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Tsilingiris D, Vallianou NG, Spyrou N, Kounatidis D, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Obesity and Leukemia: Biological Mechanisms, Perspectives, and Challenges. Curr Obes Rep 2024; 13:1-34. [PMID: 38159164 PMCID: PMC10933194 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-023-00542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the epidemiological data on obesity and leukemia; evaluate the effect of obesity on leukemia outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors; assess the potential mechanisms through which obesity may increase the risk of leukemia; and provide the effects of obesity management on leukemia. Preventive (diet, physical exercise, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery) measures, repurposing drugs, candidate therapeutic agents targeting oncogenic pathways of obesity and insulin resistance in leukemia as well as challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity has been implicated in the development of 13 cancers, such as breast, endometrial, colon, renal, esophageal cancers, and multiple myeloma. Leukemia is estimated to account for approximately 2.5% and 3.1% of all new cancer incidence and mortality, respectively, while it represents the most frequent cancer in children younger than 5 years. Current evidence indicates that obesity may have an impact on the risk of leukemia. Increased birthweight may be associated with the development of childhood leukemia. Obesity is also associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in leukemic patients. However, there are several limitations and challenges in meta-analyses and epidemiological studies. In addition, weight gain may occur in a substantial number of childhood ALL survivors while the majority of studies have documented an increased risk of relapse and mortality among patients with childhood ALL and obesity. The main pathophysiological pathways linking obesity to leukemia include bone marrow adipose tissue; hormones such as insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system as well as sex hormones; pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α; adipocytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin; dyslipidemia and lipid signaling; chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; and other emerging mechanisms. Obesity represents a risk factor for leukemia, being among the only known risk factors that could be prevented or modified through weight loss, healthy diet, and physical exercise. Pharmacological interventions, repurposing drugs used for cardiometabolic comorbidities, and bariatric surgery may be recommended for leukemia and obesity-related cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- Tisch Cancer Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1190 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Dimitris Kounatidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ipsilantou str, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Str, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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2
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Malik J, Ahmed S, Momin SS, Shaikh S, Alafnan A, Alanazi J, Said Almermesh MH, Anwar S. Drug Repurposing: A New Hope in Drug Discovery for Prostate Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:56-73. [PMID: 36643505 PMCID: PMC9835086 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA), the most common cancer in men, accounted for 1.3 million new incidences in 2018. An increase in incidences is an issue of concern that should be addressed. Of all the reported prostate cancers, 85% were detected in stages III and IV, making them difficult to treat. Conventional drugs gradually lose their efficacy due to the developed resistance against them, thus requiring newer therapeutic agents to be used as monotherapy or combination. Recent research regarding treatment options has attained remarkable speed and development. Therefore, in this context, drug repurposing comes into the picture, which is defined as the "investigation of the off-patent, approved and marketed drugs for a novel therapeutic indication" which saves at least 30% of the time and cost, reducing the cost of treatment for patients, which usually runs high in cancer patients. The anticancer property of cardiac glycosides in cancers was tested in the early 1980s. The trend then shifts toward treating prostate cancer by repurposing other cardiovascular drugs. The current review mainly emphasizes the advantageous antiprostate cancer profile of conventional CVS drugs like cardiac glycosides, RAAS inhibitors, statins, heparin, and beta-blockers with underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid
Ahmad Malik
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati 781003, India
- Biomedical
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT), Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sadiya Sikandar Momin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Annasaheb Dange College of B. Pharmacy, Ashta, Shivaji University, Sangli, Maharastra 416301, India
| | - Sijal Shaikh
- Sandip Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Savitribai Phule
Pune University, Nashik, Maharashtra 422213, India
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jowaher Alanazi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Estrela GR, Arruda AC, Torquato HFV, Freitas-Lima LC, Perilhão MS, Wasinski F, Budu A, Fock RA, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Araujo RC. Gemfibrozil Induces Anemia, Leukopenia and Reduces Hematopoietic Stem Cells via PPAR-α in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145050. [PMID: 32708962 PMCID: PMC7403977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, also called high cholesterol, is a form of hyperlipidemia, which may be a consequence of diet, obesity or diabetes. In addition, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Thus, controlling cholesterol levels is commonly necessary, and fibrates have been used as lipid-lowering drugs. Gemfibrozil is a fibrate that acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to promote changes in lipid metabolism and decrease serum triglyceride levels. However, anemia and leukopenia are known side effects of gemfibrozil. Considering that gemfibrozil may lead to anemia and that gemfibrozil acts via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, we treated wild-type and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-knockout mice with gemfibrozil for four consecutive days. Gemfibrozil treatment led to anemia seven days after the first administration of the drug; we found reduced levels of hemoglobin, as well as red blood cells, white blood cells and a reduced percentage of hematocrits. PPAR-alpha-knockout mice were capable of reversing all of those reduced parameters induced by gemfibrozil treatment. Erythropoietin levels were increased in the serum of gemfibrozil-treated animals, and we also observed an increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) and erythropoietin in renal tissue, while PPAR-alpha knockout mice treated with gemfibrozil did not present increased levels of serum erythropoietin or tissue HIF-2α and erythropoietin mRNA levels in the kidneys. We analyzed bone marrow and found that gemfibrozil reduced erythrocytes and hematopoietic stem cells in wild-type mice but not in PPAR-alpha-knockout mice, while increased colony-forming units were observed only in wild-type mice treated with gemfibrozil. Here, we show for the first time that gemfibrozil treatment leads to anemia and leukopenia via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rufino Estrela
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Discipline of Hematology and Hematotherapy, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04037002, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.E.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +55-11-5576-4859 (R.C.A.)
