1
|
Stubbs JJ, McCallum R. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: prevalence and management in an era of cannabis legalization. J Investig Med 2024; 72:171-177. [PMID: 37997432 DOI: 10.1177/10815589231217495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
As more states legalize cannabinoid products for recreational use and medicinal purposes, the prevalence of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome has become increasingly common. Yet, it remains unrecognized to many healthcare providers along with the most efficacious treatments. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome most often presents with episodic vomiting secondary to chronic daily cannabis use over several months to years. Patients often complain of nausea and abdominal pain that is improved by taking hot showers or baths. Symptoms are alleviated with the cessation of cannabis use over a period of 6-12 months. Treatment for acute attacks often consists of parenteral benzodiazepines in the inpatient setting. Long-term management and prevention of further attacks are aided by tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline with a dose range of 50-200 mg/d. Once a patient is in remission, amitriptyline can be tapered slowly. As cannabis becomes more widely available and accepted in the continental United States, so must education on the diagnosis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Joe Stubbs
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Richard McCallum
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wardill HR, Wooley LT, Bellas OM, Cao K, Cross CB, van Dyk M, Kichenadasse G, Bowen JM, Zannettino ACW, Shakib S, Crawford GB, Boublik J, Davis MM, Smid SD, Price TJ. Supporting gut health with medicinal cannabis in people with advanced cancer: potential benefits and challenges. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:19-30. [PMID: 37884682 PMCID: PMC10781684 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02466-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The side effects of cancer therapy continue to cause significant health and cost burden to the patient, their friends and family, and governments. A major barrier in the way in which these side effects are managed is the highly siloed mentality that results in a fragmented approach to symptom control. Increasingly, it is appreciated that many symptoms are manifestations of common underlying pathobiology, with changes in the gastrointestinal environment a key driver for many symptom sequelae. Breakdown of the mucosal barrier (mucositis) is a common and early side effect of many anti-cancer agents, known to contribute (in part) to a range of highly burdensome symptoms such as diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, infection, malnutrition, fatigue, depression, and insomnia. Here, we outline a rationale for how, based on its already documented effects on the gastrointestinal microenvironment, medicinal cannabis could be used to control mucositis and prevent the constellation of symptoms with which it is associated. We will provide a brief update on the current state of evidence on medicinal cannabis in cancer care and outline the potential benefits (and challenges) of using medicinal cannabis during active cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Luke T Wooley
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Olivia M Bellas
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katrina Cao
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Courtney B Cross
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Madele van Dyk
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, SA Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ganessan Kichenadasse
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, SA Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network South Australia, SA Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sepehr Shakib
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory B Crawford
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network South Australia, SA Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Mellar M Davis
- The Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Smid
- The School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chłopecka M, Kiraga Ł, Crowley K, Jank M, Latek U, Mendel M, Karlik W. Diclofenac and dexamethasone modulate the effect of cannabidiol on the rat colon motility ex vivo. J Vet Res 2023; 67:289-295. [PMID: 38143819 PMCID: PMC10740305 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to the growing interest in the use of cannabinoids in supportive therapies, they are increasingly used together with anti-inflammatory drugs. Cannabinoids inhibit gastrointestinal motility, while steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs influence motility in other ways. The aim of the research was to study the interactions between cannabidiol (CBD) and these two classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in the context of gastrointestinal motility. Dexamethasone (DEX) was selected as a steroidal drug and diclofenac (DCF) as a nonsteroidal counterpart. Material and Methods The experiments were performed on isolated rat colon strips in isometric conditions. The contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) (1 μM) was measured with no substance applied as a control value and was measured after application of CBD (80 μM), DEX (100 μM), DCF (100 μM), or a combination of these substances. Results Cannabidiol strongly inhibited intestinal motility mediated by ACh application, DCF inhibited it non-significantly, while DEX intensified it. When CBD was co-administered with DEX, the combination inhibited intestinal motility non-significantly relative to the ACh-only control. Co-administration of CBD with DCF inhibited motility more than when these substances were administered separately. Conclusion Inhibition of the intestinal response to ACh is likely due to the synergistic effect of CBD and endogenous cannabinoids. Dexamethasone lessened the inhibitory effect of CBD, likely because of diminished availability of the arachidonic acid necessary for endogenous cannabinoid synthesis. However, diclofenac may increase endogenous cannabinoid synthesis, because of the greater availability of arachidonic acid caused by DCF blocking the cyclooxygenation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kiraga
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kijan Crowley
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Latek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-786Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Increased expression of CB2 receptor in the intestinal biopsies of children with inflammatory bowel disease. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:520-525. [PMID: 35717484 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Cannabinoid Receptor type 2 (CB2) is involved in inflammation and immune cell modulation. In previous studies, we demonstrated the association between the CNR2 rs35761398 polymorphism and the risk for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we analyzed the intestinal biopsies from Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) pediatric patients at the diagnosis to evaluate the expression of CB2 and several factors associated with IBD inflammatory pathways. METHODS We enrolled five patients with CD, five with UC, and five controls (CTR). We analyzed ileum and rectum biopsies from patients of each group evaluating the expression of CB2, Toll-like receptor 4, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β by western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed a significant increase of CB2 in the CD ileum and in the UC rectum biopsies and an increase of TLR4 in the UC rectum. We also observed a significant over-expression of the IL-6 in UC rectum. The immunofluorescence analysis confirmed western blot data, showing also a T-lymphocytes infiltration colocalized with CB2 expression in the CD ileum and UC rectum. CONCLUSIONS Our results show an upregulation of CB2 in pediatric IBD, which might have implications for drug discovery. IMPACT The Cannabinoid Receptor type 2 (CB2) is involved in the inflammation and modulation of the immune response in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CB2 receptor is more expressed in the inflamed intestine of pediatric IBD patients. CB2 could be used as a potential therapeutic target to reduce IBD-related inflammatory state in childhood.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bogale K, Raup-Konsavage W, Dalessio S, Vrana K, Coates MD. Cannabis and Cannabis Derivatives for Abdominal Pain Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2022; 4:97-106. [PMID: 35224429 DOI: 10.1159/000517425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, cannabis and its components have been used to manage a wide variety of symptoms associated with many illnesses. Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are no exception in this regard. Individuals suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are among those who have sought out the ameliorating properties of this plant. As legal limitations of its use have eased, interest has grown from both patients and their providers regarding the potential of cannabis to be used in the clinical setting. Similarly, a growing number of animal and human studies have been undertaken to evaluate the impact of cannabis and cannabinoid signaling elements on the natural history of IBD and its associated complications. There is little clinical evidence supporting the ability of cannabis or related products to treat the GI inflammation underlying these disorders. However, 1 recurring theme from both animal and human studies is that these agents have a significant impact on several IBD-related symptoms, including abdominal pain. In this review, we discuss the role of cannabis and cannabinoid signaling in visceral pain perception, what is currently known regarding the efficacy of cannabis and its derivatives for managing pain, related symptoms and inflammation in IBD, and what work remains to effectively utilize cannabis and its derivatives in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb Bogale
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wesley Raup-Konsavage
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon Dalessio
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kent Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D Coates
