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Delpire B, Van Loon E, Naesens M. The Role of Fc Gamma Receptors in Antibody-Mediated Rejection of Kidney Transplants. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10465. [PMID: 35935272 PMCID: PMC9346079 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For the past decades, complement activation and complement-mediated destruction of allograft cells were considered to play a central role in anti-HLA antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) of kidney transplants. However, also complement-independent mechanisms are relevant in the downstream immune activation induced by donor-specific antibodies, such as Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated direct cellular activation. This article reviews the literature regarding FcγR involvement in AMR, and the potential contribution of FcγR gene polymorphisms to the risk for antibody mediated rejection of kidney transplants. There is large heterogeneity between the studies, both in the definition of the clinical phenotypes and in the technical aspects. The study populations were generally quite small, except for two larger study cohorts, which obviates drawing firm conclusions regarding the associations between AMR and specific FcγR polymorphisms. Although FcγR are central in the pathophysiology of AMR, it remains difficult to identify genetic risk factors for AMR in the recipient’s genome, independent of clinical risk factors, independent of the donor-recipient genetic mismatch, and in the presence of powerful immunosuppressive agents. There is a need for larger, multi-center studies with standardised methods and endpoints to identify potentially relevant FcγR gene polymorphisms that represent an increased risk for AMR after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Delpire
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabet Van Loon
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Naesens
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Maarten Naesens,
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2
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Allaf FL, Khodashahi M, Saadati N, Sahebari M. Does periodontitis play a causal role in the Systemic lupus erythematosus? A systematic review. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Junker F, Gordon J, Qureshi O. Fc Gamma Receptors and Their Role in Antigen Uptake, Presentation, and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1393. [PMID: 32719679 PMCID: PMC7350606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular uptake, intracellular processing, and presentation of foreign antigen are crucial processes for eliciting an effective adaptive host response to the majority of pathogens. The effective recognition of antigen by T cells requires that it is first processed and then presented on MHC molecules that are expressed on other cells. A critical step leading to the presentation of antigen is delivering the foreign cargo to an intracellular compartment where the antigen can be processed and loaded onto MHC molecules. Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs) recognize IgG-coated targets, such as opsonized pathogens or immune complexes (ICs). Cross-linking leads to internalization of the cargo with associated activation of down-stream signaling cascades. FcγRs vary in their affinity for IgG and intracellular trafficking, and therefore have an opportunity to regulate antigen presentation by controlling the shuttling and processing of their cargos. In this way, they critically influence physiological and pathophysiological adaptive immune cell functions. In this review, we will cover the contribution of FcγRs to antigen-presentation with a focus on the intracellular trafficking of IgG-ICs and the pathways that support this function. We will also discuss genetic evidence linking FcγR biology to immune cell activation and autoimmune processes as exemplified by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Junker
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Gordon
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Celentyx Ltd, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Delgado-Vega AM, Martínez-Bueno M, Oparina NY, López Herráez D, Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K, Kozyrev SV, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Whole Exome Sequencing of Patients from Multicase Families with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Identifies Multiple Rare Variants. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8775. [PMID: 29884787 PMCID: PMC5993790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to identify rare alleles associated with SLE, we have performed whole exome sequencing of the most distantly related affected individuals from two large Icelandic multicase SLE families followed by Ta targeted genotyping of additional relatives. We identified multiple rare likely pathogenic variants in nineteen genes co-segregating with the disease through multiple generations. Gene co-expression and protein-protein interaction analysis identified a network of highly connected genes comprising several loci previously implicated in autoimmune diseases. These genes were significantly enriched for immune system development, lymphocyte activation, DNA repair, and V(D)J gene recombination GO-categories. Furthermore, we found evidence of aggregate association and enrichment of rare variants at the FAM71E1/EMC10 locus in an independent set of 4,254 European SLE-cases and 4,349 controls. Our study presents evidence supporting that multiple rare likely pathogenic variants, in newly identified genes involved in known disease pathogenic pathways, segregate with SLE at the familial and population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Delgado-Vega
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Nina Y Oparina
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David López Herráez
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Sergey V Kozyrev
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain. .,Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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Balada E, Felip L, Ordi-Ros J, Vilardell-Tarrés M. DUSP23 is over-expressed and linked to the expression of DNMTs in CD4 + T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:242-250. [PMID: 27737517 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the transcriptional expression of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 23 (DUSP23) in CD4+ T cells from 30 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 30 healthy controls. DUSP23 mRNA levels were considerably higher in the patient group: 1490 ± 1713 versus 294·1 ± 204·2. No association was found between DUSP23 mRNA expression and the presence of typical serological and clinical parameters associated with SLE. Meaningful statistical values were obtained in the patient group between the levels of DUSP23 and integrin subunit alpha L (ITGAL), perforin 1 (PRF1) and CD40L. Similarly, transcript levels of different DNA methylation-related enzymes [DNA methylation-related enzymes (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MBD2, and MBD4)] were also correlated positively with the expression of DUSP23. In an attempt to counteract the hypomethylation status of the promoters of certain genes known to be over-expressed in SLE, it is possible that DUSP23 acts as a negative regulatory mechanism which ultimately silences the transcription of these epigenetically regulated genes by triggering an increase in the expression of different DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Balada
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Felip
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Ordi-Ros
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vilardell-Tarrés
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hargreaves CE, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Machado LR, Iriyama C, Hollox EJ, Cragg MS, Strefford JC. Fcγ receptors: genetic variation, function, and disease. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:6-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E. Hargreaves
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - Lee R. Machado
- Department of Genetics; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
- School of Health; University of Northampton; Northampton UK
