1
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Cerreto M, Foà R, Natoni A. The Role of the Microenvironment and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5160. [PMID: 37958334 PMCID: PMC10647257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy whose progression largely depends on the lymph node and bone marrow microenvironment. Indeed, CLL cells actively proliferate in specific regions of these anatomical compartments, known as proliferation centers, while being quiescent in the blood stream. Hence, CLL cell adhesion and migration into these protective niches are critical for CLL pathophysiology. CLL cells are lodged in their microenvironment through a series of molecular interactions that are mediated by cellular adhesion molecules and their counter receptors. The importance of these adhesion molecules in the clinic is demonstrated by the correlation between the expression levels of some of them, in particular CD49d, and the prognostic likelihood. Furthermore, novel therapeutic agents, such as ibrutinib, impair the functions of these adhesion molecules, leading to an egress of CLL cells from the lymph nodes and bone marrow into the circulation together with an inhibition of homing into these survival niches, thereby preventing disease progression. Several adhesion molecules have been shown to participate in CLL adhesion and migration. Their importance also stems from the observation that they are involved in promoting, directly or indirectly, survival signals that sustain CLL proliferation and limit the efficacy of standard and novel chemotherapeutic drugs, a process known as cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. In this respect, many studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, which have highlighted different signaling pathways that may represent potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the role of the microenvironment and the adhesion molecules that have been shown to be important in CLL and their impact on transendothelial migration and cell-mediated drug resistance. We also discuss how novel therapeutic compounds modulate the function of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Natoni
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.F.)
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2
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Robles EE, Jin Y, Smyth P, Scheuermann RH, Bui JD, Wang HY, Oak J, Qian Y. A cell-level discriminative neural network model for diagnosis of blood cancers. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad585. [PMID: 37756695 PMCID: PMC10563151 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Precise identification of cancer cells in patient samples is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical monitoring but has been a significant challenge in machine learning approaches for cancer precision medicine. In most scenarios, training data are only available with disease annotation at the subject or sample level. Traditional approaches separate the classification process into multiple steps that are optimized independently. Recent methods either focus on predicting sample-level diagnosis without identifying individual pathologic cells or are less effective for identifying heterogeneous cancer cell phenotypes. RESULTS We developed a generalized end-to-end differentiable model, the Cell Scoring Neural Network (CSNN), which takes sample-level training data and predicts the diagnosis of the testing samples and the identity of the diagnostic cells in the sample, simultaneously. The cell-level density differences between samples are linked to the sample diagnosis, which allows the probabilities of individual cells being diagnostic to be calculated using backpropagation. We applied CSNN to two independent clinical flow cytometry datasets for leukemia diagnosis. In both qualitative and quantitative assessments, CSNN outperformed preexisting neural network modeling approaches for both cancer diagnosis and cell-level classification. Post hoc decision trees and 2D dot plots were generated for interpretation of the identified cancer cells, showing that the identified cell phenotypes match the cancer endotypes observed clinically in patient cohorts. Independent data clustering analysis confirmed the identified cancer cell populations. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code of CSNN and datasets used in the experiments are publicly available on GitHub (http://github.com/erobl/csnn). Raw FCS files can be downloaded from FlowRepository (ID: FR-FCM-Z6YK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar E Robles
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Padhraic Smyth
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Huan-You Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
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3
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Bukhari A, Kalinina O, Knight KL. Death of tonsillar B cells by NETosis. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:108. [PMID: 36997529 PMCID: PMC10063674 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulating B cell death is essential for generating antibodies and maintaining immune tolerance. B cells can die by apoptosis, and we report that human tonsil B cells, but not peripheral blood B cells also die by NETosis. This cell death is density-dependent, characterized by the loss of cell and nuclear membrane integrity, release of reactive oxygen species, and chromatin decondensation. Tonsil B cells secrete high levels of TNF, and inhibiting TNF prevented chromatin decondensation. By in situ fluorescence microscopy, B cell NETosis, as identified by the hyper citrullination of Histone-3, was localized to the light zone (LZ) of germinal centers in normal tonsil and overlapped with the B cell marker CD19/IgM. We propose a model in which stimulation of B cells in the LZ induces NETosis, driven in part by TNF. We also provide evidence that NETosis of tonsil B cells may be inhibited by an unidentified factor in tonsil. The results describe a previously unidentified form of B cell death and suggest a new mechanism to maintain B cell homeostasis during immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera Bukhari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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4
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Huard A, Wilmes C, Kiprina A, Netzer C, Palmer G, Brüne B, Weigert A. Cell Intrinsic IL-38 Affects B Cell Differentiation and Antibody Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065676. [PMID: 36982750 PMCID: PMC10053218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-38 is an IL-1 family receptor antagonist with an emerging role in chronic inflammatory diseases. IL-38 expression has been mainly observed not only in epithelia, but also in cells of the immune system, including macrophages and B cells. Given the association of both IL-38 and B cells with chronic inflammation, we explored if IL-38 affects B cell biology. IL-38-deficient mice showed higher amounts of plasma cells (PC) in lymphoid organs but, conversely, lower levels of plasmatic antibody titers. Exploring underlying mechanisms in human B cells revealed that exogenously added IL-38 did not significantly affect early B cell activation or differentiation into plasma cells, even though IL-38 suppressed upregulation of CD38. Instead, IL-38 mRNA expression was transiently upregulated during the differentiation of human B cells to plasma cells in vitro, and knocking down IL-38 during early B cell differentiation increased plasma cell generation, while reducing antibody production, thus reproducing the murine phenotype. Although this endogenous role of IL-38 in B cell differentiation and antibody production did not align with an immunosuppressive function, autoantibody production induced in mice by repeated IL-18 injections was enhanced in an IL-38-deficient background. Taken together, our data suggest that cell-intrinsic IL-38 promotes antibody production at baseline but suppresses the production of autoantibodies in an inflammatory context, which may partially explain its protective role during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Huard
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wilmes
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Kiprina
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Netzer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-4593; Fax: +49-69-6301-420
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5
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Robles EE, Jin Y, Smyth P, Scheuermann RH, Bui JD, Wang HY, Oak J, Qian Y. A cell-level discriminative neural network model for diagnosis of blood cancers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.07.23285606. [PMID: 36798344 PMCID: PMC9934808 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.23285606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motivation Precise identification of cancer cells in patient samples is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical monitoring but has been a significant challenge in machine learning approaches for cancer precision medicine. In most scenarios, training data are only available with disease annotation at the subject or sample level. Traditional approaches separate the classification process into multiple steps that are optimized independently. Recent methods either focus on predicting sample-level diagnosis without identifying individual pathologic cells or are less effective for identifying heterogeneous cancer cell phenotypes. Results We developed a generalized end-to-end differentiable model, the Cell Scoring Neural Network (CSNN), which takes the available sample-level training data and predicts both the diagnosis of the testing samples and the identity of the diagnostic cells in the sample, simultaneously. The cell-level density differences between samples are linked to the sample diagnosis, which allows the probabilities of individual cells being diagnostic to be calculated using backpropagation. We applied CSNN to two independent clinical flow cytometry datasets for leukemia diagnosis. In both qualitative and quantitative assessments, CSNN outperformed preexisting neural network modeling approaches for both cancer diagnosis and cell-level classification. Post hoc decision trees and 2D dot plots were generated for interpretation of the identified cancer cells, showing that the identified cell phenotypes match the cancer endotypes observed clinically in patient cohorts. Independent data clustering analysis confirmed the identified cancer cell populations. Availability The source code of CSNN and datasets used in the experiments are publicly available on GitHub and FlowRepository. Contact Edgar E. Robles: roblesee@uci.edu and Yu Qian: mqian@jcvi.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available on GitHub and at Bioinformatics online.
