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Zidan A, El Saadany AA, El Maghraby GM, Abdin AA, Hedya SE. Potential cardioprotective and anticancer effects of carvedilol either free or as loaded nanoparticles with or without doxorubicin in solid Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 465:116448. [PMID: 36921847 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the potential cardioprotective and anti-cancer effects of carvedilol (CAR) either free or as loaded nano-formulated with or without doxorubicin (DOX) in solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC)-bearing mice. It focused on assessment of cardiac damage, drug resistance, apoptosis, oxidative stress status, angiogenesis and proliferation. METHODS CAR was loaded into poly-D,L lactic-co-glycolic acid)PLGA(or Niosomes. SEC was induced in female albino mice as an experimental model of breast cancer. Seventy-two mice were randomly divided into 9 equal groups (Normal control, Untreated-SEC, SEC + DOX, SEC + CAR-free, SEC + CAR-PLGA, SEC + CAR-Niosomes, SEC + DOX + CAR-free, SEC + DOX + CAR-PLGA and SEC + DOX + CAR-Niosomes). Tumor volume and survival rate were recorded. On day 28 from tumor inoculation, mice were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). One part from tumor tissues was prepared for assessment of multidrug resistance protein-1 (MDR-1), caspase-3, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while the other part was processed for histopathological examination and immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ki-67. RESULTS There was non-significant difference between CAR-free, CAR-PLGA and CAR-Niosomes as anticancer either alone or when combined with DOX. However, CAR-free demonstrated potential cardioprotective effects against cardiac damage mediated by cancer or DOX that have been enhanced using CAR-PLGA or CAR-Niosomes, but that of Niosomes outperformed them both. CONCLUSION CAR could be used as an adjuvant therapy with DOX, especially when nanoformualted with PLGA and even better with Niosomes, without compromising its cytotoxicity against cancer cells and preventing its cardiotoxic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Zidan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Amira A El Saadany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Gamal M El Maghraby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Amany A Abdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Sabeha E Hedya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
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Serum protein profiling of lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers reveals alcohol consumption-mediated disruptions in early-stage cancer detection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12359. [PMID: 36590537 PMCID: PMC9794896 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the link between serum proteins and cancer has been studied in an effort to enable early-stage cancer detection, factors that might perturb this link has been poorly understood. To ask this question, we performed serum protein profiling on a prospective cohort of 601 individuals with or without lung, pancreatic, or colorectal cancers and identified ten distinct serum protein signatures with distinct link to the patient metadata. Importantly, we discovered that a positive history of alcohol consumption is a major factor that diminishes the sensitivity of serum protein-mediated liquid biopsy in early-stage malignancies, resulting in a 44% decline in the sensitivity of detecting American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I malignancies. Our data provide evidence that patient lifestyle can affect the sensitivity of liquid biopsy and suggest the potential need for abstinence from alcohol before measurement during serum protein-based cancer screening.
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Gu T, Shen B, Li B, Guo Y, Li F, Ma Z, Chen L, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Dong H, Cai X, Lu L. miR-30c inhibits angiogenesis by targeting delta-like ligand 4 in liver sinusoidal endothelial cell to attenuate liver fibrosis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21571. [PMID: 33861889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002694r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common feature of liver dysfunction during chronic liver diseases and is frequently associated with angiogenesis, a dynamic process that forms new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which act as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression, have been shown to regulate liver fibrosis; however, how miRNAs regulate angiogenesis and its mechanism in fibrosis are not well understood. We aimed to elucidate the role and mechanism of miR-30c in attenuating liver fibrosis. Using miRNA profiling of fibrotic murine livers, we identified differentially regulated miRNAs and discovered that miR-30c is aberrantly expressed and targets endothelial delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) in either carbon tetrachloride-treated or bile duct ligated fibrotic mice, as well as in patients with liver fibrosis. Using CCK-8, wound healing and Matrigel tube formation assays, we found that miR-30c inhibited liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis capacity by targeting DLL4 in vitro. Importantly, nanoparticle-based delivery of miR-30c to LSECs inhibited the DLL4/Notch pathway and angiogenesis, thereby ameliorating liver fibrosis in vivo. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a protective role of miR-30c in liver fibrosis by regulating DLL4/Notch signaling and angiogenesis. Thus, miR-30c may serve as a potential treatment for chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuecheng Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzeng Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Liuying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qidi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lungen Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Parvathala P, Baghirath PV, Reddy CN, Vinay BH, Krishna AB, Naishadham PP. Horoscopic role of CD105 (Endoglin) in progression of oral lichen planus: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:37-45. [PMID: 34349409 PMCID: PMC8272491 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_82_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Role of CD105(Endoglin) in Pathogenesis and progression of OLP. Aim To assess the role of neoangiogenesis in the progression of OLP by determining the expression of CD105 in OLP and normal mucosa. Settings and Design The present study includes a total of 70 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of which the study group comprises 50 tissue sections histopathologically confirmed as OLP. They were subdivided into two groups - Group I (Reticular OLP) and Group II (Erosive OLP) - 25 each. The control group (designated as Group III) included 20 sections of normal mucosa. Materials and Methods All the sections were 4 μm thick and stained with CD105 antibodies. After identifying areas of highest vascularity (hot spots) in low power (×10) magnification, individual microvessels were counted manually at high power (×40) magnification. Statistical Analysis Used Analysis of variance test was used to determine the difference of microvessel density (MVD) between variants of OLP and normal mucosa and Cohen's kappa statistic was used to check interobserver variability. Results CD105 staining showed a mean MVD of 1.31 ± 1.8 in the normal mucosa compared to 1.68 ± 1.4 and 4.14 ± 2.7 in the reticular and erosive variants, respectively, with a P = 0.000*, which is statistically significant (*P < 0.05 is statistically significant). Conclusion Based on our observations, it is evident that compared to normal mucosa, MVD is greater in lichen planus. Within the two variants of OLP, MVD is higher in Erosive variant compared with Reticular variant, foreshadowing the role of neoangiogenesis in the progression of OLP and its possible malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Parvathala
- CKS Theja Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P Venkat Baghirath
- Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - C Narendra Reddy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, SVIMS, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B Hari Vinay
- Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - A Bhargavi Krishna
- Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Parameshwar P Naishadham
- Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Esteves M, Monteiro MP, Duarte JA. The effects of vascularization on tumor development: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre-clinical studies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 159:103245. [PMID: 33508446 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to systematize and quantify the existing evidence about the effect of tumor vascularization on its growth, in preclinical studies. METHODOLOGY A computerized research on databases PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO was performed to identify studies that evaluate both the vascularization parameters and the development of the tumors in animal models and the mean differences were calculated through a random effects model. RESULTS Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review, of which, 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Besides tumor vascular density that all studies evaluated, 3 studies analysed the tumor perfusion, 2 studies the tumor hypoxia and 3 studies assessed the grade of vessel maturation. Most of the studies (11) related decreased tumor vascularization and a concomitant inhibition of tumor growth or metastasis development. Quantitatively, the decrease in tumor vascularization contributed to a significant decrease in the tumor growing rate of 5.23 (-9.20, -1.26). CONCLUSION A reduced level of tumor vascularization seems to be able to inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Esteves
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital-Escola, Fernando Pessoa University, Avenida Fernando Pessoa 150, 4420-096 Gondomar, Portugal; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Experimental Morphology, CIAFEL, R. Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, R. Central da Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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Lorek A, Steinhof-Radwańska K, Barczyk-Gutkowska A, Zarębski W, Boratyn-Nowicka A, Bobola A, Lorek J, Stojčev Z. Retrospective Comparison of Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography with Digital Mammography in Assessing Tumor Size in 668 Cases of Breast Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e926977. [PMID: 32994388 PMCID: PMC7534504 DOI: 10.12659/msm.926977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) is digital mammography with contrast agent. This promising new breast imaging method can be used for planning surgical treatment. This study compared CESM versus digital mammography (MG) in evaluating tumor size in breast cancer. Material/Methods Comparison of tumor dimensions in CESM, MG, and histopathology was made. The correlation of these data was assessed by histopathological type, biological subtype, grading of the carcinoma, and patient age. Results The average difference in tumor size between CESM and histopathological examination was 5 mm. The differences in size measurement between CESM and MG were significant (p=0.00). The Pearson’s linear correlation coefficients of CESM versus HP and MG versus HP were −0.01 (p=0.79) and −0.25 (p=0.00), respectively, indicating no differences between CESM and HP based on the lesion size. A weak negative correlation between those values was observed on MG. No relationship was found between the tumor size in CESM and the biological subtype, carcinoma malignancy degree, or patient age. Conclusions CESM is a new diagnostic method in breast cancer. The accuracy of measurement of tumor size using CESM is independent of lesion size, but it overestimates the size by 5 mm on average. The difference is not dependent on grading, biological subtype of the carcinoma, or patient age. They concern the histopathological type, and values are significantly greater in pre-invasive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lorek
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Anna Barczyk-Gutkowska
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zarębski
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bobola
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Lorek
- Student of the Medical Faculty at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zoran Stojčev
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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Ahrens TD, Bang-Christensen SR, Jørgensen AM, Løppke C, Spliid CB, Sand NT, Clausen TM, Salanti A, Agerbæk MØ. The Role of Proteoglycans in Cancer Metastasis and Circulating Tumor Cell Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:749. [PMID: 32984308 PMCID: PMC7479181 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are accessible by liquid biopsies via an easy blood draw. They represent not only the primary tumor site, but also potential metastatic lesions, and could thus be an attractive supplement for cancer diagnostics. However, the analysis of rare CTCs in billions of normal blood cells is still technically challenging and novel specific CTC markers are needed. The formation of metastasis is a complex process supported by numerous molecular alterations, and thus novel CTC markers might be found by focusing on this process. One example of this is specific changes in the cancer cell glycocalyx, which is a network on the cell surface composed of carbohydrate structures. Proteoglycans are important glycocalyx components and consist of a protein core and covalently attached long glycosaminoglycan chains. A few CTC assays have already utilized proteoglycans for both enrichment and analysis of CTCs. Nonetheless, the biological function of proteoglycans on clinical CTCs has not been studied in detail so far. Therefore, the present review describes proteoglycan functions during the metastatic cascade to highlight their importance to CTCs. We also outline current approaches for CTC assays based on targeting proteoglycans by their protein cores or their glycosaminoglycan chains. Lastly, we briefly discuss important technical aspects, which should be considered for studying proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D Ahrens
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara R Bang-Christensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Løppke
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicolai T Sand
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Clausen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø Agerbæk
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VarCT Diagnostics, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The new method, the old problem - role of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer among Polish women. Pol J Radiol 2020; 85:e381-e386. [PMID: 32817772 PMCID: PMC7425219 DOI: 10.5114/pjr.2020.97941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to evaluate spectral mammography (CESM) in diagnosing breast cancer, which is based on sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Material and methods The study included a group of 547 women who underwent spectral mammography and histopathological verification of the lesion, previously seen in mammography and/or ultrasound. In the group of 547 women, 593 focal lesions were diagnosed. All CESM examinations were carried-out with a digital mammography device dedicated to performing dual-energy CESM acquisitions. An intravenous injection of 1.5 ml/kg of body mass of non-ionic contrast agent was performed. Results The analysis includes 593 breast lesions, in this group cancer was detected in 327 (55.14%) lesions, and in 256 (43.17%) cases benign lesions were confirmed by histopathological examination and at least 12 months of observation. The method shows differentiation of benign and malignant lesions in the breast: sensitivity of 97.86%, specificity of 59.4%, PPV – 74.76%, NPV – 95.76%. Conclusions Spectral mammography could be an ideal method to detect breast cancer. Thanks to the high NPV (95.76%), it facilitates the exclusion of cancer in situations where pathological contrast enhancement is not observed. The unsatisfactory specificity of the study (59.4%) would not make it safe to avoid a core needle biopsy of lesions that undergo contrast enhancement.