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Weiss BG, Freytag S, Kloos B, Haubner F, Sharaf K, Spiegel JL, Canis M, Ihler F, Bertlich M. Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonism is Capable of Preventing Lipopolysaccharide Induced Decreases of Cochlear Microcirculation - A Potential Approach for Inner Ear Pathologies. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1396-e1401. [PMID: 34267099 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The ability of JWH-133, an agonist at the cannabinoid receptor 2, to abrogate the effects of lipopolysaccharide on cochlear microcirculation was investigated. BACKGROUND Cochlear inflammation and subsequent impairment of microcirculation is part of numerous pathologies affecting inner ear function, including suppurative labyrinthitis, noise trauma, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss. One way of causing cochlear inflammation is exposing the cochlea to lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin. METHODS Twenty Dunkin-hartley guinea pigs were divided into four groups of five animals each. Two groups received topic treatment with JWH-133 and two received treatment with placebo. One group that had been treated with JWH-133 and one with placebo were then exposed to lipopolysaccharide or placebo, respectively. Cochlear microcirculation was quantified before, in between and after treatments by in vivo fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Significantly different changes in cochlear blood flow were only seen in the group that was treated with placebo and subsequently lipopolysaccharide. Every other group showed no significant change in cochlear blood flow. CONCLUSION JWH-133 is capable of abrogating the effects of lipopolysaccharide on cochlear microcirculation. It may therefore be clinical interest in treating numerous inflammation associated cochlear pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard G Weiss
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | - Benedikt Kloos
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
| | - Kariem Sharaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lee Spiegel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mattis Bertlich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich Hospital, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cherkasova V, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid System Changes in Intestinal Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4353. [PMID: 34503163 PMCID: PMC8430689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the multiple preventive measures and treatment options, colorectal cancer holds a significant place in the world's disease and mortality rates. The development of novel therapy is in critical need, and based on recent experimental data, cannabinoids could become excellent candidates. This review covered known experimental studies regarding the effects of cannabinoids on intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. In our opinion, because colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different genomic landscapes, the choice of cannabinoids for tumor prevention and treatment depends on the type of the disease, its etiology, driver mutations, and the expression levels of cannabinoid receptors. In this review, we describe the molecular changes of the endocannabinoid system in the pathologies of the large intestine, focusing on inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 7X8, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashiesh HM, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Jha NK, Ojha S. Pharmacological Properties, Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms of JWH133, a CB2 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702675. [PMID: 34393784 PMCID: PMC8363263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has attracted attention as a pharmacological target for several pathological conditions. Cannabinoid (CB2)-selective agonists have been the focus of pharmacological studies because modulation of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) can be useful in the treatment of pain, inflammation, arthritis, addiction, and cancer among other possible therapeutic applications while circumventing CNS-related adverse effects. Increasing number of evidences from different independent preclinical studies have suggested new perspectives on the involvement of CB2R signaling in inflammation, infection and immunity, thus play important role in cancer, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic diseases. JWH133 is a synthetic agonist with high CB2R selectivity and showed to exert CB2R mediated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Cumulative evidences suggest that JWH133 protects against hepatic injury, renal injury, cardiotoxicity, fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer as well as against oxidative damage and inflammation, inhibits fibrosis and apoptosis, and acts as an immunosuppressant. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of JWH133. This review also presents molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of JWH133 under various pathological conditions except neurological diseases. Based on the available data, this review proposes the possibilities of developing JWH133 as a promising therapeutic agent; however, further safety and toxicity studies in preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dahiya DS, Kichloo A, Shaka H, Singh J, Edigin E, Solanki D, Eseaton PO, Wani F. Gastroparesis with Cannabis Use: A Retrospective Study from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:791-797. [PMID: 34096455 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1940219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: With increasing utilization of cannabis in the United States (US), clinicians may encounter more cases of Gastroparesis (GP) in coming years.Objective: The primary outcome was inpatient mortality for GP with cannabis use. Secondary outcomes included system-based complications and the burden of the disease on the US healthcare system.Methods: From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), we identified adult hospitalizations with a primary discharge diagnosis of GP for 2016 and 2017. Individuals ≤18 years of age were excluded. The study population was subdivided based on a secondary diagnosis of cannabis use. The outcomes included biodemographic characteristics, mortality, complications, and burden of disease on the US healthcare system.Results: For 2016 and 2017, we identified 99,695 hospitalizations with GP. Of these hospitalizations, 8,870 had a secondary diagnosis of cannabis use while 90,825 served as controls. The prevalence of GP with cannabis use was 8.9%. For GP with cannabis use, the patients were younger (38.5 vs 48.1 years, p < 0.001) with a Black predominance (Table 1) and lower proportion of females (52.3 vs 68.3%, p < 0.001) compared to the non-cannabis use cohort. Additionally, the cannabis use cohort had higher percentage of patients with co-morbidities like hypertension, diabetes mellitus and a history of smoking. The inpatient mortality for GP with cannabis use was noted to be 0.27%. Furthermore, we noted shorter mean length of stay (LOS) (3.4 vs 4.4 days, aMD: -0.7, 95%CI: -0.9 - [-0.5], p < 0.001), lower mean total hospital charge (THC) ($30,400 vs $38,100, aMD: -5100, 95%CI: -6900 - [-3200], p < 0.001), and lower rates of sepsis (0.11 vs 0.60%, aOR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.91, p = 0.036) for GP hospitalizations with cannabis use compared to the non-cannabis use cohort.Conclusion: Inpatient mortality for GP hospitalizations with cannabis use was 0.27%. Additionally, these patients had shorter LOS, lower THC, and lower sepsis rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Singh Dahiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, Michigan, USA
| | - Asim Kichloo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, New York, USA
| | - Hafeez Shaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger Jr. Hospital Cook County, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geisinger School of Medicine, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ehizogie Edigin
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger Jr. Hospital Cook County, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Dhanshree Solanki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Farah Wani
- Department of Family Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been known as the primary component of cannabis for decades, but the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the 1990s opened the doors for cannabis' use in modern medicine. The 2 main receptors of this system, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, are found on cells of various tissues, with significant expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The characterization of the ECS also heralded the understanding of endocannabinoids, naturally occurring compounds synthesized in the human body. Via secondary signaling pathways acting on vagal nerves, nociceptors, and immune cells, cannabinoids have been shown to have both palliative and detrimental effects on the pathophysiology of GI disorders. Although research on the effects of both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids has been slow due to the complicated legal history of cannabis, discoveries of cannabinoids' treatment potential have been found in various fields of medicine, including the GI world. Medical cannabis has since been offered as a treatment for a myriad of conditions and malignancies, including cancer, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, nausea, posttraumatic stress disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cachexia, glaucoma, and epilepsy. This article hopes to create an overview of current research on cannabinoids and the ECS, detail the potential advantages and pitfalls of their use in GI diseases, and explore possible future developments in this field.
Collapse
|
11
|
Martínez V, Iriondo De-Hond A, Borrelli F, Capasso R, del Castillo MD, Abalo R. Cannabidiol and Other Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids for Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders: Useful Nutraceuticals? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3067. [PMID: 32357565 PMCID: PMC7246936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is an aromatic annual flowering plant with several botanical varieties, used for different purposes, like the production of fibers, the production of oil from the seeds, and especially for recreational or medical purposes. Phytocannabinoids (terpenophenolic compounds derived from the plant), include the well-known psychoactive cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and many non-psychoactive cannabinoids, like cannabidiol. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises of endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes for synthesis and degradation of such ligands, and receptors. This system is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, where phytocannabinoids exert potent effects, particularly under pathological (i.e., inflammatory) conditions. Herein, we will first look at the hemp plant as a possible source of new functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals that might be eventually useful to treat or even prevent gastrointestinal conditions. Subsequently, we will briefly describe the ECS and the general pharmacology of phytocannabinoids. Finally, we will revise the available data showing that non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol, may be useful to treat different disorders and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. With the increasing interest in the development of functional foods for a healthy life, the non-psychoactive phytocannabinoids are hoped to find a place as nutraceuticals and food ingredients also for a healthy gastrointestinal tract function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Iriondo De-Hond
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.D.-H.); (M.D.d.C.)
| | - Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - María Dolores del Castillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.D.-H.); (M.D.d.C.)