| | - Adriano Cleis Arruda
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Heron Fernandes Vieira Torquato
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04044020, Brazil; (H.F.V.T.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center Braz Cubas, Mogi das Cruzes 08773380, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Sérgio Perilhão
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Budu
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil;
| | - Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04044020, Brazil; (H.F.V.T.); (E.J.P.-G.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araujo
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.S.P.)
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04039032, Brazil; (L.C.F.-L.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.E.); (R.C.A.); Tel.: +55-11-5576-4859 (R.C.A.)
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Bohn-Wippert K, Tevonian EN, Lu Y, Huang MY, Megaridis MR, Dar RD. Cell Size-Based Decision-Making of a Viral Gene Circuit. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3844-3857.e5. [PMID: 30590053 PMCID: PMC7050911 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Latently infected T cells able to reinitiate viral propagation throughout the body remain a major barrier to curing HIV. Distinguishing between latently infected cells and uninfected cells will advance efforts for viral eradication. HIV decision-making between latency and active replication is stochastic, and drug cocktails that increase bursts of viral gene expression enhance reactivation from latency. Here, we show that a larger host-cell size provides a natural cellular mechanism for enhancing burst size of viral expression and is necessary to destabilize the latent state and bias viral decision-making. Latently infected Jurkat and primary CD4+ T cells reactivate exclusively in larger activated cells, while smaller cells remain silent. In addition, reactivation is cell-cycle dependent and can be modulated with cell-cycle-arresting compounds. Cell size and cell-cycle dependent decision-making of viral circuits may guide stochastic design strategies and applications in synthetic biology and may provide important determinants to advance diagnostics and therapies. Bohn-Wippert et al. investigate reactivation of T cells latently infected with HIV. They discover that only larger cells exit latency, while smaller cells remain silent. Viral expression bursts are cell size and cell-cycle dependent, presenting dynamic cell states, capable of active control, as sources of viral fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bohn-Wippert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Everitt Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erin N Tevonian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Everitt Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yiyang Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Everitt Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Meng-Yao Huang
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Melina R Megaridis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Everitt Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Roy D Dar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Everitt Laboratory, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 North Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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5
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Lian X, Wang G, Zhou H, Zheng Z, Fu Y, Cai L. Anticancer Properties of Fenofibrate: A Repurposing Use. J Cancer 2018; 9:1527-1537. [PMID: 29760790 PMCID: PMC5950581 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the world, and cancer therapy remains a big medical challenge in terms of both its therapeutic efficacy and safety. Therefore, to find out a safe anticancer drug has been long goal for oncologist and medical scientists. Among clinically used medicines with no or little toxicity, fenofibrate is a drug of the fibrate class that plays an important role in lowering the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides while elevating the levels of high-density lipoproteins. Recently, several studies have implied that fenofibrate may exert anticancer effects via a variety of pathways involved in apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, invasion, and migration. Given the great potential that fenofibrate may have anticancer effects, this review was to investigate all published works which directly or indirectly support the anticancer activity of fenofibrate. These studies provide evidence that fenofibrate exerted antitumor effects in several human cancer cell lines, such as breast, liver, glioma, prostate, pancreas, and lung cancer cell lines. Among these studies some have further confirmed the possibility and efficacy of fenofibrate anticancer in xenograft mouse models. In the last part of this review, we also discuss the potential mechanisms of action of fenofibrate based on the available information. Overall, we may repurpose fenofibrate as an anticancer drug in cancer treatment, which urgently need further and comprehensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zongyu Zheng
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yaowen Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University; 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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6
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Reed MAC, Ludwig C, Bunce CM, Khanim FL, Günther UL. Malonate as a ROS product is associated with pyruvate carboxylase activity in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:15. [PMID: 27493727 PMCID: PMC4972992 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of anaplerotic nutrient entry into the Krebs cycle via pyruvate carboxylase has been the subject of increased scrutiny and in particular whether this is dysregulated in cancer. Here, we use a tracer-based NMR analysis involving high-resolution 1H-13C-HSQC spectra to assess site-specific label incorporation into a range of metabolite pools, including malate, aspartate and glutamate in the acute myeloid leukaemia cell line K562. We also determine how this is affected following treatment with the redeployed drug combination of the lipid-regulating drug bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone (BaP). Results Using the tracer-based approach, we assessed the contribution of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) vs. pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in the derivation of Krebs cycle intermediates. Our data show that