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Devadas D, Moore TA, Walji N, Young EWK. A microfluidic mammary gland coculture model using parallel 3D lumens for studying epithelial-endothelial migration in breast cancer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064122. [PMID: 31832120 PMCID: PMC6894982 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer development, crosstalk between mammary epithelial cells and neighboring vascular endothelial cells is critical to understanding tumor progression and metastasis, but the mechanisms of this dynamic interplay are not fully understood. Current cell culture platforms do not accurately recapitulate the 3D luminal architecture of mammary gland elements. Here, we present the development of an accessible and scalable microfluidic coculture system that incorporates two parallel 3D luminal structures that mimic vascular endothelial and mammary epithelial cell layers, respectively. This parallel 3D lumen configuration allows investigation of endothelial-epithelial crosstalk and its effects of the comigration of endothelial and epithelial cells into microscale migration ports located between the parallel lumens. We describe the development and application of our platform, demonstrate generation of 3D luminal cell layers for endothelial cells and three different breast cancer cell lines, and quantify their migration profiles based on number of migrated cells, area coverage by migrated cells, and distance traveled by individual migrating cells into the migration ports. Our system enables analysis at the single-cell level, allows simultaneous monitoring of endothelial and epithelial cell migration within a 3D extracellular matrix, and has potential for applications in basic research on cellular crosstalk as well as drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Devadas
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | - Edmond W. K. Young
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +1 (416) 978-1521
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Alsultan AA, Barentsz MW, Smits MLJ, Koopman M, Lam MGEH, Rosenbaum CENM. Angiogenesis in 90Y-Radioembolization of Colorectal Liver Metastases. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:204-210. [PMID: 30954186 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in 90Y-radioembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastasis an overview was provided of angiogenic growth factors and their function, the angiogenic mechanisms in colorectal cancer, the role of hypoxia, and the advances in antiangiogenic therapy. Last, the use of circulating angiogenic growth factors in 90Y-radioembolization was reviewed. Two literature searches were conducted. A search query in PubMed on angiogenesis in colorectal cancer, and a systematic search in PubMed (Medline), Embase, and the Cochrane Library (October 2018) with synonyms for "radioembolization" and "angiogenic growth factor." The first search yielded 3 relevant publications on the role of angiogenic growth factors in colorectal cancer, hypoxia, and antiangiogenic therapy. The second search yielded two prospective studies on circulating angiogenic factors and their relationship with response and survival after 90Y-radioembolization for colorectal cancer liver metastases. Rises in circulating angiogenic growth factors after radioembolization were seen in both studies. High baseline values of Ang-2 and IL-8 correlated with shorter survival and post 90Y-radiembolization rises in Ang-2 and HGF correlated with early progression. Various angiogenic growth factors play a role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Several factors show correlation with poor outcomes after 90Y-radioembolization and might be used for patient selection in the future, however, validation in larger comparative studies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alsultan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Maarten W Barentsz
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten L J Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marnix G E H Lam
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E N M Rosenbaum
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Santos IP, Barroso EM, Bakker Schut TC, Caspers PJ, van Lanschot CGF, Choi DH, van der Kamp MF, Smits RWH, van Doorn R, Verdijk RM, Noordhoek Hegt V, von der Thüsen JH, van Deurzen CHM, Koppert LB, van Leenders GJLH, Ewing-Graham PC, van Doorn HC, Dirven CMF, Busstra MB, Hardillo J, Sewnaik A, Ten Hove I, Mast H, Monserez DA, Meeuwis C, Nijsten T, Wolvius EB, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Puppels GJ, Koljenović S. Raman spectroscopy for cancer detection and cancer surgery guidance: translation to the clinics. Analyst 2018; 142:3025-3047. [PMID: 28726868 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00957g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncological applications of Raman spectroscopy have been contemplated, pursued, and developed at academic level for at least 25 years. Published studies aim to detect pre-malignant lesions, detect cancer in less invasive stages, reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and guide surgery towards the complete removal of the tumour with adequate tumour resection margins. This review summarizes actual clinical needs in oncology that can be addressed by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and it provides an overview over the results that have been published between 2007 and 2017. An analysis is made of the current status of translation of these results into clinical practice. Despite many promising results, most of the applications addressed in scientific studies are still far from clinical adoption and commercialization. The main hurdles are identified, which need to be overcome to ensure that in the near future we will see the first Raman spectroscopy-based solutions being used in routine oncologic diagnostic and surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês P Santos
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Correlation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression with morphometric analysis of mucosal vasculature in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral epithelial dysplasia, and normal oral mucosa. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12:36-43. [PMID: 30534042 PMCID: PMC6257871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) invades and metastasizes, by degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is associated with poor prognosis. Matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-9) can initiate ECM degradation and angiogenesis which brings a significant change in tumor microenvironment favoring tumor progression. A major thrust has been laid on understanding this key enzyme as it has significant implications for cancer therapy. Comprehending the association of vasculature with MMP-9 expression in precancerous lesions oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and OSCC is essential since the data regarding the same are fewer. The aim is to evaluate and correlate MMP-9 expression with morphometric analysis of mucosal vasculature in the normal oral mucosa (NOM), OED, and OSCC. METHODS A total of 60 histologically diagnosed cases of OED (n = 30); OSCC (n = 30); along with 10 NOM (n = 10) as control were included. Immunohistochemical staining of MMP-9 and vascular morphometric analysis was performed for all the cases. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Fischer exact test, and Spearman correlation test. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in MMP-9 was noted among the groups with P = 0.011* (epithelium); P = 0.001* (stroma) by the highest value in OSCC group. Morphometry also revealed a progressive increase from NOM to OED to OSCC. Spearman's correlation of MMP-9 with vascular parameters illustrated a positive relation of MMP-9 with mean vascular density (MVD) and mean vascular area percentage (MVAP). CONCLUSION Positive correlation of MMP-9 with MVD and MVAP demonstrates this markers effect on angiogenesis. Henceforth, MMP-9 can be embattled as a potential therapeutic target in combating tumor progression.
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Chawla H, Urs AB, Augustine J. Association of Macrophages With Angiogenesis in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia, Oral Verrucous Carcinoma, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:203-208. [PMID: 26657870 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to elucidate the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and angiogenesis in tumor progression by assessing their immunohistochemical expression in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). About 20 histopathologically confirmed cases of OED, OVC, and OSCC each and 10 cases of normal oral mucosa taken as controls were stained immunohistochemically using CD68 and CD31 antibodies. The average TAM count and the microvessel density (MVD) were calculated for each group and expressed as mean±SD and compared using the Mann-Whitney U Test. Pearson correlation was applied to assess the correlation between TAM and MVD in different groups. The CD68 count was found to be significantly higher in all the groups as compared with controls, with the highest counts in OSCC, followed by OED and OVC. MVD was significantly higher in all the test groups as compared with controls. The increase in MVD was highly significant in OSCC as compared with OVC, and in OVC as compared with OED. No association could be determined between TAM and MVD. There does not seem to be any direct influence of macrophages on angiogenesis in the microenvironment of OED, OVC, and OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Chawla
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kefeli U, Ucuncu Kefeli A, Cabuk D, Isik U, Sonkaya A, Acikgoz O, Ozden E, Uygun K. Netrin-1 in cancer: Potential biomarker and therapeutic target? Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698388. [PMID: 28443497 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1, a laminin-related protein, is known to be involved in the nervous system development. Recently, Netrin-1's involvement in other processes such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, and differentiation that are important for the development of epithelial tissues has been described. In addition, Netrin-1 and its receptors, deleted in colorectal cancer and uncoordinated-5 homolog, have been linked to apoptosis and angiogenesis. Since these properties are essential for tumor development, Netrin-1 and its receptors have been reported to promote tumorigenesis in many types of cancers. Here, we review the Netrin-1 mediated regulation of cancer, its potential use as a biomarker, and the targeting of the Netrin-1 pathway to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kefeli
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | - Devrim Cabuk
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ulas Isik
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Alper Sonkaya
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Acikgoz
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ercan Ozden
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Kazim Uygun
- 1 Department of Medical Oncology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Intraepithelial ischemia is a principal factor promoting cancerization of the covering epithelial tissues. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:154-60. [PMID: 27515223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prominent angiogenesis, which is a hallmark of invasive cancer is preceded at the precancerous stage by marked ischemia. Our hypothesis proposes a structural mechanism responsible for altering blood flow in the covering epithelium and leading to marked reduction of vascularization in the foci of dysplasia. This mechanism varies from one type of epithelium to another. In squamous epithelium only basal cells are in direct contact with stromal vessels. To supply nutrients to the rest of the cells located at different levels, the subjacent stroma forms excrescences which penetrate upward together with blood capillaries. As soon as precancerous dysplastic alterations start and progress the number of intraepithelial blood vessels simultaneously decreases, thus leading to ischemia which precedes or promotes malignization of the covering squamous epithelium. To compensate for the deficit in blood supply, the dysplastic cells penetrate deeper into the underlying stroma, commencing invasion. Thus, the cells destroy the subjacent stroma not because they are initially "malignant", but due to ischemia which provokes the search for nutrients. Comparing squamous epithelium with glandular respiratory epithelium shows that the latter contains no blood capillaries at all. However, unlike squamous epithelial coverings, in respiratory epithelial covering, each cell is attached directly to the basal membrane and has ample access to the blood supply. Covering respiratory epithelium itself seldom gives rise directly to malignant growth. Cancerization of this type of epithelium occurs in the foci of squamous metaplasia. The latter are not supplied by a sufficient amount of blood vessels and in the majority of cases remain fragile and vulnerable structures, easily prone to malignization. Further study of these phenomenon should include the clarification of the influence of carcinogenic agents on the mechanism of adequate vascularization at the precancerous stage.