| | - Chisako Iriyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | | | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Jonathan C. Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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Association of a coding polymorphism in Fc gamma receptor 2A and graft survival in re-transplant candidates. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:759-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moriya H, Saito K, Helsby N, Hayashi N, Sugino S, Yamakage M, Sawaguchi T, Takasaki M, Takahashi M, Kurosawa N. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations of the FCGR2A and FCGR3A genes in healthy Japanese subjects. Biomed Rep 2013; 2:265-269. [PMID: 24649108 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
FcγRII and FcγRIII are low-affinity Fcγ receptors that are encoded by the FCGR2A and FCGR3A genes, respectively. These genes contain functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which alter the binding affinities of these receptors for the γ chain of the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G. The known SNPs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A are rs1801274 (A>G; H131R) and rs396991 (T>G; F158V), respectively. It is also known that there are copy number variations (CNVs) in the genetic locus (1q23) where FCGR2A and FCGR3A are located. However, the frequencies of these SNPs and CNVs have not been determined in the Japanese population. The aim of this study was to investigate SNPs and CNVs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A among 113 healthy individuals. The SNPs and CNVs in FCGR2A and FCGR3A were determined using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping and the TaqMan® Copy Number assays. Our results revealed that the incidence of FCGR2A (rs1801274) genotypes were as follows: A/A, 69.9%; A/G, 29.2%; and G/G, 0.9%. The incidence of the FCGR3A (rs396991) genotypes were as follows: T/T, 56.7%; T/G, 38.9%; and G/G, 4.4%). No CNVs were detected for FCGR2A. To the best of our knowledge, this finding has not been previously reported in the Japanese population. By contrast, CNVs were observed in FCGR3A (3 subjects were found to harbour a gene deletion and 5 subjects had 3 copies of the gene). Using simple commercially available assays we were able to confirm previous findings regarding FCGR2A and FCGR3A alleles and CNVs. These assays may provide a basis for the investigation of the role of these genes in the efficacy of antibody-based drugs, such as trastuzumab and rituximab, in Japanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Moriya
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan ; Department of Pharmacy, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0006, Japan
| | - Nuala Helsby
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, Japan
| | - Naomi Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sugino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan
| | - Takeru Sawaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0804, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0804, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0804, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kurosawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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Marian V, Anolik JH. Treatment targets in systemic lupus erythematosus: biology and clinical perspective. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14 Suppl 4:S3. [PMID: 23281796 PMCID: PMC3535717 DOI: 10.1186/ar3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterized by numerous autoantibodies and clinical involvement in multiple organ systems. The immunological events triggering the onset and progression of clinical manifestations are also complex and multi-step, including breach of tolerance in the adaptive immune system, amplification of autoimmunity through innate and adaptive immune system dysregulation, and end-organ damage. Studies of murine genetic manipulations and human risk variants have provided important clues to the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of SLE, operating at multiple of these steps. The breakdown of B-cell tolerance is probably a defining and early event in the disease process and may occur by multiple pathways, including alterations in factors that affect B-cell activation thresholds, B-cell longevity, and apoptotic cell processing. Examples of amplification of autoimmunity on the adaptive immune system side include disturbances in B-cell/T-cell collaboration. B cells can also amplify innate immune cell activation via antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms. Indeed, one of the key amplification loops in SLE is the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells via autoantibodies and RNA-containing and DNA-containing immune complexes, which act as Toll-like receptor ligands, stimulating the secretion of large quantities of IFNα. A more recent link between the innate and adaptive immune system in SLE includes the neutrophil, which can be primed by interferon and autoantibodies to release neutrophil extracellular traps as an additional source of immunogenic DNA, histones, and neutrophil proteins. The innate immune system activation then feeds back, driving autoreactive B-cell and T-cell survival and maturation. This self-perpetuating disease cycle creates the opportunity for targeted treatment inventions at multiple steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Marian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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10
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Hughes T, Adler A, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Williams A, Langefeld CD, Brown EE, Alarcón GS, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, Boackle SA, Stevens AM, Reveille JD, Sanchez E, Martin J, Niewold TB, Vilá LM, Scofield RH, Gilkeson GS, Gaffney PM, Criswell LA, Moser KL, Merrill JT, Jacob CO, Tsao BP, James JA, Vyse TJ, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Harley JB, Richardson BC, Sawalha AH. Evidence for gene-gene epistatic interactions among susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:485-92. [PMID: 21952918 PMCID: PMC3268866 DOI: 10.1002/art.33354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several confirmed genetic susceptibility loci for lupus have been described. To date, no clear evidence for genetic epistasis in lupus has been established. The aim of this study was to test for gene-gene interactions in a number of known lupus susceptibility loci. METHODS Eighteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms tagging independent and confirmed lupus susceptibility loci were genotyped in a set of 4,248 patients with lupus and 3,818 normal healthy control subjects of European descent. Epistasis was tested by a 2-step approach using both parametric and nonparametric methods. The false discovery rate (FDR) method was used to correct for multiple testing. RESULTS We detected and confirmed gene-gene interactions between the HLA region and CTLA4, IRF5, and ITGAM and between PDCD1 and IL21 in patients with lupus. The most significant interaction detected by parametric analysis was between rs3131379 in the HLA region and rs231775 in CTLA4 (interaction odds ratio 1.19, Z = 3.95, P = 7.8 × 10(-5) [FDR ≤0.05], P for multifactor dimensionality reduction = 5.9 × 10(-45)). Importantly, our data suggest that in patients with lupus, the presence of the HLA lupus risk alleles in rs1270942 and rs3131379 increases the odds of also carrying the lupus risk allele in IRF5 (rs2070197) by 17% and 16%, respectively (P = 0.0028 and P = 0.0047, respectively). CONCLUSION We provide evidence for gene-gene epistasis in systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings support a role for genetic interaction contributing to the complexity of lupus heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Hughes
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adam Adler
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Adrienne Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Graciela S. Alarcón
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, and Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John D. Reveille
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Sanchez
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis M. Vilá
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - R Hal Scofield
