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Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Roet M, Hescham SA, Jahanshahi A, Rutten BPF, Anikeeva PO, Temel Y. Progress in neuromodulation of the brain: A role for magnetic nanoparticles? Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:1-14. [PMID: 30878723 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of neuromodulation is developing rapidly. Current techniques, however, are still limited as they i) either depend on permanent implants, ii) require invasive procedures, iii) are not cell-type specific, iv) involve slow pharmacokinetics or v) have a restricted penetration depth making it difficult to stimulate regions deep within the brain. Refinements into the different fields of neuromodulation are thus needed. In this review, we will provide background information on the different techniques of neuromodulation discussing their latest refinements and future potentials including the implementation of nanoparticles (NPs). In particular we will highlight the usage of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as transducers in advanced neuromodulation. When exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF), certain MNPs can generate heat through hysteresis. This MNP heating has been promising in the field of cancer therapy and has recently been introduced as a method for remote and wireless neuromodulation. This indicates that MNPs may aid in the exploration of brain functions via neuromodulation and may eventually be applied for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. We will address the materials chemistry of MNPs, their biomedical applications, their delivery into the brain, their mechanisms of stimulation with emphasis on MNP heating and their remote control in living tissue. The final section compares and discusses the parameters used for MNP heating in brain cancer treatment and neuromodulation. Concluding, using MNPs for nanomaterial-mediated neuromodulation seem promising in a variety of techniques and could be applied for different neuropsychiatric disorders when more extensively investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milaine Roet
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands
| | - Sarah-Anna Hescham
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands
| | - Polina O Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Research Laboratory of Electronics, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States of America
| | - Yasin Temel
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200, MD, The Netherlands; European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), The Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, 6202, AZ, The Netherlands.
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3
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is a malignant tumor of astrocytic origin that is highly invasive, proliferative and angiogenic. Despite current advances in multimodal therapies, such as surgery, radio- and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with glioblastoma is nearly always fatal. The glioblastoma microenvironment has a tremendous influence over the tumor growth and spread. Microglia and macrophages are abundant cells in the tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates that glioblastoma recruits these cell populations and signals in a way that microglia and macrophages are subverted to promote tumor progression. In this chapter, we discuss some aspects of the interaction between microglia and glioblastoma, consequences of this interaction for tumor progression and the possibility of microglial cells being used as therapeutic vectors, which opens up new alternatives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Carvalho da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Rackele Amaral
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Celina Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-590, Brazil.
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Calatayud MP, Soler E, Torres TE, Campos-Gonzalez E, Junquera C, Ibarra MR, Goya GF. Cell damage produced by magnetic fluid hyperthermia on microglial BV2 cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8627. [PMID: 28819156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present evidence on the effects of exogenous heating by water bath (WB) and magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) on a glial micro-tumor phantom. To this, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of 30-40 nm were designed to obtain particle sizes for maximum heating efficiency. The specific power absorption (SPA) values (f = 560 kHz, H = 23.9 kA/m) for as prepared colloids (533-605 W/g) dropped to 98-279 W/g in culture medium. The analysis of the intracellular MNPs distribution showed vesicle-trapped MNPs agglomerates spread along the cytoplasm, as well as large (~0.5-0.9 μm) clusters attached to the cell membrane. Immediately after WB and MHT (T = 46 °C for 30 min) the cell viability was ≈70% and, after 4.5 h, decreased to 20-25%, demonstrating that metabolic processes are involved in cell killing. The analysis of the cell structures after MHT revealed a significant damage of the cell membrane that is correlated to the location of MNPs clusters, while local cell damage were less noticeable after WB without MNPs. In spite of the similar thermal effects of WB and MHT on the cell viability, our results suggest that there is an additional mechanism of cell damage related to the presence of MNPs at the intracellular space.