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6
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Imanishi M, Cheng H, Kotla S, Deswal A, Le NT, Chini E, Ko KA, Samanthapudi VSK, Lee LL, Herrmann J, Xu X, Reyes-Gibby C, Yeung SCJ, Schadler KL, Yusuf SW, Liao Z, Nurieva R, Amir EAD, Burks JK, Palaskas NL, Cooke JP, Lin SH, Kobayashi M, Yoshimoto M, Abe JI. Radiation therapy induces immunosenescence mediated by p90RSK. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:988713. [PMID: 36426217 PMCID: PMC9680092 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.988713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) to the chest increases the patients' risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A complete understanding of the mechanisms by which RT induces CVD could lead to specific preventive, therapeutic approaches. It is becoming evident that both genotoxic chemotherapy agents and radiation induce mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence. Notably, one of the common phenotypes observed in cancer survivors is accelerated senescence, and immunosenescence is closely related to both cancer risk and CVD development. Therefore, suppression of immunosenescence can be an ideal target to prevent cancer treatment-induced CVD. However, the mechanism(s) by which cancer treatments induce immunosenescence are incompletely characterized. We isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and 3 months after RT from 16 thoracic cancer patients. We characterized human immune cell lineages and markers of senescence, DNA damage response (DDR), efferocytosis, and determinants of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminant potential (CHIP), using mass cytometry (CyTOF). We found that the frequency of the B cell subtype was decreased after RT. Unsupervised clustering of the CyTOF data identified 138 functional subsets of PBMCs. Compared with baseline, RT increased TBX21 (T-bet) expression in the largest B cell subset of Ki67-/DNMT3a+naïve B cells, and T-bet expression was correlated with phosphorylation of p90RSK expression. CD38 expression was also increased in naïve B cells (CD27-) and CD8+ effector memory CD45RA T cells (TEMRA). In vitro, we found the critical role of p90RSK activation in upregulating (1) CD38+/T-bet+ memory and naïve B, and myeloid cells, (2) senescence-associated β-gal staining, and (3) mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) after ionizing radiation (IR). These data suggest the crucial role of p90RSK activation in immunosenescence. The critical role of p90RSK activation in immune cells and T-bet induction in upregulating atherosclerosis formation has been reported. Furthermore, T-bet directly binds to the CD38 promoter region and upregulates CD38 expression. Since both T-bet and CD38 play a significant role in the process of immunosenescence, our data provide a cellular and molecular mechanism that links RT-induced p90RSK activation and the immunosenescence with T-bet and CD38 induction observed in thoracic cancer patients treated by RT and suggests that targeting the p90RSK/T-bet/CD38 pathway could play a role in preventing the radiation-associated CVD and improving cancer prognosis by inhibiting immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haizi Cheng
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anita Deswal
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eduardo Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Kyung Ae Ko
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Ling-Ling Lee
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Cardio Oncology Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cielito Reyes-Gibby
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sai-Ching J. Yeung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keri L. Schadler
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Syed Wamique Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Division of Basic Science, Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Jared K. Burks
- Division of Center Medicine, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nicolas L. Palaskas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H. Lin
- Department of Pediatric Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Deng Y, Bartosovic M, Ma S, Zhang D, Kukanja P, Xiao Y, Su G, Liu Y, Qin X, Rosoklija GB, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Xu ML, Halene S, Craft JE, Leong KW, Boldrini M, Castelo-Branco G, Fan R. Spatial profiling of chromatin accessibility in mouse and human tissues. Nature 2022; 609:375-383. [PMID: 35978191 PMCID: PMC9452302 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function in tissue is dependent on the local environment, requiring new methods for spatial mapping of biomolecules and cells in the tissue context1. The emergence of spatial transcriptomics has enabled genome-scale gene expression mapping2-5, but the ability to capture spatial epigenetic information of tissue at the cellular level and genome scale is lacking. Here we describe a method for spatially resolved chromatin accessibility profiling of tissue sections using next-generation sequencing (spatial-ATAC-seq) by combining in situ Tn5 transposition chemistry6 and microfluidic deterministic barcoding5. Profiling mouse embryos using spatial-ATAC-seq delineated tissue-region-specific epigenetic landscapes and identified gene regulators involved in the development of the central nervous system. Mapping the accessible genome in the mouse and human brain revealed the intricate arealization of brain regions. Applying spatial-ATAC-seq to tonsil tissue resolved the spatially distinct organization of immune cell types and states in lymphoid follicles and extrafollicular zones. This technology progresses spatial biology by enabling spatially resolved chromatin accessibility profiling to improve our understanding of cell identity, cell state and cell fate decision in relation to epigenetic underpinnings in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marek Bartosovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sai Ma
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Petra Kukanja
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Graham Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gorazd B Rosoklija
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mina L Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph E Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maura Boldrini
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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8
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Targeting CD38 in Neoplasms and Non-Cancer Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174169. [PMID: 36077708 PMCID: PMC9454480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD38 remains an interesting target for anticancer therapy. Its relatively high abundance in neoplasms and crucial impact on NAD+/cADPR metabolism and the activity of T cells allows for changing the immune response in autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, and finally the induction of cell death. Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity is responsible for cell death induced by targeting the tumor with anti-CD38 antibodies, such as daratumumab. A wide range of laboratory experiments and clinical trials show an especially promising role of anti-CD38 therapy against multiple myeloma, NK cell lymphomas, and CD19- B-cell malignancies. More studies are required to include more diseases in the therapeutic protocols involving the modulation of CD38 activity. Abstract CD38 is a myeloid antigen present both on the cell membrane and in the intracellular compartment of the cell. Its occurrence is often enhanced in cancer cells, thus making it a potential target in anticancer therapy. Daratumumab and isatuximab already received FDA approval, and novel agents such as MOR202, TAK079 and TNB-738 undergo clinical trials. Also, novel therapeutics such as SAR442085 aim to outrank the older antibodies against CD38. Multiple myeloma and immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis may be effectively treated with anti-CD38 immunotherapy. Its role in other hematological malignancies is also important concerning both diagnostic process and potential treatment in the future. Aside from the hematological malignancies, CD38 remains a potential target in gastrointestinal, neurological and pulmonary system disorders. Due to the strong interaction of CD38 with TCR and CD16 on T cells, it may also serve as the biomarker in transplant rejection in renal transplant patients. Besides, CD38 finds its role outside oncology in systemic lupus erythematosus and collagen-induced arthritis. CD38 plays an important role in viral infections, including AIDS and COVID-19. Most of the undergoing clinical trials focus on the use of anti-CD38 antibodies in the therapy of multiple myeloma, CD19- B-cell malignancies, and NK cell lymphomas. This review focuses on targeting CD38 in cancer and non-cancerous diseases using antibodies, cell-based therapies and CD38 inhibitors. We also provide a summary of current clinical trials targeting CD38.