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucia, Granada, Spain
| | - John B. Harley
- Rheumatology Division and Autoimmune Genomics Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; and US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce C. Richardson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan; and US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amr H. Sawalha
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Balada E, Castro-Marrero J, Pujol AP, Torres-Salido MT, Vilardell-Tarrés M, Ordi-Ros J. Enhanced transcript levels of CD48 in CD4⁺ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1034-7. [PMID: 21474199 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that CD48 regulates T-cell activation. We evaluated the transcriptional expression of CD48 in CD4⁺ T cells from 30 SLE patients and 30 healthy controls. CD48 mRNA levels were considerably higher in the patients group: 1.80 ± 1.41 versus 1.10 ± 0.50 (p=0.023). An inverse correlation was obtained with respect to CD48 mRNA levels and age in the control group (r= -0.478, p=0.007). None association was found between CD48 mRNA expression and levels of anti-dsDNA, complement, or lymphocyte counts. Alternatively, a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between CD48 transcript levels and SLEDAI values (r=0.372, p=0.042). The higher CD48 mRNA levels observed in CD4⁺ T cells from SLE patients and the positive correlation found with SLEDAI lead us to infer that an overexpression of the protein coded by this gene may have important consequences on the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Balada
- Research Unit in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the genomic era. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:683-92. [PMID: 21060334 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2010.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been rapidly advanced using large-scale, case-control, candidate gene studies as well as genome-wide association studies during the past 3 years. These techniques have identified more than 30 robust genetic associations with SLE including genetic variants of HLA and Fcγ receptor genes, IRF5, STAT4, PTPN22, TNFAIP3, BLK, BANK1, TNFSF4 and ITGAM. Most SLE-associated gene products participate in key pathogenic pathways, including Toll-like receptor and type I interferon signaling pathways, immune regulation pathways and those that control the clearance of immune complexes. Disease-associated loci that have not yet been demonstrated to have important functions in the immune system might provide new clues to the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis or progression of SLE. Of note, genetic risk factors that are shared between SLE and other immune-related diseases highlight common pathways in the pathophysiology of these diseases, and might provide innovative molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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13
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Okuyama A, Nagasawa H, Suzuki K, Kameda H, Kondo H, Amano K, Takeuchi T. Fcγ receptor IIIb polymorphism and use of glucocorticoids at baseline are associated with infusion reactions to infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 70:299-304. [PMID: 20980704 PMCID: PMC3015102 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.136283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Infusion reaction is a major adverse event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with infliximab. The possible factors including Fcγ receptor (FcγR) polymorphism associated with the development of infusion reactions in patients with RA receiving infliximab were prospectively examined. Methods 96 patients with RA were enrolled and scheduled to receive infliximab at a dose of 3 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2 and 6 and every 8 weeks thereafter. Genetic polymorphisms for FcγR were examined in FCGR3A 176F/V and FCGR3B NA1/2 alleles by allele-specific PCR analysis. Results An infusion reaction was observed in 17 patients (18%) during 52 weeks of treatment with infliximab. The FCGR3B NA1/NA1 genotype was found in 75% of the patients with infusion reactions and in only 37% of those without (p=0.01), whereas the FCGR3A 176F/V genotype was equally distributed in the patients with or without infusion reactions. Glucocorticoids were used in 53% of the patients who developed an infusion reaction and in 80% of those without an infusion reaction (p=0.02). A multivariable logistic regression model showed that the FCGR3B NA1/NA1 genotype and use of glucocorticoids at baseline could be used as independent predictive factors for infusion reactions (OR 6.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 24.3) and OR 0.26 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.84), respectively). The presence of anti-infliximab antibody during infliximab treatment was also associated with infusion reactions. Conclusion FCGR3B NA1/NA1 genotype, use of glucocorticoids and the presence of anti-infliximab antibody accounted for nearly all patients with RA who developed infusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Okuyama
- Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Niederer HA, Willcocks LC, Rayner TF, Yang W, Lau YL, Williams TN, Scott JAG, Urban BC, Peshu N, Dunstan SJ, Hien TT, Phu NH, Padyukov L, Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E, Savage CO, Watts RA, Lyons PA, Clayton DG, Smith KGC. Copy number, linkage disequilibrium and disease association in the FCGR locus. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:3282-94. [PMID: 20508037 PMCID: PMC2908468 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of a leukocyte to immune complexes (ICs) is modulated by receptors for the Fc region of IgG (FcγRs), and alterations in their affinity or function have been associated with risk of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The low-affinity FcγR genomic locus is complex, containing regions of copy number variation (CNV) which can alter receptor expression and leukocyte responses to IgG. Combined paralogue ratio tests (PRTs) were used to distinguish three intervals within the FCGR locus which undergo CNV, and to determine FCGR gene copy number (CN). There were significant differences in FCGR3B and FCGR3A CNV profiles between Caucasian, East Asian and Kenyan populations. A previously noted association of low FCGR3B CN with SLE in Caucasians was supported [OR = 1.57 (1.08–2.27), P = 0.018], and replicated in Chinese [OR = 1.65 (1.25–2.18), P = 4 × 10−4]. There was no association of FCGR3B CNV with vasculitis, nor with malarial or bacterial infection. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between multi-allelic FCGR3B CNV and SLE-associated SNPs in the FCGR locus was defined for the first time. Despite LD between FCGR3B CNV and a variant in FcγRIIB (I232T) which abolishes inhibitory function, both reduced CN of FCGR3B and homozygosity of the FcγRIIB-232T allele were individually strongly associated with SLE risk. Thus CN of FCGR3B, which controls IC responses and uptake by neutrophils, and variations in FCGR2B, which controls factors such as antibody production and macrophage activation, are important in SLE pathogenesis. Further interpretations of contributions to pathogenesis by FcγRs must be made in the context of LD involving CNV regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Niederer
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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15
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Delgado-Vega AM, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Kozyrev SV. Genetic associations in type I interferon related pathways with autoimmunity. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 20392289 PMCID: PMC2991775 DOI: 10.1186/ar2883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons play an outstanding role in innate and adaptive immunity by enhancing functions of dendritic cells, inducing differentiation of monocytes, promoting immunoglobulin class switching in B cells and stimulating effector functions of T cells. The increased production of IFNα/β by plasmacytoid dendritic cells could be responsible for not only efficient antiviral defence, but it also may be a pathological factor in the development of various autoimmune disorders. The first evidence of a genetic link between type I interferons and autoimmune diseases was the observation that elevated IFNα activity is frequently detected in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and that this trait shows high heritability and familial aggregation in their first-degree healthy relatives. To date, a number of genes involved in interferon signalling have been associated with various autoimmune diseases. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, dermatomyositis, psoriasis, and a fraction of patients with rheumatoid arthritis display a specific expression pattern of interferon-dependent genes in their leukocytes, termed the interferon signature. Here, in an attempt to understand the role of type I interferons in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, we review the recent advances in the genetics of autoimmune diseases focusing on the association of genes involved in type I interferon pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Delgado-Vega