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Nicoletti NF, Erig TC, Zanin RF, Roxo MR, Ferreira NP, Gomez MV, Morrone FB, Campos MM. Pre-clinical evaluation of voltage-gated calcium channel blockers derived from the spider P. nigriventer in glioma progression. Toxicon 2017; 129:58-67. [PMID: 28202361 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of P/Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) blockers derived from P. nigriventer in glioma progression, by means of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Glioma cells M059J, U-138MG and U-251MG were used to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of P/Q- and N-type VGCC inhibitors PhTx3-3 and Phα1β from P. nigriventer (0.3-100 pM), in comparison to MVIIC and MVIIA from C. magus (0.3-100 pM), respectively. The toxins were also analyzed in a glioma model induced by implantation of GL261 mouse cells. PhTx3-3, Phα1β and MVIIA displayed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation and viability of all tested glioma cell lines, and evoked cell death mainly with apoptosis characteristics, as indicated by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) positivity. The antiproliferative effects of toxins were confirmed by flow cytometry using Ki67 staining. None of the tested toxins altered the proliferation rates of the N9 non-tumor glial cell line. Noteworthy, the administration of the preferential N-type VGCC inhibitors, Phα1β (50 pmol/site; i.c.v.), its recombinant form CTK 01512-2 (50 pmol/site; i.c.v. and i.t.), or MVIIA (10 pmol/site; i.c.v.) caused significant reductions of tumor areas in vivo. N-type VGCC inhibition by Phα1β, CTK 01512-2, and MVIIA led to a marked increase of GFAP-activated astrocytes, and Iba-1-positive microglia, in the peritumoral region, which might explain, at least in part, the inhibitory effects of the toxins in tumor development. This study provides novel evidence on the potential effects of P. nigriventer-derived P/Q-, and mainly, N-type VGCC inhibitors, in glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Fontana Nicoletti
- PUCRS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PUCRS, Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Fernandes Zanin
- PUCRS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ricardo Roxo
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia, Hospital São José, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; UCS, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurocirurgia, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Nelson Pires Ferreira
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia, Hospital São José, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Gomez
- UFMG, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurociências, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bueno Morrone
- PUCRS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PUCRS, Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PUCRS, Faculdade de Farmácia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Campos
- PUCRS, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PUCRS, Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PUCRS, Faculdade de Odontologia, Laboratório de Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Du L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhu J, Yang Y, Zhang H. Role of Microglia in Neurological Disorders and Their Potentials as a Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:7567-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ma Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY. The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:247-272. [PMID: 26851161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages originated from primitive progenitor cells in the yolk sac. Microglia can be activated within hours and recruited to the lesion site. Traditionally, microglia activation is considered to play a deleterious role in ischemic stroke, as inhibition of microglia activation attenuates ischemia induced brain injury. However, increasing evidence show that microglia activation is critical for attenuating neuronal apoptosis, enhancing neurogenesis, and promoting functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. Differential polarization of microglia could likely explain the biphasic role of microglia in ischemia. We comprehensively reviewed the mechanisms involved in regulating microglia activation and polarization. The latest discoveries of microRNAs in modulating microglia function are discussed. In addition, the interaction between microglia and other cells including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and stem cells were also reviewed. Future therapies targeting microglia may not exclusively aim at suppressing microglia activation, but also at modulating microglia polarization at different stages of ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of microglia polarization under ischemic environment. The roles of microRNAs and transplanted stem cells in mediating microglia activation and polarization during brain ischemia also need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China; Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Bussy C, Al-Jamal KT, Boczkowski J, Lanone S, Prato M, Bianco A, Kostarelos K. Microglia Determine Brain Region-Specific Neurotoxic Responses to Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Nano 2015; 9:7815-7830. [PMID: 26043308 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface tunability and their ability to translocate plasma membranes make chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) promising intracellular delivery systems for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes in the central nervous system (CNS). The present study aimed to determine the biological impact of different types of multiwalled CNTs (MWNTs) on primary neuronal and glial cell populations isolated from fetal rat frontal cortex (FCO) and striatum (ST). Neurons from both brain regions were generally not affected by exposure to MWNTs as determined by a modified LDH assay. In contrast, the viability of mixed glia was reduced in ST-derived mixed glial cultures, but not in FCO-derived ones. Cytotoxicity was independent of MWNT type or dose, suggesting an inherent sensitivity to CNTs. Characterization of the cell populations in mixed glial cultures prior to nanotube exposure showed higher number of CD11b/c positive cells in the ST-derived mixed glial cultures. After exposure to MWNTs, CNT were uptaken more effectively by CD11b/c positive cells (microglia), compared to GFAP positive cells (astrocytes). When exposed to conditioned media from microglia enriched cultures exposed to MWNTs, ST-derived glial cultures secreted more NO than FCO-derived cells. These results suggested that the more significant cytotoxic response obtained from ST-derived mixed glia cultures was related to the higher number of microglial cells in this brain region. Our findings emphasize the role that resident macrophages of the CNS play in response to nanomaterials and the need to thoroughly investigate the brain region-specific effects toward designing implantable devices or delivery systems to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences & National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Boczkowski