| | - Raquel Abalo
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Campus de Alcorcón, Avda. de Atenas s/n, 28022 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brugnatelli V, Turco F, Freo U, Zanette G. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Manipulating the Endocannabinoid System as First-Line Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:371. [PMID: 32372912 PMCID: PMC7186328 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Turco
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Lab, Department of Neurogastroentherology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulderico Freo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gastone Zanette
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Background Daily cannabis assumption is currently associated with several physical and mental health problems, however in the past it was prescribed for a multitude of symptoms, including vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Through the years, the endocannabinoid system has been recognized in the homeostatic mechanisms of the gut, as well as in the physiological control of intestinal motility and secretion. Accordingly, cannabinoids may be a promising therapy against several gastrointestinal conditions, such as abdominal pain and motility-related disorders. Case presentation We retrospectively analysed the efficacy and safety of a CB1-receptor agonist administered in six patients with refractory chronic diarrhea, between April 2008 and July 2016. After three months of therapy, oral nabilone improved the health of nearly all patients, with visible improvements in reducing diarrheal symptoms and weight gain. Most of the benefits persisted through the three-month follow-up. Only one patient interrupted the treatment after one month, due to severe fatigue and mental confusion; the symptoms disappeared in the follow-up period. Conclusions These findings encourage the study of cannabinoids acting on CB1 receptors in chronic gastrointestinal disorders, especially in refractory chronic diarrhea, offering a chance for a substantial improvement in the quality of life of selected patients, with a reasonable safety profile.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sen A, Stark H. Role of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms and functions in development of ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2846-2862. [PMID: 31249444 PMCID: PMC6589734 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i23.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450s (CYPs) are terminal enzymes in CYP dependent monooxygenases, which constitute a superfamily of enzymes catalysing the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous substances. One of their main tasks is to facilitate the excretion of these substances and eliminate their toxicities in most phase 1 reactions. Endogenous substrates of CYPs include steroids, bile acids, eicosanoids, cholesterol, vitamin D and neurotransmitters. About 80% of currently used drugs and environmental chemicals comprise exogenous substrates for CYPs. Genetic polymorphisms of CYPs may affect the enzyme functions and have been reported to be associated with various diseases and adverse drug reactions among different populations. In this review, we discuss the role of some critical CYP isoforms (CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP4F3, CYP24A1, CYP26B1 and CYP27B1) in the pathogenesis or aetiology of ulcerative colitis concerning gene polymorphisms. In addition, their significance in metabolism concerning ulcerative colitis in patients is also discussed showing a clear underestimation in genetic studies performed so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaattin Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20070, Turkey
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin M, Chen L, Xiao Y, Yu B. Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptor relieves colonic hypermotility in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13555. [PMID: 30793435 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disease with intestinal dysmotility, whose mechanism remains elusive. The endocannabinoid system is emerging as an important modulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility in multiple diseases, but its involvement in IBS is unknown. We aimed to determine whether cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor modulates intestinal motility associated with stress-induced IBS. METHODS A rat IBS model was established by chronic water avoidance stress (WAS). Colonic pathological alterations were detected histologically and intestinal motility was assessed by intestinal transit time (ITT) and fecal water content (FWC). Visceral sensitivity was determined by visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD). Real-time PCR, western blot, and immunostaining were performed to identify colonic CB2 receptor expression. Colonic muscle strip contractility was studied by isometric transducers and nitric oxide (NO) was detected by the Griess test. The effects of AM1241, a selective agonist of CB2 receptors, on colonic motility were examined. KEY RESULTS After 10 days of WAS exposure, ITT was decreased and FWC elevated while VMR magnitude in response to CRD was significantly enhanced. Colon CB2 protein and mRNA levels increased and density of CB2-positive macrophages in the mucosa and enteric neurons in the myenteric plexus was higher than in controls. Pharmacological enhancement of CB2 activity by AM1241 relieved colonic hypermotility in WAS rats in a concentration-dependent manner via inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and elevation of NO production. CONCLUSION CB2 receptor may exert an important inhibitory effect in stress-induced colonic hypermotility by modulating NO synthesis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. AM1241 could be used as a potential drug to treat disorders with colonic hypermotility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang Z, Xu J, Yin L, Yin D, Zhu M, Yu M, Li X, Zhao S, Liu X. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Candidate Genes for Growth Relevant Traits in Pigs. Front Genet 2019; 10:302. [PMID: 31024621 PMCID: PMC6459934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of the growth rate is a challenge in the pig industry, the Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Days (AGE) to 100 kg are directly related to growth performance. We performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genetic parameters estimation for ADG and AGE using the genomic and phonemic from four breed (Duroc, Yorkshire, Landrace, and Pietrain) populations. All analyses were performed by a multi-loci GWAS model, FarmCPU. The GWAS results of all four breeds indicate that five genome-wide significant SNPs were associated with ADG, and the nearby genomic regions explained 4.08% of the genetic variance and 1.90% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. For AGE, six genome-wide significant SNPs were detected, and the nearby genomic regions explained 8.09% of the genetic variance and 3.52% of phenotypic variance, respectively. In total, nine candidate genes were identified to be associated with growth and metabolism. Among them, TRIB3 was reported to associate with pig growth, GRP, TTR, CNR1, GLP1R, BRD2, HCRTR2, SEC11C, and ssc-mir-122 were reported to associate with growth traits in human and mouse. The newly detected candidate genes will advance the understanding of growth related traits and the identification of the novel variants will suggest a potential use in pig genomic breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengjin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sticht MA, Lau DJ, Keenan CM, Cavin JB, Morena M, Vemuri VK, Makriyannis A, Cravatt BF, Sharkey KA, Hill MN. Endocannabinoid regulation of homeostatic feeding and stress-induced alterations in food intake in male rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1524-1540. [PMID: 30051485 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stress is known to reduce food intake. Many aspects of the stress response and feeding are regulated by the endocannabinoid system, but the roles of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in stress-induced anorexia are unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of acute restraint stress on endocannabinoids were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic and central pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) was used to assess the effects of elevated AEA and 2-AG on homeostatic feeding and on food consumption after stress. Animals were pretreated with the FAAH inhibitor, PF-04457845, or the MAGL inhibitor, MJN110, before 2 h acute restraint stress or 2 h homecage period without food. KEY RESULTS Restraint stress decreased hypothalamic and circulating AEA, with no effect in the gastrointestinal tract, while 2-AG content in the jejunum (but not duodenum) was reduced. PF-04457845 (30 μg), given i.c.v., attenuated stress-induced anorexia via CB1 receptors, but reduced homeostatic feeding in unstressed animals through an unknown mechanism. On the other hand, systemic administration of MJN110 (10 mg·kg-1 ) reduced feeding, regardless of stress or feeding status and inhibited basal intestinal transit in unstressed rats. The ability of MAGL inhibition to reduce feeding in combination with stress was independent of CB1 receptor signalling in the gut as the peripherally restricted CB1 receptor antagonist, AM6545 did not block this effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data reveal diverse roles for 2-AG and AEA in homeostatic feeding and changes in energy intake following stress. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Sticht
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David J Lau
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine M Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria Morena
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Dept. of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Uranga JA, Vera G, Abalo R. Cannabinoid pharmacology and therapy in gut disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:134-147. [PMID: 30076849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sp. and their products (marijuana, hashish…), in addition to their recreational, industrial and other uses, have a long history for their use as a remedy for symptoms related with gastrointestinal diseases. After many reports suggesting these beneficial effects, it was not surprising to discover that the gastrointestinal tract expresses endogenous cannabinoids, their receptors, and enzymes for their synthesis and degradation, comprising the so-called endocannabinoid system. This system participates in the control of tissue homeostasis and important intestinal functions like motor and sensory activity, nausea, emesis, the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity, and the correct cellular microenvironment. Thus, different cannabinoid-related pharmacological agents may be useful to treat the main digestive pathologies. To name a few examples, in irritable bowel syndrome they may normalize dysmotility and reduce pain, in inflammatory bowel disease they may decrease inflammation, and in colorectal cancer, apart from alleviating some symptoms, they may play a role in the regulation of the cell niche. This review summarizes the main recent findings on the role of cannabinoid receptors, their synthetic or natural ligands and their metabolizing enzymes in normal gastrointestinal function and in disorders including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer and gastrointestinal chemotherapy-induced adverse effects (nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - G Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain
| | - R Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Couch DG, Maudslay H, Doleman B, Lund JN, O'Sullivan SE. The Use of Cannabinoids in Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:680-697. [PMID: 29562280 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials investigating the use of cannabinoid drugs for the treatment of intestinal inflammation are anticipated secondary to preclinical literature demonstrating efficacy in reducing inflammation. METHODS We systematically reviewed publications on the benefit of drugs targeting the endo-cannabinoid system in intestinal inflammation. We collated studies examining outcomes for meta-analysis from EMBASE, MEDLINE and Pubmed until March 2017. Quality was assessed according to mSTAIR and SRYCLE score. RESULTS From 2008 papers, 51 publications examining the effect of cannabinoid compounds on murine colitis and 2 clinical studies were identified. Twenty-four compounds were assessed across 71 endpoints. Cannabidiol, a phytocannabinoid, was the most investigated drug. Macroscopic colitis severity (disease activity index [DAI]) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were assessed throughout publications and were meta-analyzed using random effects models. Cannabinoids reduced DAI in comparison with the vehicle (standard mean difference [SMD] -1.36; 95% CI, -1.62 to-1.09; I2 = 61%). FAAH inhibitor URB597 had the largest effect size (SMD -4.43; 95% CI, -6.32 to -2.55), followed by the synthetic drug AM1241 (SMD -3.11; 95% CI, -5.01 to -1.22) and the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD -3.03; 95% CI, -4.89 to -1.17; I2 not assessed). Cannabinoids reduced MPO in rodents compared to the vehicle; SMD -1.26; 95% CI, -1.54 to -0.97; I2 = 48.1%. Cannabigerol had the largest effect size (SMD -6.20; 95% CI, -9.90 to -2.50), followed by the synthetic CB1 agonist ACEA (SMD -3.15; 95% CI, -4.75 to -1.55) and synthetic CB1/2 agonist WIN55,212-2 (SMD -1.74; 95% CI, -2.81 to -0.67; I2 = 57%). We found no evidence of reporting bias. No significant difference was found between the prophylactic and therapeutic use of cannabinoid drugs. CONCLUSIONS There is abundant preclinical literature demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoid drugs in inflammation of the gut. Larger randomised controlled-trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Couch
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Maudslay
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Brett Doleman
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Lund
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Basson AR, Lam M, Cominelli F. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Strategies for Therapeutic Gut Microbiota Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and their Next-Generation Approaches. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2017; 46:689-729. [PMID: 29173517 PMCID: PMC5909826 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome exerts a major impact on human health and disease, and therapeutic gut microbiota modulation is now a well-advocated strategy in the management of many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Scientific and clinical evidence in support of complementary and alternative medicine, in targeting intestinal dysbiosis among patients with IBD, or other disorders, has increased dramatically over the past years. Delivery of "artificial" stool replacements for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) could provide an effective, safer alternative to that of human donor stool. Nevertheless, optimum timing of FMT administration in IBD remains unexplored, and future investigations are essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Minh Lam
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abalo R, Uranga JA, Pérez-García I, de Andrés R, Girón R, Vera G, López-Pérez AE, Martín-Fontelles MI. May cannabinoids prevent the development of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea and intestinal mucositis? Experimental study in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27686064 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antineoplastic drug 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) is a pirimidine analog, which frequently induces potentially fatal diarrhea and mucositis. Cannabinoids reduce gastrointestinal motility and secretion and might prevent 5-FU-induced gut adverse effects. Here, we asked whether cannabinoids may prevent diarrhea and mucositis induced by 5-FU in the rat. METHODS Male Wistar rats received vehicle or the non-selective cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN; 0.5 mg kg-1 injection-1 , 1 injection day-1 , 4 consecutive days) by intraperitoneal (ip) route; on the first 2 days, animals received also saline or 5-FU (150 mg kg-1 injection-1 , cumulative dose of 300 mg kg-1 ). Gastrointestinal motor function was radiographically studied after barium contrast intragastric administration on experimental days 1 and 4. Structural alterations of the stomach, small intestine and colon were histologically studied on day 4. PAS staining and immunohistochemistry for Ki67, chromogranin A and CD163 were used to detect secretory, proliferating, and endocrine cells, and activated macrophages respectively. KEY RESULTS As shown radiographically, 5-FU induced significant gastric emptying delay (on days 1 and 4) and diarrhea (on day 4). WIN did not significantly alter the motility curves obtained for either control or 5-FU-treated animals but tended to reduce the severity of 5-FU-induced diarrhea and increased permanence of barium from day 1 to the beginning of day 4 in 5-FU-treated animals. 5-FU-induced mucositis was severe and not counteracted by WIN. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES 5-FU-induced diarrhea, but not mucositis, was partly prevented by WIN at a low dose. Cannabinoids might be useful to prevent chemotherapy-induced diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Abalo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - R de Andrés
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - R Girón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - G Vera
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| | - A E López-Pérez
- Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad del Dolor, Servicio de Anestesiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M I Martín-Fontelles
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i al Instituto de Química Médica, IQM (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vera G, López-Pérez AE, Uranga JA, Girón R, Martín-Fontelles MI, Abalo R. Involvement of Cannabinoid Signaling in Vincristine-Induced Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in the Rat. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:37. [PMID: 28220074 PMCID: PMC5292571 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In different models of paralytic ileus, cannabinoid receptors are overexpressed and endogenous cannabinoids are massively released, contributing to gastrointestinal dysmotility. The antitumoral drug vincristine depresses gastrointestinal motility and a similar mechanism could participate in this effect. Therefore, our aim was to determine, using CB1 and CB2 antagonists, whether an increased endocannabinoid tone is involved in vincristine-induced gastrointestinal ileus. Methods: First, we confirmed the effects of vincristine on the gut mucosa, by conventional histological techniques, and characterized its effects on motility, by radiographic means. Conscious male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection of vincristine (0.1–0.5 mg/kg), and barium sulfate (2.5 ml; 2 g/ml) was intragastrically administered 0, 24, or 48 h later. Serial X-rays were obtained at different time-points (0–8 h) after contrast. X-rays were used to build motility curves for each gastrointestinal region and determine the size of stomach and caecum. Tissue samples were taken for histology 48 h after saline or vincristine (0.5 mg/kg). Second, AM251 (a CB1 receptor antagonist) and AM630 (a CB2 receptor antagonist) were used to determine if CB1 and/or CB2 receptors are involved in vincristine-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility. Key results: Vincristine induced damage to the mucosa of ileum and colon and reduced gastrointestinal motor function at 0.5 mg/kg. The effect on motor function was particularly evident when the study started 24 h after administration. AM251, but not AM630, significantly prevented vincristine effect, particularly in the small intestine, when administered thrice. AM251 alone did not significantly alter gastrointestinal motility. Conclusions: The fact that AM251, but not AM630, is capable of reducing the effect of vincristine suggests that, like in other experimental models of paralytic ileus, an increased cannabinoid tone develops and is at least partially responsible for the alterations induced by the antitumoral drug on gastrointestinal motor function. Thus, CB1 antagonists might be useful to prevent/treat ileus induced by vincristine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Vera
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosAlcorcón, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Ana E López-Pérez
- Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain; Unidad del Dolor, Servicio de Anestesia, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadrid, Spain
| | - José A Uranga
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain; Área de Histología Humana y Anatomía Patológica, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosAlcorcón, Spain
| | - Rocío Girón
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosAlcorcón, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Ma Isabel Martín-Fontelles
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosAlcorcón, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosAlcorcón, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain; Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander-Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación y Tratamiento del Dolor (i+DOL)Alcorcón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) often take a chronic debilitating course. Given the chronicity of IBD, the limitations of the available medications, their potential side effects, and the impact of the disease on patients' quality of life, it is not surprising IBD patients are ranked among the highest users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Since CAM has become very popular in real-life practice of Western Communities, caregivers must gain more knowledge about these therapies, their mechanism of action, benefits, and risks. This article reviews and discusses up-to-date scientific and clinical data regarding the most prevalent herbal CAM therapies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, a subspecies of the Cannabis plant, contains aromatic hydrocarbon compounds called cannabinoids. [INCREMENT]-Tetrahydrocannabinol is the most abundant cannabinoid and is the main psychotropic constituent. Cannabinoids activate two types of G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors: cannabinoid type 1 receptor and cannabinoid type 2 receptor. There has been ongoing interest and development in research to explore the therapeutic potential of cannabis. [INCREMENT]-Tetrahydrocannabinol exerts biological functions on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Cannabis has been used for the treatment of GI disorders such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The endocannabinoid system (i.e. endogenous circulating cannabinoids) performs protective activities in the GI tract and presents a promising therapeutic target against various GI conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (especially Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, and secretion and motility-related disorders. The present review sheds light on the role of cannabis in the gut, liver, and pancreas and also on other GI symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, anorexia, weight loss, and chronic abdominal pain. Although the current literature supports the use of marijuana for the treatment of digestive disorders, the clinical efficacy of cannabis and its constituents for various GI disorders remains unclear.