PC activity is indeed high in K562 cells. We also demonstrate a branched entry to the Krebs cycle of K562 cells with one branch running counterclockwise using PC-derived oxaloacetate and the other clockwise from the PDH activity. Finally, we show that the PC activity of K562 cells exclusively fuels the ROS-induced decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to malonate in response to BaP treatment; resulting in further Krebs cycle disruption via depletion of oxaloacetate and malonate-mediated inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) resulting in a twofold reduction of fumarate. Conclusions This study extends the interest in the PC activity in solid cancers to include leukaemias and further demonstrates the value of tracer-based NMR approaches in generating a more accurate picture of the flow of carbons and metabolites within the increasingly inappropriately named Krebs cycle. Moreover, our studies indicate that the PC activity in cancer cells can be exploited as an Achilles heel by using treatments, such as BaP, that elevate ROS production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0155-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A C Reed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | | | - Farhat L Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Ulrich L Günther
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Yousefi B, Samadi N, Baradaran B, Shafiei-Irannejad V, Zarghami N. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Ligands and Their Role in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Therapeutic Strategies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:17-25. [PMID: 26841308 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib therapy remains the gold standard for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia; however, the acquired resistance to this therapeutic agent in patients has urged the scientists to devise modalities for overcoming this chemoresistance. For this purpose, initially therapeutic agents with higher tyrosine kinase activity were introduced, which had the potential for inhibiting even mutant forms of Bcr-Abl. Furthermore, coupling imatinib with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands also showed beneficial effects in chronic myeloid leukemia cell proliferation. These combination protocols inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis as well as differentiation in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ligands increased imatinib uptake by upregulating the expression of human organic cation transporter 1. Taken together, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ligands are currently being considered as novel promising therapeutic candidates for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment, because they can synergistically enhance the efficacy of imatinib. In this article, we reviewed the potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ligands for use in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment. The mechanism of action of these therapeutics modalities are also presented in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kim SJ, Hong M, Song KD, Lee HK, Ryoo S, Heo TH. Normalization of the levels of inflammatory molecules in Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected U937 cells by fibrate pretreatment. Biol Res 2014; 47:42. [PMID: 25299393 PMCID: PMC4177238 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a respiratory tract disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. M. tuberculosis exploits immune privilege to grow and divide in pleural macrophages. Fibrates are associated with the immune response and control lipid metabolism through glycolysis with β-oxidation of fatty acids. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the effect of fibrate pretreatment on the immune response during M. smegmatis infection in U937 cells, a human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cell line. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), an inflammatory marker, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a toll like receptor adaptor molecule, in the infected group increased at 1 and 6 h after M. smegmatis infection of U937 cells. Acetyl coenzyme A acetyl transferase-1 (ACAT-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), TNF-α, and MyD88 decreased in U937 cells treated with fibrates at 12 and 24 h after treatment. More than a 24 h pretreatment with fibrate resulted in similar expression levels of ACAT-1 and PPAR-α between infected vehicle control and infected groups which were pretreated with fibrate for 24 h. However, upon exposure to M. smegmatis, the cellular expression of the TNF-α and MyD88 in the infected groups pretreated with fibrate for 24 h decreased significantly compared to that in the infected vehicle group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that fibrate pretreatment normalized the levels of inflammatory molecules in Mycobacterium smegmatis-infected U937 cells. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings on pathophysiology and immune defense mechanism of U937 by fibrates during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, 165, Baebang, Asan, Chungnam, 336-795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Duk Song
- The Animal Genomics and Breeding Center, Han-Kyong National University, Anseong, 336-795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- The Animal Genomics and Breeding Center, Han-Kyong National University, Anseong, 336-795, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungweon Ryoo
- Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Mansu-ri 482, Gangoe-myeon, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-954, Cheongwon-gun,Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Hwe Heo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743, Republic of Korea. .,NP512, Hall of Cardinal Jin-Suk Cheong, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Penna F, Pin F, Costamagna D, Reffo P, Baccino FM, Bonelli G, Costelli P. Caspase 2 activation and ER stress drive rapid Jurkat cell apoptosis by clofibrate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45327. [PMID: 23028936 PMCID: PMC3445471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differently from the antiapoptotic action most commonly assigned to peroxisome proliferators (PPs), we demonstrated that some of them, clofibrate (CF) in particular, display clearcut apoptogenic properties on rat hepatoma cell lines. We and others could confirm that CF as well as various other PPs can induce apoptosis in a variety of cells, including human liver, breast