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale , Créteil F-94010 , France
- Université Paris Est Val de Marne (UPEC) , Créteil F-94010, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Physiologie Explorations Fonctionnelles , Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Sophie Lanone
- INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale , Créteil F-94010 , France
- Université Paris Est Val de Marne (UPEC) , Créteil F-94010, France
- Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil , Service de Pneumologie et Pathologie Professionnelle, Créteil F-94000, France
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , UPR 3572, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences & National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London , Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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9
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Abstract
Each year, about 5-6 cases out of 100,000 people are diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors, of which about 80% are malignant gliomas (MGs). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for more than half of MG cases. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite current multimodality treatment efforts including maximal surgical resection if feasible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, the median survival is short: only about 15months. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors has presented opportunities for newer therapies to evolve and an expectation of better control of this disease. Lately, efforts have been made to investigate tumor resistance, which results from complex alternate signaling pathways, the existence of glioma stem-cells, the influence of the blood-brain barrier as well as the expression of 0(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. In this paper, we review up-to-date information on MGs treatment including current approaches, novel drug-delivering strategies, molecular targeted agents and immunomodulative treatments, and discuss future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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10
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Abstract
Designer nanoscaled materials have the potential to revolutionize diagnosis and treatment for glioma. This review summarizes current progress in nanoparticle-based therapies for glioma treatment including targeting, drug delivery, gene delivery, and direct tumor ablation. Preclinical and current human clinical trials are discussed. Although progress in the field has been significant over the past decade, many successful strategies demonstrated in the laboratory have yet to be implemented in human clinical trials. Looking forward, we provide examples of combined treatment strategies, which harness the potential for nanoparticles to interact with their biochemical environment, and simultaneously with externally applied photons or magnetic fields. We present our notion of the "ideal" nanoparticle for glioma, a concept that may soon be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Chiarelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Forrest M Kievit
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Castellano P, Eugenin EA. Regulation of gap junction channels by infectious agents and inflammation in the CNS. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:122. [PMID: 24847208 PMCID: PMC4023065 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are conglomerates of intercellular channels that connect the cytoplasm of two or more cells, and facilitate the transfer of ions and small molecules, including second messengers, resulting in metabolic and electrical coordination. In general, loss of gap junctional communication (GJC) has been associated with cellular damage and inflammation resulting in compromise of physiological functions. Recently, it has become evident that GJ channels also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and associated inflammation. Several pathogens use the transfer of intracellular signals through GJ channels to spread infection and toxic signals that amplify inflammation to neighboring cells. Thus, identification of the mechanisms by which several infectious agents alter GJC could result in new potential therapeutic approaches to reduce inflammation and their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Castellano
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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12
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Könnecke H, Bechmann I. The role of microglia and matrix metalloproteinases involvement in neuroinflammation and gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:914104. [PMID: 24023566 DOI: 10.1155/2013/914104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) as well as in the expansion of malignant gliomas because they facilitate penetration of anatomical barriers (such as the glia limitans) and migration within the neuropil. This review elucidates pathomechanisms and summarizes the current knowledge of the involvement of MMPs in neuroinflammation and glioma, invasion highlighting microglia as major sources of MMPs. The induction of expression, suppression, and multiple pathways of function of MMPs in these scenarios will also be discussed. Understanding the induction and action of MMPs might provide valuable information and reveal attractive targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Wei J, Gabrusiewicz K, Heimberger A. The controversial role of microglia in malignant gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:285246. [PMID: 23983766 DOI: 10.1155/2013/285246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas contain stroma and a variety of immune cells including abundant activated microglia/macrophages. Mounting evidence indicates that the glioma microenvironment converts the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells; however, GAMs can retain intrinsic anti-tumor properties. Here, we review and discuss this duality and the potential therapeutic strategies that may inhibit their glioma-supportive and propagating functions.