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gyires K, Zádori ZS. Role of Cannabinoids in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:935-951. [PMID: 26935536 PMCID: PMC5333598 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160303110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulating the activity of the endocannabinoid system influences various gastrointestinal physiological and pathophysiological processes, and cannabinoid receptors as well as regulatory enzymes responsible for the synthesis or degradation of endocannabinoids representing potential targets to reduce the development of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions, hemorrhage and inflammation. Direct activation of CB1 receptors by plant-derived, endogenous or synthetic cannabinoids effectively reduces both gastric acid secretion and gastric motor activity, and decreases the formation of gastric mucosal lesions induced by stress, pylorus ligation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or alcohol, partly by peripheral, partly by central mechanisms. Similarly, indirect activation of cannabinoid receptors through elevation of endocannabinoid levels by globally acting or peripherally restricted inhibitors of their metabolizing enzymes (FAAH, MAGL) or by inhibitors of their cellular uptake reduces the gastric mucosal lesions induced by NSAIDs in a CB1 receptor-dependent fashion. Dual inhibition of FAAH and cyclooxygenase enzymes induces protection against both NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage and intestinal inflammation. Moreover, in intestinal inflammation direct or indirect activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors exerts also multiple beneficial effects. Namely, activation of both CB receptors was shown to ameliorate intestinal inflammation in various murine colitis models, to decrease visceral hypersensitivity and abdominal pain, as well as to reduce colitis-associated hypermotility and diarrhea. In addition, CB1 receptors suppress secretory processes and also modulate intestinal epithelial barrier functions. Thus, experimental data suggest that the endocannabinoid system represents a promising target in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and this assumption is also confirmed by preliminary clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., 1089, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Robinson AM, Rahman AA, Carbone SE, Randall-Demllo S, Filippone R, Bornstein JC, Eri R, Nurgali K. Alterations of colonic function in the Winnie mouse model of spontaneous chronic colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G85-G102. [PMID: 27881401 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00210.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Winnie mouse, carrying a missense mutation in Muc2, is a model for chronic intestinal inflammation demonstrating symptoms closely resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Alterations to the immune environment, morphological structure, and innervation of Winnie mouse colon have been identified; however, analyses of intestinal transit and colonic functions have not been conducted. In this study, we investigated in vivo intestinal transit in radiographic studies and in vitro motility of the isolated colon in organ bath experiments. We compared neuromuscular transmission using conventional intracellular recording between distal colon of Winnie and C57BL/6 mice and smooth muscle contractions using force displacement transducers. Chronic inflammation in Winnie mice was confirmed by detection of lipocalin-2 in fecal samples over 4 wk and gross morphological damage to the colon. Colonic transit was faster in Winnie mice. Motility was altered including decreased frequency and increased speed of colonic migrating motor complexes and increased occurrence of short and fragmented contractions. The mechanisms underlying colon dysfunctions in Winnie mice included inhibition of excitatory and fast inhibitory junction potentials, diminished smooth muscle responses to cholinergic and nitrergic stimulation, and increased number of α-smooth muscle actin-immunoreactive cells. We conclude that diminished excitatory responses occur both prejunctionally and postjunctionally and reduced inhibitory purinergic responses are potentially a prejunctional event, while diminished nitrergic inhibitory responses are probably due to a postjunction mechanism in the Winnie mouse colon. Many of these changes are similar to disturbed motor functions in IBD patients indicating that the Winnie mouse is a model highly representative of human IBD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to provide analyses of intestinal transit and whole colon motility in an animal model of spontaneous chronic colitis. We found that cholinergic and purinergic neuromuscular transmission, as well as the smooth muscle cell responses to cholinergic and nitrergic stimulation, is altered in the chronically inflamed Winnie mouse colon. The changes to intestinal transit and colonic function we identified in the Winnie mouse are similar to those seen in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley M Robinson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed A Rahman
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarron Randall-Demllo
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia; and
| | - Rhiannon Filippone
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia; and
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, Schicho R. The gastrointestinal tract - a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1765-1780. [PMID: 27561826 PMCID: PMC5130148 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ancient medicine, extracts of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa were used against diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Today, our knowledge of the ingredients of the Cannabis plant has remarkably advanced enabling us to use a variety of herbal and synthetic cannabinoid (CB) compounds to study the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a physiologic entity that controls tissue homeostasis with the help of endogenously produced CBs and their receptors. After many anecdotal reports suggested beneficial effects of Cannabis in GI disorders, it was not surprising to discover that the GI tract accommodates and expresses all the components of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, participate in the regulation of GI motility, secretion, and the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, other receptors, such as the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), are important participants in the actions of CBs in the gut and critically determine the course of bowel inflammation and colon cancer. PURPOSE The following review summarizes important and recent findings on the role of CB receptors and their ligands in the GI tract with emphasis on GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany and Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Despite the political and social controversy affiliated with it, the medical community must come to the realization that cannabinoids exist as a ubiquitous signaling system in many organ systems. Our understanding of cannabinoids and how they relate not only to homeostasis but also in disease states must be furthered through research, both clinically and in the laboratory. The identification of the cannabinoid receptors in the early 1990s have provided us with the perfect target of translational research. Already, much has been done with cannabinoids and the nervous system. Here, we explore the implications it has for the gastrointestinal tract. Most therapeutics currently on the market presently target only one aspect of the cannabinoid system. Our main purpose here is to highlight areas of research and potential avenues of discovery that the cannabinoid system has yet to reveal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wilmer Reichenbach
- Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Schey
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee Y, Jo J, Chung HY, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Endocannabinoids in the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G655-G666. [PMID: 27538961 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system mainly consists of endogenously produced cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) and two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). This system also includes enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids and molecules required for the uptake and transport of endocannabinoids. In addition, endocannabinoid-related lipid mediators and other putative endocannabinoid receptors, such as transient receptor potential channels and other GPCRs, have been identified. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is a key modulator of gastrointestinal physiology, influencing satiety, emesis, immune function, mucosal integrity, motility, secretion, and visceral sensation. In light of therapeutic benefits of herbal and synthetic cannabinoids, the vast potential of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has been demonstrated. This review focuses on the role of the endocannabinoid system in gut homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of intestinal disorders associated with intestinal motility, inflammation, and cancer. Finally, links between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea; and
| | - Jeongbin Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea; and
| | - Hae Young Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea; and
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea; and
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Walker VJ, Griffin AP, Hammar DK, Hollenberg PF. Metabolism of Anandamide by Human Cytochrome P450 2J2 in the Reconstituted System and Human Intestinal Microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:537-44. [PMID: 27000802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is about 1 in 250 people in the United States. The disease is characterized by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gut. Because of the localization of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract, it may be a potential pharmacologic target for the treatment of IBD and other diseases. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a potential candidate because it is upregulated in IBD. FAAH hydrolyzes and, as a consequence, inactivates anandamide (AEA), a prominent endocannabinoid. Inhibition of FAAH would lead to increases in the amount of AEA oxidized by cytochrome P450s (P450s). CYP2J2, the major P450 epoxygenase expressed in the heart, is also expressed in the intestine and has previously been reported to oxidize AEA. We have investigated the possibility that it may play a role in AEA metabolism in the gut and have demonstrated that purified human CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA to form the 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (HETE-EA) and several epoxygenated products, including the 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EET-EAs), in the reconstituted system. Kinetic studies suggest that the KM values for these products range from approximately 10 to 468 μM and the kcat values from 0.2 to 23.3 pmol/min per picomole of P450. Human intestinal microsomes, which express CYP2J2, metabolize AEA to give the 5,6-, 8,9-, and 11,12-EET-EAs, as well as 20-HETE-EA. Studies using specific P450 inhibitors suggest that although CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA, it is not the primary P450 responsible for AEA metabolism in human intestines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyvyca J Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alisha P Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dagan K Hammar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang J, Dai EH, Jiang HQ. Cannabinoid receptor 2 and several digestive system diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:400-407. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i3.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is made up of endocannabinoid, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). A multitude of physiological effects and putative pathophysiological roles have been proposed for the endogenous cannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas and tumors. This paper aims to review the endocannabinoid system and the relations of CB2 with irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, hepatic disease and digestive system tumors.