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Brambila-Tapia AJL, Gámez-Nava JI, González-López L, Sandoval-Ramírez L, Medína-Díaz J, Maldonado M, Gutierrez-Ureña SR, Martínez-Bonilla G, Martín-Márquez BT, Vázquez del Mercado M, Nava-Zavala A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Salazar-Páramo M, Dávalos-Rodríguez IP. FCGR3A V(176) polymorphism for systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility in Mexican population. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1065-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Pradhan V, Patwardhan M, Nadkarni A, Ghosh K. Fc γ RIIA Genotypes and Its Association with Anti-C1q Autoantibodies in Lupus Nephritis (LN) Patients from Western India. Autoimmune Dis 2010; 2010:470695. [PMID: 21188236 PMCID: PMC3005808 DOI: 10.4061/2010/470695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify Fc γ RIIA genotypes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients and their association with anti-C1q antibodies. Methods. Fc γ RIIA genotyping was done in eighty Indian SLE patients and eighty healthy controls using allele-specific PCR. Anti-C1q antibodies were measured by ELISA. Results. LN patients showed higher SLEDAI (6–32) as compared to SLE patients without renal manifestations and had SLEDAI between 6–23. Fc γ RIIA polymorphic frequency in SLE patients was R131/H131 (67.5%), R131/R131 (20%) and H131/ H131 (12.5%) as against that of normal population (62.5%, 10%, and 27.5%), respectively. Sixty two patients (77.5%) showed positivity for anti-C1q antibodies. LN patients showed elevated levels of anti-C1q antibodies (258.2 u/ml ± 38.5 U/mL) as compared to SLE patients without nephritis (134.6 ± 24.6 U/mL). Among anti-C1q positive patients, 71% had R131/H131 genotype, 22.6% had R131/R131 and remaining 6.4%, patients had H131/H131 genotype. All anti-C1q positive patients with R131/R131 genotype had elevated levels of anti-C1q antibodies (>100 U/ml), whereas among anti-C1q negative patients, none had R131/R131 genotype. Conclusion. This first report on Indian SLE patients supports the hypothesis that Fc γ RIIA R131 variant over expression may constitute a susceptibility factor for development of severe SLE manifestations in LN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Pradhan
- National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, 13th floor, KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
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18
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Niederer HA, Clatworthy MR, Willcocks LC, Smith KG. FcγRIIB, FcγRIIIB, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:69-88. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Cheung YH, Loh C, Pau E, Kim J, Wither J. Insights into the genetic basis and immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus from the study of mouse models. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:372-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Lv J, Yang Y, Zhou X, Yu L, Li R, Hou P, Zhang H. FCGR3B copy number variation is not associated with lupus nephritis in a Chinese population. Lupus 2009; 19:158-61. [PMID: 19946035 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309350319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is common in genomic regions encoding immune-related genes and can impact polygenic autoimmunity. FCGR3B CNV is associated with susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity in Caucasian populations. In this study, we examined FCGR3B CNV in patients with the autoimmune disease lupus nephritis (LN) in a Chinese population. The study includes 202 patients with histologically verified LN and 146 geographically matched healthy controls. To identify CNV at the FCGRB locus, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done with TaqMan( TM) probes and relative copy number was estimated with relative quantitative 2(-DeltaDeltaCt) method. The distribution of FCGR3B relative copy number did not differ significantly between the LN patients and the controls (1.17 +/- 0.42 for LN; 1.15 +/- 0.37 for controls; p = 0.627). The difference was still not significant when the data were stratified by gender. There was no significant difference when the LN patients were divided by pathological phenotype (proliferative LN compared with non-proliferative p = 0.511; AI < 12 compared with AI > or = 12, p = 0.401; and chronicity index (CI) < 4 compared with CI > or = 4, p = 0.058) or lupus disease activity index (SLEDAI < or = 10 compared with SLEDAI > 10, p = 0.996). The data suggest that FCGR3B CNV was not associated with LN development or progression in this Chinese population. These results were surprising given the strong in a Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lv
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, PR China
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21
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Deyde VM, Gubareva LV. Influenza genome analysis using pyrosequencing method: current applications for a moving target. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:493-509. [PMID: 19580433 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyrosequencing is a high-throughput non-gel-based DNA sequencing method that was introduced in the late 1990s. It employs a DNA sequencing-by-synthesis approach based on real-time measurement of pyrophosphate released from incorporation of dNTPs. A cascade of enzymatic reactions proportionally converts the pyrophosphate to a light signal recorded in a form of peaks, known as pyrograms. Routinely, a 45-60-nucleotide sequence is obtained per reaction. Recent improvements introduced in the assay chemistry have extended the read to approximately 100 nucleotides. Since its advent, pyrosequencing has been applied in the fields of microbiology, molecular biology and pharmacogenomics. The pyrosequencing approach was first applied to analysis of influenza genome in 2005, when it played a critical role in the timely detection of an unprecedented rise in resistance to the adamantane class of anti-influenza drugs. More recently, pyrosequencing was successfully applied for monitoring the emergence and spread of influenza A (H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir, a newer anti-influenza drug. The present report summarizes known applications of the pyrosequencing approach for influenza genome analysis with an emphasis on drug-resistance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varough M Deyde
- Virus Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop G-16, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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22