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Murgod VV, Kale AD, Angadi PV, Hallikerimath S. Morphometric analysis of the mucosal vasculature in oral submucous fibrosis and its comparison with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:173-8. [PMID: 24930755 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic fibrotic disorder in which the degree of vascularity has always been a matter of dispute; however, morphological studies of the blood vessels in OSMF have been sparse. This study was performed to assess the mucosal vasculature in normal oral mucosa, early and advanced OSMF, and well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (WDSCC) using morphometry. The study included histologically diagnosed cases of early (n = 30) and advanced (n = 30) OSMF, and WDSCC (n = 30), with normal oral mucosa (n = 10) as a control. Morphometric image analysis of blood vessels was performed on H&E-stained sections for evaluation of vascular density, vascular luminal diameter, area and percentage area. A significant increase in all of the parameters was noted in the test groups relative to the controls. The mean vascular density and mean vascular percentage area were significantly increased in early OSMF and WDSCC relative to controls, and also in advanced OSMF and WDSCC in comparison with early OSMF. The vascularity increased progressively from normal to premalignancy and malignancy, emphasizing the importance of angiogenesis in tumor development and progression. The vascularity was increased in early OSMF and reduced in advanced OSMF, suggesting that inflammation may play a role in the early stages while progressive fibrosis may predispose to atrophy of the epithelium and subsequent malignant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita V Murgod
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital
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Zwakenberg MA, Dikkers FG, Wedman J, Halmos GB, van der Laan BFAM, Plaat BEC. Narrow band imaging improves observer reliability in evaluation of upper aerodigestive tract lesions. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:2276-81. [PMID: 27074877 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Visualization by endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis of upper aerodigestive tract lesions. Recent studies showed that narrow band imaging (NBI) increases the diagnostic potential of conventional white light imaging (WLI) by highlighting the superficial vessels. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the use of NBI would influence inter- and intraobserver agreement while making diagnostic decisions using rigid endoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. METHODS One hundred routinely collected pictures of laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal lesions were used. Rigid endoscopies and patient data collection were performed according to standard protocol. Twelve observers, grouped in different levels of experience, assessed all lesions twice with a 2 to 4 week interval. Fleiss and Cohen's kappa (κ) values were calculated to assess inter- and intraobserver agreement. RESULTS Overall interobserver agreement increased from κ = 0.34 to κ = 0.40 by adding NBI to WLI (WLI and WLI + NBI, respectively). In experienced observers, an improvement from κ = 0.39 to κ = 0.43 was observed; in less-experienced observers an improvement from κ = 0.30 to κ = 0.37 was observed. Overall intraobserver agreement increased from moderate (κ = 0.54) to substantial (κ = 0.63) with addition of NBI. Intraobserver agreement for less-experienced observers improved remarkably when WLI was combined with NBI (κ = 0.51 vs. κ = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS Addition of NBI during rigid endoscopies of the upper aerodigestive tract led to improvement of both inter- and intraobserver agreement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 126:2276-2281, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon A Zwakenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik G Dikkers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wedman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gyorgy B Halmos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard F A M van der Laan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn E C Plaat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Niu ZS, Niu XJ, Wang WH, Zhao J. Latest developments in precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3305-3314. [PMID: 27022212 PMCID: PMC4806188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis in human chronic liver diseases is a multi-step process in which hepatic precancerous lesions progress into early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and progressed HCC, and the close surveillance and treatment of these lesions will help improve the survival rates of patients with HCC. The rapid development and extensive application of imaging technology have facilitated the discovery of nodular lesions of ambiguous significance, such as dysplastic nodules. Further investigations showed that these nodules may be hepatic precancerous lesions, and they often appear in patients with liver cirrhosis. Although the morphology of these nodules is not sufficient to support a diagnosis of malignant tumor, these nodules are closely correlated with the occurrence of HCC, as indicated by long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, the rapid development and wide application of pathology, molecular genetics and imaging technology have elucidated the characteristics of precancerous lesions. Based on our extensive review of the relevant literature, this article focuses on evidence indicating that high-grade dysplastic nodules are more likely to transform into HCC than low-grade dysplastic nodules based on clinical, pathological, molecular genetic and radiological assessments. In addition, evidence supporting the precancerous nature of large cell change in hepatitis B virus-related HCC is discussed.
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Anura A, Conjeti S, Das RK, Pal M, Paul RR, Bag S, Ray AK, Chatterjee J. Computer-aided molecular pathology interpretation in exploring prospective markers for oral submucous fibrosis progression. Head Neck 2015; 38:653-69. [PMID: 25532458 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anji Anura
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Sailesh Conjeti
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
- Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures and Augmented Reality, Fakulät für Informatik; Technische Universität München; Garching bei München Germany
| | - Raunak Kumar Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
- School of BioSciences and Technology & Centre for Biomaterials Science and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mousumi Pal
- Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research; Panihati Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Ranjan Rashmi Paul
- Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research; Panihati Kolkata West Bengal India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Ajoy Kumar Ray
- Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur; Kharagpur West Bengal India
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Xiao M, Jiang Y, Zhu Q, You S, Li J, Wang H, Lai X, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhang J. Diffuse optical tomography of breast carcinoma: can tumor total hemoglobin concentration be considered as a new promising prognostic parameter of breast carcinoma? Acad Radiol 2015; 22:439-46. [PMID: 25753593 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is an emerging functional modality, which can reflect tumor metabolic activity and angiogenesis. The purpose of this exploratory study was to correlate the total hemoglobin concentration (THC) measured by noninvasive DOT with prognostic factors in breast carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively imaged 251 breast carcinomas in 229 consecutive women (mean age, 51.18 ± 12.32 years) using DOT from 2007 to 2010. Tumor angiogenesis and metabolic activity were assessed based on quantitatively measured THC. The THC was correlated with prognostic factors, including tumor size, histopathologic classification, histologic grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), c-erbB-2, and p53. RESULTS In univariate analysis, THC was significantly correlated with the following prognostic factors: tumor size (P < .001), histologic grade (P < .001), ER (P < .05), PR (P < .001), and c-erbB-2 (P < .05). THC was not associated with histopathologic classification (P = .170) or p53 (P = .463). On the basis of a stepwise multiple regression analysis, THC of invasive ductal carcinoma was significantly correlated with tumor size (P < .001), histologic grade (P < .001), and PR (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS THC was associated with prognostic factors of breast carcinoma. THC may be considered as a new prognostic parameter of breast carcinoma and a prediction of tumor behavior and biological activity.