and lung cancer cell lines. The present study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxic action of CF on a neoplastic line of different origin, the human T leukemia Jurkat cells. We observed that CF rapidly triggers an extensive and morphologically typical apoptotic process on Jurkat cells, though not in primary T cells, which is completely prevented by the polycaspase inhibitor zVADfmk. Gene silencing studies demonstrated that CF-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells is partially dependent on activation of caspase 2. Looking for a possible trigger of caspase 2 activation, we observed increased levels of phosphorylated eIF2α and JNK in CF-treated cells. Moreover, intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis was perturbed. Together, these findings are suggestive for the occurrence of ER stress, an event that is known to have the potential to activate caspase 2. The present observations demonstrate that CF induces in Jurkat cells a very fast and extensive apoptosis, that involves induction of ER stress and activation of caspases 2 and 3. Since apoptosis in Jurkat cells occurs at pharmacologically relevant concentrations of CF, the present findings encourage further in depth analysis in order to work out the potential implications of CF cytotoxcity on leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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10
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Scatena R. Mitochondria and cancer: a growing role in apoptosis, cancer cell metabolism and dedifferentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 942:287-308. [PMID: 22399428 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2869-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Otto Warburg demonstrated that cancer cells have a peculiar metabolism. These cells preferentially utilise glycolysis for energetic and anabolic purposes, producing large quantities of lactic acid. He defined this unusual metabolism "aerobic glycolysis". At the same time, Warburg hypothesised that a disruption of mitochondrial activities played a precise pathogenic role in cancer. Because of this so-called "Warburg effect", mitochondrial physiology and cellular respiration in particular have been overlooked in pathophysiological studies of cancer. Over time, however, many studies have shown that mitochondria play a fundamental role in cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Moreover, metabolic enzymes of the Krebs cycle have also recently been recognised as oncosuppressors. Recently, a series of studies were undertaken to re-evaluate the role of oxidative mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cell growth and progression. Some of these data indicate that modulation of mitochondrial respiration may induce an arrest of cancer cell proliferation and differentiation (pseudodifferentiation) and/or or death, suggesting that iatrogenic manipulation of some mitochondrial activities may induce anticancer effects. Moreover, studying the role of mitochondria in cancer cell dedifferentiation/differentiation processes may allow further insight into the pathophysiology and therapy of so-called cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scatena
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Mitochondria, PPARs, and Cancer: Is Receptor-Independent Action of PPAR Agonists a Key? PPAR Res 2011; 2008:256251. [PMID: 18645611 PMCID: PMC2464819 DOI: 10.1155/2008/256251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the discovery of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), it was well known that certain drugs considered as classical PPAR-alpha agonists induced hepatocarcinoma or peroxisome proliferation in rodents. These drugs were derivatives of fibric acid, and they included clofibrate, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate. However, such toxicity has never been observed in human patients treated with these hypolipidemic drugs. Thiazolidinediones are a new class of PPAR activators showing greater specificity for the γ isoform of PPARs. These drugs are used as insulin sensitizers in the treatment of type II diabetes. In addition, they have been shown to induce cell differentiation or apoptosis in various experimental models of cancer. PPAR-α ligands have also been shown to induce cancer cell differentiation and, paradoxically, PPAR-γ drug activators have been reported to act as carcinogens. The confusing picture that emerges from these data is further complicated by the series of intriguing side effects observed following administration of pharmacological PPAR ligands (rhabdomyolysis, liver and heart toxicity, anemia, leucopenia). These side effects cannot be easily explained by simple interactions between the drug and nuclear receptors. Rather, these side effects seem to indicate that the ligands have biological activity independent of the nuclear receptors. Considering the emerging role of mitochondria in cancer and the potential metabolic connections between this organelle and PPAR physiology, characterization of the reciprocal influences is fundamental not only for a better understanding of cancer biology, but also for more defined pharmacotoxicological profiles of drugs that modulate PPARs.
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12
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The Role of PPAR Ligands in Controlling Growth-Related Gene Expression and their Interaction with Lipoperoxidation Products. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:524671. [PMID: 18615196 PMCID: PMC2443425 DOI: 10.1155/2008/524671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The three PPAR isoforms (α, γ and β/δ) have been found to play a pleiotropic role in cell fat metabolism. Furthermore, in recent years, evidence has been found regarding the antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and differentiation-promoting activities displayed by PPAR ligands, particularly by PPARγ ligands. PPAR ligands affect the expression of different growth-related genes through both PPAR-dependent and PPAR-independent mechanisms. Moreover, an interaction between PPAR ligands and other molecules which strengthen the effects of PPAR ligands has been described. Here we review the action of PPAR on the control of gene expression with particular regard to the effect of PPAR ligands on the expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell-cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover, the interaction between PPAR ligands and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), the major product of the lipid peroxidation, has been reviewed.