Collapse
|
32
|
Cannabinoid Receptors in Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 239:343-362. [PMID: 28161834 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors are fundamentally involved in all aspects of intestinal physiology, such as motility, secretion, and epithelial barrier function. They are part of a broader entity, the so-called endocannabinoid system which also includes their endocannabinoid ligands and the ligands' synthesizing/degrading enzymes. The system has a strong impact on the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and is believed to maintain homeostasis in the gut by controlling hypercontractility and by promoting regeneration after injury. For instance, genetic knockout of cannabinoid receptor 1 leads to inflammation and cancer of the intestines. Derivatives of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, such as nabilone and dronabinol, activate cannabinoid receptors and have been introduced into the clinic to treat chemotherapy-induced emesis and loss of appetite; however, they may cause many psychotropic side effects. New drugs that interfere with endocannabinoid degradation to raise endocannabinoid levels circumvent this obstacle and could be used in the future to treat emesis, intestinal inflammation, and functional disorders associated with visceral hyperalgesia.
Collapse
|
33
|
Trautmann SM, Sharkey KA. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Role in Regulating the Intrinsic Neural Circuitry of the Gastrointestinal Tract. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:85-126. [PMID: 26638765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important neuromodulators in the central nervous system. They regulate central transmission through pre- and postsynaptic actions on neurons and indirectly through effects on glial cells. Cannabinoids (CBs) also regulate neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ENS consists of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons arranged in two ganglionated plexuses which control all the functions of the gut. Increasing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids are potent neuromodulators in the ENS. In this review, we will highlight key observations on the localization of CB receptors and molecules involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids in the ENS. We will discuss endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms, endocannabinoid tone and concepts of CB receptor metaplasticity in the ENS. We will also touch on some examples of enteric neural signaling in relation neuromuscular, secretomotor, and enteroendocrine transmission in the ENS. Finally, we will briefly discuss some key future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Trautmann
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jardi F, Aguilera M, Vergara P, Martinez V. Lipopolysaccharides facilitate colonic motor alterations associated to the sensitization to a luminal antigen in rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:222-35. [PMID: 25843075 PMCID: PMC4398237 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Enteric dysbiosis is a risk factor for dietary proteins-associated intestinal alterations, contributing to the development of food allergies and the symptomatology of functional gastrointestinal disorders, mainly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We explored if a dysbiotic-like state, simulated by intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), facilitates the sensitization to a luminal antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), in rats. Methods Rats were exposed to oral OVA for 1 week, alone or with LPS. Thereafter, colonic histology, goblet cell density, mucosal eosinophils and mucosal mast cell (MMC) and connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) were evaluated. Colonic expression (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction) of interleukins, IFN-α1 and integrins was assessed to determine local immune responses. Luminal and wall adhered microbiota were characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Colonic contractility (in vitro) served to assess functional changes associated to OVA and/or LPS. Results Neither OVA nor LPS, alone or combined, lead to structural alterations, except for a reduced goblet cell density in OVA-LPS-treated rats. MMC density was unaffected, while CTMC counts increased within the submucosa of OVA-LPS-treated animals. Marginal immune activation (IFN-α1 up-regulation) was observed in OVA-LPS-treated rats. LPS induced a dysbiotic-like state characterized by decreased luminal bacterial counts, with a specific loss of clostridia. LPS facilitated Clostridium spp. wall adherence, an effect prevented by OVA. Colonic contractility was altered in OVA-LPS-treated animals, showing increased basal activity and enhanced motor responses to OVA. Conclusions Changes in gut microbiota and/or direct effects of LPS might enhance/facilitate local neuroimmune responses to food antigens leading to motor alterations similar to those observed in IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jardi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Aguilera
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Troy-Fioramonti S, Demizieux L, Gresti J, Muller T, Vergès B, Degrace P. Acute activation of cannabinoid receptors by anandamide reduces gastrointestinal motility and improves postprandial glycemia in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:808-18. [PMID: 25281429 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is associated with an alteration of glucose homeostasis dependent on cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB1R) activation. However, very little information is available concerning the consequences of ECS activation on intestinal glucose absorption. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with anandamide, an endocannabinoid binding both CB1R and CB2R. We measured plasma glucose and xylose appearance after oral loading, gastrointestinal motility, and glucose transepithelial transport using the everted sac method. Anandamide improved hyperglycemia after oral glucose charge whereas glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity were impaired, pointing out some gastrointestinal events. Plasma xylose appearance was delayed in association with a strong decrease in gastrointestinal transit, while anandamide did not alter transporter-mediated glucose absorption. Interestingly, transit was nearly normalized by coinjection of SR141716 and AM630 (CB1R and CB2R antagonist, respectively), and AM630 also reduced the delay of plasma glucose appearance induced by anandamide. When gastric emptying was bypassed by direct glucose administration in the duodenum, anandamide still reduced plasma glucose appearance in wild-type but not in CB1R(-/-) mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that acute activation of intestinal ECS reduced postprandial glycemia independently on intestinal glucose transport but rather inhibiting gastric emptying and small intestine motility and strongly suggest the involvement of both CB1R and CB2R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Demizieux
- INSERM 866, Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Joseph Gresti
- INSERM 866, Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Tania Muller
- INSERM 866, Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- INSERM 866, Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Pascal Degrace
- INSERM 866, Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Arain M, Khan M, Craig L, Nakanishi ST. Cannabinoid agonist rescues learning and memory after a traumatic brain injury. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:289-94. [PMID: 25815355 PMCID: PMC4369278 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury can cause persistent challenges including problems with learning and memory. Previous studies suggest that the activation of the cannabinoid 1 receptor after a traumatic brain injury could be beneficial. We tested the hypothesis that posttraumatic brain injury administration of a cannabinoid 1 receptor agonist can rescue deficits in learning and memory. Young adult male rats were subjected to a moderately severe controlled cortical impact brain injury, with a subset given postinjury i.p. injections of a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Utilizing novel object recognition and the morris water task, we found that the brain-injured animals treated with the agonist showed a marked recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marium Arain
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maida Khan
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Craig
- Regeneration Unit in Neurobiology Core Facility, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stan T Nakanishi
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo, Hawai'i, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fichna J, Bawa M, Thakur GA, Tichkule R, Makriyannis A, McCafferty DM, Sharkey KA, Storr M. Cannabinoids alleviate experimentally induced intestinal inflammation by acting at central and peripheral receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109115. [PMID: 25275313 PMCID: PMC4183544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims In an attempt to further investigate the role of cannabinoid (CB) system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, we employed two recently developed ligands, AM841 (a covalently acting CB agonist) and CB13 (a peripherally-restricted CB agonist) to establish whether central and peripheral CB sites are involved in the anti-inflammatory action in the intestine. Methods and Results AM841 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased inflammation scores in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-treated mice when administered before induction of colitis or as a treatment of existing intestinal inflammation. The effect was absent in CB1, CB2 and CB1/2-deficient mice. A peripherally-restricted agonist CB13 did not alleviate colitis when given i.p. (0.1 mg/kg), but significantly decreased inflammation score after central administration (0.1 µg/animal). Conclusions This is the first evidence that central and peripheral CB receptors are responsible for the protective and therapeutic action of cannabinoids in mouse models of colitis. Our observations provide new insight to CB pharmacology and validate the use of novel ligands AM841 and CB13 as potent tools in CB-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fichna
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Misha Bawa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ganesh A. Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ritesh Tichkule
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donna-Marie McCafferty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Storr