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14
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Krol S. Challenges in drug delivery to the brain: Nature is against us. J Control Release 2012; 164:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lima FRS, Kahn SA, Soletti RC, Biasoli D, Alves T, da Fonseca ACC, Garcia C, Romão L, Brito J, Holanda-Afonso R, Faria J, Borges H, Moura-Neto V. Glioblastoma: therapeutic challenges, what lies ahead. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:338-49. [PMID: 22677165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human cancers. Despite current advances in multimodality therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with high grade glioma remains fatal. The knowledge of how glioma cells develop and depend on the tumor environment might open opportunities for new therapies. There is now a growing awareness that the main limitations in understanding and successfully treating GBM might be bypassed by the identification of a distinct cell type that has defining properties of somatic stem cells, as well as cancer-initiating capacity - brain tumor stem cells, which could represent a therapeutic target. In addition, experimental studies have demonstrated that the combination of antiangiogenic therapy, based on the disruption of tumor blood vessels, with conventional chemotherapy generates encouraging results. Emerging reports have also shown that microglial cells can be used as therapeutic vectors to transport genes and/or substances to the tumor site, which opens up new perspectives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglial cells. Finally, recent studies have shown that natural toxins can be conjugated to drugs that bind to overexpressed receptors in cancer cells, generating targeted-toxins to selectively kill cancer cells. These targeted-toxins are highly effective against radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, making them good candidates for clinical trials in GBM patients. In this review, we discuss recent studies that reveal new possibilities of GBM treatment taking into account cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, microglial cells and drug delivery in the development of new targeted-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Microglia, which contribute substantially to the tumor mass of glioblastoma, have been shown to play an important role in glioma growth and invasion. While a large number of experimental studies on functional attributes of microglia in glioma provide evidence for their tumor-supporting roles, there also exist hints in support of their anti-tumor properties. Microglial activities during glioma progression seem multifaceted. They have been attributed to the receptors expressed on the microglia surface, to glioma-derived molecules that have an effect on microglia, and to the molecules released by microglia in response to their environment under glioma control, which can have autocrine effects. In this paper, the microglia and glioma literature is reviewed. We provide a synopsis of the molecular profile of microglia under the influence of glioma in order to help establish a rational basis for their potential therapeutic use. The ability of microglia precursors to cross the blood-brain barrier makes them an attractive target for the development of novel cell-based treatments of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratories, The Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Kim J, Park HO, Jang S, Shin C, Ryu J, Kim Y, Yang SI. Gene expression profiling associated with treatment of positive charged colloidal silica nanoparticle in human neuroblastoma cells. BioChip J 2011; 5:317-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-011-5405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ribot EJ, Miraux S, Konsman JP, Bouchaud V, Pourtau L, Delville MH, Franconi JM, Thiaudière E, Voisin PJ. In vivo MR tracking of therapeutic microglia to a human glioma model. NMR Biomed 2011; 24:1361-1368. [PMID: 21387452 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge of the spatial localization of cell vehicles used in gene therapy against glioma is necessary before launching therapy. For this purpose, MRI cell tracking is performed by labeling the cell vehicles with contrast agents. In this context, the goal of this study was to follow noninvasively the chemoattraction of therapeutic microglial cells to a human glioma model before triggering therapy. Silica nanoparticles grafted with gadolinium were used to label microglia. These vehicles, expressing constitutively the thymidine kinase suicide gene fused to the green fluorescent protein gene, were injected intravenously into human glioma-bearing nude mice. MRI was performed at 4.7 T to track noninvasively microglial accumulation in the tumor. This was followed by microscopy on brain slices to assess the presence in the glioma of the contrast agents, microglia and fusion gene through the detection of silica nanoparticles grafted with tetramethyl rhodamine iso-thiocyanate, 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate and green fluorescent protein fluorescence, respectively. Finally, gancyclovir was administered systemically to mice. Human microglia were detectable in living mice, with strong negative contrast on T(2) *-weighted MR images, at the periphery of the glioma only 24 h after systemic injection. The location of the dark dots was identical in MR microscopy images of the extracted brains at 9.4 T. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of the contrast agents, exogenous microglia and suicide gene in the intracranial tumor. In addition, gancyclovir treatment allowed an increase in mice survival time. This study validates the MR tracking of microglia to a glioma after systemic injection and their use in a therapeutic strategy against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline J Ribot
