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OUP accepted manuscript. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 116:845-852. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Keane NA, Lane LM, Canniff E, Hare D, Doran S, Wallace E, Hutchinson S, Healy ML, Hennessy B, Meaney J, Chiodini P, O'Connell B, Beausang A, Vandenberghe E. A Surviving Case of Acanthamoeba Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis in a Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e923219. [PMID: 32603318 PMCID: PMC7347033 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.923219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acanthamoeba are free-living amoebae with potential to infect immunocompromised hosts. The mortality rate of granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) due to Acanthamoeba exceeds 90% and there are currently no reports of survival of this infection in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant. CASE REPORT We report herein the case of a 32-year-old man presenting to our service with abrupt neurological deterioration and seizures 5 months after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin lymphoma. Clinical and imaging findings were non-specific at presentation. Multiple circumscribed, heterogenous, mass-like lesions were identified on MRI. Brain biopsy was performed and revealed multiple cysts and trophozoites suggesting a diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. PCR testing confirmed Acanthamoeba. Treatment with miltefosine, metronidazole, azithromycin, fluconazole, pentamidine isethionate, and co-trimoxazole was instituted and the patient survived and shows continued improvement with intensive rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS We report the first successful outcome in this setting. The diagnosis would have been missed on cerebrospinal fluid analysis alone, but was rapidly made by histological analysis of brain biopsy. This diagnostically challenging infection is likely under-recognized. Early brain biopsy and commencement of a prolonged miltefosine-containing anti-ameba regimen can be curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh A Keane
- Department of Hematology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Emma Canniff
- Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Hare
- Department of Microbiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Doran
- Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eugene Wallace
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Brian Hennessy
- Department of Hematology, Waterford University Hospital, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Jim Meaney
- Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Beausang
- Department of Histopathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Alvarado-Ocampo J, Retana-Moreira L, Abrahams-Sandí E. In vitro effects of environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba T4 and T5 over human erythrocytes and platelets. Exp Parasitol 2020; 210:107842. [PMID: 31978393 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba have been associated with keratitis and encephalitis. Some factors related to their pathogenic potential have been described, including the release of hydrolytic enzymes, and the adhesion and phagocytosis processes. However, other factors such as their effect over the hemodynamics and microcirculation elements have not been fully investigated. This work determines the in vitro activity of potentially pathogenic environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba genotype T4 and T5 over erythrocytes and platelets. The hemolytic activity (dependent and independent of contact), as well as the production of ADP of ten environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba obtained from dental units, combined emergency showers, dust, and hospital water, were measured. Tests were carried out over erythrocytes in suspension and blood agar plates, incubated at 4 °C, room temperature and 37 °C. Erythrophagocytosis and platelet aggregation assays were also performed. Live trophozoites of all of the isolates tested showed a hemolytic activity that was temperature-dependent. Over erythrocytes in suspension, variable hemolysis percentages were obtained: a maximum of 41% and a minimum of 15%. Regarding hemolysis over agar plates, two patterns of hemolysis were observed: double and simple halos. Conditioned medium and crude extracts of trophozoites did not show hemolytic activity. Erythrophagocytosis by Acanthamoeba was also observed; however, no production of ADP was determined by the employed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Alvarado-Ocampo
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lissette Retana-Moreira
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí
- University of Costa Rica, Faculty of Microbiology, Department of Parasitology, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica.