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9
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Bruno S, Ghelli Luserna di Rorà A, Napolitano R, Soverini S, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. CDC20 in and out of mitosis: a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:159. [PMID: 35490245 PMCID: PMC9055704 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 20 homologue (CDC20) is a well-known regulator of cell cycle, as it controls the correct segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Many studies have focused on the biological role of CDC20 in cancer development, as alterations of its functionality have been linked to genomic instability and evidence demonstrated that high CDC20 expression levels are associated with poor overall survival in solid cancers. More recently, novel CDC20 functions have been demonstrated or suggested, including the regulation of apoptosis and stemness properties and a correlation with immune cell infiltration. Here, we here summarize and discuss the role of CDC20 inside and outside mitosis, starting from its network of interacting proteins. In the last years, CDC20 has also attracted more interest in the blood cancer field, being overexpressed and showing an association with prognosis both in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Preclinical findings showed that selective CDC20 and APC/CCDC20/APC/CCDH1 inhibitors, namely Apcin and proTAME, are effective against lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells, resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis and synergizing with clinically-relevant drugs. The evidence and hypothesis presented in this review provide the input for further biological and chemical studies aiming to dissect novel potential CDC20 roles and targeting strategies in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bruno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghelli Luserna di Rorà
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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10
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Cho SF, Lin L, Xing L, Yu T, Wen K, Anderson KC, Tai YT. Monoclonal Antibody: A New Treatment Strategy against Multiple Myeloma. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040018. [PMID: 31548533 PMCID: PMC6698817 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2015 was a groundbreaking year for the multiple myeloma community partly due to the breakthrough approval of the first two monoclonal antibodies in the treatment for patients with relapsed and refractory disease. Despite early disappointments, monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38 (daratumumab) and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) (elotuzumab) have become available for patients with multiple myeloma in the same year. Specifically, phase 3 clinical trials of combination therapies incorporating daratumumab or elotuzumab indicate both efficacy and a very favorable toxicity profile. These therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma can kill target cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis, as well as by direct blockade of signaling cascades. In addition, their immunomodulatory effects may simultaneously inhibit the immunosuppressive bone marrow microenvironment and restore the key function of immune effector cells. In this review, we focus on monoclonal antibodies that have shown clinical efficacy or promising preclinical anti-multiple myeloma activities that warrant further clinical development. We summarize mechanisms that account for the in vitro and in vivo anti-myeloma effects of these monoclonal antibodies, as well as relevant preclinical and clinical results. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies have already and will continue to transform the treatment landscape in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Cho
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Liang Lin
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Lijie Xing
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China.
| | - Tengteng Yu
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kenneth Wen
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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11
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Shukla A, Shukla V, Joshi SS. Regulation of MAPK signaling and implications in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1565-1573. [PMID: 28882083 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1370548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous B cell malignancy that still remains incurable. Recent studies have highlighted cellular and non-cellular components of the tissue microenvironment in CLL that help nurture the growth of leukemic cells by providing the necessary stimuli for their proliferation and survival. The diverse stimuli in the specialized tissue microenvironment of CLL lead to constitutive activation of several signaling pathways that includes B cell receptor signaling and the associated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Recent findings have described aberrant activation of MAPK signaling and its interactions with other cellular signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of CLL. These studies have shed light on the deregulated molecular mechanisms contributing to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and provided avenues for therapeutic options for aggressive CLL. In this review, we describe and discuss the current status of our understanding into the role of MAPK signaling in the pathogenesis of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashima Shukla
- a Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Vipul Shukla
- b La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Shantaram S Joshi
- c Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Centre , Omaha , NE , USA
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12
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Strati P, Parikh SA, Chaffee KG, Achenbach SJ, Slager SL, Call TG, Ding W, Jelinek DF, Hanson CA, Kay NE, Shanafelt TD. CD49d associates with nodal presentation and subsequent development of lymphadenopathy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:99-105. [PMID: 28386906 PMCID: PMC5549625 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD49d is a surface integrin that is expressed on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells, and strongly correlates with more aggressive disease. Given its association with cell-cell adhesion and leucocyte trafficking, we hypothesized that patients with high CD49d expression would experience a clinical course dominated by lymphadenopathy. CD49d expression was measured by flow cytometry and considered positive if expressed by ≥30% of CLL cells. The study included 797 newly diagnosed CLL/small lymphocytic leukaemia patients; 279 (35%) were CD49d positive. CD49d-positive patients were more likely to present with lymphadenopathy (P < 0·001); a finding that persisted after adjusting for fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and IGHV mutation status [odds ratio (OR) 2·51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·64-3·83; P < 0·001]. Among CLL Rai 0 patients, CD49d positivity was associated with shorter time to development of lymphadenopathy (3·2 years vs not reached, P < 0·01). This association was maintained after adjusting for either FISH [hazard ratio (HR) 2·18; 95% CI 1·25-3·81; P = 0·006) or IGHV status (HR 2·02; 95% CI 1·11-3·69; P = 0·02) individually, but was attenuated when adjusting by both (HR 1·72; 95% CI 0·88-3·38; P = 0·11).These data demonstrate that CD49d-positive CLL patients experience a disease course dominated by lymphadenopathy. These findings could have implications for therapy selection and disease monitoring.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Integrin alpha4/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphadenopathy/diagnosis
- Lymphadenopathy/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Time Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Strati
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Ding
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Neil E Kay
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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13
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Garnelo M, Tan A, Her Z, Yeong J, Lim CJ, Chen J, Lim KH, Weber A, Chow P, Chung A, Ooi LLPJ, Toh HC, Heikenwalder M, Ng IOL, Nardin A, Chen Q, Abastado JP, Chew V. Interaction between tumour-infiltrating B cells and T cells controls the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2017; 66:342-351. [PMID: 26669617 PMCID: PMC5284473 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nature of the tumour-infiltrating leucocytes (TILs) is known to impact clinical outcome in carcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of tumour-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) remains controversial. Here, we investigate the impact of TIBs and their interaction with T cells on HCC patient prognosis. DESIGN Tissue samples were obtained from 112 patients with HCC from Singapore, Hong Kong and Zurich and analysed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RNA expression of CD19, CD8A, IFNG was analysed using quantitative PCR. The phenotype of freshly isolated TILs was analysed using flow cytometry. A mouse model depleted of mature B cells was used for functional study. RESULTS Tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells were observed in close contact with each other and their densities are correlated with superior survival in patients with HCC. Furthermore, the density of TIBs was correlated with an enhanced expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ, as well as with reduced tumour viability defined by low expression of Ki-67, and an enhanced expression of activated caspase-3 on tumour cells. CD27 and CD40 costimulatory molecules and TILs expressing activation marker CD38 in the tumour were also correlated with patient survival. Mice depleted of mature B cells and transplanted with murine hepatoma cells showed reduced tumour control and decreased local T cell activation, further indicating the important role of B cells. CONCLUSIONS The close proximity of tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells indicates a functional interaction between them that is linked to an enhanced local immune activation and contributes to better prognosis for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garnelo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Alex Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Joe Yeong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Jye Lim
- SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierce Chow
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Chung
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - London Lucien PJ Ooi
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Virology, Technical University München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Irene O L Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Valerie Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Kamel AM, El-Sharkawy NM, Osman RA, Abd El-Fattah EK, El-Noshokaty E, Abd El-Hamid T, Kandeel EZ. Adhesion molecules expression in CLL: Potential impact on clinical and hematological parameters. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2016; 28:31-7. [PMID: 26873628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is marked by the accumulation of CD5+ B lymphocytes within the blood, bone marrow (BM), and secondary lymphoid tissues. Abnormalities in the expression and function of cell adhesion molecules may account for the patterns of intra-nodal growth and hematogenous spread of the malignant cells. Chemokines and integrin-mediated adhesion and trans-endothelial migration (TEM) are central aspects in trafficking and retention of hematopoietic cells in the BM and lymphoid organs. AIM OF THE WORK This work was conducted to study adhesion molecules status in CLL and its potential impact on both hematological and clinical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 78 newly diagnosed CLL patients. Immunophenotyping was performed on peripheral blood using the chronic lymphoid panel. Adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD49d, CD49C, CD29 and CD38) were tested using monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by Flow Cytometry. RESULTS Positive correlation was encountered between adhesion molecules: CD38 with CD49d (r=0.25, p=0.028), CD11a with CD11b, CD49d and CD29 (r=0.394, p=0.001; r=0.441, p=<0.01 and r=0.446, p<0.01 respectively) and CD29 with CD49c and CD49d (r=0.437, p<0.01; r=0.674, p<0.01 respectively). CD49c showed negative correlation with Rai staging (r=-0.269, p=0.033). CD11a and CD29 showed a significant relation with splenomegaly (p=0.04 and 0.03 respectively) and CD49d showed a significant relation with lymphadenopathy (p=0.02). CONCLUSION The level of different adhesion molecules expression in CLL is apparently reflected on the potential migratory behavior of the leukemic cells to different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Kamel
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Nahla M El-Sharkawy
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Randa A Osman
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Eman K Abd El-Fattah
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Essam El-Noshokaty
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Thoraya Abd El-Hamid
- Medical Oncology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Eman Z Kandeel
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
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15
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Mongini PKA, Gupta R, Boyle E, Nieto J, Lee H, Stein J, Bandovic J, Stankovic T, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chu CC, Chiorazzi N. TLR-9 and IL-15 Synergy Promotes the In Vitro Clonal Expansion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:901-23. [PMID: 26136429 PMCID: PMC4505957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical progression of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) reflects the clone's Ag receptor (BCR) and involves stroma-dependent B-CLL growth within lymphoid tissue. Uniformly elevated expression of TLR-9, occasional MYD88 mutations, and BCR specificity for DNA or Ags physically linked to DNA together suggest that TLR-9 signaling is important in driving B-CLL growth in patients. Nevertheless, reports of apoptosis after B-CLL exposure to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) raised questions about a central role for TLR-9. Because normal memory B cells proliferate vigorously to ODN+IL-15, a cytokine found in stromal cells of bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, we examined whether this was true for B-CLL cells. Through a CFSE-based assay for quantitatively monitoring in vitro clonal proliferation/survival, we show that IL-15 precludes TLR-9-induced apoptosis and permits significant B-CLL clonal expansion regardless of the clone's BCR mutation status. A robust response to ODN+IL-15 was positively linked to presence of chromosomal anomalies (trisomy-12 or ataxia telangiectasia mutated anomaly + del13q14) and negatively linked to a very high proportion of CD38(+) cells within the blood-derived B-CLL population. Furthermore, a clone's intrinsic potential for in vitro growth correlated directly with doubling time in blood, in the case of B-CLL with Ig H chain V region-unmutated BCR and <30% CD38(+) cells in blood. Finally, in vitro high-proliferator status was statistically linked to diminished patient survival. These findings, together with immunohistochemical evidence of apoptotic cells and IL-15-producing cells proximal to B-CLL pseudofollicles in patient spleens, suggest that collaborative ODN and IL-15 signaling may promote in vivo B-CLL growth.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/genetics
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549;
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Erin Boyle
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jennifer Nieto
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Hyunjoo Lee
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Joanna Stein
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Jela Bandovic
- Department of Pathology, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and
| | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Charles C Chu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY 11549; Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, NY; and Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
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16
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Bürgler S, Gimeno A, Parente-Ribes A, Wang D, Os A, Devereux S, Jebsen P, Bogen B, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express CD38 in response to Th1 cell-derived IFN-γ by a T-bet-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:827-35. [PMID: 25505279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, expression of CD38 on CLL cells correlates with CLL cell survival and proliferation, but the mechanisms that regulate CD38 expression and inflammatory cytokines remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that patients have CLL-specific Th cells that support CLL proliferation. In this article, we show that CLL cells attract such Th cells, thereby establishing an Ag-dependent collaboration. Blocking experiments performed in vitro as wells as in vivo, using a xenograft model, revealed that secretion of IFN-γ was a major mechanism by which CLL-specific Th cells increased CD38 on CLL cells. The expression of the transcription factor T-bet in peripheral blood CLL cells significantly correlated with CD38 expression, and transient transfection of CLL cells with T-bet resulted in T-bet(hi)CD38(hi) cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that T-bet can bind to regulatory regions of the CD38 gene. These data suggest that CLL cells attract CLL-specific Th cells and initiate a positive feedback loop with upregulation of T-bet, CD38, and type 1 chemokines allowing further recruitment of Th cells and increased type 1 cytokine secretion. This insight provides a cellular and molecular mechanism that links the inflammatory signature observed in CLL pathogenesis with CD38 expression and aggressive disease and suggests that targeting the IFN-γ/IFN-γR/JAK/STAT/T-bet/CD38 pathway could play a role in the therapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bürgler
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Parente-Ribes
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Wang
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Os
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Hematological Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jebsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
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17
