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Sergeant GP, Hollywood MA, Thornbury KD. Spontaneous Activity in Urethral Smooth Muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:149-167. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Alexandre EC, de Oliveira MG, Campos R, Kiguti LR, Calmasini FB, Silva FH, Grant AD, Yoshimura N, Antunes E. How important is the α 1-adrenoceptor in primate and rodent proximal urethra? Sex differences in the contribution of α 1-adrenoceptor to urethral contractility. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F1026-F1034. [PMID: 28298357 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00013.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral smooth muscle (USM) contributes to urinary continence by contracting during the urine storage phase, which is mainly mediated by activation of postjunctional α1-adrenoceptors. Males and females show differences in the functioning of the lower urinary tract and the most common urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS in men typically occur in association with bladder outlet obstruction, whereas in women urinary urge-incontinence symptoms are more common. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate sex differences in α1-adrenoceptor subtype expression and their importance in proximal urethra contraction in the mouse (C57BL6/J) and marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Contractile responses to phenylephrine, norepinephrine, potassium chloride (KCl), and electrical-field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated. Phenylephrine, norepinephrine, KCl, and EFS produced markedly greater contractions in male mice and marmoset USM compared with females. The sex differences remained unchanged by Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NAME; nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist), and PPADS (P2X1-purinoceptor antagonist). Additionally, selective α1A (but not α1B- and α1D-)-adrenoceptor antagonists significantly reduced phenylephrine-induced USM contractions. qRT-PCR for α1A-, B-, and D-adrenoceptor subtypes revealed a marked presence of the α1A-adrenoceptor subtype in male USM, but not females. Male mouse urethra also exhibited a higher tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression. Histomorphometric analysis showed a greater USM area in male than female mice. In conclusion, male mouse and marmoset proximal USM shows strong α1A- adrenoceptor-induced contractions and abundant α1A-adrenoceptor expression, whereas α1A-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms are much less important in females. The differential expression of α1-adrenoceptors in the proximal urethra may contribute to the higher incidence of urinary incontinence in women and obstructed voiding in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo C Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Mariana G de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Kiguti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio H Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew D Grant
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kyle BD, Bradley E, Large R, Sergeant GP, McHale NG, Thornbury KD, Hollywood MA. Mechanisms underlying activation of transient BK current in rabbit urethral smooth muscle cells and its modulation by IP3-generating agonists. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C609-22. [PMID: 23804200 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00025.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used the perforated patch-clamp technique at 37°C to investigate the mechanisms underlying the activation of a transient large-conductance K(+) (tBK) current in rabbit urethral smooth muscle cells. The tBK current required an elevation of intracellular Ca(2+), resulting from ryanodine receptor (RyR) activation via Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, triggered by Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) (CaV) channels. Carbachol inhibited tBK current by reducing Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release and altered the shape of spike complexes recorded under current-clamp conditions. The tBK currents were blocked by iberiotoxin and penitrem A (300 and 100 nM, respectively) and were also inhibited when external Ca(2+) was removed or the CaV channel inhibitors nifedipine (10 μM) and Cd(2+) (100 μM) were applied. The tBK current was inhibited by caffeine (10 mM), ryanodine (30 μM), and tetracaine (100 μM), suggesting that RyR-mediated Ca(2+) release contributed to the activation of the tBK current. When IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) were blocked with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB, 100 μM), the amplitude of the tBK current was not reduced. However, when Ca(2+) release via IP3Rs was evoked with phenylephrine (1 μM) or carbachol (1 μM), the tBK current was inhibited. The effect of carbachol was abolished when IP3Rs were blocked with 2-APB or by inhibition of muscarinic receptors with the M3 receptor antagonist 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (1 μM). Under current-clamp conditions, bursts of action potentials could be evoked with depolarizing current injection. Carbachol reduced the number and amplitude of spikes in each burst, and these effects were reduced in the presence of 2-APB. In the presence of ryanodine, the number and amplitude of spikes were also reduced, and carbachol was without further effect. These data suggest that IP3-generating agonists can modulate the electrical activity of rabbit urethral smooth muscle cells and may contribute to the effects of neurotransmitters on urethral tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Kyle
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
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SUGIYAMA M, SAKAKIBARA R, TATENO F, YANO M, TAKAHASHI O, KISHI M, TSUYUSAKI Y, YAMAMOTO T, UCHIYAMA T, YAMANISHI T, YAMAGUCHI C, NOMURA F. Voiding Dysfunction in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 31. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 6:64-7. [DOI: 10.1111/luts.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi SUGIYAMA