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Peixoto D, Prestes DP. Parasitic Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and the Hematologic Malignancy Patient, Including Toxoplasmosis and Strongyloidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:567-591. [PMID: 31005139 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients may infrequently develop parasitic infections at the time of the procedure via contamination from allograft tissue or blood products, and in the post-transplantation period through the traditional route of infection or as a reactivation caused by immunosuppression related to the transplant. To reduce risk, efforts should be directed at performing a comprehensive history, maintaining a high index of suspicion, and adhering to preventive measures. Additional strategies for the prevention, screening and careful follow-up, identification, and pre-emptive treatment of parasitic infections are required to reduce morbidity and mortality in HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driele Peixoto
- São Paulo State Cancer Institute (ICESP), Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo CEP: 01246-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel P Prestes
- A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente, 211, Sao Paulo CEP: 01509-010, Brazil; Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Institute, Av. Doutor Arnaldo, 165, Sao Paulo CEP: 01246-900, Brazil
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Kalra SK, Sharma P, Shyam K, Tejan N, Ghoshal U. Acanthamoeba and its pathogenic role in granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107788. [PMID: 31647916 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba that is widely distributed in the environment. It is an opportunist protist, which is known to cause rare yet fatal infection of the central nervous system (CNS), granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans. GAE cases are increasingly been reported among immunocompromised patients, with few cases in immunocompetent hosts. Diagnosis of GAE primarily includes neuroimaging, microscopy, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, histopathology, serology and molecular techniques. Early diagnosis is vital for proper management of infected patients. Combination therapeutic approach has been tried in various GAE cases reported worldwide. We tried to present a comprehensive review, which summarizes on the epidemiology of GAE caused by Acanthamoeba along with the associated clinical symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of GAE among infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali K Kalra
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Distt. Solan, 173229, HP, India.
| | - Palvi Sharma
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Distt. Solan, 173229, HP, India
| | - Kirti Shyam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Distt. Solan, 173229, HP, India
| | - Nidhi Tejan
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili Road, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili Road, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
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Matsui T, Maeda T, Kusakabe S, Arita H, Yagita K, Morii E, Kanakura Y. A case report of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis by Group 1 Acanthamoeba genotype T18 diagnosed by the combination of morphological examination and genetic analysis. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 29747695 PMCID: PMC5943995 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is challenging for clinicians because it is a rare and lethal disease. Previous reports have indicated that Acanthamoeba with some specific genotypes tend to cause the majority of human infections. We report a case of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba spp. with genotype T18 in an immunodeficient patient in Japan after allogenic bone marrow transplantation, along with the morphological characteristics and genetic analysis. Case presentation A 52-year old man, who had undergone allogenic bone marrow transplantation, suffered from rapid-growing brain masses in addition to pneumonia and died within 1 month from the onset of the symptoms including fever, headache and disorientation. Infection with Acanthamoeba in the brain and lung was confirmed by histological evaluation; immunohistochemical staining and polymerase chain reaction analysis using autopsy samples also indicated the growth of Acanthamoeba in the brain. Gene sequence analysis indicated that this is the second documented case of infection with Acanthamoeba spp. with genotype T18 in a human host. Postmortem retrospective evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid sample in our case, as well as literature review, indicated that some cases of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba may be diagnosable by cerebrospinal fluid examination. Conclusion This case indicates that Acanthamoeba spp. with genotype T18 can also be an important opportunistic pathogen. For pathologists as well as physicians, increased awareness of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is important for improving the poor prognosis along with the attempt to early diagnosis with cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Maeda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kusakabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Yagita
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Kanakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Coven SL, Song E, Steward S, Pierson CR, Cope JR, Ali IK, Ardura MI, Hall MW, Chung MG, Bajwa RPS. Acanthamoeba granulomatous amoebic encephalitis after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Transplant 2017; 21. [PMID: 28921764 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba encephalitis is a rare, often fatal condition, particularly after HSCT, with 9 reported cases to date in the world literature. Our case was originally diagnosed with ALL at age 3 years, and after several relapses underwent HSCT at age 9 years. At 17 years of age, he was diagnosed with secondary AML for which he underwent a second allogeneic HSCT. He presented with acute-onset worsening neurological deficits on day +226 after the second transplant and a post-mortem diagnosis of Acanthamoeba encephalitis was established, with the aid of the CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Coven
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eunkyung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Steward
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pathology and the Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cope
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ibne K Ali
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica I Ardura
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Melissa G Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajinder P S Bajwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Successful Treatment of Sinusitis by Acanthamoeba in a Pediatric Patient After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2016; 35:1350-1351. [PMID: 27626919 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba infections are rare and mostly occur in immunocompromised patients. Most of the reported cases after stem cell transplantation have been diagnosed postmortem. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with chronic graft versus host disease post hematopoietic transplantation, who was successfully treated for Acanthamoeba.