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Gehrke I, Bouchard ED, Beiggi S, Poeppl AG, Johnston JB, Gibson SB, Banerji V. On-Target Effect of FK866, a Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl Transferase Inhibitor, by Apoptosis-Mediated Death in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4861-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Ghamlouch H, Ouled-Haddou H, Guyart A, Regnier A, Trudel S, Claisse JF, Fuentes V, Royer B, Marolleau JP, Gubler B. Phorbol myristate acetate, but not CD40L, induces the differentiation of CLL B cells into Ab-secreting cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:591-604. [PMID: 24797583 PMCID: PMC4134517 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the capacity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells to undergo terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting plasma cells in T cell-independent and T cell-dependent responses. We used a two-step model involving stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and CD40L, together with cytokines (PMA/c and CD40L/c), for 7 days. We describe immunophenotypic modifications, changes in the levels of mRNA and protein for transcription factors and morphological and functional events occurring during the differentiation of CLL B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). The induction of differentiation differed significantly between the CD40L/c and PMA/c culture systems. The PMA/c culture system allowed CLL B cells to differentiate into IgM-secreting cells with an immunophenotype and molecular profile resembling those of preplasmablasts. By contrast, CD40L/c-stimulated cells had a phenotype and morphology similar to those of activated B cells and resembling those of the CLL B cells residing in the lymph node and bone marrow. These data suggest that the CLL B cells are not frozen permanently at a stage of differentiation and are able to differentiate into ASCs as appropriate stimulation are provided. The data presented here raise questions about the molecular processes and stimulation required for CLL B-cell differentiation and about the inability of CD40 ligand to induce differentiation of the CLL B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghamlouch
- EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aude Guyart
- EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aline Regnier
- 1] EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France [2] Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- 1] EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France [2] Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-François Claisse
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Fuentes
- EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Bruno Royer
- 1] EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France [2] Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- 1] EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France [2] Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie Cellulaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- 1] EA4666, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France [2] Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, CHU d'Amiens, Avenue René Laënnec, Amiens, France
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Brachtl G, Piñón Hofbauer J, Greil R, Hartmann TN. The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2014; 93:361-74. [PMID: 24288111 PMCID: PMC4032465 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the microenvironment in secondary lymphoid tissues and the bone marrow are known to promote CLL cell survival and proliferation. CD38 and CD49d are both independent prognostic risk parameters in CLL with important roles in shaping these interactions. Both are reported to influence CLL cell trafficking between blood and lymphoid organs as well as their survival and proliferation within the lymphoid organs, thereby impacting the pathophysiology of the disease. The expression of CD38 and CD49d is associated in the majority of cases, and they exist as part of macromolecular complexes. Here, we review the current evidence for the individual and associated contributions of these molecules to CLL pathophysiology.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/blood
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4/blood
- Integrin alpha4/metabolism
- Integrin alpha4beta1/blood
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brachtl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Laubach JP, Tai YT, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Daratumumab granted breakthrough drug status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:445-52. [PMID: 24555809 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.889681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite important recent advances in treatment due to its inherent resistance, characterized by highly complex and heterogeneous molecular abnormalities, as well as the support from myeloma bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A novel therapeutic strategy that effectively targets specific molecules on myeloma cells and also potentially overcomes tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance and the downstream effects of genetic instability is thus urgently needed. Over the last 2 years, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab (DARA) has emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for patients with MM. Early-stage clinical trials have found DARA to be safe and to have encouraging clinical activity as a single agent and in combination with lenalidomide in heavily pretreated, relapsed patients in whom other novel agents (such as bortezomib, thalidomide and lenalidomide) as well as stem cell transplant has already failed. DARA may, therefore, be the first mAb with significant anti-MM activity both as a monotherapy and in combination. It is currently being further evaluated both alone and in combination with conventional and novel anti-MM agents as part of prospective clinical trials. This review discusses the preclinical and clinical development of DARA, its pathophysiological basis, and its prospects for future use in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Laubach
- Medical Oncologist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Je Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center , 450 Brookline Ave., Mayer 556, Boston, MA 02215 , USA
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21
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Rahmatpanah FB, Carstens S, Hooshmand SI, Welsh EC, Sjahputera O, Taylor KH, Bennett LB, Shi H, Davis JW, Arthur GL, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Wooldridge JE, Caldwell CW. Large-scale analysis of DNA methylation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Epigenomics 2012; 1:39-61. [PMID: 20495622 DOI: 10.2217/epi.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous malignancy that clinically ranges from indolent to rapidly progressive. CLL, like other cancers, can be affected by epigenetic alterations. MATERIALS & METHODS A microarray discovery-based study was initiated to determine DNA methylation in CLL cases with a range of CD38 expression (1–92%). RESULTS Many loci were either methylated or unmethylated across all CD38 levels, but differential methylation was also observed for some genes. Genomic sequencing of DLEU7 confirmed extensive cytosine methylation preferentially in patient samples with low CD38 expression, whereas NRP2, SFRP2 and ADAM12 were more commonly methylated in those with high CD38 expression. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that CLL is affected by CpG island methylation in some genes that segregate with CD38 expression levels, while most others show similar methylation patterns across all levels. The CpG island methylation in certain functional gene groups and pathway-associated genes that are known to be deregulated in CLL provides additional insights into the CLL methylome and epigenetic contribution to cellular dysfunction. It will now be useful to investigate the effectiveness of epigenetic therapeutic reversal of these alterations to develop effective treatments for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz B Rahmatpanah
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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22
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Malavasi F, Deaglio S, Damle R, Cutrona G, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. CD38 and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a decade later. Blood 2011; 118:3470-8. [PMID: 21765022 PMCID: PMC3574275 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-275610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights a decade of investigations into the role of CD38 in CLL. CD38 is accepted as a dependable marker of unfavorable prognosis and as an indicator of activation and proliferation of cells when tested. Leukemic clones with higher numbers of CD38(+) cells are more responsive to BCR signaling and are characterized by enhanced migration. In vitro activation through CD38 drives CLL proliferation and chemotaxis via a signaling pathway that includes ZAP-70 and ERK1/2. Finally, CD38 is under a polymorphic transcriptional control after external signals. Consequently, CD38 appears to be a global molecular bridge to the environment, promoting survival/proliferation over apoptosis. Together, this evidence contributes to the current view of CLL as a chronic disease in which the host's microenvironment promotes leukemic cell growth and also controls the sequential acquisition and accumulation of genetic alterations. This view relies on the existence of a set of surface molecules, including CD38, which support proliferation and survival of B cells on their way to and after neoplastic transformation. The second decade of studies on CD38 in CLL will tell if the molecule is an effective target for antibody-mediated therapy in this currently incurable leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/trends
- Research/trends
- Time Factors
- Tumor Microenvironment/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Malavasi
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino School of Medicine, Torino, Italy.
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23
