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Feola S, Chiaro J, Fusciello M, Russo S, Kleino I, Ylösmäki L, Kekäläinen E, Hästbacka J, Pekkarinen PT, Ylösmäki E, Capone S, Folgori A, Raggioli A, Boni C, Tiezzi C, Vecchi A, Gelzo M, Kared H, Nardin A, Fehlings M, Barban V, Ahokas P, Viitala T, Castaldo G, Pastore L, Porter P, Pesonen S, Cerullo V. PeptiVAX: A new adaptable peptides-delivery platform for development of CTL-based, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129926. [PMID: 38331062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) posed a threat to public health and the global economy, necessitating the development of various vaccination strategies. Mutations in the SPIKE protein gene, a crucial component of mRNA and adenovirus-based vaccines, raised concerns about vaccine efficacy, prompting the need for rapid vaccine updates. To address this, we leveraged PeptiCRAd, an oncolytic vaccine based on tumor antigen decorated oncolytic adenoviruses, creating a vaccine platform called PeptiVAX. First, we identified multiple CD8 T-cell epitopes from highly conserved regions across coronaviruses, expanding the range of T-cell responses to non-SPIKE proteins. We designed short segments containing the predicted epitopes presented by common HLA-Is in the global population. Testing the immunogenicity, we characterized T-cell responses to candidate peptides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pre-pandemic healthy donors and ICU patients. As a proof of concept in mice, we selected a peptide with epitopes predicted to bind to murine MHC-I haplotypes. Our technology successfully elicited peptide-specific T-cell responses, unaffected by the use of unarmed adenoviral vectors or adeno-based vaccines encoding SPIKE. In conclusion, PeptiVAX represents a fast and adaptable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery system that broadens T-cell responses beyond the SPIKE protein, offering potential benefits for vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Feola
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iivari Kleino
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Erkko Ylösmäki
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Tiezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tapani Viitala
- Pharmaceutical Biophysics Research Group, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples University "Federico II", S. Pansini 5, Italy
| | - Paul Porter
- Valo Therapeutics Oy, Helsinki, Finland; School of Nursing, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples University "Federico II", S. Pansini 5, Italy.
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2
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Mimura K, Ogata T, Nguyen PHD, Roy S, Kared H, Yuan YC, Fehlings M, Yoshimoto Y, Yoshida D, Nakajima S, Sato H, Machida N, Yamada T, Watanabe Y, Tamaki T, Fujikawa H, Inokuchi Y, Hayase S, Hanayama H, Saze Z, Katoh H, Takahashi F, Oshima T, Goel A, Nardin A, Suzuki Y, Kono K. Combination of oligo-fractionated irradiation with nivolumab can induce immune modulation in gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008385. [PMID: 38290769 PMCID: PMC10828861 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD8(+) T cells are essential for nivolumab therapy, and irradiation has been reported to have the potential to generate and activate TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells. However, mechanistic insights of T-cell response during combinatorial immunotherapy using radiotherapy and nivolumab are still largely unknown. METHODS Twenty patients included in this study were registered in the CIRCUIT trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03453164). All patients had multiple distant metastases and were intolerance or had progressed after primary and secondary chemotherapy without any immune checkpoint inhibitor. In the CIRCUIT trial, eligible patients were treated with a total of 22.5 Gy/5 fractions/5 days of radiotherapy to the largest or symptomatic lesion prior to receiving nivolumab every 2 weeks. In these 20 patients, T-cell responses during the combinatorial immunotherapy were monitored longitudinally by high-dimensional flow cytometry-based, multiplexed major histocompatibility complex multimer analysis using a total of 46 TAAs and 10 virus epitopes, repertoire analysis of T-cell receptor β-chain (TCRβ), together with circulating tumor DNA analysis to evaluate tumor mutational burden (TMB). RESULTS Although most TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells could be tracked longitudinally, several TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected de novo after irradiation, but viral-specific CD8(+) T cells did not show obvious changes during treatment, indicating potential irradiation-driven antigen spreading. Irradiation was associated with phenotypical changes of TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells towards higher expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1, human leukocyte antigen D-related antigen, T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain, CD160, and CD45RO together with lower expression of CD27 and CD127. Of importance, TAA-specific CD8(+) T cells in non-progressors frequently showed a phenotype of CD45RO(+)CD27(+)CD127(+) central memory T cells compared with those in progressors. TCRβ clonality (inverted Pielou's evenness) increased and TCRβ diversity (Pielou's evenness and Diversity Evenness score) decreased during treatment in progressors (p=0.029, p=0.029, p=0.012, respectively). TMB score was significantly lower in non-progressors after irradiation (p=0.023). CONCLUSION Oligo-fractionated irradiation induces an immune-modulating effect with potential antigen spreading and the combination of radiotherapy and nivolumab may be effective in a subset of patients with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Mimura