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Parasitic Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016; 8:e2016035. [PMID: 27413527 PMCID: PMC4928538 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2016.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections are rarely documented in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. However they may be responsible for fatal complications that are only diagnosed at autopsy. Increased awareness of the possibility of parasitic diseases both in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant patients is relevant not only for implementing preventive measures but also for performing an early diagnosis and starting appropriate therapy for these unrecognized but fatal infectious complications in hematopoietic transplant recipients. In this review, we will focus on parasitic diseases occurring in this population especially those with major clinical relevance including toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and strongyloidiasis, among others, highlighting the diagnosis and management in hematopoietic transplant recipients.
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Doan N, Rozansky G, Nguyen HS, Gelsomino M, Shabani S, Mueller W, Johnson V. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:S459-62. [PMID: 26539322 PMCID: PMC4604647 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.166788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is rare, but often fatal. The infection has been documented predominantly among the immunocompromised population or among those with chronic disease. To date, however, there have only been eight cases regarding the infection following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CASE DESCRIPTION A 62-year-old female with a history of relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, recently underwent peripheral blood autologous stem cell transplant after BEAM conditioning (day 0). On day +15, she began to exhibit worsening fatigue, generalized weakness, and fever. Symptoms progressed to nausea, emesis, somnolence, confusion, and frontal headaches over the next few days. Imaging demonstrated multifocal ill-defined vasogenic edema with patchy enhancement. The patient was started on broad antibiotics, antifungals, and seizure prophylaxis. Evaluation for bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral etiologies was fruitless. Her mental status progressively deteriorated. On day +22, she exhibited severe lethargy and went into pulseless electrical activity arrest, requiring chest compressions. The episode lasted <2 min and her pulse was restored. She was taken to the operating room for a brain biopsy. Postoperatively, her right pupil began to dilate compared to the left; she demonstrated extensor posturing in her upper extremities and withdrawal in her lower extremities. Repeat computed tomography demonstrated progressive edema. Given poor prognosis and poor neurological examination, the family opted for withdrawal of care. Final pathology was consistent with Acanthamoeba GAE. CONCLUSION The authors report the third case of GAE after autologous stem cell transplant, and the ninth case overall after HSCT. This case is unusual due to its rapid clinical presentation after HSCT compared to prior literature. The case highlights the need for high suspicion of Acanthamoeba infection in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh Doan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gregory Rozansky
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ha Son Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Gelsomino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Saman Shabani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Wade Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vijay Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Young JAH, Weisdorf DJ. Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7152282 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Khanna V, Shastri B, Anusha G, Mukhopadhayay C, Khanna R. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent: A case report and review of literature. Trop Parasitol 2014; 4:115-8. [PMID: 25250233 PMCID: PMC4166796 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.138540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 30-year-old manual laborer from Karnataka, India presented with intermittent low grade fever and diffuse headache for 1 month. On examination, patient had enlarged supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes. Patient had positive Kernig's sign and neck stiffness. Motor, sensory and cranial nerve examinations were within the normal limits. Abdominal, cardiovascular and chest examination did not yield any positive findings. Contrast enhanced computed tomography head was normal. Patient was suspected to have extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Patient was started on antitubercular drugs. Diagnostic lumbar puncture was performed. Wet mount and Giemsa smear preparation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed trophozoites suggestive of Acanthamoeba. CSF was cultured onto non-nutrient agar with an overlay of Escherichia coli. Wet mount made from the culture media yielded cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba spp. Patient was diagnosed with Acanthamoeba meningitis and was started on specific therapy with Rifampicin 600 mg once a day, Cotrimoxazole 960 mg twice-a-day and Fluconazole 400 mg once daily for 2 weeks. Patient had a complete recovery and was discharged from the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ba Shastri
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G Anusha
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhayay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchee Khanna