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Buggins AGS, Levi A, Gohil S, Fishlock K, Patten PEM, Calle Y, Yallop D, Devereux S. Evidence for a macromolecular complex in poor prognosis CLL that contains CD38, CD49d, CD44 and MMP-9. Br J Haematol 2011; 154:216-22. [PMID: 21569005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progressive chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is characterized by the accumulation of neoplastic B-cells in the tissues and correlates with the expression of prognostic biomarkers, such as CD38, CD49d and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), which are involved in migration and tissue invasion. In this study we investigated the physical relationship between these molecules and demonstrated that CD38, CD49d, MMP9 and CD44 were physically associated in a supramolecular cell surface complex. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the correlation between expression of these proteins and prognosis and, as the complex is not present in normal B-cells, suggest a novel leukaemia-specific therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G S Buggins
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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24
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Majid A, Lin TT, Best G, Fishlock K, Hewamana S, Pratt G, Yallop D, Buggins AGS, Wagner S, Kennedy BJ, Miall F, Hills R, Devereux S, Oscier DG, Dyer MJS, Fegan C, Pepper C. CD49d is an independent prognostic marker that is associated with CXCR4 expression in CLL. Leuk Res 2010; 35:750-6. [PMID: 21093051 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) research is awash with prognostic markers. However, very few of the current group play a clearly defined role in the pathology of this disease and even fewer represent a tractable therapeutic target. One such marker that fulfils both of these criteria is the integrin CD49d. This molecule been implicated in the capacity of CLL cells to migrate into lymphoid tissues and there is a CD49d blocking antibody, Natalizumab, currently in clinical trials. Here we carried out the largest multi-centre evaluation of CD49d as a prognostic marker in 652 primary CLL samples. We confirm that CD49d is predictive for time to first treatment (P<0.0001) and overall survival (P<0.0001) and increases the prognostic power of CD38, ZAP-70 and IGHV gene mutation status in concordant cases. Furthermore, CD49d retained independent prognostic significance in multivariate analysis. In contrast to previous studies, we showed no correlation between CD49d expression and in vitro resistance to fludarabine in liquid cultures (P=0.28) but CD49d(hi) cells were significantly more resistant than CD49d(lo) cells when assays were carried out on fibronectin-coated plates (P=0.03). Furthermore, we showed for the first time that the expression of CD49d is strongly associated with expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 suggesting a co-ordinated role for these molecules in the trafficking of CLL cells to the lymphoid tissues. Taken together, our data support the introduction of CD49d into routine immunophenotyping panels for CLL and indicate that the therapeutic targeting of this molecule may prove useful in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Majid
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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25
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Sulda ML, Kuss BJ, Hall RK, Bailey S, Macardle PJ. Clinical utility of molecular and flow cytometric markers in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Intern Med J 2010; 42:137-46. [PMID: 20561095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2010.02294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease. While immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain (IgVH) mutational status remains the 'gold standard' in molecular prognostication, a range of additional markers is increasingly being used in clinical trials. As awareness of trial data increases, requests to determine these prognostic markers for new CLL patients are becoming more prevalent in Australia. AIM To explore the clinical utility of currently available prognostic markers for CLL in an Australian cohort. METHODS IgVH mutational status and gene usage was determined and compared with other reported immunophenotypic markers, cytogenetics and clinical outcome as defined by treatment-free survival (TFS), lymphocyte doubling time and clinical stage in a cohort of 65 CLL patients. RESULTS An unmutated IgVH gene, high expression of CD38, ZAP-70, CD25, CD49d, CD54 or low expression of CD49c was associated with shorter TFS indicating an adverse clinical prognosis in our cohort. High expression of each of CD38, ZAP-70, CD49d and CD54 was significantly associated with an unmutated IgVH gene; however, associations were not absolute. IgVH and CD25 expression retained their significance in multivariate analysis. Concordant CD25(high) /IgVH unmutated CLL patients had the shortest median TFS interval (40 months) in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS Molecular and immunophenotypic markers remain useful as adjuncts to clinical prognostication; however, as single parameters they are unable to dictate the timing of therapeutic intervention. The combined use of CD25 and IgVH mutational status may be clinically relevant to CLL prognostication while also providing insight into the biological pathways involved in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sulda
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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26
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Ding W, Nowakowski GS, Knox TR, Boysen JC, Maas ML, Schwager SM, Wu W, Wellik LE, Dietz AB, Ghosh AK, Secreto CR, Medina KL, Shanafelt TD, Zent CS, Call TG, Kay NE. Bi-directional activation between mesenchymal stem cells and CLL B-cells: implication for CLL disease progression. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:471-83. [PMID: 19751240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that contact between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B-cells and marrow stromal cells impact both cell types. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a long-term primary culture system from bone biopsies that reliably generates a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). Co-culture of MSC with CLL B-cells protected the latter from both spontaneous apoptosis and drug-induced apoptosis. The CD38 expression in previously CD38 positive CLL B-cells was up-regulated with MSC co-culture. Upregulation of CD71, CD25, CD69 and CD70 in CLL B-cells was found in the co-culture. CD71 upregulation was more significantly associated with high-risk CLL, implicating CD71 regulation in the microenvironment predicting disease progression. In MSC, rapid ERK and AKT phosphorylation (within 30 min) were detected when CLL B-cells and MSC were separated by transwell; indicating that activation of MSC was mediated by soluble factors. These findings support a bi-directional activation between bone marrow stromal cells and CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Rožková D, Novotná L, Pytlík R, Hochová I, Kozák T, Bartůňková J, Špíšek R. Toll-like receptors on B-CLL cells: expression and functional consequences of their stimulation. Int J Cancer 2009; 126:1132-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Nückel H, Switala M, Collins CH, Sellmann L, Grosse-Wilde H, Dührsen U, Rebmann V. High CD49d protein and mRNA expression predicts poor outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:472-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Zucchetto A, Benedetti D, Tripodo C, Bomben R, Dal Bo M, Marconi D, Bossi F, Lorenzon D, Degan M, Rossi FM, Rossi D, Bulian P, Franco V, Del Poeta G, Deaglio S, Gaidano G, Tedesco F, Malavasi F, Gattei V. CD38/CD31, the CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines, and CD49d/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are interchained by sequential events sustaining chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell survival. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4001-9. [PMID: 19383907 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD38 and CD49d are associated negative prognosticators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite evidence that both molecules are involved in interactions occurring between CLL and normal cells in the context of CLL-involved tissues, a functional link is still missing. Using gene expression profiles comparing CD38(+)CD49d(+) versus CD38(-)CD49d(-) CLL cells, we showed overexpression of the CCL3 and CCL4 chemokines in cells from the former group. These chemokines were also up-regulated by CD38 signals in CLL; moreover, CCL3 was expressed by CLL cells from bone marrow biopsies (BMB) of CD38(+)CD49d(+) but not CD38(-)CD49d(-) cases. High levels of CCR1 and, to a lesser extent, CCR5, the receptors for CCL3 and CCL4, were found in CLL-derived monocyte-macrophages. Consistently, CCL3 increased monocyte migration, and CD68(+) macrophage infiltration was particularly high in BMB from CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL. Conditioned media from CCL3-stimulated macrophages induced endothelial cells to express vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), the CD49d ligand, likely through tumor necrosis factor alpha overproduction. These effects were apparent in BMB from CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL, where lymphoid infiltrates were characterized by a prominent meshwork of VCAM-1(+) stromal/endothelial cells. Lastly, CD49d engagement by VCAM-1 transfectants increased viability of CD38(+)CD49d(+) CLL cells. Altogether, CD38 and CD49d can be thought of as parts of a consecutive chain of events ultimately leading to improved survival of CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zucchetto