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
- Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Souvick Roy
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, California, USA
| | | | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Division of Translational Bioinformatics, Center for Informatics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Department of Computational Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Yuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nozomu Machida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takanobu Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tamaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hirohito Fujikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inokuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Suguru Hayase
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Zenichiro Saze
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Takahashi
- Department of Information Science, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, California, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Koji Kono
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tract Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Schmidt F, Fields HF, Purwanti Y, Milojkovic A, Salim S, Wu KX, Simoni Y, Vitiello A, MacLeod DT, Nardin A, Newell EW, Fink K, Wilm A, Fehlings M. In-depth analysis of human virus-specific CD8 + T cells delineates unique phenotypic signatures for T cell specificity prediction. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113250. [PMID: 37837618 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, the human immune system generates CD8+ T cell responses to virus antigens that differ in specificity, abundance, and phenotype. A characterization of virus-specific T cell responses allows one to assess infection history and to understand its contribution to protective immunity. Here, we perform in-depth profiling of CD8+ T cells binding to CMV-, EBV-, influenza-, and SARS-CoV-2-derived antigens in peripheral blood samples from 114 healthy donors and 55 cancer patients using high-dimensional mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. We analyze over 500 antigen-specific T cell responses across six different HLA alleles and observed unique phenotypes of T cells specific for antigens from different virus categories. Using machine learning, we extract phenotypic signatures of antigen-specific T cells, predict virus specificity for bulk CD8+ T cells, and validate these predictions, suggesting that machine learning can be used to accurately predict antigen specificity from T cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kan Xing Wu
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katja Fink
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
| | - Andreas Wilm
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore 228208, Singapore
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4
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Leung ELH, Li RZ, Fan XX, Wang LY, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Huang J, Pan HD, Fan Y, Xu H, Wang F, Rui H, Wong P, Sumatoh H, Fehlings M, Nardin A, Gavine P, Zhou L, Cao Y, Liu L. Longitudinal high-dimensional analysis identifies immune features associating with response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5115. [PMID: 37607911 PMCID: PMC10444872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Response to immunotherapy widely varies among cancer patients and identification of parameters associating with favourable outcome is of great interest. Here we show longitudinal monitoring of peripheral blood samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing anti-PD1 therapy by high-dimensional cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) multi-cytokines measurements. We find that higher proportions of circulating CD8+ and of CD8+CD101hiTIM3+ (CCT T) subsets significantly correlate with poor clinical response to immune therapy. Consistently, CD8+ T cells and CCT T cell frequencies remain low in most responders during the entire multi-cycle treatment regimen; and higher killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 1 (KLRG1) expression in CCT T cells at baseline associates with prolonged progression free survival. Upon in vitro stimulation, CCT T cells of responders produce significantly higher levels of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-22 and MCP-1, than of non-responders. Overall, our results provide insights into the longitudinal immunological landscape underpinning favourable response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences; MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau (SAR), China.
| | - Run-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute of Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macao, Taipa Macau (SAR), China
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Merck Sharp & Dohme, Shanghai, China
| | - Zebo Jiang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute of Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macao, Taipa Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jumin Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery/State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute of Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macao, Taipa Macau (SAR), China
| | - Hu-Dan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Haopeng Rui
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Piu Wong
- HiFiBio Therapeutics, Hongkong, China
| | | | | | | | - Paul Gavine
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Longen Zhou
- Janssen Research & Development, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong, China.