- Clinical Physiology Unit; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Ryuji SAKAKIBARA
- Department of Neurology and Internal Medicine; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Fuyuki TATENO
- Department of Neurology and Internal Medicine; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Masashi YANO
- Department of Urology; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Osamu TAKAHASHI
- Clinical Physiology Unit; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Masahiko KISHI
- Department of Neurology and Internal Medicine; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | - Yohei TSUYUSAKI
- Department of Neurology and Internal Medicine; Sakura Medical Center, Toho University; Sakura Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Fumio NOMURA
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis; Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University; Chiba Japan
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Abstract
Muscarinic receptors comprise five cloned subtypes, encoded by five distinct genes, which correspond to pharmacologically defined receptors (M(1)-M(5)). They belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors and couple differentially to the G-proteins. Preferentially, the inhibitory muscarinic M(2) and M(4) receptors couple to G(i/o), whereas the excitatory muscarinic M(1), M(3), and M(5) receptors preferentially couple to G(q/11). In general, muscarinic M(1), M(3), and M(5) receptors increase intracellular calcium by mobilizing phosphoinositides that generate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), whereas M(2) and M(4) receptors are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. Muscarinic receptors are distributed to all parts of the lower urinary tract. The clinical use of antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of detrusor overactivity and the overactive bladder syndrome has focused interest on the muscarinic receptors not only of the detrusor, but also of other components of the bladder wall, and these have been widely studied. However, the muscarinic receptors in the urethra, prostate, and ureter, and the effects they mediate in the normal state and in different urinary tract pathologies, have so far not been well characterized. In this review, the expression of and the functional effects mediated by muscarinic receptors in the bladder, urethra, prostate, and ureters, under normal conditions and in different pathologies, are discussed.
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Scarpero HM, Dmochowski RR. Muscarinic receptors: What we know. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-007-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
An understanding of muscarinic receptors is tantamount to an understanding of overactive bladder. The M(3) muscarinic receptor subtype is responsible for detrusor smooth muscle contraction and it exerts an exocrine function in the salivary glands. Alterations in the receptor's response to acetylcholine as a result of injury may lead to hypersensitivity and overactivity. The M(2) receptor subtype, which is mainly responsible for cardiac function, is the muscarinic receptor of highest proportion in the detrusor. M(2) also may play a role in detrusor contraction in injury and pathologic states. Muscarinic antagonists are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder, but those that are available are not tissue specific. Growing knowledge of the nuances of receptor-ligand behavior and interaction between muscarinic receptors subtypes may provide novel targets for future drug development, improve efficacy, and reduce bothersome side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriette M Scarpero
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2765, USA.
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Tomiyama Y, Wanajo I, Yamazaki Y, Murakami M, Kojima M, Shibata N. Functional muscarinic cholinoceptors in the isolated canine ureter. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 367:348-52. [PMID: 12690426 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of present study was to characterize the functional muscarinic cholinoceptor (mAChR) subtypes in the isolated canine ureter. Carbachol (CCh), a non-selective mAChR agonist, concentration-dependently increased the frequency of the rhythmic contractions in isolated spiral ureteral preparations, the pD(2) value being 5.78+/-0.12. We then evaluated the effects of subtype-selective mAChR antagonists on the CCh-induced rhythmic contractions. The rank order of antagonistic potencies (apparent pA(2)) was 4-diphenylacetoxy- N-methylpiperidinemethiodide (4-DAMP; M3-subtype selective; 9.31+/-0.06) >atropine (non-selective; 9.16+/-0.10) >himbacine (M4-subtype selective; 7.32+/-0.18) >pirenzepine (M1-subtype selective; 6.78+/-0.16) >methoctramine (M2-subtype selective; 5.51+/-0.43). In sharp contrast, CCh concentration-dependently reduced the 80 mM KCl-induced contraction in longitudinal ureteral preparations, the pD(2) value being 4.83+/-0.10. On this CCh-induced ureteral relaxation, the rank order of antagonistic potencies (apparent pA(2)) was atropine (8.56+/-0.09) >4-DAMP (7.63+/-0.21) >himbacine (7.46+/-0.09) >methoctramine (6.54+/-0.18) >pirenzepine (6.33+/-0.22). The nitric-oxide-synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG; 1 x 10(-4) M) had no effect on the CCh-induced ureteral relaxation. These data suggest that the CCh-induced rhythmic contraction in the spiral preparation was mediated via the M3-receptor, while the CCh-induced relaxation in the longitudinal preparation was probably mediated mainly via the M4-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Tomiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 4365-1 Kashiwabara, 399-8304 Hotaka, Nagano, Japan.