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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30
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Van Bockstaele F, Verhasselt B, Philippé J. Prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A comprehensive review. Blood Rev 2009; 23:25-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Bulian P, Gaidano G, Del Poeta G, Gattei V. CD49d expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a prognostic parameter and a therapeutic target. Future Oncol 2008; 4:355-8. [PMID: 18518761 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Shanafelt TD, Geyer SM, Bone ND et al.: CD49d expression is an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a prognostic parameter with therapeutic potential. Br. J. Haematol. 140(5), 537–546 (2008). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a progressive disease for which there is no curative chemotherapy regimen. Progression may be either a late or an early event, occurring after more than 15 years or within 5 years from diagnosis. Counseling and management should be personalized on individual risk of progression, usually assessed by clinical staging and by investigating the presence of well-established biological markers: mutational status of immunoglobulin heavy variable region (IGHV) genes, chromososomal alterations as detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and expression of ZAP-70 and CD38. Several additional factors have been so far proposed as putative prognosticators, with the aim to find more reliable and easily measurable markers. Two recent studies indicate that CD49d is an independent prognosticator for overall survival and time-to-treatment, and that its value may be even more powerful than ZAP-70, CD38 or IGHV mutational status. CD49d is easily measurable by simple flow cytometer testing and is a potential therapeutic target, thanks to the availability of natalizumab, a US FDA-approved humanized monoclonal antibody for treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bulian
- Clinical & Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
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32
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Phenotypic protein profiling of different B cell sub-populations using antibody CD-microarrays. Cancer Lett 2008; 265:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Shanafelt TD, Geyer SM, Bone ND, Tschumper RC, Witzig TE, Nowakowski GS, Zent CS, Call TG, Laplant B, Dewald GW, Jelinek DF, Kay NE. CD49d expression is an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a prognostic parameter with therapeutic potential. Br J Haematol 2008; 140:537-46. [PMID: 18275431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have demonstrated that surface expression of CD49d on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B cells facilitates leukaemic cell-stromal interactions by binding to fibronectin. This interaction reduces both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis. The present study measured CD49d expression by flow cytometry in a cohort of untreated CLL patients previously accrued to a prospective observational study and evaluated the relationship with overall survival (OS). Among the 158 CLL patients tested, the percentage of leukaemic B cells expressing CD49d ranged from 0 to 100%. When all risk factors were treated as continuous variables, CD49d expression showed moderate correlation with expression of ZAP-70 (r = 0.54; P < 0.0001) and CD38 (r = 0.58; P < 0.0001) but not %IGHV mutation. As a continuous variable, CD49d expression strongly correlated with OS (P < 0.0001). Recursive partitioning analysis suggested the 45% threshold of CD49d expression best predicted OS. Multivariate analysis, controlling for disease stage, ZAP-70, IGHV status and fluorescent in situ hybridization defects identified CD49d as an independent predictor of OS and was a better predictor of clinical outcome than ZAP-70, IGHV, or cytogenetics. This observational cohort study suggests that CLL B-cell expression of CD49d is an easily measurable and independent predictor of OS and CD49d expression in CLL. Importantly, anti-CD49d antibodies are already approved for treatment of other human diseases. Clinical testing of anti-CD49d therapy in CLL appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tait D Shanafelt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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34
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Lin TT, Hewamana S, Ward R, Taylor H, Payne T, Pratt G, Baird D, Fegan C, Pepper C. Highly purified CD38 sub-populations show no evidence of preferential clonal evolution despite having increased proliferative activity when compared with CD38 sub-populations derived from the same chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patient. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:595-605. [PMID: 18503580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In agreement with a recently published manuscript, this present study demonstrated that CD38+ sub-populations had increased proliferative activity as evidenced by higher Ki-67 expression (P < 0.0001). This raised the possibility that the CD38+ fraction is exposed to an increased risk of clonal evolution. However, serial fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis of highly purified CD38+ and CD38- sub-populations from individual patients revealed no distinct cytogenetic lesions or evidence of preferential clonal evolution in the CD38+ fractions when compared with their CD38- counter-parts (P = 0.13). Furthermore, telomere length analysis revealed that all of the sub-populations had similarly short telomeres (P = 0.31) and comparably low telomerase (TERT) expression (P = 0.75) and telomerase activity (P = 0.88). Subsequent examination of cell-sorted CD38+ and CD38- sub-populations from paired peripheral blood and bone marrow samples taken on the same day showed no significant difference in CD38, Ki-67, TERT expression or telomere lengths, indicating that these chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells were derived from a single pool trafficking between these two compartments. Taken together, our data show that chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells derived from bimodal patients all have extensive proliferative histories and have undergone a similar number of cell divisions that is mirrored by the episodic expression of CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thet Thet Lin
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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35
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a lymphoproliferative disease with a highly variable outcome. The prognosis of patients with CLL may be predicted using a number of biomarkers, including the level of CD38 expression at the leukemic cell surface. This study investigates the hypothesis that CD38 expression by CLL cells reflects interactions with nonmalignant cells within pseudofollicles in secondary lymphoid tissue where tumor cell proliferation is thought to occur. CD38 expression is higher in tissues that contain pseudofollicles compared with those that do not. In addition, we show that CD38 expression in CLL is dynamic, changes in response to contact with activated CD4(+) T cells, and identifies cells that are primed to proliferate. Finally, we demonstrate close contact between activated CD4(+) T cells and proliferating tumor in primary patient tissue. Proliferating tumor cells in lymph nodes express CD38, which is in turn associated with an increased number of CD31(+) vascular endothelial cells. Although the factors resulting in colocalization of tumor, T cells, and endothelium remain unclear, the existence of these cellular clusters may provide an explanation for the association between CD38 expression and adverse outcome in CLL and suggests novel therapeutic targets.
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36
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Alpha4beta1 integrin and 190-kDa CD44v constitute a cell surface docking complex for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in chronic leukemic but not in normal B cells. Blood 2008; 112:169-78. [PMID: 18326820 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-109249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) progresses, malignant cells extravasate and infiltrate lymphoid tissues. Several molecules, including gelatinase B/MMP-9, contribute to these processes. Although mainly a secreted protease, some MMP-9 is present at the B-CLL cell surface and the function, mode of anchoring, and interactions of this MMP-9 are unknown. Here we show that anti-MMP-9 antibodies immunoprecipitated a 190-kDa CD44v isoform and alpha4beta1 integrin from B-CLL cells, but not from normal B cells. Function-blocking antibodies to alpha4beta1 or CD44, or transfection with specific siRNAs, decreased cell-associated proMMP-9 and increased the secreted form. B-CLL cells attached to and bound proMMP-9 and active MMP-9, and this was inhibited by blocking the expression or function of alpha4beta1 or CD44. The MMP-9 hemopexin domain was critical in these interactions. alpha4beta1 and 190-kDa CD44v (but not CD44H) formed a complex at the cell surface, since they both coimmunoprecipitated with anti-alpha4, anti-beta1, or anti-CD44 antibodies. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed that alpha4beta1 and CD44v colocalized with MMP-9. Binding of proMMP-9 inhibited B-CLL cell migration, and this required MMP-9 proteolytic activity. Thus, we have identified alpha4beta1 and CD44v as a novel proMMP-9 cell surface docking complex and show that cell-associated MMP-9 may regulate B-CLL cell migration and arrest.