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13
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Fenofibrate induces effective apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma by inhibiting the TNFalpha/NF-kappaB signaling axis. Leukemia 2010; 24:1476-86. [PMID: 20520642 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by frequent resistance to conventional chemotherapy. In this study we provided evidence that fenofibrate, which is widely known as an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), can induce effective apoptosis in treating MCL cells. Addition of fenofibrate to MCL cell lines significantly decreased the number of viable cells by 50% at approximately 20 microM at 72 h. This decrease in cell growth was due to apoptosis, as evidenced by the cleavage of caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The fenofibrate-mediated effects were not significantly affected by GW6471, a specific PPARalpha antagonist. Using an apoptosis pathway-specific oligonucleotide array, we found that fenofibrate significantly downregulated several pro-survival genes, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Importantly, addition of recombinant TNF-alpha conferred partial protection against fenofibrate-induced apoptosis. Fenofibrate also decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-p65 and significantly inhibited the DNA binding of NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner. To conclude, fenofibrate shows efficacy against MCL, and the mechanism can be attributed to its inhibitory effects on the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling axis. In view of the documented safety of fenofibrate in humans, it may provide a valuable therapeutic option for MCL patients.
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Murray JA, Khanim FL, Hayden RE, Craddock CF, Holyoake TL, Jackson N, Lumley M, Bunce CM, Drayson MT. Combined bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate have efficacy without haematological toxicity in elderly and relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Br J Haematol 2010; 149:65-9. [PMID: 20067564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.08055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) causes life-threatening deficits of functional blood cells that require management using red cell and platelet transfusion and aggressive treatment of neutropenic infections. Current cytotoxic chemotherapy further worsens the problem of reduced haemopoiesis and two-thirds of patients are too frail to tolerate intensive chemotherapy at all. Median survival amongst these patients remains at <3 months emphasizing the urgent need for anti-AML therapies that do not suppress haemopoiesis. Our laboratory studies showed combined Bezafibrate and Medroxyprogesterone acetate (BaP) had activity against AML without toxicity to normal stem cells. Here we report the safety and efficacy of BaP in 20 patients (19 AML, 1 high-risk myelodysplasia) for whom intensive chemotherapy was not an option. No patient exhibited haematological toxicity from BaP. Eleven patients took BaP alone for >4 weeks. One reverted from high risk myelodysplasia and remains transfusion independent after 201 weeks of therapy. Three AML patients gained major haematological improvements for 22-30 weeks; in one, marrow was available to document a partial AML response. Thus, this trial indicates that BaP therapy has potential for treatment of elderly and relapsed AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Murray
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Khanim FL, Hayden RE, Birtwistle J, Lodi A, Tiziani S, Davies NJ, Ride JP, Viant MR, Gunther UL, Mountford JC, Schrewe H, Green RM, Murray JA, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Combined bezafibrate and medroxyprogesterone acetate: potential novel therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8147. [PMID: 19997560 PMCID: PMC2785482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients are over sixty years of age. With current treatment regimens, survival rates amongst these, and also those younger patients who relapse, remain dismal and novel therapies are urgently required. In particular, therapies that have anti-leukaemic activity but that, unlike conventional chemotherapy, do not impair normal haemopoiesis. Principal Findings Here we demonstrate the potent anti-leukaemic activity of the combination of the lipid-regulating drug bezafibrate (BEZ) and the sex hormone medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) against AML cell lines and primary AML cells. The combined activity of BEZ and MPA (B/M) converged upon the increased synthesis and reduced metabolism of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) resulting in elevated levels of the downstream highly bioactive, anti-neoplastic prostaglandin 15-deoxy Δ12,14 PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2). BEZ increased PGD2 synthesis via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the lipid peroxidation pathway. MPA directed prostaglandin synthesis towards 15d-PGJ2 by inhibiting the PGD2 11β -ketoreductase activity of the aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3, which metabolises PGD2 to 9α11β-PGF2α. B/M treatment resulted in growth arrest, apoptosis and cell differentiation in both AML cell lines and primary AML cells and these actions were recapitulated by treatment with 15d-PGJ2. Importantly, the actions of B/M had little effect on the survival of normal adult myeloid progenitors. Significance Collectively our data demonstrate that B/M treatment of AML cells elevated ROS and delivered the anti-neoplastic actions of 15d-PGJ2. These observations provide the mechanistic rationale for the redeployment of B/M in elderly and relapsed AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat L. Khanim
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E. Hayden
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Birtwistle
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Lodi
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Davies
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon P. Ride
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich L. Gunther
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy, CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne C. Mountford
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Schrewe
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard M. Green
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jim A. Murray
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Bunce
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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A proteomic approach to characterizing ciglitazone-induced cancer cell differentiation in Hep-G2 cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:615-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Metabolomic profiling of drug responses in acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4251. [PMID: 19158949 PMCID: PMC2621336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined bezafibrate (BEZ) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) exert unexpected antileukaemic activities against acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and these activities are associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the tumor cells. Although the generation of ROS by these drugs is supported by preceding studies including our own, the interrelationship between the cellular effects of the drugs and ROS generation is not well understood. Here we report the use of NMR metabolomic profiling to further study the effect of BEZ and MPA on three AML cell lines and to shed light on the underlying mechanism of action. For this we focused on drug effects induced during the initial 24 hours of treatment prior to the onset of overt cellular responses and examined these in the context of basal differences in metabolic profiles between the cell lines. Despite their ultimately profound cellular effects, the early changes in metabolic profiles engendered by these drugs were less pronounced than the constitutive metabolic differences between cell types. Nonetheless, drug treatments engendered common metabolic changes, most markedly in the response to the combination of BEZ and MPA. These responses included changes to TCA cycle intermediates consistent with recently identified chemical actions of ROS. Notable amongst these was the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinate which was recapitulated by the treatment of cell extracts with exogenous hydrogen peroxide. These findings indicate that the actions of combined BEZ and MPA against AML cells are indeed mediated downstream of the generation of ROS rather than some hitherto unsuspected mechanism. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that metabolite profiles represent highly sensitive markers for genomic differences between cells and their responses to external stimuli. This opens new perspectives to use metabolic profiling as a tool to study the rational redeployment of drugs in new disease settings.