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Dmochowski RR. Treatment of the overactive bladder: where we stand in 2003. Rev Urol 2003; 5 Suppl 8:S11-7. [PMID: 16985984 PMCID: PMC1502388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The understanding and management of overactive bladder (OAB) continue to evolve. However, argument persists as to the exact incidence of the disease and the underlying pathophysiology of the symptom complex. Individual differences in symptomatic impact and, more importantly, personal coping partially account for the disparity noted among demographic estimates currently extant. Likewise, the underlying pathophysiology that leads to overt OAB syndrome is, as yet, incompletely characterized. Muscarinic receptor behavior provides partial explanation, but other complex underlying receptor and neurotransmitter interactions probably are also a component of the presentation. Current state-of-the-art therapy relies on an exclusionary diagnosis prior to the inception of therapy. Ideally, optimal therapy involves behavioral and pharmacologic interventions combined to maximize therapeutic results. Antimuscarinic therapy provides only a degree of relief from the bothersome symptoms of OAB. As yet, few options exist for patients who have previously failed oral antimuscarinic intervention. Herein, the evolving OAB landscape will be considered as it currently stands in 2003. The current lack of optimal symptom control will most assuredly lead to the development of new pathways for OAB treatment.
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The Role of M2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes Mediating Contraction of the Circular and Longitudinal Smooth Muscle of the Pig Proximal Urethra. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The Role of M2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes Mediating Contraction of the Circular and Longitudinal Smooth Muscle of the Pig Proximal Urethra. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200207000-00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chess-Williams R. Muscarinic receptors of the urinary bladder: detrusor, urothelial and prejunctional. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 22:133-45. [PMID: 12452898 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for maintaining normal bladder function, contracting the bladder smooth muscle (detrusor) and relaxing the bladder outlet during micturition. 2. Contraction of the bladder involves direct contraction via M3 receptors and an indirect 're-contraction' via M2-receptors whereby a reduction in adenylate cyclase activity reverses the relaxation induced by beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. 3. Muscarinic receptors are also located on the epithelial lining of the bladder (urothelium) where they induce the release of a diffusible factor responsible for inhibiting contraction of the underlying detrusor smooth muscle. The factor remains unidentified but is not nitric oxide, a cyclooxygenase product or adenosine triphosphate. 4. Finally, muscarinic receptors are also located prejunctionally in the bladder on cholinergic and adrenergic nerve terminals, where M1-receptors facilitate transmitter release and M2 or M4-receptors inhibit transmitter release. 5. In pathological states, changes may occur in these receptor systems resulting in bladder dysfunction. Muscarinic receptor antagonists are the main therapeutic agents available for treatment of the overactive bladder, but whether their therapeutic effect involves actions at all three locations (detrusor, prejunctional, urothelial) has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chess-Williams
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, SIO 2TN, UK
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MASUDA HITOSHI, TSUJII TOSHIHIKO, AZUMA HIROSHI, OSHIMA HIROYUKI. ROLE OF A CENTRAL MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC PATHWAY FOR RELAXATION OF THE PROXIMAL URETHRA DURING THE VOIDING PHASE IN RATS. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HITOSHI MASUDA
- From the Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Design, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - TOSHIHIKO TSUJII
- From the Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Design, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - HIROSHI AZUMA
- From the Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Design, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - HIROYUKI OSHIMA
- From the Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Design, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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ROLE OF A CENTRAL MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC PATHWAY FOR RELAXATION OF THE PROXIMAL URETHRA DURING THE VOIDING PHASE IN RATS. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200103000-00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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