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Anura A, Das RK, Pal M, Paul RR, Ray AK, Chatterjee J. Correlated analysis of semi-quantitative immunohistochemical features of E-cadherin, VEGF and CD105 in assessing malignant potentiality of oral submucous fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:1054-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kim JY, Alam F, Chung SW, Park J, Jeon OC, Kim SY, Son WC, Byun Y. Combinational chemoprevention effect of celecoxib and an oral antiangiogenic LHD4 on colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:1061-71. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Menter DG, Patterson SL, Logsdon CD, Kopetz S, Sood AK, Hawk ET. Convergence of nanotechnology and cancer prevention: are we there yet? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:973-92. [PMID: 25060262 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is emerging as a promising modality for cancer treatment; however, in the realm of cancer prevention, its full utility has yet to be determined. Here, we discuss the potential of integrating nanotechnology in cancer prevention to augment early diagnosis, precision targeting, and controlled release of chemopreventive agents, reduced toxicity, risk/response assessment, and personalized point-of-care monitoring. Cancer is a multistep, progressive disease; the functional and acquired characteristics of the early precancer phenotype are intrinsically different from those of a more advanced anaplastic or invasive malignancy. Therefore, applying nanotechnology to precancers is likely to be far more challenging than applying it to established disease. Frank cancers are more readily identifiable through imaging and biomarker and histopathologic assessment than their precancerous precursors. In addition, prevention subjects routinely have more rigorous intervention criteria than therapy subjects. Any nanopreventive agent developed to prevent sporadic cancers found in the general population must exhibit a very low risk of serious side effects. In contrast, a greater risk of side effects might be more acceptable in subjects at high risk for cancer. Using nanotechnology to prevent cancer is an aspirational goal, but clearly identifying the intermediate objectives and potential barriers is an essential first step in this exciting journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Menter
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sherri L Patterson
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Anil K Sood
- Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Hu J, Cheng Y, Li Y, Jin Z, Pan Y, Liu G, Fu S, Zhang Y, Feng K, Feng Y. microRNA-128 plays a critical role in human non-small cell lung cancer tumourigenesis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by directly targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-C. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2336-50. [PMID: 25001183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are important gene regulators that play critical roles in biological processes and function as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. Therefore, the expression levels of miRNAs can be important and reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and prognostic prediction, and potentially serve as targets for cancer therapy. In this study, we showed that the expression level of miR-128 was significantly downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cancer cells, and was significantly correlated with NSCLC differentiation, pathological stage and lymph node metastasis. Ectopic miR-128 overexpression significantly suppressed in vitro proliferation, colony formation, immigration and invasion, and induced G1 arrest and apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Interestingly, ectopic miR-128 overexpression could significantly inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression and reduce the activity of a luciferase reporter containing the VEGF-C 3'-untranslated region. In addition, overexpression of miR-128 in NSCLC cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cells led to decreased expression of VEGF-A, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2 and VEGFR-3, critical factors responsible for cancer angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and subsequently decreased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (AKT) and p38 signalling pathways. Furthermore, in vivo restoration of miR-128 significantly suppressed tumourigenicity of A549 cells in nude mice and inhibited both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of tumour xenografts. These findings suggest that miR-128 could play a role in NSCLC tumourigenesis at least in part by modulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis through targeting VEGF-C, and could simultaneously block ERK, AKT and p38 signalling pathways. Therapeutic strategies to restore miR-128 in NSCLC could be useful to inhibit tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yongxia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Zaishun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yanming Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Songbin Fu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Kejian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Yukuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Heilongjiang Higher Education Institutions), Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China; School of Basic Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Abstract
While traditional computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging illustrate the structural morphology of brain pathology, newer, dynamic imaging techniques are able to show the movement of contrast throughout the brain parenchyma and across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These data, in combination with pharmacokinetic models, can be used to investigate BBB permeability, which has wide-ranging applications in the diagnosis and management of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in children. In the first part of this paper, we review the technical principles underlying four imaging modalities used to evaluate BBB permeability: PET, dynamic CT, dynamic T1-weighted contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and dynamic T2-weighted susceptibility contrast MR. We describe the data that can be derived from each method, provide some caveats to data interpretation, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques. In the second part of this paper, we review the clinical applications that have been reported with permeability imaging data, including diagnosing the nature of a lesion found on imaging (neoplastic versus non-neoplastic, tumor type, tumor grade, recurrence versus pseudoprogression), predicting the natural history of a tumor, monitoring angiogenesis and tracking response to anti-angiogenic agents, optimizing chemotherapy agent selection, and aiding in the development of new antineoplastic drugs and methods to increase local delivery of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Lam
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA ; 2 Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yimo Lin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA ; 2 Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter C Warnke
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA ; 2 Functional and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Barzi A, Thara E. Angiogenesis in esophageal and gastric cancer: a paradigm shift in treatment. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1319-32. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.921677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kitahara S, Suzuki Y, Morishima M, Yoshii A, Kikuta S, Shimizu K, Morikawa S, Sato Y, Ezaki T. Vasohibin-2 modulates tumor onset in the gastrointestinal tract by normalizing tumor angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:99. [PMID: 24885408 PMCID: PMC4113181 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vasohibin-2 (VASH2) has been identified as an endogenous and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-independent angiogenic factor that is highly expressed in tumor cells. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether pre-existing vascular changes can be used to predict tumor transformation as benign or malignant. We sought to characterize microvascular changes and tumor development in the intestinal tract of ApcMin/+ mice and ApcMin/+/Vash2-/- mice. Methods ApcMin/+ mice provide a unique orthotopic model for the development of spontaneous adenomatous polyposis and subsequent carcinomas, a phenomenon termed the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. ApcMin/+ mice were mated with Vash2-/- mice with a mixed C57BL/6 background and the resulting pups were screened for the Min mutation and for the Vash2-/- gene by PCR. Intestinal tumors from ApcMin/+ mice and ApcMin/+/Vash2-/- mice were removed and either frozen or epon-embedded for subsequent analyses. For 3-dimensional imaging using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, cryosections were made, and immunofluorescent staining for various markers was performed. Results We found that structural abnormalities in tumor vessels from benign tumors resembled those in malignant tumors. In addition, a novel angiogenic factor, vasohibin-2 (VASH2) protein, was detected around tumor blood vessels in late-stage adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but was absent from early-stage adenomas in ApcMin/+ mice. Tumors used to examine endogenous VASH2 (derived from CMT93 colon carcinomas) were less vascularized in Vash2-/- mice and were more regular than those seen in wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, tumors in Vash2-/- mice were smaller than those in WT mice. Furthermore, cross-breeding of mice homozygous for a deletion of Vash2 with mice heterozygous for the APC mutation resulted in animals that showed a significant decrease in the number of polyps in the small intestine. Conclusion We propose that VASH2 may modulate the onset of tumors in the gastrointestinal tract by regulating tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Taichi Ezaki