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Chandra SR, Adwani S, Mahadevan A. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:108-12. [PMID: 24753675 PMCID: PMC3992747 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Report of a case of young immunocompetent male adult with autopsy proven acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis. The patient presented with a protracted febrile illness of 3 months duration with features of meningoencephalitis, this was followed by rapid deterioration while on anti tuberculous therapy and steroids and ended fatally. His magnetic resonance imaging showed features of hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis and magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed choline peak. Autopsy revealed necrotizing meningoencephalitis and intraocular colonization due to acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Chandra
- Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sikandar Adwani
- Senior Resident Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Mahadevan
- Additional Professor Neuropathology, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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D'Auria A, Lin J, Geiseler PJ, Qvarnstrom Y, Bandea R, Roy S, Sriram R, Paddock C, Zaki S, Kim G, Visvesvara GS. Cutaneous Acanthamoebiasis with CNS Involvement Post-Transplantation: Implication for Differential Diagnosis of Skin Lesions in Immunocompromised Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4303/jnp/n120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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In vitro amoebicidal activities of Satureja cuneifolia and Melissa officinalis on Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and trophozoites. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:2175-80. [PMID: 22160280 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic keratitis is difficult to treat without total efficacy in some patients because of cysts, which are less susceptible than trophozoites to the usual treatments. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro amoebicidal activity of the methanolic extracts of Satureja cuneifolia and Melissa officinalis. In the presence of methanolic extracts (ranging from 1.0 to 32.0 mg/ml), numbers of the viable Acanthamoe castellanii trophozoites and cysts were decreased during the experimental process. Both extracts showed a time- and dose-dependent amoebicidal action on the trophozoites and cysts. Among the extracts tested, S. cuneifolia showed the strongest amoebicidal effect on the trophozoites and cysts. In the presence of 32 mg/ml extract, no viable trophozoites were observed within 24 h. At the same concentration value, the extract was found effective against the cysts at a rate of 46.3% within 72 h of the experimental process. At 16 mg/ml extract concentration, no viable trophozoites were also observed in the 24th hour of the experiment. At the end of the experimental process, 34.7% of the cysts were killed by the extract. M. officinalis showed moderate amoebicidal effect. At the concentration of 32 mg/ml, 44.3% and 30.0% of the trophozoites and cysts were killed by the extract, respectively. Results obtained from these concentration values were found statistically different in terms of their actions both on trophozoites and cysts (p<0.05).
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Takashima M, Kakimoto T, Saito H, Misaki S, Onishi Y, Kasugai T, Akuta K, Kasahara H, Yamamoto K, Doi Y, Ujiie H, Sugahara H, Hoshida Y, Sakoda H. Synchronous tumor with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and ameboma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e769-71. [PMID: 21947830 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.36.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Akpek G, Uslu A, Huebner T, Taner A, Rapoport A, Gojo I, Akpolat Y, Ioffe O, Kleinberg M, Baer M. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis: an under-recognized cause of infectious mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13:366-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abd H, Saeed A, Jalal S, Bekassy AN, Sandström G. Ante mortem diagnosis of amoebic encephalitis in a haematopoietic stem cell transplanted patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:619-22. [DOI: 10.1080/00365540903015117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009; 2009:251406. [PMID: 19657454 PMCID: PMC2719787 DOI: 10.1155/2009/251406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia sp. are pathogenic free-living amoebae. N. fowleri causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis, a rapidly fatal disease of the central nervous system, while Acanthamoeba spp. and B. mandrillaris cause chronic granulomatous encephalitis. Acanthamoeba spp. also can cause cutaneous lesions and Amoebic Keratitis, a sight-threatening infection of the cornea that is associated with contact lens use or corneal trauma. Sappinia pedata has been identified as the cause of a nonlethal case of amoebic encephalitis. In view of the potential health consequences due to infection with these amoebae, rapid diagnosis is critical for early treatment. Microscopic examination and culture of biopsy specimens, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and corneal scrapings have been used in the clinical laboratory. For amoebic keratitis, confocal microscopy has been used to successfully identify amoebae in corneal tissue. More recently, conventional and real-time PCR assays have been developed that are sensitive and specific for the amoebae. In addition, multiplex PCR assays are available for the rapid identification of these pathogens in biopsy tissue, CSF, and corneal specimens.