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18
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Bertz J, Zang C, Liu H, Wächter M, Possinger K, Koeffler HP, Elstner E. Compound 48, a novel dual PPAR alpha/gamma ligand, inhibits the growth of human CML cell lines and enhances the anticancer-effects of imatinib. Leuk Res 2009; 33:686-92. [PMID: 19131110 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Compound 48 (C48) is a novel dual ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPAR alpha/gamma). Culture of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant CML cell lines with C48 resulted in a strong growth inhibition which associated with G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. However, it showed no obvious toxicity to normal CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. Decrease of pSTATs and pAKT were noticed suggesting that interference of AKT and STATs signaling may be the mechanisms for the effects of PPAR alpha/gamma ligands. Of more clinical importance, this ligand strongly enhanced the anticancer-effects of imatinib. Overall, our data suggest that the PPAR alpha/gamma ligands may have potentials in the treatment of CML in an adjuvant setting either before or after the development of imatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bertz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charité, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Sánchez-Martín CC, Dávalos A, Martín-Sánchez C, de la Peña G, Fernández-Hernando C, Lasunción MA. Cholesterol Starvation Induces Differentiation of Human Leukemia HL-60 Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3379-86. [PMID: 17409448 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is particularly active in malignant, proliferative cells, whereas cholesterol starvation has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation. Inhibition of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis at steps before the formation of 7-dehydrocholesterol has been shown to selectively affect cell cycle progression from G(2) phase in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. In the present work, we explored whether cholesterol starvation by culture in cholesterol-free medium and treatment with different distal cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors induces differentiation of HL-60 cells. Treatment with SKF 104976, an inhibitor of lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, or with zaragozic acid, which inhibits squalene synthase, caused morphologic changes alongside respiratory burst activity and expression of cluster of differentiation antigen 11c (CD11c) but not cluster of differentiation antigen 14. These effects were comparable to those produced by all-trans retinoic acid, which induces HL-60 cells to differentiate following a granulocyte lineage. In contrast, they differed from those produced by vitamin D(3), which promotes monocyte differentiation. The specificity of the response was confirmed by addition of cholesterol to the culture medium. Treatment with PD 98059, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, abolished both the activation of NADPH oxidase and the expression of the CD11c marker. In sharp contrast, BM 15766, which inhibits sterol Delta(7)-reductase, failed to induce differentiation or arrest cell proliferation. These results show that changes in the sterol composition may trigger a differentiation response and highlight the potential of cholesterol pathway inhibition as a possible tool for use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C Sánchez-Martín
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, and CIBER Fisología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Nocca G, De Palma F, Minucci A, De Sole P, Martorana GE, Callà C, Morlacchi C, Gozzo ML, Gambarini G, Chimenti C, Giardina B, Lupi A. Alterations of energy metabolism and glutathione levels of HL-60 cells induced by methacrylates present in composite resins. J Dent 2007; 35:187-94. [PMID: 16979810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methacrylic compounds such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) are largely present in auto- or photopolymerizable composite resins. Since the polymerization reaction is never complete, these molecules are released into the oral cavity tissues and biological fluids where they could cause local adverse effects. The aim of this work was to verify the hypothesis that the biological effects of HEMA, TEGDMA and Bis-GMA - at a non-cytotoxic concentration - depend on the interaction with mitochondria and exert consequent alterations of energy metabolism, GSH levels and the related pathways in human promyelocytic cell line (HL-60). METHODS The biological effects of methacrylic monomers were determined by analyzing the following parameters: GSH concentration, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, oxygen and glucose consumption and lactate production along with cell differentiation and proliferation. RESULTS All monomers induced both cellular differentiation and decrease in oxygen consumption. Cells treated with TEGDMA and Bis-GMA showed a significant enhancement of glucose consumption and lactate production. TEGDMA and HEMA induced GSH depletion stimulating G6PDH and GR activity. CONCLUSIONS All the monomers under study affect the metabolism of HL-60 cells and show differentiating activity. Since alterations in cellular metabolism occurred at compound concentrations well below cytotoxic levels, the changes in energy metabolism and glutathione redox balance could be considered as potential mechanisms for inducing clinical and sub-clinical adverse effects and thus providing useful parameters when testing biocompatibility of dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nocca