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Fehlings M, Kim L, Guan X, Yuen K, Tafazzol A, Sanjabi S, Zill OA, Rishipathak D, Wallace A, Nardin A, Ma S, Milojkovic A, Newell EW, Mariathasan S, Yadav M. Single-cell analysis reveals clonally expanded tumor-associated CD57 + CD8 T cells are enriched in the periphery of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer responding to PD-L1 blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004759. [PMID: 35981786 PMCID: PMC9394212 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence suggests that T-cell responses against neoantigens are critical regulators of response to immune checkpoint blockade. We previously showed that circulating neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells in patients with lung cancer responding to anti-Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (atezolizumab) exhibit a unique phenotype with high expression of CD57, CD244, and KLRG1. Here, we extended our analysis on neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells to patients with metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) and further profiled total CD8 T cells to identify blood-based predictive biomarkers of response to atezolizumab. METHODS We identified tumor neoantigens from 20 patients with mUC and profiled their peripheral CD8 T cells using highly multiplexed combinatorial tetramer staining. Another set of patients with mUC treated with atezolizumab (n=30) or chemotherapy (n=40) were selected to profile peripheral CD8 T cells by mass cytometry. Using single-cell transcriptional analysis (single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq)), together with CITE-seq (cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing) and paired T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, we further characterized peripheral CD8 T cells in a subset of patients (n=16). RESULTS High frequency of CD57 was observed in neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells in patients with mUC responding to atezolizumab. Extending these findings to bulk CD8 T cells, we found higher frequency of CD57 expressing CD8 T cells before treatment in patients responding to atezolizumab (n=20, p<0.01) but not to chemotherapy. These findings were corroborated in a validation cohort (n=30, p<0.01) and notably were independent of known biomarkers of response. scRNA-seq analysis identified a clonally expanded cluster enriched within CD57+ CD8 T cells in responding patients characterized by higher expression of genes associated with activation, cytotoxicity, and tissue-resident memory markers. Furthermore, compared with CD57- CD8 T cells, TCRs of CD57+ CD8 T cells showed increased overlap with the TCR repertoire of tumor-infiltrating T cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we show high frequencies of CD57 among neoantigen-specific and bulk CD8 T cells in patients responding to atezolizumab. The TCR repertoire overlap between peripheral CD57+ CD8 T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes suggest that accumulation of peripheral CD57+ CD8 T cells is reflective of an ongoing antitumor T-cell response. Our findings provide evidence and rationale for using circulating CD8 T cells expressing CD57 as a readily accessible blood-based biomarker for selecting patients with mUC for atezolizumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leesun Kim
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiangnan Guan
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kobe Yuen
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alireza Tafazzol
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oliver A Zill
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deepali Rishipathak
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew Wallace
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sanjeev Mariathasan
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mahesh Yadav
- Department of Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
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6
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Yadav M, Fehlings M, Kim L, Guan X, Yuen KC, Tafazzol A, Rishipathak D, Sanjabi S, Wallace A, Nardin A, Ma S, Milojkovic A, Newell E, Mariathasan S. Abstract 6226: Single-cell analysis reveals clonally expanded CD57+ CD8 T cells in periphery are associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer patients. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The recent success of immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment for many cancers, however, only a fraction of patients with advanced stages of cancers experience clinical benefit. Many studies have suggested that T cells against tumor neoantigens are critical mediators of response to checkpoint blockade. We showed previously that neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells in cancer patients responding to anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) therapy express high levels of CD57 and KLRG1. Here, we extended the study to bladder cancer patients treated with atezolizumab to identify predictive biomarkers of response. We immune profiled circulating CD8 T cells using multidimensional mass cytometry and single cell sequencing, and compared patients with objective response and progressive disease.
