breeding material. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10341. [PMID: 31316115 PMCID: PMC6637268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are a group of phytoestrogens, naturally-occurring substances important for their role in human health. Legumes, particularly soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), are the richest source of isoflavones in human diet. Since there is not much current data on genetics of isoflavones in soybean, particularly in the aglycone form, elucidation of the mode of inheritance is necessary in order to design an efficient breeding strategy for the development of high-isoflavone soybean genotypes. Based on the isoflavone content in 23 samples of soybeans from four different maturity groups (00, 0, I and II), three crosses were made in order to determine the inheritance pattern and increase the content of total isoflavones and their aglycone form. Genotype with the lowest total isoflavone content (NS-L-146) was crossed with the low- (NS Zenit), medium (NS Maximus), and high- (NS Virtus) isoflavone genotypes. There were no significant differences in the total isoflavone content (TIF) between F2 populations, and there was no transgression among genotypes within the populations. Each genotype within all three populations had a higher TIF value than the lower parent (NS-L-146), while genotypes with a higher TIF value than the better parent were found only in the NS-L-146 × NS Zenit cross. However, significant differences in the aglycone ratio (ratio of aglycone to glycone form of isoflavones) were found between the populations. The highest aglycone ratio was found in the NS-L-146 × NS Maximus cross. The results indicate that the genetic improvement for the trait is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegor Miladinović
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Vuk Đorđević
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Kristina Petrović
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marina Ćeran
- Soybean Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mira Bursać
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Miladinović
- Industrial Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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46
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Nutrition and Breast Cancer: A Literature Review on Prevention, Treatment and Recurrence. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071514. [PMID: 31277273 PMCID: PMC6682953 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most commonly occurring malignancy in women. There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including diet, body weight and physical activity, may be associated with higher BC risk. However, the effect of dietary factors on BC recurrence and mortality is not clearly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the current evidence obtained from the PubMed databases in the last decade, assessing dietary patterns, as well as the consumption of specific food-stuffs/food-nutrients, in relation to BC incidence, recurrence and survival. Data from the published literature suggest that a healthy dietary pattern characterized by high intake of unrefined cereals, vegetables, fruit, nuts and olive oil, and a moderate/low consumption of saturated fatty acids and red meat, might improve overall survival after diagnosis of BC. BC patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy experience a variety of symptoms that worsen patient quality of life. Studies investigating nutritional interventions during BC treatment have shown that nutritional counselling and supplementation with some dietary constituents, such as EPA and/or DHA, might be useful in limiting drug-induced side effects, as well as in enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, nutritional intervention in BC patients may be considered an integral part of the multimodal therapeutic approach. However, further research utilizing dietary interventions in large clinical trials is required to definitively establish effective interventions in these patients, to improve long-term survival and quality of life.
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47
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Wang ST, Chang HS, Hsu C, Su NW. Osteoprotective effect of genistein 7-O-phosphate, a derivative of genistein with high bioavailability, in ovariectomized rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Liu R, Yu X, Chen X, Zhong H, Liang C, Xu X, Xu W, Cheng Y, Wang W, Yu L, Wu Y, Yan N, Hu X. Individual factors define the overall effects of dietary genistein exposure on breast cancer patients. Nutr Res 2019; 67:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Paul P, Koh WP, Jin A, Michel A, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Wang R, Yuan JM, Butler LM. Soy and tea intake on cervical cancer risk: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:847-857. [PMID: 31154549 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soy isoflavones and tea catechins have immunomodulating and chemopreventive properties relevant for cervical carcinogenesis; however, there are limited epidemiologic data on the relationship of soy and tea consumption with cervical cancer risk. The aim of our study was to examine effects of soy and tea intake on cervical cancer risk among Singapore Chinese women. METHODS The association between intake of soy and tea drinking and cervical cancer risk was investigated in a prospective, population-based cohort of 30,744 Chinese women in Singapore with an average 16.7 years of follow-up and 312 incident cervical cancer cases. Multivariable proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of cervical cancer associated with intake levels of soy and tea. RESULTS High intake of soy alone was associated with a statistically borderline significant 20% reduced risk of cervical cancer (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.61, 1.05) while green tea alone was not (HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.22). In stratified analysis, high intake of soy was associated with a statistically significant decrease in cervical cancer risk among green tea drinkers (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.28, 0.69) but not among non-drinkers of green tea. The difference in the soy-cervical cancer risk association between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers was statistically significant (p for interaction = 0.004). This inverse association between soy intake and cervical cancer risk remained after further adjustment for human papillomavirus serostatus. Black tea consumption was not associated with cervical cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a protective effect of soy against cervical cancer development may depend on green tea constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proma Paul
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aizhen Jin
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelika Michel
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renwei Wang
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lesley M Butler
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Effect of a Neoflavonoid (Dalbergin) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line and mRNA Levels of p53, Bcl-2, and STAT3 Genes. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.87175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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