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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Seo GS, Lee SH, Choi SC, Choi EY, Oh HM, Choi EJ, Park DS, Kim SW, Kim TH, Nah YH, Kim S, Kim SH, You SH, Jun CD. Iron chelator induces THP-1 cell differentiation potentially by modulating intracellular glutathione levels. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1502-12. [PMID: 16632111 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 11/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelators have been implicated to modulate certain inflammatory mediators and regulate inflammatory processes. Here we report that iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) induces differentiation of monocytic THP-1 cells into functional macrophages. DFO rapidly phosphorylated both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase. Blockade of ERK signaling by the MEK1/2 inhibitor PD098059 abolished DFO-induced class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) expression and phagocytic activity, indicating that ERK cascades mediate the induction of THP-1 differentiation. In contrast, in cells treated with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 or transfected with the dominant-negative variant of p38 kinase, DFO-mediated ERK activation became more prominent, and the induction of SR-A expression and phagocytic activity were significantly increased. Interestingly, differentiation by DFO was associated with decrease in cellular glutathione (GSH) level. Both MAPK inhibitors did not influence the GSH level; however, treatment with ferric citrate (Fe3+) or N-acetyl-cysteine, a major precursor of GSH, markedly recovered GSH level to a normal extent, along with the significant decrease of differentiation. Collectively, these results indicate that oxidative stress by DFO and the resulting activation of ERK cascade play dominant roles in the process of THP-1 differentiation, while p38 acts as a negative signal transmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geom-Seog Seo
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, Korea
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22
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Liu H, Zang C, Fenner MH, Liu D, Possinger K, Koeffler HP, Elstner E. Growth inhibition and apoptosis in human Philadelphia chromosome-positive lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines by treatment with the dual PPARalpha/gamma ligand TZD18. Blood 2006; 107:3683-92. [PMID: 16403907 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of adult Philadelphia chromosome-positive lymphocytic leukemia is rarely successful. We report here the effects of TZD18, a novel dual ligand specific for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPARalpha/gamma) on Ph(+) lymphocytic leukemia cell lines BV173, SD1, and SupB-15. Exposure of these cells to TZD18 resulted in growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner that was associated with G(1) cell cycle arrest. This effect was much stronger than that mediated by the PPARgamma ligand pioglitazone (PGZ), which also belongs to the thiazolidinediones (TZD) class of ligands. However, it may not be mediated through PPARgamma or PPARalpha activation because antagonists of PPARgamma and PPARalpha cannot reverse it. Study of the key regulators of cell cycle progression by Western blot analysis showed that the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p27(kip1), but not that of p21(cip1), was enhanced, whereas that of c-Myc, cyclin E, cyclin D2, and cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4 (CDK-2 and CDK-4) was decreased when these cells were treated with TZD18 (10 or 20 microM). Therefore, the up-regulation of p27(kip1) and the down-regulation of CDK-2 and CDK-4 may, at least in part, account for the G(1) cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, a remarkable induction of apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with this dual ligand. No obvious alteration of bcl-2 protein level occurred, but bax was up-regulated in these TZD18-treated cells. Activation of caspase 8 and caspase 9 by TZD18 was also observed. Importantly, NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was markedly decreased by the TZD18 treatment. In addition, TZD18 enhanced the growth inhibitory effect of imatinib, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapeutically used in the treatment of Ph(+) leukemia. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that TZD18 may offer a new therapeutic approach to aid in the treatment of Ph(+) lymphocytic leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Ligands
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/agonists
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/genetics
- Phenyl Ethers/administration & dosage
- Phenyl Ethers/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine Charité, Humboldt University, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Scatena R, Bottoni P, Martorana GE, Ferrari F, De Sole P, Rossi C, Giardina B. Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, a non-receptor-mediated effect of synthetic PPAR-ligands: biochemical and pharmacological implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:967-73. [PMID: 15184076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a class of nuclear receptors involved in lipid and glucidic metabolism, immune regulation, and cell differentiation. Many of their biological activities have been studied by using selective synthetic activators (mainly fibrates and thiazolidinediones) which have been already employed in therapeutic protocols. Both kinds of drugs, however, showed pharmacotoxicological profiles, which cannot be ascribed by any means to receptor activation. To better understand these non-receptorial or extrareceptorial aspects, the effect of different PPAR-ligands on the metabolic status of human HL-60 cell line has been investigated. At this regard, NMR analysis of cell culture supernatants was accomplished in order to monitor modifications at the level of cell metabolism. Cell growth and chemiluminescence assays were employed to verify cell differentiation. Results showed that all the considered PPAR-ligands, although with different potencies and independently from their PPAR binding specificity, induced a significant derangement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain consisting in a strong inhibition of NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. This derangement has been shown to be strictly correlated to the adaptive metabolic modifications, as evidenced by the increased formation of lactate and acetate, due to the stimulation of anaerobic glycolysis and fatty acid beta-oxidation. It is worthy noting that the mitochondrial dysfunction appeared also linked to the capacity of any given PPAR-ligand to induce cell differentiation. These data could afford an explanation of biochemical and toxicological aspects related to the therapeutic use of synthetic PPAR-ligands and suggest a revision of PPAR pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scatena