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Goze I, Alim A, Dag S, Tepe B, Polat ZA. In VitroAmoebicidal Activity ofSalvia stamineaandSalvia caespitosaonAcanthamoeba castellaniiand Their Cytotoxic Potentials on Corneal Cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25:293-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ismihan Goze
- Vocational School of Health Services, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alim
- Public Health Laboratory, Sivas Health Directorate, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Seker Dag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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In vitro activity of Acanthamoeba castellanii on human platelets and erythrocytes. Infect Immun 2008; 77:733-8. [PMID: 19015256 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00202-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Acanthamoeba on human platelets and erythrocytes has not been fully elucidated. This paper reports that cell-free supernatants prepared from A. castellanii can activate human platelets, causing both a significant increase in the cytosolic free-calcium concentration and platelet aggregation. In addition, we demonstrated that platelet activation depends on the activity of ADP constitutively secreted into the medium by trophozoites. This study also showed that A. castellanii can affect human red blood cells, causing hemolysis, and provided evidence that hemolysis occurs in both contact-dependent and contact-independent ways; there are differences in kinetics, hemolytic activity, and calcium dependency between the contact-dependent and contact-independent mechanisms. Partial characterization of contact-independent hemolysis indicated that ADP does not affect the plasma membrane permeability of erythrocytes and that heat treatment of amoebic cell-free supernatant abolishes its hemolytic activity. These findings suggest that some heat-labile molecules released by A. castellanii trophozoites are involved in this phenomenon. Finally, our data suggest that human platelets and erythrocytes may be potential cell targets during Acanthamoeba infection.
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Pemán J, Jarque I, Frasquet J, Alberola C, Salavert M, Sanz J, Gomila B, Esteban G. Unexpected postmortem diagnosis of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis following allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:1562-6. [PMID: 18510635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Meningoencephalitis caused by pathogenic free-living amebas is usually fatal. Only a few cases of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis, diagnosed at autopsy, have been reported following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We here report a case of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis following allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with rapidly evolving neurologic symptoms that remained unexplained. Magnetic resonance imaging failed to show brain lesions and cerebrospinal fluid was negative for microbiological cultures. Definite diagnosis was an unexpected autopsy finding. As overall and teaching hospital autopsy rates are declining worldwide, we must emphasize the need of autopsy exams if we want to improve our knowledge as the best way to care for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pemán
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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Gupta D, Panda GS, Bakhshi S. Successful treatment of acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis during induction therapy of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50:1292-3. [PMID: 18253958 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fung KTT, Dhillon AP, McLaughlin JE, Lucas SB, Davidson B, Rolles K, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Cure of Acanthamoeba cerebral abscess in a liver transplant patient. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:308-12. [PMID: 18306348 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba-related cerebral abscess and encephalitis are rare but usually fatal, being caused by free-living amoebic infections usually occurring in immunocompromised patients. In patients receiving transplants, a literature review showed that the infection is universally fatal. The diagnosis is often missed despite appropriate investigations including lumbar puncture, computerized tomography, and brain biopsy. We present the first reported liver transplant patient with Acanthamoeba cerebral abscess. The diagnosis was made in brain tissue removed at decompressive frontal lobectomy. He was successfully treated with a 3-month course of co-trimoxazole and rifampicin. There was no recurrence of the disease after 11 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Tang-Tat Fung