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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Deep G, Agarwal R. Targeting tumor microenvironment with silibinin: promise and potential for a translational cancer chemopreventive strategy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2014; 13:486-99. [PMID: 23617249 DOI: 10.2174/15680096113139990041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the dynamic cellular and extra-cellular components surrounding tumor cells at each stage of the carcinogenesis. TME has now emerged as an integral and inseparable part of the carcinogenesis that plays a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration and metastasis. Besides its vital role in carcinogenesis, TME is also a better drug target because of its relative genetic stability with lesser probability for the development of drug-resistance. Several drugs targeting the TME (endothelial cells, macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, or extra-cellular matrix) have either been approved or are in clinical trials. Recently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs targeting inflammation were reported to also prevent several cancers. These exciting developments suggest that cancer chemopreventive strategies targeting both tumor and TME would be better and effective towards preventing, retarding or reversing the process of carcinogenesis. Here, we have reviewed the effect of a well established hepatoprotective and chemopreventive agent silibinin on cellular (endothelial, fibroblast and immune cells) and non-cellular components (cytokines, growth factors, proteinases etc.) of the TME. Silibinin targets TME constituents as well as their interaction with cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, inflammation, EMT, and metastasis. Silibinin is already in clinical trials, and based upon completed studies we suggest that its chemopreventive effectiveness should be verified through its effect on biological end points in both tumor and TME. Overall, we believe that the chemopreventive strategies targeting both tumor and TME have practical and translational utility in lowering the cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
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NVP-LDE-225 (Erismodegib) inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and human prostate cancer stem cell growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice by regulating Bmi-1 and microRNA-128. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e42. [PMID: 23567619 PMCID: PMC3641359 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined by their extensive self-renewal, differentiation and tumor initiation properties. It is now clear that CSCs are involved in tumor growth and recurrence, and resistance to conventional treatments. The sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway has a crucial role in stemness and tumorigenesis. Thus, the strategy that suppresses stemness and consequently tumorigenic potential of CSCs could be considered for the management of prostate cancer. The objectives of this study were to examine the molecular mechanisms, by which NVP-LDE-225/Erismodegib (smoothened inhibitor) regulates stem cell characteristics and tumor growth in prostate cancer. The effects of NVP-LDE-225 on CSC's viability, sphere formation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor growth in NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice were examined. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited cell viability and spheroid formation, and induced apoptosis by activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). NVP-LDE-225 induced expression of Bax and Bak, and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2 and survivin. NVP-LDE-225 inhibited Gli transcriptional activity, Gli-DNA interaction and the expression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched1 and Patched-2 in prostate CSCs. Interestingly, NVP-LDE-225 induced PDCD4 and apoptosis and inhibited cell viability by suppressing miR-21. Furthermore, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited pluripotency-maintaining factors Nanog, Oct-4, c-Myc and Sox-2. The inhibition of Bmi-1 by NVP-LDE-225 was regulated by upregulation of miR-128. NVP-LDE-225 suppressed EMT by upregulating E-cadherin and inhibiting N-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Zeb1 by regulating the miR-200 family. Finally, NVP-LDE-225 inhibited CSC tumor growth, which was associated with the suppression of Gli1, Gli2, Patched-1, Patched-2, Cyclin D1, Bmi-1 and PCNA and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP in tumor tissues derived from NOD/SCID IL2Rγ null mice. Overall, our findings suggest that inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway could therefore be a novel therapeutic option in treating prostate cancer.
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Evertsson M, Cinthio M, Fredriksson S, Olsson F, Persson H, Jansson T. Frequency- and phase-sensitive magnetomotive ultrasound imaging of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2013; 60:481-91. [PMID: 23475915 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2013.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been demonstrated that superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as magnetomotive ultrasound contrast agents. A time-varying external magnetic field acts to move the particles and, thus, the nanoparticle-laden tissue. However, the difficulty of distinguishing this magnetomotive motion from undesired movement induced in regions without nanoparticles or other motion artifacts has not been well reported. Using a high-frequency linear-array system, we found that displacements outside nanoparticle-laden regions can be similar in magnitude to those in regions containing nanoparticles. We also found that the displacement outside the nanoparticle regions had a phase shift of approximately π radians relative to that in the nanoparticle regions. To suppress signals arising from undesirable movements, we developed an algorithm based on quadrature detection and phase gating at the precise frequency of nanoparticle displacement. Thus, clutter at other frequencies can be filtered out, and the processed signal can be color-coded and superimposed on the B-mode image. The median signal-to-clutter ratio improvement using the proposed algorithm was 36 dB compared with simply summing the movement energy at all frequencies. This clutter rejection is a crucial step to move magnetomotive ultrasound imaging of nanoparticles toward in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Evertsson
- Department of Electrical Measurements, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Wang G, Chen C, Yang R, Cao X, Lai S, Luo X, Feng Y, Xia X, Gong J, Hu J. p55PIK-PI3K stimulates angiogenesis in colorectal cancer cell by activating NF-κB pathway. Angiogenesis 2013; 16:561-73. [PMID: 23354733 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of angiogenesis. PI3K plays essential roles in angiogenesis; however, the mechanisms and specific functions of individual isoforms of PI3K members in tumor angiogenesis regulation are still not fully understood. In this study, we evaluate the role of p55PIK, a PI3K regulatory subunit encoded by PIK3R3 gene, in tumor angiogenesis. We reported that overexpression of p55PIK in cancer cells up-regulated HIF-1α expression and increased VEGF expression. Furthermore, overexpression of p55PIK increased tumor angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, data indicated enhanced HIF-1α expression by p55PIK-PI3K depended on its ability to activate NF-кB signaling pathways, especially to increase the phosphorylation of p65 subunits of NF-κB. Our study suggested that p55PIK-PI3K was essential in regulating cancer cell-mediated angiogenesis and contributed to tumor growth and that the p55PIK provides a potential and specific target for new anti-angiogenesis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Shang B, Zhang G, Pan Y, Zhou Q. Deciphering the Key Features of Malignant Tumor Microenvironment for Anti-cancer Therapy. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2012; 5:211-23. [PMID: 22592483 PMCID: PMC3460050 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is important in tumor development and may be a target for anti-cancer therapy. The genesis of TME is a dynamic process that is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and coordinated by multiple genes, cells, and signal pathways. Cancer anaerobic metabolism and various oncogenes may stimulate the genesis of TME. Tumor cells and cancer stem cells actively participate in the genesis of the cancer stem cell niche and tumor neovascularization, important in the initiation of the TME. Various cancer-associated stromal cells, derived niche factors, and tumor-associated macrophages may function as promoters in the genesis of the TME. Dicer1 gene-deleted stromal cells can induce generation of cancer stem cells and initiate tumorigenesis, suggesting that stromal cells also may promote the genesis of the TME. Therefore, the key features of TME include niche-driving oncogenes, cancer anaerobic metabolism, niche-driving cancer stem cells, neovascularization, tumor-associated inflammatory cells, and cancer-associated stromal cells. These features are potential targets for normalization of the malignant TME and effective anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxue Shang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health; Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Gaochuan Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health; Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yanyan Pan