We found a higher frequency of CD57-expressing CD8 T cells at baseline in responding patients compared to patients who progressed during therapy (n=20, p<0.01). High expression of CD57 was also observed in neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells in responding patients. These findings were corroborated in a validation cohort (n=30, p<0.01) and notably, higher frequency of CD57+ T cells was only observed in patients responding to atezolizumab and not in patients responding to chemotherapy treatment (n=40). We further used single-cell transcriptomics, together with CITE-seq and paired TCR sequencing, to characterize CD57+ CD8 T cells in a subset of patients (n=16) and identified a cluster within CD57+ CD8 T cells, which was characterized by enrichment of genes associated with activation, cytotoxicity and tissue resident memory markers in responding patients. Compared to patients with progressive disease, there was an increased clonal expansion among CD57+ CD8 T cells at baseline in responders, which was driven specifically by the activated cluster. Furthermore, we found increased overlap between TCR repertoires of tumor-infiltrating T cells and CD57+CD8 T cells, compared to CD57- CD8 T cells in the periphery, suggesting that levels of CD57+ CD8 T cells in the periphery could be indicative of quality of anti-tumor T cell response.This study identified and confirmed that elevated levels of circulating CD8 T cells expressing CD57 are associated with response to atezolizumab in bladder cancer patients. These data provide evidence and rationale for an easily accessible blood-based biomarker for selecting patients for atezolizumab therapy.
Citation Format: Mahesh Yadav, Michael Fehlings, Leesun Kim, Xiangnan Guan, Kobe C. Yuen, Alireza Tafazzol, Deepali Rishipathak, Shomyesh Sanjabi, Andrew Wallace, Alessandra Nardin, Siming Ma, Ana Milojkovic, Evan Newell, Sanjeev Mariathasan. Single-cell analysis reveals clonally expanded CD57+ CD8 T cells in periphery are associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6226.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan Newell
- 3Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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Kono K, Mimura K, Ogata T, Yoshimoto Y, Yoshida D, Nakajima S, Sato H, Machida N, Yamada T, Watanabe Y, Tamaki T, Fujikawa H, Inokuchi Y, Hayase S, Hanayama H, Saze Z, Katoh H, Oshima T, Suzuki Y, Nardin A. Combination of oligo-fractionated irradiation with nivolumab can induce immune modulation and replacement of T cell clones in patients with gastric cancer (phase I/II clinical study). J Clin Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4027 Background: Although basic, translational and clinical research suggest a possibility of synergistic effect of radiation-induced immunogenic cell death with immune checkpoint inhibitors, the effectiveness of the combination therapy is not fully established. Therefore, we conducted a single-arm, phase 1/2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03453164) in gastric cancer (GC) patients treated with a combination of nivolumab and oligo-fractionated irradiation (22.5 Gy/5 fractions/5 days). Methods: Eligible patients (n = 40) had un-resectable advanced or recurrent GC which progressed after primary and secondary chemotherapy with more than one lesion assessable in diagnostic imaging (one lesion must be ≥2cm). PBMCs from enrolled patients underwent high-dimensional flow cytometry-based, multiplexed MHC multimer analysis using a total of 46 tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and 10 virus epitopes and next-generation sequencing-based repertoire analysis of TCR β-chain. Results: The disease control rate (DCR) for the non-irradiated target as abscopal effect as the primary endpoint was 22.5%, and the DCR for the irradiated lesion was 40.0%. The median survival time was 230 days (157-330 days, 95%CI) and probability of 1-year survival rate was 28.6%. Although most TAA-specific T cells could be tracked longitudinally pre- and post-treatment, some several novel TAA-specific CD8 T cells were detected de novo after irradiation, indicating that potential irradiation-driven antigen spreading. Moreover, irradiation was associated with phenotypical changes of TAA-specific CD8 T cells towards higher expressions of KLRG1, HLA-DR, TIGIT and CD160 and lower expression of CD27 and CD127. Furthermore, the T cell clonality evaluated by the inverted Pielou’s evenness indicated that longer survival patients had more diverse TCR beta repertoire during treatment in comparison to shorter survivors. Also, we confirmed several new sequence-reads after radiation and nivolumab treatment in the top 30 most frequent clonotypes. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that irradiation may induce, through immunogenic cell death, an immune-modulating effect with potential antigen spreading and a more diverse TCR repertoire, ultimately resulting in better survival during combination therapy of radiation with nivolumab. Clinical trial information: NCT03453164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kono
- Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hisashi Sato
- Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima-Shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Takanobu Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Inokuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Oshima