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pigott B, Bartus K, Garthwaite J. On the selectivity of neuronal NOS inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1255-65. [PMID: 23072468 PMCID: PMC3594681 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Isoform-selective inhibitors of NOS enzymes are desirable as research tools and for potential therapeutic purposes. Vinyl-l-N-5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-l-ornithine (l-VNIO) and Nω-propyl-l-arginine (NPA) purportedly have good selectivity for neuronal over endothelial NOS under cell-free conditions, as does N-[(3-aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1400W), which is primarily an inducible NOS inhibitor. Although used in numerous investigations in vitro and in vivo, there have been surprisingly few tests of the potency and selectivity of these compounds in cells. This study addresses this deficiency and evaluates the activity of new and potentially better pyrrolidine-based compounds. Experimental Approach The inhibitors were evaluated by measuring their effect on NMDA-evoked cGMP accumulation in rodent hippocampal slices, a response dependent on neuronal NOS, and ACh-evoked cGMP synthesis in aortic rings of the same animals, an endothelial NOS-dependent phenomenon. Key Results l-VNIO, NPA and 1400W inhibited responses in both tissues but all showed less than fivefold higher potency in the hippocampus than in the aorta, implying useless selectivity for neuronal over endothelial NOS at the tissue level. In addition, the inhibitors had a 25-fold lower potency in the hippocampus than reported previously, the IC50 values being approximately 1 μM for l-VNIO and NPA, and 150 μM for 1400W. Pyrrolidine-based inhibitors were similarly weak and nonselective. Conclusion and Implications The results suggest that l-VNIO, NPA and 1400W, as well as the newer pyrrolidine-type inhibitors, cannot be used as neuronal NOS inhibitors in cells without stringent verification. The identification of inhibitors with useable selectivity in cells and tissues remains an important goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Pigott
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Harvey BS, Nicotra LL, Vu M, Smid SD. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation attenuates cytokine-evoked mucosal damage in a human colonic explant model without changing epithelial permeability. Cytokine 2013; 63:209-17. [PMID: 23706402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor activation is protective in animal colitis models. We sought to investigate if cannabinoids attenuated colitis-like tissue damage in human colonic specimens, with the hypothesis that cannabinoids would be protective in a cytokine-driven model of human colonic mucosal damage. Healthy human colonic mucosa was incubated with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β to elicit colitis-like tissue damage. The cytokine-driven increase in scored crypt and mucosal damage and lymphocyte density was attenuated with concomitant hydrocortisone pretreatment. The cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) receptor-selective agonist JWH-015 significantly reduced colitis scores following cytokine incubation, as evidenced by a reduction in mucosal crypt and luminal epithelial damage and lymphocyte density in the lamina propria. The effect of JWH-015 was reversed in the presence of the CB2 receptor inverse agonist JTE-907. Anandamide was also protective in the cytokine-incubated explant colitis model in a manner reversible with JTE-907, while CB1 receptor agonism with ACEA was without effect. TNF-α and IL-1β together evoked an increase in paracellular epithelial permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers over 48h of incubation. However, neither CB2 nor CB1 receptor activation altered the cytokine-evoked increase in permeability. These findings support a discrete role for CB2 receptors in the attenuation of detrimental pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated mucosal damage in the human colon without directly affecting mucosal epithelial barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Harvey
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rajasekaran M, Brents LK, Franks LN, Moran JH, Prather PL. Human metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073 bind with high affinity and act as potent agonists at cannabinoid type-2 receptors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:100-8. [PMID: 23537664 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
K2 or Spice is an emerging drug of abuse that contains synthetic cannabinoids, including JWH-018 and JWH-073. Recent reports indicate that monohydroxylated metabolites of JWH-018 and JWH-073 retain high affinity and activity at cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1Rs), potentially contributing to the enhanced toxicity of K2 compared to marijuana. Since the parent compounds also bind to cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2Rs), this study investigated the affinity and intrinsic activity of JWH-018, JWH-073 and several monohydroxylated metabolites at human CB2Rs (hCB2Rs). The affinity of cannabinoids for hCB2Rs was determined by competition binding studies employing CHO-hCB2 membranes. Intrinsic activity of compounds was assessed by G-protein activation and adenylyl cyclase (AC)-inhibition in CHO-hCB2 cells. JWH-073, JWH-018 and several of their human metabolites exhibit nanomolar affinity and act as potent agonists at hCB2Rs. Furthermore, a major omega hydroxyl metabolite of JWH-073 (JWH-073-M5) binds to CB2Rs with 10-fold less affinity than the parent molecule, but unexpectedly, is equipotent in regulating AC-activity when compared to the parent molecule. Finally, when compared to CP-55,940 and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), JWH-018, JWH-018-M5 and JWH-073-M5 require significantly less CB2R occupancy to produce similar levels of AC-inhibition, indicating that these compounds may more efficiently couple CB2Rs to AC than the well characterized cannabinoid agonists examined. These results indicate that JWH-018, JWH-073 and several major human metabolites of these compounds exhibit high affinity and demonstrate distinctive signaling properties at CB2Rs. Therefore, future studies examining pharmacological and toxicological properties of synthetic cannabinoids present in K2 products should consider potential actions of these drugs at both CB1 and CB2Rs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maheswari Rajasekaran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Prostaglandin ethanolamides attenuate damage in a human explant colitis model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 100-101:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
42
|
Schicho R, Storr M. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for gastrointestinal diseases: future therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 22111567 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids extracted from the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) and synthetic cannabinoids have numerous effects on gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Recent experimental data support an important role for cannabinoids in GI diseases. Genetic studies in humans have proven that defects in endocannabinoid metabolism underlie functional GI disorders. Mammalian cells have machinery, the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS), to produce and metabolize their own cannabinoids in order to control homeostasis of the gut in a rapidly adapting manner. Pharmacological manipulation of the ECS by cannabinoids, or by drugs that raise the levels of endogenous cannabinoids, have shown beneficial effects on GI pathophysiology. This review gives an introduction into the functions of the ECS in the GI tract, highlights the role of the ECS in GI diseases and addresses its potential pharmacological exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 6D25, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids influence immune function and nociceptive signaling. This study examines cannabinoid modulation of sensory signaling from the GI tract following an acute inflammatory response triggered by systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS A segment of proximal jejunum was intubated, to measure intraluminal pressure, in anesthetized rats. Afferent impulse traffic was recorded from a single isolated paravascular nerve bundle supplying the jejunal loop. Drugs and LPS were administered intravenously and changes in afferent firing were determined. KEY RESULTS The non-selective cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2 (1 mg kg(-1) i.v.) and the anandamide transport inhibitor, VDM11 (1 mg kg(-1) i.v.) but not the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, URB597 (0.3 mg kg(-1)) caused a significant increase in afferent activity. The WIN55,212-2-induced afferent response was mediated by activation of CB(1) receptors whereas the VDM11 response was mediated by both CB(1) and CB(2) receptor mechanisms. LPS (10 mg kg(-1)) evoked an increase in afferent activity which was significantly reduced in the presence of WIN55,212-2 and VDM11 but not URB597. The inhibitory effect of WIN55,212-2 was prevented by CB(1) but not CB(2) receptor antagonism. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of VDM11 remained unaltered after CB(1) or CB(2) receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Endocannabinoids play a role in modulating afferent signaling and may represent a target for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity. In contrast to the effects of blocking endocannabinoid uptake (VDM11), inhibiting breakdown of endocannabinoids (URB597) had no effect on baseline or LPS induced afferent firing. Therefore, uptake of cannabinoids rather than breakdown via FAAH terminates their action in the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Donovan
- University of Sheffield, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. The endocannabinoid system in inflammatory bowel diseases: from pathophysiology to therapeutic opportunity. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:615-25. [PMID: 22917662 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. These pathologies are currently under investigation to both unravel their etiology and find novel treatments. Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are endogenous bioactive lipids that bind to and activate the cannabinoid receptors, and together with the enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)] constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is implicated in gut homeostasis, modulating gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensation, and inflammation, as well as being recently implicated in IBD pathogenesis. Numerous subsequent studies investigating the effects of cannabinoid agonists and endocannabinoid degradation inhibitors in rodent models of IBD have identified a potential therapeutic role for the ECS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 72, B1.72.01, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Endocannabinoid system is reported to be activated during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and protects against heart injury. We, therefore, observed changes in endocannabinoids levels during acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and myocardial IR injury and evaluated the role of cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptor in infarct and IR heart injury. In contrast to 16 control patients with normal coronary artery angiogram, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol level in the infarct-side coronary artery of 23 AMI patients increased significantly, with increased reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in both infarct-side coronary artery and radial artery. Then, 35 C57BL/6J mice were made into SHAM, AMI, or IR models. AMI and IR groups were treated with CB2-selective agonist HU308 ((+)-(1aH,3H,5aH)-4-[2,6-dimethoxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-carbinol), with or without CB2-selective antagonist AM630 [6-iodo-2-methyl-1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methoxyphenyl)methanone through intraperitoneal injection. Compared with the SHAM, expressions of cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor proteins in AMI/IR animals were upregulated; production of 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide and release of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-α also increased. HU308 significantly decreased the infarct size and the levels of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-α in AMI/IR animals. However, these effects were blocked by AM630. In conclusion, the endocannabinoid system was activated during AMI and IR, and CB2 receptor activation produces a protective role, thus offering a novel pharmaceutical target for treating these diseases.