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health; Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health; Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 China
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Wu JM, Staton CA. Anti-angiogenic drug discovery: lessons from the past and thoughts for the future. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:723-43. [PMID: 22716277 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.695774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the pioneering work of Judah Folkman, the discovery of bevacizumab has introduced the use of anti-angiogenic agents as a new modality for the treatment of cancer. Currently, hundreds of clinical trials involving anti-angiogenic agents, targeting different elements of the tumour angiogenesis pathway, are underway. However, thus far, the benefits of anti-angiogenic therapy in unselected patient populations are often marginal with harmful side effects. AREAS COVERED This article presents a detailed discussion of the lessons learnt from the use of bevacizumab and other VEGF pathway inhibitors in the clinical setting. Specifically, this article provides a review of the literature on anti-VEGF agents and other angiogenesis inhibitors used in pre-clinical and clinical trials for cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION Future anti-angiogenic drug design centres on multiple protein targets and combinations including: growth factors, hypoxia-inducible factor and tumour endothelial cell markers unique to the tumour vasculature. Furthermore, treatment dosing, scheduling and combination with radiation and chemotherapy require further investigation, as does the potential of treating early disease, and the development of biomarkers which accurately predict response to therapy. These are essential for the future development of these drugs with individualised therapy likely to be the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Wu
- University of Sheffield, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Microcirculation Research Group, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2RX, UK
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Deep G, Gangar SC, Rajamanickam S, Raina K, Gu M, Agarwal C, Oberlies NH, Agarwal R. Angiopreventive efficacy of pure flavonolignans from milk thistle extract against prostate cancer: targeting VEGF-VEGFR signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34630. [PMID: 22514647 PMCID: PMC3326063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neo-angiogenesis in prostate cancer (PCA) growth and metastasis is well established, but the development of effective and non-toxic pharmacological inhibitors of angiogenesis remains an unaccomplished goal. In this regard, targeting aberrant angiogenesis through non-toxic phytochemicals could be an attractive angiopreventive strategy against PCA. The rationale of the present study was to compare the anti-angiogenic potential of four pure diastereoisomeric flavonolignans, namely silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, which we established previously as biologically active constituents in Milk Thistle extract. Results showed that oral feeding of these flavonolignans (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) effectively inhibit the growth of advanced human PCA DU145 xenografts. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that these flavonolignans inhibit tumor angiogenesis biomarkers (CD31 and nestin) and signaling molecules regulating angiogenesis (VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, phospho-Akt and HIF-1α) without adversely affecting the vessel-count in normal tissues (liver, lung, and kidney) of tumor bearing mice. These flavonolignans also inhibited the microvessel sprouting from mouse dorsal aortas ex vivo, and the VEGF-induced cell proliferation, capillary-like tube formation and invasiveness of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Further studies in HUVEC showed that these diastereoisomers target cell cycle, apoptosis and VEGF-induced signaling cascade. Three dimensional growth assay as well as co-culture invasion and in vitro angiogenesis studies (with HUVEC and DU145 cells) suggested the differential effectiveness of the diastereoisomers toward PCA and endothelial cells. Overall, these studies elucidated the comparative anti-angiogenic efficacy of pure flavonolignans from Milk Thistle and suggest their usefulness in PCA angioprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Subhash Chander Gangar
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Subapriya Rajamanickam
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Komal Raina
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mallikarjuna Gu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Shang B, Cao Z, Zhou Q. Progress in tumor vascular normalization for anticancer therapy: challenges and perspectives. Front Med 2012; 6:67-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Staton CA, Hoh L, Baldwin A, Shaw L, Globe J, Cross SS, Reed MW, Brown NJ. Angiopoietins 1 and 2 and Tie-2 receptor expression in human ductal breast disease. Histopathology 2012; 59:256-63. [PMID: 21884204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to identify the involvement of the angiopoietin/Tie-2 receptor system in breast cancer development, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified and correlated angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Ang-2 and Tie-2 expression in sections of normal human breast, benign and premalignant hyperplastic tissue, pre-invasive and invasive cancer, and compared these findings with our previously published data on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) in the same samples. A breast cancer tissue microarray was used to evaluate the prognostic value of these factors. Histological analysis revealed a significant decrease in Ang-1 expression (P = 0.001) and an inverse correlation with MVD (r = -0.442, P = 0.008) and VEGF (r = -0.510, P = 0.002) in the non-invasive lesions. In contrast Ang-2 expression increased significantly (P = 0.0004) with increasing severity of lesion and correlated with MVD (r = 0.570; P = 0.0002), while Tie-2 expression remained relatively unchanged. Expression of all three factors was reduced in invasive breast cancer and did not correlate with oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), lymph node status or tumour grade. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a change in the angiopoietin balance in favour of Ang-2 is associated with the angiogenic switch at the onset of hyperplasia in the breast. However, angiopoietins and the Tie-2 receptor are not related to known prognostic indicators in invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Staton
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Abdullah SE, Perez-Soler R. Mechanisms of resistance to vascular endothelial growth factor blockade. Cancer 2011; 118:3455-67. [PMID: 22086782 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the growth of primary tumors and for their metastasis. This process is induced by factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), that bind to transmembrane VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). VEGF-A is the primary factor involved with angiogenesis; it binds to both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. The inhibition of angiogenesis by obstructing VEGF-A signaling has been investigated as a method to treat solid tumors, but the development of resistance to this blockade has complicated treatment. The major mechanisms of this resistance to VEGF-A blockade include signaling by redundant receptors, such as the fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin-1, ephrins, and other forms of VEGF. Other major mechanisms of resistance are increased metastasis of hypoxia-resistant tumor cells, recruitment of cell types capable of promoting VEGF-independent angiogenesis, and increased circulation of nontumor proangiogenic factors. Additional mechanisms of resistance to VEGF-A blockade include heterogeneity of responsiveness among tumor cells, use of anti-VEGF-A agents at insufficient doses or for insufficient duration, altered sensitivity to anti-VEGF-A agents by mutations in endothelial cells or vascular remodeling, maintenance of vascular sleeves that allow for easy regrowth of tumor vasculature upon discontinuation of therapy, vascular cooption, and intussusceptive angiogenesis. An understanding of these mechanisms may lead to the development of targeted therapies that overcome this resistance. Some of these approaches include the combined inhibition of redundant angiogenic pathways, proper patient selection for various therapies based on gene expression profiles, blockade of cellular migration by inhibition of colony-stimulating factor, or the use of agents to disrupt vascular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaad E Abdullah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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Corrie PG, Basu B, Zaki KA. Targeting angiogenesis in melanoma: prospects for the future. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2011; 2:367-80. [PMID: 21789148 DOI: 10.1177/1758834010380101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis has been identified as a relevant target for melanoma experimental therapeutics, based on preclinical and clinical studies. A variety of angiogenesis inhibitors are currently being tested in both metastatic and adjuvant melanoma clinical trials. To date, the most promising evidence of benefit is based on a statistically nonsignificant trend in survival gain reported in a randomized phase II trial combining bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Larger phase III studies are required to determine the true extent of clinical benefit with this class of agents. Key to these clinical trials is the need to include translational endpoints, since correlation of biological and clinical data will provide the opportunity to identify biomarkers predictive of treatment response. These biological studies will also aid our, as yet, poor understanding of the mechanism of action of angiogenesis inhibitors, as well as drug-related side effects. Finally, if these trials show meaningful clinical benefit, then careful consideration will need to be given when designing second-generation trials, in the light of novel gene-directed therapies currently showing promise in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Corrie