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Bournazos S, Woof JM, Hart SP, Dransfield I. Functional and clinical consequences of Fc receptor polymorphic and copy number variants. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:244-54. [PMID: 19604264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulins (Fc receptors) play a central role during an immune response, as they mediate the specific recognition of antigens of almost infinite diversity by leucocytes, thereby linking the humoral and cellular components of immunity. Indeed, engagement of Fc receptors by immunoglobulins initiates a range of immunoregulatory processes that might also play a role in disease pathogenesis. In the circulation, five main types of immunoglobulins (Ig) exist - namely IgG, IgA, IgE, IgM and IgD and receptors with the ability to recognize and bind to IgG (Fc gamma receptor family), IgE (Fc epsilon RI and CD23), IgA (CD89; Fc alpha/microR) and IgM (Fc alpha/microR) have been identified and characterized. However, it is astonishing that nearly all the known human Fc receptors display extensive genetic variation with clear implications for their function, thus representing a substantial genetic risk factor for the pathogenesis of a range of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bournazos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Lee YH, Ji JD, Song GG. Fcgamma receptor IIB and IIIB polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a meta-analysis. Lupus 2009; 18:727-34. [PMID: 19502269 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether polymorphisms of the Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaRs) IIB T/I232 and FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2, confer susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN). The authors conducted a meta-analysis on associations between the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 and FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2 polymorphisms and SLE and LN susceptibility as determined using 1) allele contrast, 2) recessive, 3) dominant models and 4) contrast of homozygotes. A total of 16 separate comparisons were considered, consisting of 2887 SLE patients and 3105 controls. Meta-analysis of the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 polymorphism showed a significant association between the FcgammaRIIB T allele and the risk of developing SLE compared with the FcgammaRIIB I allele (OR = 1.207, 95% CI = 1.061-1.373, P = 0.004). In subjects of Asian descent, a significant association was observed between the FcgammaRIIB T allele and SLE (OR = 1.332, 95% CI 1.138-1.558, P < 0.001). However, in Europeans no such association was found. In contrast, no association was found between SLE or LN and the FcgammaRIIIB NA1/NA2 polymorphism in all subjects, or in European and Asian populations. This meta-analysis shows that the FcgammaRIIB T/I232 polymorphism confers susceptibility to SLE, especially in Asian-derived populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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24
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Kim I, Kim YJ, Kim K, Kang C, Choi CB, Sung YK, Lee HS, Bae SC. Genetic studies of systemic lupus erythematosus in Asia: where are we now? Genes Immun 2009; 10:421-32. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Sareneva I, Koskinen LLE, Korponay-Szabo IR, Kaukinen K, Kurppa K, Ziberna F, Vatta S, Not T, Ventura A, Ádány R, Pocsai Z, Széles G, Mäki M, Saavalainen P, Einarsdottir E. Linkage and association study of FcγR polymorphisms in celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 73:54-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Abelson AK, Delgado-Vega AM, Kozyrev SV, Sánchez E, Velázquez-Cruz R, Eriksson N, Wojcik J, Linga Reddy MVP, Lima G, D'Alfonso S, Migliaresi S, Baca V, Orozco L, Witte T, Ortego-Centeno N, Abderrahim H, Pons-Estel BA, Gutiérrez C, Suárez A, González-Escribano MF, Martin J, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. STAT4 associates with systemic lupus erythematosus through two independent effects that correlate with gene expression and act additively with IRF5 to increase risk. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:1746-53. [PMID: 19019891 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.097642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To confirm and define the genetic association of STAT4 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), investigate the possibility of correlations with differential splicing and/or expression levels, and genetic interaction with IRF5. METHODS 30 tag SNPs were genotyped in an independent set of Spanish cases and controls. SNPs surviving correction for multiple tests were genotyped in five new sets of cases and controls for replication. STAT4 cDNA was analysed by 5'-RACE PCR and sequencing. Expression levels were measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS In the fine mapping, four SNPs were significant after correction for multiple testing, with rs3821236 and rs3024866 as the strongest signals, followed by the previously associated rs7574865, and by rs1467199. Association was replicated in all cohorts. After conditional regression analyses, two major independent signals, represented by SNPs rs3821236 and rs7574865, remained significant across the sets. These SNPs belong to separate haplotype blocks. High levels of STAT4 expression correlated with SNPs rs3821236, rs3024866 (both in the same haplotype block) and rs7574865 but not with other SNPs. Transcription of alternative tissue-specific exons 1, indicating the presence of tissue-specific promoters of potential importance in the expression of STAT4, was also detected. No interaction with associated SNPs of IRF5 was observed using regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm STAT4 as a susceptibility gene for SLE and suggest the presence of at least two functional variants affecting levels of STAT4. The results also indicate that the genes STAT4 and IRF5 act additively to increase the risk for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-K Abelson
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yuan H, Pan HF, Li LH, Feng JB, Li WX, Li XP, Ye DQ. Meta analysis on the association between FcgammaRIIa-R/H131 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1053-8. [PMID: 18535921 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the association between FcgammaRIIa gene polymorphisms and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis, relevant studies were identified from electronic databases. A meta-analysis of relevant studies was performed for heterogeneity test and pooled OR calculation. When all groups were pooled, a significant association of FcgammaRIIa-R131 allele and increased SLE risk was found. But this association was not observed in lupus nephritis. In the subgroup analysis, a clear effect of R allele in SLE was shown in European and Asian subgroups. Similarly, RR homozygous genotype was found to be a risk factor of SLE and lupus nephritis. The association between RR genotype and SLE was shown in European and Asian descents. However, the association between RR genotype and lupus nephritis was not found in any ethnic subgroups. Taken together, our study suggests that the FcgammaRIIa-R/H131 polymorphism might contribute to the susceptibility to SLE and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples' Republic of China
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Castro J, Balada E, Ordi-Ros J, Vilardell-Tarrés M. The complex immunogenetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The application of genetic techniques to the study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has identified candidate genes with diverse immunological function. There is a growing understanding that susceptibility to SLE is due to a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, and that many of these may be shared with other autoimmune diseases. In this first of a series of review articles we outline our current understanding of SLE genetics, in particular summarising the results of recent association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rhodes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology, Imperial College, London, UK
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30