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, CNRS/Université V. Ségalen Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Kim Y, Yu M, Park H, Yang SI. Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by silica nanomaterials in human neuronal cell line. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010; 6:336-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lalancette-Hébert M, Moquin A, Choi AO, Kriz J, Maysinger D. Lipopolysaccharide-QD micelles induce marked induction of TLR2 and lipid droplet accumulation in olfactory bulb microglia. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1183-94. [PMID: 20459083 DOI: 10.1021/mp1000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal entry of biological and artificial nanoparticles can induce inflammatory responses both locally and more widely in surrounding tissues. The aim of this study was to assess the microglia activation induced by nanoparticles with different surfaces in (i) a transgenic mouse (Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-luciferase (Luc) reporter) which allowed the biophotonic imaging of microglial activation/innate immune response after intranasal delivery of nanoparticles and (ii) in microglial dispersed cells in vitro. Cadmium selenide nanoparticles (quantum dots, QD), surface-exchanged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to form micelles, were tested to assess microglia activation and lipid droplet formation in both model systems. In vivo imaging revealed a robust increase in the extent of microglial activation/TLR2 response, initially in the olfactory bulb, but also in other more caudal brain regions. The increased TLR2 expression was complemented with enhanced CD68 expression in activated microglia in the same regions. Intense in vitro microglial activation by LPS-QD micelles was accompanied by a significant enhancement of nitric oxide production and formation of large lipid droplets, suggesting the possibility of this organelle acting as an inflammatory biomarker in response to nanoparticles, and not simply as a storage site in fat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lalancette-Hébert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Kim Y, Kang SK, Yang SI. Comparative study on transcriptional responses of human neuronal cells to silica nanoparticles with different stabilizers. BioChip J 2010; 4:296-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are being formulated for cellular imaging and for nonviral gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS), but it is unclear what potential effects SiNPs can elicit once they enter the CNS. As the resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are the cells most likely to respond to SiNP entry into the brain. Upon activation, they are capable of undergoing morphological and functional changes. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of SiNP exposure using primary rat microglia. METHODS We observed microglial uptake of SiNPs using transmission electron and fluorescence confocal microscopy. Microglial functions, including phagocytosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), expression of proinflammatory genes, and cytokine release, were measured after SiNP exposure at different concentrations. RESULTS Microglia are capable of avidly taking up SiNPs at all concentrations tested. These same concentrations did not elicit cytotoxicity or a change in phagocytic activity. SiNPs did increase the productions of both intracellular ROS and RNS. We also observed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression at all concentrations tested and a significant increase in COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) gene expression at the highest concentration of SiNPs. Analysis of cytokine release showed a detectable level of interleukin-1beta. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study demonstrating the in vitro effects of SiNPs in primary microglia. Our findings suggest that very low levels of SiNPs are capable of altering microglial function. Increased ROS and RNS production, changes in proinflammatory genes, and cytokine release may not only adversely affect microglial function but also affect surrounding neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingdong Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomás R. Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to T.R. Guilarte, Neurotoxicology and Molecular Imaging, Division of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Room E6622, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Telephone: (410) 955-2485. Fax: (410) 502-2470. E-mail:
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Bouzier-Sore AK, Ribot E, Bouchaud V, Miraux S, Duguet E, Mornet S, Clofent-Sanchez G, Franconi JM, Voisin P. Nanoparticle phagocytosis and cellular stress: involvement in cellular imaging and in gene therapy against glioma. NMR Biomed 2010; 23:88-96. [PMID: 19795366 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In gene therapy against glioma, targeting tumoral tissue is not an easy task. We used the tumor infiltrating property of microglia in this study. These cells are well adapted to this therapy since they can phagocyte nanoparticles and allow their visualization by MRI. Indeed, while many studies have used transfected microglia containing a suicide gene and other internalized nanoparticles to visualize microglia, none have combined both approaches during gene therapy. Microglia cells were transfected with the TK-GFP gene under the control of the HSP(70) promoter. First, the possible cellular stress induced by nanoparticle internalization was checked to avoid a non-specific activation of the suicide gene. Then, MR images were obtained on tubes containing microglia loaded with superparamagnetic nanoparticles (VUSPIO) to characterize their MR properties, as well as their potential to track cells in vivo. VUSPIO were efficiently internalized by microglia, were found non-toxic and their internalization did not induce any cellular stress. VUSPIO relaxivity r(2) was 224 mM(-1).s(-1). Such results could generate a very high contrast between loaded and unloaded cells on T(2)-weighted images. The intracellular presence of VUSPIO does not prevent suicide gene activity, since TK is expressed in vitro and functional in vivo. It allows MRI detection of gene modified macrophages during cell therapy strategies.