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Fiori PL, Mattana A, Dessì D, Conti S, Magliani W, Polonelli L. In vitro acanthamoebicidal activity of a killer monoclonal antibody and a synthetic peptide. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:891-8. [PMID: 16507561 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the in vitro microbicidal activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii of a murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (KTmAb) and a synthetic killer mimotope (KP), which mimic a yeast killer toxin (KT) characterized by a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity through interaction with specific cell wall receptors, mainly constituted by beta-glucans. METHODS Amoebicidal activity was investigated after incubation of trophozoites under different experimental conditions with laminarinase, KTmAb, KP and a scrambled decapeptide (SP). To confirm the specific interaction of KP with beta-glucans, the experiments were also carried out in the presence of laminarin (beta1-3-glucan) or pustulan (beta1-6-glucan); both glucan molecules were co-incubated with KP or SP. RESULTS KTmAb and KP exhibited a time-dependent killing activity, in comparison with SP or heat-inactivated KTmAb; this activity was completely abolished by pre-incubation with laminarin, but not by pustulan. Notably, in vitro amoebicidal activity was observed in the presence of laminarinase, an enzyme that specifically hydrolyses beta-glucans. Furthermore, KP specifically inhibited the growth of Acanthamoeba on infected contact lenses and the remaining adherent KP-treated trophozoites appeared strongly damaged. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the expression of beta1-3-glucan receptors in the cell membrane is probably modulated during cell growth of A. castellanii and is critical for the killing activity of KT-like molecules. Our data confirm the broad antimicrobial spectra of KTmAb and KP, emphasize the crucial role of beta1-3-glucan in microbial physiology and suggest the potential use of KTmAb and KP in the prevention and therapy of Acanthamoeba infections or in preventing Acanthamoeba contamination during storage of contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae that inhabit a variety of air, soil, and water environments. However, these amebae can also act as opportunistic as well as nonopportunistic pathogens. They are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis and have been associated with cutaneous lesions and sinusitis. Immuno compromised individuals, including AIDS patients, are particularly susceptible to infections with Acanthamoeba. The immune defense mechanisms that operate against Acanthamoeba have not been well characterized, but it has been proposed that both innate and acquired immunity play a role. The ameba's life cycle includes an active feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. Trophozoites feed on bacteria, yeast, and algae. However, both trophozoites and cysts can retain viable bacteria and may serve as reservoirs for bacteria with human pathogenic potential. Diagnosis of infection includes direct microscopy of wet mounts of cerebrospinal fluid or stained smears of cerebrospinal fluid sediment, light or electron microscopy of tissues, in vitro cultivation of Acanthamoeba, and histological assessment of frozen or paraffin-embedded sections of brain or cutaneous lesion biopsy material. Immunocytochemistry, chemifluorescent dye staining, PCR, and analysis of DNA sequence variation also have been employed for laboratory diagnosis. Treatment of Acanthamoeba infections has met with mixed results. However, chlorhexidine gluconate, alone or in combination with propamidene isethionate, is effective in some patients. Furthermore, effective treatment is complicated since patients may present with underlying disease and Acanthamoeba infection may not be recognized. Since an increase in the number of cases of Acanthamoeba infections has occurred worldwide, these protozoa have become increasingly important as agents of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Marciano-Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0678, USA.