- Consultant and Associate Lecturer in Medical Oncology, Oncology Centre (Box 193), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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VEGF-C differentially regulates VEGF-A expression in ocular and cancer cells; promotes angiogenesis via RhoA mediated pathway. Angiogenesis 2011; 14:371-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Tiwari AK, Crawford SE, Radosevich A, Wali RK, Stypula Y, Kunte DP, Mutyal N, Ruderman S, Gomes A, Cornwell ML, De La Cruz M, Brasky J, Gibson TP, Backman V, Roy HK. Neo-angiogenesis and the premalignant micro-circulatory augmentation of early colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:205-13. [PMID: 21493000 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques have demonstrated that in the microscopically normal mucosa, there is an increase in mucosal micro-circulation in patients harboring neoplasia elsewhere in the colon (i.e. marker of field carcinogenesis). However, the physiological and molecular basis of this early increase in blood supply (EIBS) has not been elucidated. We, therefore, investigated the microvessel density (MVD) and angiogenic gene expression in the premalignant colonic mucosa from the well-validated azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat experimental model of colon carcinogenesis. Fisher 344 rats were treated with AOM (15 mg/kg i.p.) or saline and euthanized 14 weeks later (a time-point that precedes carcinoma development). Colon sections were studied for MVD via immunohistochemical assessment for CD31 and location was compared with optical assessment of mucosal hemoglobin with low-coherence enhanced backscattering spectroscopy (LEBS). Finally, we performed a pilot real-time PCR angiogenesis microarray (84 genes) from the microscopically normal colonic mucosa of AOM and age-matched saline treated rats. AOM treatment increased MVD in both the mucosa and submucosa of the rats (125% increase in mucosa; p<0.007, and 96% increase in submucosa; p<0.02) but the increase was most pronounced at the cryptal base consistent with the LEBS data showing maximal hemoglobin augmentation at 200-225 μm depth. Microarray analysis showed striking dysregulation of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. We demonstrate, for the first time, that neo-angiogenesis occurs in the microscopically normal colonic mucosa and was accentuated at the bottom of the crypt. This finding has potential implications as a biomarker for risk-stratification and target for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
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Yao H, Xu W, Shi X, Zhang Z. Dietary flavonoids as cancer prevention agents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2011; 29:1-31. [PMID: 21424974 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2011.551317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dietary agents identified from fruits and vegetables contribute to keeping balanced cell proliferation and preventing cell carcinogenesis. Dietary flavonoids, combined with other components such as various vitamins, play an important role in cancer prevention. Flavonoids act on reactive oxygen species, cell signal transduction pathways related to cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Many studies demonstrate that flavonoids are responsible for chemoprevention, although mechanisms of action remain to be investigated. Overall, exciting data show that dietary flavonoids could be considered as a useful cancer preventive approach. This review summarizes recent advancements on potential cancer preventive effects and mechanic insight of dietary flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yao
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Pettit GR, Minardi MD, Hogan F, Price PM. An efficient synthetic strategy for obtaining 4-methoxy carbon isotope labeled combretastatin A-4 phosphate and other Z-combretastatins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:399-403. [PMID: 20028026 PMCID: PMC2862752 DOI: 10.1021/np9004486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human cancer and other clinical trials under development employing combretastatin A-4 phosphate (1b, CA4P) should benefit from the availability of a [(11)C]-labeled derivative for positron emission tomography (PET). In order to obtain a suitable precursor for addition of a [(11)C]methyl group at the penultimate step, several new synthetic pathways to CA4P were evaluated. Geometrical isomerization (Z to E) proved to be a challenge, but it was overcome by development of a new CA4P synthesis suitable for 4-methoxy isotope labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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Staton CA, Brown NJ, Reed MWR. Current status and future prospects for anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:961-79. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903196737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Staton CA, Reed MWR, Brown NJ. A critical analysis of current in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:195-221. [PMID: 19563606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of angiogenesis has grown exponentially over the past 40 years with the recognition that angiogenesis is essential for numerous pathologies and, more recently, with the advent of successful drugs to inhibit angiogenesis in tumours. The main problem with angiogenesis research remains the choice of appropriate assays to evaluate the efficacy of potential new drugs and to identify potential targets within the angiogenic process. This selection is made more complex by the recognition that heterogeneity occurs, not only within the endothelial cells themselves, but also within the specific microenvironment to be studied. Thus, it is essential to choose the assay conditions and cell types that most closely resemble the angiogenic disease being studied. This is especially important when aiming to translate data from in vitro to in vivo and from preclinical to the clinic. Here we critically review and highlight recent advances in the principle assays in common use including those for endothelial cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and co-culture with fibroblasts and mural cells in vitro, vessel outgrowth from organ cultures and in vivo assays such as chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), zebrafish, sponge implantation, corneal, dorsal air sac, chamber and tumour angiogenesis models. Finally, we briefly discuss the direction likely to be taken in future studies, which include the use of increasingly sophisticated imaging analysis systems for data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Staton
- Microcirculation Research Group, Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Raica M, Cimpean AM, Ribatti D. Angiogenesis in pre-malignant conditions. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1924-34. [PMID: 19406633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process involved in the normal growth and differentiation. In its defective and excessive form, angiogenesis is a crucial event in the progression of many human diseases. Excessive angiogenesis was largely investigated in psoriasis, arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and malignant tumours. Soon after the discovery of angiogenic factors and their inhibitors, the angiogenesis jumped from the experimental studies to clinical application. Tumour-associated angiogenesis is nowadays considered as a priority in oncology based on numerous evidences that showed a significant reduction in tumour growth following anti-angiogenic therapy. However, few data are available on pre-malignant conditions. First evidences on angiogenesis in pre-malignant lesions came from the evaluation of microvessel density (MVD). MVD was found to be significantly increased in a relatively large spectrum of pre-malignant squamous cell lesions, such as in the oral mucosa, skin, uterine cervix, vulva and anal canal. For many of them, a correlation was found between MVD and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Based on these data, it was suggested that tumour angiogenesis is not necessarily a characteristic of invasive tumour, but may be an early event during tumourigenesis. Additional evidences came from pre-malignant lesions of glandular epithelia, in which the angiogenic switch was demonstrated by the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF in gastric metaplasia and dysplasia, in atypical adenoma of the colon, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ of the breast and others. Actually, there are convincing evidences for an active angiogenesis in many cases with pre-malignant conditions, and this supports a more accurate evaluation of different chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Raica
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania.
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