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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8
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Ishihara M, Kitano S, Kageyama S, Miyahara Y, Yamamoto N, Kato H, Mishima H, Hattori H, Funakoshi T, Kojima T, Sasada T, Sato E, Okamoto S, Tomura D, Nukaya I, Chono H, Mineno J, Kairi MF, Diem Hoang Nguyen P, Simoni Y, Nardin A, Newell E, Fehlings M, Ikeda H, Watanabe T, Shiku H. NY-ESO-1-specific redirected T cells with endogenous TCR knockdown mediate tumor response and cytokine release syndrome. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003811. [PMID: 35768164 PMCID: PMC9244667 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the shortage of ideal cell surface antigens, the development of T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells (TCR-T) that target intracellular antigens such as NY-ESO-1 is a promising approach for treating patients with solid tumors. However, endogenous TCRs in vector-transduced T cells have been suggested to impair cell-surface expression of transduced TCR while generating mispaired TCRs that can become self-reactive. Methods We conducted a first-in-human phase I clinical trial with the TCR-transduced T-cell product (TBI-1301) in patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing solid tumors. In manufacturing TCR-T cells, we used a novel affinity-enhanced NY-ESO-1-specific TCR that was transduced by a retroviral vector that enables siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated silencing of endogenous TCR. The patients were divided into two cohorts. Cohort 1 was given a dose of 5×108 cells (whole cells including TCR-T cells) preconditioned with 1500 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Cohort 2 was given 5× 109 cells preconditioned with 1500 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Results In vitro study showed that both the CD8+ and CD4+ T fractions of TCR-T cells exhibited cytotoxic effects against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. Three patients and six patients were allocated to cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively. Three of the six patients who received 5×109 cells showed tumor response, while three patients developed early-onset cytokine release syndrome (CRS). One of the patients developed a grade 3 lung injury associated with the infiltration of the TCR-T cells. No siRNA-related adverse events other than CRS were observed. Cytokines including interleukin 6 I and monocyte chemotactic protein-1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL2) increased in the sera of patients with CRS. In vitro analysis showed these cytokines were not secreted from the T cells infused. A significant fraction of the manufactured T cells in patients with CRS was found to express either CD244, CD39, or both at high levels. Conclusions The trial showed that endogenous TCR-silenced and affinity-enhanced NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells were safely administered except for grade 3 lung injury. The TCR-T cell infusion exhibited significant tumor response and early-onset CRS in patients with tumors that express NY-ESO-1 at high levels. The differentiation properties of the manufactured T cells may be prognostic for TCR-T-related CRS. Trial registration number NCT02366546.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy Development, Advanced Medical Development Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Institue Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kageyama
- Departments of Immuno-Gene Therapy and Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyahara
- Departments of Immuno-Gene Therapy and Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Institue Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Kato
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyoshi Hattori
- Laboratory of Advanced Therapy, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeru Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sato
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hiroaki Ikeda
- Department of Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Departments of Immuno-Gene Therapy and Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Departments of Immuno-Gene Therapy and Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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9
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Redd AD, Nardin A, Kared H, Bloch EM, Abel B, Pekosz A, Laeyendecker O, Fehlings M, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. Minimal cross-over between mutations associated with Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. bioRxiv 2021:2021.12.06.471446. [PMID: 34909772 PMCID: PMC8669839 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.06.471446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing concern that ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 could lead to variants of concern (VOC) that are capable of avoiding some or all of the multi-faceted immune response generated by both prior infection or vaccination, with the recently described B.1.1.529 (Omicron) VOC being of particular interest. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from PCR-confirmed, recovered COVID-19 convalescent patients (n=30) infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the United States collected in April and May 2020 who possessed at least one or more of six different HLA haplotypes were selected for examination of their anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses using a multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer staining approach. This analysis examined if the previously identified viral epitopes targeted by CD8+ T-cells in these individuals (n=52 distinct epitopes) are mutated in the newly described Omicron VOC (n=50 mutations). Within this population, only one low-prevalence epitope from the Spike protein restricted to two HLA alleles and found in 2/30 (7%) individuals contained a single amino acid change associated with the Omicron VOC. These data suggest that virtually all individuals with existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize the Omicron VOC, and that SARS-CoV-2 has not evolved extensive T-cell escape mutations at this time. IMPORTANCE The newly identified Omicron variant of concern contains more mutations than any of the previous variants described to date. In addition, many of the mutations associated with the Omicron variant are found in areas that are likely bound by neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that the first line of immunological defense against COVID-19 may be compromised. However, both natural infection and vaccination develop T-cell based responses, in addition to antibodies. This study examined if the parts of the virus, or epitopes, targeted by the CD8+ T-cell response in thirty individuals who recovered from COVID-19 in 2020 were mutated in the Omicron variant. Only one of 52 epitopes identified in this population contained an amino acid that was mutated in Omicron. These data suggest that the T-cell immune response in previously infected, and most likely vaccinated individuals, should still be effective against Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Redd AD, Nardin A, Kared H, Bloch EM, Pekosz A, Laeyendecker O, Abel B, Fehlings M, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. CD8+ T-Cell Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes From Multiple Prominent SARS-CoV-2 Circulating Variants. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab143. [PMID: 34322559 PMCID: PMC8083629 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether CD8+ T-cell responses from coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent individuals (n = 30) potentially maintain recognition of the major severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants (alpha, beta, gamma; n = 45 mutations assessed). Only 1 mutation found in Beta variant-spike overlapped with a previously identified epitope (1/52), suggesting that virtually all anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize these newly described variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Ogongo P, Tezera LB, Ardain A, Nhamoyebonde S, Ramsuran D, Singh A, Ng’oepe A, Karim F, Naidoo T, Khan K, Dullabh KJ, Fehlings M, Lee BH, Nardin A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Behar SM, Steyn AJ, Madansein R, Kløverpris HN, Elkington PT, Leslie A. Tissue-resident-like CD4+ T cells secreting IL-17 control Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human lung. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142014. [PMID: 33848273 PMCID: PMC8121523 DOI: 10.1172/jci142014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is essential for the control of tuberculosis (TB), an important disease of the lung, and is generally studied in humans using peripheral blood cells. Mounting evidence, however, indicates that tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) are superior at controlling many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), and can be quite different from those in circulation. Using freshly resected lung tissue, from individuals with active or previous TB, we identified distinct CD4+ and CD8+ Trm-like clusters within TB-diseased lung tissue that were functional and enriched for IL-17-producing cells. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells producing TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 were highly expanded in the lung compared with matched blood samples, in which IL-17+ cells were largely absent. Strikingly, the frequency of M. tuberculosis-specific lung T cells making IL-17, but not other cytokines, inversely correlated with the plasma IL-1β levels, suggesting a potential link with disease severity. Using a human granuloma model, we showed the addition of either exogenous IL-17 or IL-2 enhanced immune control of M. tuberculosis and was associated with increased NO production. Taken together, these data support an important role for M. tuberculosis-specific Trm-like, IL-17-producing cells in the immune control of M. tuberculosis in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liku B. Tezera
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ardain
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shepherd Nhamoyebonde
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taryn Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kaylesh J. Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrie J.C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and