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Abstract
The various forms of HSCT are or will soon be accepted treatments for an ever-increasing number of hematologic and solid cancers. Attempts to reduce the mortality and morbidity of HSCT and at the same time preserve or increase its efficacy in tumor control include development of nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem-cell transplant strategies [208] and allogeneic laboratory research-enhancing graft acceptance [209,210]. Eventually, these efforts will reduce complication rates of HSCT, including neurologic complications. In the interim, the consultant neuro-oncologist or neurologist with a specific inteest in this field is faced with complex clinical syndromes, neuroradiologic imaging studies and neurophysiologic tests, and generally poorly understood pathophysiologic mechanisms. Prospective studies of HSCT patients in large transplantation centers using clinical registries are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrikus G J Krouwer
- Neuro-Oncology Service, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Acanthamebic Meningoencephalitis Associated with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis. AJSP-REVIEWS AND REPORTS 2002. [DOI: 10.1097/00132583-200211000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singhal T, Bajpai A, Kalra V, Kabra SK, Samantaray JC, Satpathy G, Gupta AK. Successful treatment of Acanthamoeba meningitis with combination oral antimicrobials. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:623-7. [PMID: 11419508 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200106000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba was implicated as the causative agent of chronic meningitis in three apparently immunocompetent children. Diagnosis was established by cerebrospinal fluid wet mount examination and culture. Two children improved rapidly with combination oral therapy composed of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin and ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Singhal
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Choi DH, Na BK, Seo MS, Song HR, Song CY. Purification and characterization of iron superoxide dismutase and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Parasitol 2000; 86:899-907. [PMID: 11128508 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0899:pacois]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two superoxide dismutases (SOD I and SOD II) were purified from Acanthamoeba castellanii and characterized for several biochemical properties. Analysis of the primary structure and inhibition studies revealed that SOD I is iron SOD (Fe-SOD), with a molecular mass of 50 kDa, and SOD II is copper-zinc SOD (Cu,Zn-SOD), with a molecular mass of 38 kDa. Both enzymes have a homodimeric structure consisting of 2 identical subunits, each with a molecular mass of 26 and 19 kDa for SOD I and SOD II, respectively. The isoelectric points of SOD I and SOD II were 6.4 and 3.5, respectively, and there were no isoenzyme forms detected. Both enzymes show a broad optimal pH of 7.0-11.0. Because no differences were observed in the apparent molecular weight of SOD I after addition of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol, the subunits do not appear to be linked covalently by disulfide bonds. However, the subunits of SOD II were covalently linked by intra- and interdisulfide bonds. Western blot analyses showed that the 2 enzymes have different antigenicity. Both enzymes occur as cytoplasmic and detergent-extractable fractions. These enzymes may be potential virulence factors of A. castellanii by acting both as antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents. These enzymes may be attractive targets for chemotherapy and immunodiagnosis of acanthamoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Abstract
Free-living amebae belonging to the genus Acanthamoeba are the causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system, and of amebic keratitis, a chronic eye infection. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis occurs more frequently in immunocompromised patients while keratitis occurs in healthy individuals. The recent increased incidence in Acanthamoeba infections is due in part to infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, while that for keratitis is due to the increased use of contact lenses. Understanding the mechanism of host resistance to Acanthamoeba is essential since the amebae are resistant to many therapeutic agents. Studies in our laboratory as well as from others have demonstrated that macrophages from immunocompetent animals are important effector cells against Acanthamoeba. We have demonstrated also that microglial cells, resident macrophages of the brain, elicit cytokines in response to A. castellanii. Neonatal rat cortical microglia from Sprague-Dawley rats co-cultured with A. castellanii produced mRNA for the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1alpha, interleukin 1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. In addition, scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that microglia ingested and destroyed A. castellanii in vitro. These results implicate macrophages as playing an effector role against Acanthamoeba and suggest immune modulation as a potential alternative therapeutic mode of treatment for these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marciano-Cabral
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678, USA. ))).
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Gilleece AC, Fenelon L. Unusual infections and novel therapy in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1999; 12:379-83. [PMID: 17035803 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199908000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many of the reports of infection in immunocompromised patients over the past year have been caused by unusual bacterial pathogens or fungi, which are often multiresistant and difficult to treat. Although many difficulties still remain some progress has been made over the past year in the development of new antimicrobial agents and alternative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Gilleece
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincents Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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