Collapse
|
46
|
Alhamoruni A, Wright KL, Larvin M, O'Sullivan SE. Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation-induced intestinal permeability. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2598-610. [PMID: 21745190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of cannabinoid receptors decreases emesis, inflammation, gastric acid secretion and intestinal motility. The ability to modulate intestinal permeability in inflammation may be important in therapy aimed at maintaining epithelial barrier integrity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cannabinoids modulate the increased permeability associated with inflammation in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Confluent Caco-2 cell monolayers were treated for 24 h with IFNγ and TNFα (10 ng·mL(-1) ). Monolayer permeability was measured using transepithelial electrical resistance and flux measurements. Cannabinoids were applied either apically or basolaterally after inflammation was established. Potential mechanisms of action were investigated using antagonists for CB(1) , CB(2) , TRPV1, PPARγ and PPARα. A role for the endocannabinoid system was established using inhibitors of the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids. KEY RESULTS Δ(9) -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol accelerated the recovery from cytokine-induced increased permeability; an effect sensitive to CB(1) receptor antagonism. Anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol further increased permeability in the presence of cytokines; this effect was also sensitive to CB(1) antagonism. No role for the CB(2) receptor was identified in these studies. Co-application of THC, cannabidiol or a CB(1) antagonist with the cytokines ameliorated their effect on permeability. Inhibiting the breakdown of endocannabinoids worsened, whereas inhibiting the synthesis of endocannabinoids attenuated, the increased permeability associated with inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that locally produced endocannabinoids, acting via CB(1) receptors play a role in mediating changes in permeability with inflammation, and that phytocannabinoids have therapeutic potential for reversing the disordered intestinal permeability associated with inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Alhamoruni
- School of Graduate Entry Medicine & Health, Derby City General Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ross GR, Lichtman A, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Evidence for the putative cannabinoid receptor (GPR55)-mediated inhibitory effects on intestinal contractility in mice. Pharmacology 2012; 90:55-65. [PMID: 22759743 DOI: 10.1159/000339076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids inhibit intestinal motility via presynaptic cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) in enteric neurons while cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) receptors are located mainly in immune cells. The recently de-orphanized G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR55, has been proposed to be the 'third' cannabinoid receptor. Although gene expression of GPR55 is evident in the gut, functional evidence for GPR55 in the gut is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that GPR55 activation inhibits neurogenic contractions in the gut. METHODS We assessed the inhibitory effect of the atypical cannabinoid O-1602, a GPR55 agonist, in mouse colon. Isometric tension recordings in colonic tissue strips were used from either wild-type, GPR55(-/-) or CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) knockout mice. RESULTS O-1602 inhibited the electrical field- induced contractions in the colon strips from wild-type and CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a non-CB1/CB2 receptor-mediated prejunctional effect. The concentration-dependent response of O-1602 was significantly inhibited in GPR55(-/-) mice. O-1602 did not relax colonic strips precontracted with high K(+) (80 mmol/l), indicating no involvement of Ca(2+) channel blockade in O-1602-induced relaxation. However, 10 µmol/l O-1602 partially inhibited the exogenous acetylcholine (10 µmol/l)-induced contractions. Moreover, we also assessed the inhibitory effects of JWH015, a CB2/GPR55 agonist on neurogenic contractions of mouse ileum. Surprisingly, the effects of JWH015 were independent of the known cannabinoid receptors. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of GPR55 leads to inhibition of neurogenic contractions in the gut and are predominantly prejunctional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gracious R Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bashashati M, Storr MA, Nikas SP, Wood JT, Godlewski G, Liu J, Ho W, Keenan CM, Zhang H, Alapafuja SO, Cravatt BF, Lutz B, Mackie K, Kunos G, Patel KD, Makriyannis A, Davison JS, Sharkey KA. Inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase normalizes endotoxin-induced enhanced gastrointestinal motility in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1556-71. [PMID: 21883147 PMCID: PMC3372737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is regulated in part by fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), including the endocannabinoid (EC) anandamide (AEA). The actions of FAEs are terminated by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We investigated the actions of the novel FAAH inhibitor AM3506 on normal and enhanced GI motility. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effect of AM3506 on electrically-evoked contractility in vitro and GI transit and colonic faecal output in vivo, in normal and FAAH-deficient mice treated with saline or LPS (100 µg·kg(-1), i.p.), in the presence and absence of cannabinoid (CB) receptor antagonists. mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real time-PCR, EC levels by liquid chromatography-MS and FAAH activity by the conversion of [(3)H]-AEA to [(3)H]-ethanolamine in intestinal extracts. FAAH expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS FAAH was dominantly expressed in the enteric nervous system; its mRNA levels were higher in the ileum than the colon. LPS enhanced ileal contractility in the absence of overt inflammation. AM3506 reversed the enhanced electrically-evoked contractions of the ileum through CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. LPS increased the rate of upper GI transit and faecal output. AM3506 normalized the enhanced GI transit through CB(1) and CB(2) receptors and faecal output through CB(1) receptors. LPS did not increase GI transit in FAAH-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Inhibiting FAAH normalizes various parameters of GI dysmotility in intestinal pathophysiology. Inhibition of FAAH represents a new approach to the treatment of disordered intestinal motility.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alkanesulfonates/pharmacology
- Amidohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amidohydrolases/genetics
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/physiology
- Endotoxins/pharmacology
- Enteric Nervous System/drug effects
- Enteric Nervous System/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Motility/genetics
- Gastrointestinal Motility/physiology
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/metabolism
- Ileum/physiology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kopach O, Vats J, Netsyk O, Voitenko N, Irving A, Fedirko N. Cannabinoid receptors in submandibular acinar cells: functional coupling between saliva fluid and electrolytes secretion and Ca2+ signalling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1884-95. [PMID: 22366450 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.088930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, and activation of CBRs in salivary cells inhibits agonist-stimulated salivation and modifies saliva content. However, the role of different CBR subtypes in acinar cell physiology and in intracellular signalling remains unclear. Here, we uncover functional CB(1)Rs and CB(2)Rs in acinar cells of rat submandibular gland and their essential role in saliva secretion. Pharmacological activation of CB(1)Rs and CB(2)Rs in the submandibular gland suppressed saliva outflow and modified saliva content produced by the submandibular gland in vivo. Using Na(+)-selective microelectrodes to record secretory Na(+) responses in the lumen of acini, we observed a reduction in Na(+) transport following the activation of CBRs, which was counteracted by the selective CB(1)R antagonist AM251. In addition, activation of CB(1)Rs or CB Rs caused inhibition of Na(+)-K(+) 2 -ATPase activity in microsomes derived from the gland tissue as well as in isolated acinar cells. Using a Ca(2+) imaging technique, we showed that activation of CB(1)Rs and CB(2)Rs alters [Ca(2+)](cyt) signalling in acinar cells by distinct pathways, involving Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), respectively. Our data demonstrate the expression of CB(1)Rs and CB(2)Rs in acinar cells, and their involvement in the regulation of salivary gland functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kopach
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Influence of aging on experimental gastrointestinal motility in extraction of rat molar teeth. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(12)70246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|