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Kobayashi T, Ito S, Yasuda K, Kuroda T, Yamamoto K, Sugita N, Tai H, Narita I, Gejyo F, Yoshie H. The combined genotypes of stimulatory and inhibitory Fc gamma receptors associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and periodontitis in Japanese adults. J Periodontol 2007; 78:467-74. [PMID: 17335370 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathobiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is similar to that of periodontitis in that the immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcgammaR) and proinflammatory cytokines play an important role. Genetic variations of FcgammaR and interleukin (IL)-1 are associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Therefore, we evaluated whether the combination of FcgammaR or IL-1 polymorphic genes represents a common risk factor for SLE and periodontitis. METHODS The study population consisted of Japanese adults with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group; n = 46), SLE only (SLE group; n = 25), periodontitis only (P group; n = 58), and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral disease (H group; n = 44). Clinical periodontal condition was evaluated by measurement of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and alveolar bone loss. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for determination of FcgammaR genotypes (FcgammaRIIA, FcgammaRIIB, FcgammaRIIIA, and FcgammaRIIIB) and IL-1 genotypes (IL-1A +4845 and IL-1B +3954) by allele-specific polymerase chain reactions or DNA sequencing. RESULTS A significant overrepresentation of the R131 allele of stimulatory FcgammaRIIA and the 232T allele of inhibitory FcgammaRIIB was found in the SLE+P group compared to the H group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.0009, respectively). The combination of FcgammaRIIA-R131 and FcgammaRIIB-232T alleles yielded a strong association with SLE and periodontitis (SLE+P group versus P group: P = 0.01, odds ratio: 3.3; SLE+P group versus H group: P = 0.0009, odds ratio: 11.2). Furthermore, SLE patients with the combined FcgammaR risk alleles exhibited more severe periodontal tissue destruction compared to other SLE patients. The frequencies of IL-1 polymorphic alleles were too low to assess the association with SLE or periodontitis. CONCLUSION The combination of stimulatory FcgammaRIIA and inhibitory FcgammaRIIB genotypes may increase susceptibility to SLE and periodontitis in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease in which glomerulonephritis represents one of the most severe clinical presentations. Numerous linkage and association studies, as well as the analysis of murine models, have provided ample evidence for a genetic basis for SLE. Genetic susceptibility to SLE results from the combined actions of multiple alleles, each of them conferring a modest incremental risk. SLE susceptibility genes have been identified in 3 major pathways: apoptosis, lymphocyte activation, and clearance of immune complexes and/or apoptotic debris. There also now is evidence that, within SLE patients, renal end-organ targeting also has a genetic basis, which can be divided into 2 branches. There is evidence that susceptibility alleles that are associated with a greater disease severity also are associated with lupus nephritis. There also is evidence for a set of kidney-specific genes that are likely to amplify or to sensitize to the autoimmune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 35610, USA.
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32
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Nimmerjahn F. Activating and inhibitory FcγRs in autoimmune disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:305-19. [PMID: 17115158 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the destruction of self-tissues by the immune system. Multiple checkpoints are in place to prevent autoreactivity under normal circumstances. Coexpression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors (FcR) represents such a checkpoint by establishing a threshold for immune cell activation. In many human autoimmune diseases, however, balanced FcR expression is disturbed. Analysis of murine model systems provides strong evidence that aberrant FcR expression can result in uncontrolled immune responses and the initiation of autoimmune disease. This review will summarize this data and explain how this information might be used to better understand human autoimmune diseases and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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Chong KT, Ho WF, Koo SH, Thompson P, Lee EJD. Distribution of the FcgammaRIIIa 176 F/V polymorphism amongst healthy Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians in Singapore. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 63:328-32. [PMID: 16981896 PMCID: PMC2000731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine and compare the distribution of the FcgammaRIIIa 176 F/V polymorphism across three ethnically distinct populations (Chinese, Asian Indians and Malays) in Singapore. METHODS The FcgammaRIIIa 176 F/V polymorphism was genotyped by direct sequencing from genomic DNA samples obtained from normal healthy Chinese, Asian Indians and Malays (n = 192 from each population). RESULTS The allelic frequencies of the high binding affinity FcgammaRIIIa 176 V allele for Chinese, Asian Indians and Malays were 35%, 33% and 46%, respectively (F allele frequencies were 65%, 67% and 54%, respectively). Genotype distributions were found to conform to the Hardy-Weinberg law (P > 0.05) in each group. chi(2) comparisons revealed significant differences in the genotype distributions of the FcgammaRIIIa 176 V/F polymorphism of Malays from the other two populations (Chinese and Asian Indians). However, no significant difference in the genotype distributions of the FcgammaRIIIa 176 V/F polymorphism was observed between Chinese and Asian Indian populations. CONCLUSIONS The genotype distributions of the FcgammaRIIIa 176 V/F polymorphism in healthy Malays are significantly different from both Chinese and Indians. These observations provide the fundamentals on which future disease associations may be built and also present important implications for the design of therapeutic regimens amongst various ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Chong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wong M, Tsao BP. Current topics in human SLE genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:97-107. [PMID: 16941108 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) depends on genetic and environmental factors. Genome scan studies have identified eight chromosomal regions with significant linkage to SLE that are confirmed by individual cohorts, suggesting that susceptibility genes may be identified within each of these loci. Linkage studies and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have led to the identification of positional candidate genes, and their functional allelic variants have demonstrated molecular pathogenesis of the disease. The discovery of positional candidate genes that are associated with various autoimmune diseases signifies a common pathway in the mechanism of these diseases. Copy polymorphisms in susceptibility genes provide evidence in how genetic plasticity affects complex phenotypes as seen in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Wong
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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Abstract
Susceptibility to the autoimmune phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is heritable. Linkage analysis and recent advances in the field of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have resulted in the identification of several genetic loci and functional allelic variants of signaling proteins which have become the mainstay of understanding disease susceptibility and exploring the basis of autoimmunity in SLE. However, genetic heterogeneity and possible epistatic interactions among genetic elements have precluded replication of these findings in multiple population groups and thus complicated their interpretation. In this regard, the discovery that a plethora of normal signaling proteins are expressed in abnormal amounts in immune cells from patients with SLE has gained significance. Thus, the key to precise elucidation of the pathologic basis of autoimmunity in SLE lies in tying genetics and disease biology. This review highlights recent discoveries of important functional genetic variants and altered expression of normal signaling proteins that network together to disrupt peripheral tolerance and initiate the autoimmune process in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Krishnan