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37
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Damle RN, Temburni S, Calissano C, Yancopoulos S, Banapour T, Sison C, Allen SL, Rai KR, Chiorazzi N. CD38 expression labels an activated subset within chronic lymphocytic leukemia clones enriched in proliferating B cells. Blood 2007; 110:3352-9. [PMID: 17684154 PMCID: PMC2200908 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-083832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are thought to have diminished cell-cycling capacity, a view challenged by their phenotypic resemblance to activated human B lymphocytes. The present study addresses the cell-cycling status of CLL cells, focusing on those leukemic cells expressing CD38, a molecule involved in signaling and activation that also serves as a prognostic marker in this disease. CD38(+) and CD38(-) members of individual CLL clones were analyzed for coexpression of molecules associated with cellular activation (CD27, CD62L, and CD69), cell-cycle entry (Ki-67), signaling (ZAP-70), and protection from apoptosis (telomerase and Bcl-2). Regardless of the size of the CD38(+) fraction within a CLL clone, CD38(+) subclones are markedly enriched for expression of Ki-67, ZAP-70, human telomerase reverse transcriptase, and telomerase activity. Although the percentage of cells (approximately 2%) entering the cell cycle as defined by Ki-67 expression is small, the absolute number within a clone can be sizeable and is contained primarily within the CD38(+) fraction. Despite these activation/proliferation differences, both CD38(+) and CD38(-) fractions have similar telomere lengths, suggesting that CD38 expression is dynamic and transient. These findings may help explain why high percentages of CD38(+) cells within clones are associated with poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra N Damle
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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38
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Kay NE, O'Brien SM, Pettitt AR, Stilgenbauer S. The role of prognostic factors in assessing ‘high-risk’ subgroups of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 21:1885-91. [PMID: 17568813 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has historically relied on 'watchful waiting' and palliative approaches to therapy. However, the course of disease is highly variable and a substantial proportion of patients with early-stage CLL develop rapidly progressive disease requiring therapy. In recent decades, numerous clinical and biological prognostic markers that are predictive of decreased survival outcomes, disease progression and/or resistance to therapy, and that may play a role in defining the subgroups of patients with 'high-risk' CLL have been identified. At the same time, highly effective treatment modalities have become available with the advent of chemoimmunotherapy combinations and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Thus, we are approaching an era when patients with CLL may potentially benefit from individualized risk assessments based on prognostic markers and when specific therapies may be offered to the subgroup of patients with high-risk disease. This review provides a brief overview of newer biological prognostic markers, discusses the challenges associated with identifying the subgroup of patients with high-risk CLL and further aims to provide recommendations on how prognostic markers may be used to assess high-risk subgroups in different clinical situations in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Kay
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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39
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40
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Pepper C, Ward R, Lin TT, Brennan P, Starczynski J, Musson M, Rowntree C, Bentley P, Mills K, Pratt G, Fegan C. Highly purified CD38+ and CD38- sub-clones derived from the same chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient have distinct gene expression signatures despite their monoclonal origin. Leukemia 2007; 21:687-96. [PMID: 17287849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD38 expression is an important prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with high levels of CD38 associated with shorter overall survival. In this study, we used gene expression profiling and protein analysis of highly purified cell-sorted CD38(+) and CD38(-) chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to elucidate a molecular basis for the association between CD38 expression and inferior clinical outcome. Paired CD38(+) and CD38(-) CLL cells derived from the same patient were shown to be monoclonal by V(H) gene sequencing but despite this, CD38(+) CLL cells possessed a distinct gene expression profile when compared with their CD38(-) sub-clones. Importantly, CD38(+) CLL cells relatively over expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and appeared to preferentially utilize an internal autocrine VEGF survival loop. Elevated VEGF expression was associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Inhibition of VEGF receptor signaling also resulted in a reduction in cell viability. In contrast, exogenous VEGF caused a significant increase in CD38(-) CLL cell viability and a marked induction of Mcl-1; both effects were less obvious in CD38(+) CLL cells. Taken together, our data provide a biological rationale for the poor prognosis of CD38(+) CLL and indicate that both VEGF and Mcl-1 may prove to be useful therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/blood
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/deficiency
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Restriction Mapping
- Survival Analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pepper
- Department of Haematology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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41
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Redondo-Muñoz J, Escobar-Díaz E, Samaniego R, Terol MJ, García-Marco JA, García-Pardo A. MMP-9 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia is up-regulated by alpha4beta1 integrin or CXCR4 engagement via distinct signaling pathways, localizes to podosomes, and is involved in cell invasion and migration. Blood 2006; 108:3143-51. [PMID: 16840734 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-007294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) progression is determined by malignant cell extravasation and lymphoid tissue infiltration. We have studied the role and regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in B-CLL cell migration and invasion. Adhesion of B-CLL cells to the fibronectin fragment FN-H89, VCAM-1, or TNF-alpha-activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) up-regulated MMP-9 production, measured by gelatin zymography. This effect was mediated by alpha4beta1 integrin and required PI3-K/Akt signaling. The chemokine CXCL12 also up-regulated MMP-9, independently of alpha4beta1 and involving ERK1/2 but not Akt activity. Accordingly, alpha4beta1 engagement activated the PI3-K/Akt/NF-kappaB pathway, while CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction activated ERK1/2/c-Fos signaling. Anti-MMP-9 antibodies, the MMP-9 inhibitor TIMP-1, or transfection with 3 different MMP-9 siRNAs significantly blocked migration through Matrigel or HUVECs. Cell-associated MMP-9 was mainly at the membrane and contained the proactive and mature forms. Moreover, B-CLL cells formed podosomes upon adhesion to FN-H89, VCAM-1, or fibronectin; MMP-9 localized to podosomes in a PI3-K-dependent manner and degraded a fibronectin/gelatin matrix. Our results are the first to show that MMP-9 is physiologically regulated by alpha4beta1 integrin and CXCL12 and plays a key role in cell invasion and transendothelial migration, thus contributing to B-CLL progression. MMP-9 could therefore constitute a target for treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Redondo-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Zucchetto A, Bomben R, Dal Bo M, Bulian P, Benedetti D, Nanni P, Del Poeta G, Degan M, Gattei V. CD49d in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlated expression with CD38 and prognostic relevance. Leukemia 2006; 20:523-5; author reply 528-9. [PMID: 16408095 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Deaglio S, Vaisitti T, Aydin S, Ferrero E, Malavasi F. In-tandem insight from basic science combined with clinical research: CD38 as both marker and key component of the pathogenetic network underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2006; 108:1135-44. [PMID: 16621959 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of mutations in the IgV genes, together with the presence of ZAP-70 and CD38, are the most reliable negative prognostic markers for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Several lines of evidence indicate that CD38 may be not only a diagnostic marker but also a key element in the pathogenetic network in CLL. First, CD38 is a receptor that induces proliferation and increases survival of CLL cells. Second, CD38 signals start upon interaction with the CD31 ligand expressed by stromal and nurse-like cells. Third, CD38/CD31 contacts up-regulate CD100, a semaphorin involved in sustaining CLL growth. Fourth, evidence that nurselike cells express high levels of CD31 and plexin-B1, the high-affinity ligand for CD100, offers indirect confirmation for this model of receptor cross-talk. Elements of variation in the clinical course of CD38(+) CLL patients include (1) potential intersection with ZAP-70, a kinase involved in the CD38 signaling pathway in T and natural killer (NK) cells, and (2) the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the receptors involved, at least of CD38 and CD31. Consequently, CD38 together with ZAP-70 appear to be the key elements of a coreceptor pathway that may sustain the signals mediated by the B-cell receptor and potentially by chemokines and their receptors. This would result in acquisition of increased survival potential, providing clues to the poorer prognosis of CD38(+) patients.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease-Free Survival
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Deaglio
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Italy
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44
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Reply to ‘CD49d in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlated expression with CD38 and prognostic relevance’ by Zucchetto et al. Leukemia 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Reply to Pittner et al. Leukemia 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Zucchetto A, Sonego P, Degan M, Bomben R, Dal Bo M, Bulian P, Benedetti D, Rupolo M, Del Poeta G, Campanini R, Gattei V. Surface-antigen expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: from the signature of specific disease subsets to the identification of markers with prognostic relevance. J Transl Med 2006; 4:11. [PMID: 16509989 PMCID: PMC1457000 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of gene expression profiling have been successfully used for the identification of molecules to be employed as potential prognosticators. In analogy with gene expression profiling, we have recently proposed a novel method to identify the immunophenotypic signature of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia subsets with different prognosis, named surface-antigen expression profiling. According to this approach, surface marker expression data can be analysed by data mining tools identical to those employed in gene expression profiling studies, including unsupervised and supervised algorithms, with the aim of identifying the immunophenotypic signature of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia subsets with different prognosis. Here we provide an overview of the overall strategy employed for the development of such an "outcome class-predictor" based on surface-antigen expression signatures. In addition, we will also discuss how to transfer the obtained information into the routine clinical practice by providing a flow-chart indicating how to select the most relevant antigens and build-up a prognostic scoring system by weighing each antigen according to its predictive power. Although referred to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the methodology discussed here can be also useful in the study of diseases other than B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, when the purpose is to identify novel prognostic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zucchetto
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Massimo Degan
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Pietro Bulian
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Dania Benedetti
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Maurizio Rupolo
- Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Giovanni Del Poeta
- Chair of Hematology, University of Tor Vergata, S. Eugenio Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Campanini
- Department of Physics, University of Bologna, INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Bologna; Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
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