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Abstract
The past 20 years have seen a gain in knowledge on microglia biology and microglia functions in disease that exceeds the expectations formulated when the microglia "immune network" was introduced. More than 10,000 articles have been published during this time. Important new research avenues of clinical importance have opened up such as the role of microglia in pain and in brain tumors. New controversies have also emerged such as the question of whether microglia are active or reactive players in neurodegenerative disease conditions, or whether they may be victims themselves. Premature commercial interests may be responsible for some of the confusion that currently surrounds microglia in both the Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease research fields. A critical review of the literature shows that the concept of "(micro)glial inflammation" is still open to interpretation, despite a prevailing slant towards a negative meaning. Perhaps the most exciting foreseeable development concerns research on the role of microglia in synaptic plasticity, which is expected to yield an answer to the question whether microglia are the brain's electricians. This review provides an analysis of the latest developments in the microglia field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel B Graeber
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Neurosciences Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Behrendt M, Sandros MG, McKinney RA, McDonald K, Przybytkowski E, Tabrizian M, Maysinger D. Imaging and organelle distribution of fluorescent InGaP/ZnS nanoparticles in glial cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:747-61. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the effects of oleic acid treatment on subcellular distribution of indium gallium phosphide–zinc sulfide (InGaP/ZnS) nanoparticles in microglia and astrocytes. Materials & methods: The extent of colocalization between the nanoparticles and organelles was assessed by confocal microscopy, spectrofluorometry and cell sorting. Results: Cell treatment with a common fatty acid (oleic acid) within the range of physiological concentrations markedly enhanced the InGaP/ZnS uptake by microglia and afforded their colocalization within lipid droplets/lysosomes but not with mitochondria. Conclusion: These results suggest that the availability of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, in different cells could significantly alter nanoparticle uptake and localization, which can in turn affect the functions of cells and tissues coexposed to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrendt
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marinella G Sandros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ken McDonald
- McGill Flow Cytometry Facility, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Ewa Przybytkowski
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Ribot EJ, Miraux S, Delville M, Bouchaud V, Lacomme S, Gontier E, Bouzier-sore A, Franconi J, Thiaudiere E, Voisin P. Study of the MR relaxation of microglia cells labeled with Gd-DTPA-bearing nanoparticles. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2009; 4:109-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH. Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 2009; 48:146-60. [PMID: 19318125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in scientific and clinical research has made gene therapy a promising option for efficient and targeted treatment of several inherited and acquired disorders. One of the most critical issues for ensuring success of gene-based therapies is the development of technologies for non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and kinetics of vector-mediated gene expression. In recent years many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been developed and successfully used in animals and humans. In this review molecular imaging techniques for monitoring of gene therapy are described and specific use of these methods in the different steps of a gene therapy protocol from gene delivery to assessment of therapy response is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging (MI) to gene therapy will eventually help to improve the efficacy and safety of current gene therapy protocols for human application and support future individualized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne 50931, Germany
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