- Department of Cellular Injury, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Ahmadian A, Ehn M, Hober S. Pyrosequencing: history, biochemistry and future. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 363:83-94. [PMID: 16165119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2005.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrosequencing is a DNA sequencing technology based on the sequencing-by-synthesis principle. METHODS The technique is built on a 4-enzyme real-time monitoring of DNA synthesis by bioluminescence using a cascade that upon nucleotide incorporation ends in a detectable light signal (bioluminescence). The detection system is based on the pyrophosphate released when a nucleotide is introduced in the DNA-strand. Thereby, the signal can be quantitatively connected to the number of bases added. Currently, the technique is limited to analysis of short DNA sequences exemplified by single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis and genotyping. Mutation detection and single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping require screening of large samples of materials and therefore the importance of high-throughput DNA analysis techniques is significant. In order to expand the field for pyrosequencing, the read length needs to be improved. CONCLUSIONS Th pyrosequencing system is based on an enzymatic system. There are different current and future applications of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Ahmadian
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of extensive work in the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, few biomarkers have been validated and widely accepted for this disease. The lack of reliable, specific biomarkers not only hampers clinical management of systemic lupus erythematosus but also impedes development of new therapeutic agents. This paper reviews briefly the historical aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus biomarkers and summarizes recent studies on candidate biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS Recognizing the urgent need for lupus biomarkers, a Lupus Biomarker Working Group has recently been initiated to facilitate collaborative efforts aimed at identifying and validating biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus. Based on available data, several laboratory markers have shown promise as biomarkers for susceptibility, diagnosis, and disease activity. These include Fc receptor genes (disease susceptibility), complement C4d-bound erythrocytes (diagnosis or disease activity), CD27 plasma cells (disease activity), 'interferon signature' (disease activity), and anti-C1q antibodies (disease activity and organ involvement). SUMMARY There is a longstanding and recently rejuvenated enthusiasm for biomarkers that precisely and specifically reflect the pathophysiologic and clinical changes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Promising candidate biomarkers have been identified but must still be validated through rigorous, large-scale multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Ching Liu
- Lupus Center of Excellence, School of Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Sestak AL, Nath SK, Harley JB. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus: how far have we come? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2005; 31:223-44, v. [PMID: 15922143 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are two primary mechanisms for studying the genetic forces at work in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Several groups have collected large numbers of pedigrees in which multiple family members have SLE for use in linkage studies. These linkage studies serve to isolate areas of the genome in which susceptibility genes lie. Other groups have taken a more direct approach of investigating genes that might contribute to disease pathogenesis in sets of lupus subjects and matched controls. These association studies are accumulating in greater numbers as the technology to determine the genotype at a given locus becomes more accessible. This article discusses the results of both types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Sestak
- Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73003, USA.
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Sigurdsson S, Nordmark G, Göring HHH, Lindroos K, Wiman AC, Sturfelt G, Jönsen A, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Möller B, Kere J, Koskenmies S, Widén E, Eloranta ML, Julkunen H, Kristjansdottir H, Steinsson K, Alm G, Rönnblom L, Syvänen AC. Polymorphisms in the tyrosine kinase 2 and interferon regulatory factor 5 genes are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:528-37. [PMID: 15657875 PMCID: PMC1196404 DOI: 10.1086/428480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genome scans in families with SLE point to multiple potential chromosomal regions that harbor SLE susceptibility genes, and association studies in different populations have suggested several susceptibility alleles for SLE. Increased production of type I interferon (IFN) and expression of IFN-inducible genes is commonly observed in SLE and may be pivotal in the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. We analyzed 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 13 genes from the type I IFN pathway in 679 Swedish, Finnish, and Icelandic patients with SLE, in 798 unaffected family members, and in 438 unrelated control individuals for joint linkage and association with SLE. In two of the genes--the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) and IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) genes--we identified SNPs that displayed strong signals in joint analysis of linkage and association (unadjusted P<10(-7)) with SLE. TYK2 binds to the type I IFN receptor complex and IRF5 is a regulator of type I IFN gene expression. Thus, our results support a disease mechanism in SLE that involves key components of the type I IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snaevar Sigurdsson
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Gunnel Nordmark
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Harald H. H. Göring
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Katarina Lindroos
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Ann-Christin Wiman
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Gunnar Sturfelt
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Solbritt Rantapää-Dahlqvist
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Bozena Möller
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Juha Kere
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Sari Koskenmies
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Elisabeth Widén
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Maija-Leena Eloranta
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Heikki Julkunen
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Helga Kristjansdottir
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Kristjan Steinsson
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Gunnar Alm
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Lars Rönnblom
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Molecular Medicine and Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio; Department of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Department of Medicine, Peijas Hospital and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki; and Department of Rheumatology, Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitalinn University Hospital, Reykjavik
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Berdeli A, Celik HA, Ozyürek R, Aydin HH. Involvement of immunoglobulin FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to rheumatic fever. Clin Biochem 2005; 37:925-9. [PMID: 15369725 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of the human FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB gene polymorphisms on the risk of rheumatic fever (RF). DESIGNS AND METHODS FcgammaRIIA-R/H-131 and FcgammaRIIIB-NA1/NA2 genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction in 66 RF cases and 117 healthy controls in this case control study. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the RR genotype was enriched in the entire group of RF cases (odds ratio [OR] 4.98, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.81-13.70). RF patients were more frequently HR heterozygotes rather than HH homozygotes (OR 3.09 vs. 0.11). The results of this study show that patients who have RF are more likely to have the RR and HR genotypes than control children. These probabilities show that RR is associated with the greatest risk for rheumatic fever and HR is associated with an intermediate risk. For the distribution of FcgammaRIIIB NA2 genotypes, a nonsignificant increase was found in RF patients (39.31% vs. 51.51%; OR 1.64, P = 0.1226). CONCLUSION The FcgammaRIIA-R/H-131 polymorphism may be an important marker in determining predisposition to RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afig Berdeli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey.