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Laurora S, Pizzimenti S, Briatore F, Fraioli A, Maggio M, Reffo P, Ferretti C, Dianzani MU, Barrera G. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands affect growth-related gene expression in human leukemic cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:932-42. [PMID: 12649303 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors. Three subtypes of PPARs (alpha, beta, and gamma) have been identified in different tissues. PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma ligands inhibit cell proliferation and induce differentiation in several human cell models. We demonstrated that both PPAR alpha (clofibrate and ciprofibrate) and PPAR gamma ligands (troglitazone and 15 deoxy-prostaglandin J2, 15d-PGJ2) inhibited growth, induced the onset of monocytic-like differentiation, and increased the proportion of G0/G1 cells in the HL-60 leukemic cell line. Moreover, 3 days after the treatment with 2.5 microM 15d-PGJ2, an increase in sub-G0/G1 population occurred, compatible with an induction of programmed cell death. To clarify the mechanisms involved in HL-60 growth inhibition due to the effects of PPAR ligands, we investigated their action on the expression of some genes involved in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression such as c-myc, c-myb, and cyclin D1 and D2. Clofibrate (50 microM), ciprofibrate (50 microM), and 15d-PGJ2 (2.5 microM) inhibited c-myb and cyclin D2 expression, whereas they did not affect c-myc and cyclin D1 expression. Only troglitazone (5 microM) decreased c-myc mRNA and protein levels, besides decreasing c-myb and cyclin D2. The down-regulations of c-myb and cyclin D2 expression represent the first evidence of the inhibitory effect exerted by PPAR ligands on these genes. Moreover, the inhibition of c-myc expression by troglitazone may depend on a PPAR-independent mechanism.
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Fenton SL, Luong QT, Sarafeim A, Mustard KJW, Pound J, Desmond JC, Gordon J, Drayson MT, Bunce CM. Fibrates and medroxyprogesterone acetate induce apoptosis of primary Burkitt's lymphoma cells and cell lines: potential for applying old drugs to a new disease. Leukemia 2003; 17:568-75. [PMID: 12646946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies for Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) utilise combined cytotoxic chemotherapy, but these treatments are not always available in areas where the disease is endemic and are also markedly less successful in AIDS-related BL. Therefore, additional therapies are urgently required. We demonstrate here that combined fibrates and MPA exert powerful, antiproliferative actions against well-characterised Daudi, Raji and L3055 BL cell lines and primary BL cells. Detailed studies in L3055 demonstrated that this activity was mediated by induced apoptosis and confirmed by observations that overexpression of the antiapoptotic genes bcl-2 or bcl-x(L) conferred significant protection against the drugs. Importantly, since fibrates and MPA are inexpensive and stable with minimal-associated toxicities, we suggest that these drugs should be considered as adjuncts to currently available treatments for BL in endemic and AIDS-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Fenton
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
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Pizzimenti S, Laurora S, Briatore F, Ferretti C, Dianzani MU, Barrera G. Synergistic effect of 4-hydroxynonenal and PPAR ligands in controlling human leukemic cell growth and differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:233-45. [PMID: 11827749 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors play an important role in the differentiation of different cell lines. In this study we demonstrate that PPAR-alpha ligands (clofibrate and ciprofibrate) and PPAR-gamma ligands (troglitazone and 15d-prostaglandin J2) inhibit growth and induce monocytic differentiation in HL-60 cells, whereas only PPAR-gamma ligands inhibit growth of U937 cells. Differentiation was demonstrated by the analysis of surface antigen expression CD11b and CD14, and by the characteristic morphological changes. PPAR-gamma ligands are more effective than PPAR-alpha ligands in the inhibition of cell growth and in the induction of differentiation. The physiological product of lipid peroxidation, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), which alone induces granulocytic-like differentiation of HL-60 cells, potentiates the monocytic differentiation induced by ciprofibrate, troglitazone, and 15d-prostaglandin J2. The same HNE treatment significantly inhibits U937 cell growth and potentiates the inhibition of cell growth in PPAR-gamma ligand-treated cells. However, HNE does not induce a significant number of CD14-positive U937 cells. HNE causes a great increase of PPAR-gamma expression in both HL-60 and U937 cells, whereas it does not modify the PPAR-alpha expression. This observation may account for the high synergistic effect displayed by HNE and PPAR-gamma ligands in the inhibition of cell growth and differentiation induction. These results represent the first evidence of the involvement of a product of lipid peroxidation in the modulation of PPAR ligand activity and suggest a relationship between HNE and PPAR ligand pathways in leukemic cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pizzimenti
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Oncologia Sperimentale, Universita' degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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