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Nath SK, Kilpatrick J, Harley JB. Genetics of human systemic lupus erythematosus: the emerging picture. Curr Opin Immunol 2004; 16:794-800. [PMID: 15511675 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease with partially understood etiology, which can affect virtually any organ. Despite suggestions to the contrary, SLE is proving to be a reliable phenotype for genetic studies. Similar to many other autoimmune diseases, SLE demonstrates a complex pattern of inheritance that is consistent with the involvement of multiple susceptibility genes as well as environmental risk factors. During the past several years, some new candidate genes have been implicated in induction of SLE through association studies, and multiple susceptibility regions have been detected through genome-wide linkage studies. Many of the susceptibility effects have been confirmed by independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Nath
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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Looney RJ, Anolik JH, Campbell D, Felgar RE, Young F, Arend LJ, Sloand JA, Rosenblatt J, Sanz I. B cell depletion as a novel treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I/II dose-escalation trial of rituximab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2580-9. [PMID: 15334472 DOI: 10.1002/art.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Safer and more effective therapies are needed for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B lymphocytes have been shown to play fundamental pathogenic roles in SLE, and therefore, elimination of B cells with the use of rituximab may represent a new therapy for SLE. METHODS A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of rituximab added to ongoing therapy in SLE was conducted. Rituximab was administered as a single infusion of 100 mg/m2 (low dose), a single infusion of 375 mg/m2 (intermediate dose), or as 4 infusions (1 week apart) of 375 mg/m2 (high dose). CD19+ lymphocytes were measured to determine the effectiveness of B cell depletion. The Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM) score was used as the primary outcome for clinical efficacy. RESULTS Rituximab was well tolerated in this patient population, with most experiencing no significant adverse effects. Only 3 serious adverse events, which were thought to be unrelated to rituximab administration, were noted. A majority of patients (11 of 17) had profound B cell depletion (to <5 CD19+ B cells/microl). In these patients, the SLAM score was significantly improved at 2 and 3 months compared with baseline (P = 0.0016 and P = 0.0022, respectively, by paired t-test). This improvement persisted for 12 months, despite the absence of a significant change in anti-double-stranded DNA antibody and complement levels. Six patients developed human antichimeric antibodies (HACAs) at a level > or =100 ng/ml. These HACA titers were associated with African American ancestry, higher baseline SLAM scores, reduced B cell depletion, and lower levels of rituximab at 2 months after initial infusion. CONCLUSION Rituximab therapy appears to be safe for the treatment of SLE and holds significant therapeutic promise, at least for the majority of patients experiencing profound B cell depletion. Based on these results, controlled trials of rituximab appear to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R John Looney
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has a genetic component. In recent years, nine complete genome scans using family collections that differ greatly in ethnic compositions and geographic locations have identified several strong, confirmed SLE susceptibility loci. Evidence implicating individual gene polymorphisms (or haplotypes) within some of the linked intervals has been reported. This review highlights recent findings that may lead to the identification of putative genes and new insights in the pathogenesis of SLE. RECENT FINDINGS Eight of the best-supported SLE susceptibility loci are 1q23, 1q25-31, 1q41-42, 2q35-37, 4p16-15.2, 6p11-21, 12p24, and 16q12. These are chromosomal regions exhibiting genome-wide significance for linkage in single studies and suggestive evidence for linkage in other samples. Linkage analyses conditioning on pedigrees in which one affected member manifesting a particular clinical condition have also yielded many chromosomal regions linked to SLE. The linked interval on chromosome 6p has been narrowed to 0.5 approximately 1.0 Mb (million basepairs) of 3 MHC class II containing risk haplotypes in white subjects. Cumulative results have shown that hereditary deficiencies of complement component C4A (a MHC class III gene) confer risk for SLE in almost all ethnic groups studied. The FcgammaR genes (located at 1q23) have been convincingly demonstrated to play an important role in susceptibility to SLE (and/or lupus nephritis). The evidence for the intronic single nucleotide polymorphism of program cell death gene 1 (PDCD1 at 2q37) to confer susceptibility is promising but not yet compelling. Within several established susceptibility loci, evidence for association of positional candidate genes is emerging. SUMMARY Further replications of linkage and association are the immediate task. The respective contribution of each susceptibility gene, relationships between genotypes and phenotypes, and potential interactions between susceptibility gene products need to be elucidated. This line of investigation is now well poised to provide novel insights into how genetic variants can affect functional pathways leading to the development of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty P Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1670, USA.
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Abstract
Genetic predisposition has been firmly established as a key element in susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). During the past three decades, association studies have assessed many genes for potential roles in predisposing to SLE. These studies have identified a few risk factors including hereditary deficiency of complement components, major histocompatibility complex class II alleles, and allelic variants for the Fc portion of IgG (FCGR) genes. In recent years, a few groups have completed linkage analyses in data sets from families containing multiple members affected with SLE. Results from these initial genome scans are encouraging; approximately eight chromosomal regions have been identified exhibiting evidence for significant linkage to SLE and have been confirmed using independent cohorts (1q23, 1q25-31, 1q41-42, 2q35-37, 4p16-15.2, 6p11-21, 12q24, and 16q12), suggesting the high likelihood of the presence of one or multiple SLE susceptibility genes at each locus. Another approach of linkage analyses conditioned on pedigrees where one affected member manifesting a particular clinical condition has also identified many chromosomal regions linked to SLE. Within several established susceptibility loci, evidence for association of positional candidate genes is emerging. Within 2q35-37, an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the positional candidate gene program cell death 1 gene has been associated with SLE susceptibility. The SLE-associated SNP affects a transcription factor, RUNX1, binding site. Recently, SNPs of novel positional candidate genes that influence RUNX1 binding motifs have also been associated with other autoimmune diseases, suggesting the possibility of a common theme shared among susceptibility genes for autoimmune diseases. In the coming years, susceptibility genes responsible for the observed linkage will be identified, and will lead to further delineating genetic pathways involved in susceptibility to SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Center, Room 32-59,1000 Veteran Avenue, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA
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