- Center for AIDS Research and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul T. Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Kared H, Redd AD, Bloch EM, Bonny TS, Sumatoh H, Kairi F, Carbajo D, Abel B, Newell EW, Bettinotti MP, Benner SE, Patel EU, Littlefield K, Laeyendecker O, Shoham S, Sullivan D, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Nardin A, Fehlings M, Tobian AA, Quinn TC. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145476. [PMID: 33427749 DOI: 10.1172/jci145476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the T cell response in individuals who recover from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding its contribution to protective immunity. A multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer approach was used to screen 408 SARS-CoV-2 candidate epitopes for CD8+ T cell recognition in a cross-sectional sample of 30 coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent individuals. T cells were evaluated using a 28-marker phenotypic panel, and findings were modelled against time from diagnosis and from humoral and inflammatory responses. There were 132 SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses detected across 6 different HLAs, corresponding to 52 unique epitope reactivities. CD8+ T cell responses were detected in almost all convalescent individuals and were directed against several structural and nonstructural target epitopes from the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome. A unique phenotype for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was observed that was distinct from other common virus-specific T cells detected in the same cross-sectional sample and characterized by early differentiation kinetics. Modelling demonstrated a coordinated and dynamic immune response characterized by a decrease in inflammation, increase in neutralizing antibody titer, and differentiation of a specific CD8+ T cell response. Overall, T cells exhibited distinct differentiation into stem cell and transitional memory states (subsets), which may be key to developing durable protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine and
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- ImmunoScape, Singapore, Singapore.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria P Bettinotti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine and
| | | | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron Ar Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine and
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13
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Redd AD, Nardin A, Kared H, Bloch EM, Pekosz A, Laeyendecker O, Abel B, Fehlings M, Quinn TC, Tobian AAR. CD8+ T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals target conserved epitopes from multiple prominent SARS-CoV-2 circulating variants. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.11.21251585. [PMID: 33594378 PMCID: PMC7885937 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.11.21251585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether CD8+ T-cell responses from COVID-19 convalescent individuals(n=30) potentially maintain recognition of the major SARS-CoV-2 variants. Out of 45 mutations assessed, only one from the B.1.351 Spike overlapped with a low-prevalence CD8+ epitope, suggesting that virtually all anti-SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cell responses should recognize these newly described variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Kared H, Bloch E, Redd A, Nardin A, Sumatoh H, Kairi F, Carbajo D, Abel B, Newell E, Laeyendecker O, Bonny T, Benner S, Pekosz A, Tobian A, Quinn T. LB-18. Broad and Prevalent SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T Cell Response in Recovered COVID-19 Individuals Demonstrates Kinetics of Early Differentiation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020. [PMCID: PMC7776945 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa515.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the diversity, breadth, magnitude, and functional profile of the T cell response against SARS-CoV-2 in recovered COVID-19 individuals is critical to evaluate the contribution of T cells to produce a potentially protective immune response. Methods We used a multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer approach to screen a total of 408 SARS-CoV-2 candidate peptide epitopes for CD8+ T cell recognition in a cohort of 30 individuals recovered from COVID-19. The peptides spanned the whole viral genome and were restricted to six prevalent HLA alleles; T cells were simultaneously characterized by a 28-marker phenotypic panel. The evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses was then statistically modeled against time from diagnosis, and in relation to humoral and inflammatory response. Workflow for Study. A multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer approach was used to screen SARS-CoV-2 candidate peptide epitopes in a cohort of 30 COVID-19 recovered patients across 6 prevalent HLA alleles, and T cells profiled with a 28-marker phenotypic panel. ![]()
Multiplex tetramer screen. One representative COVID-19 recovered patient and one healthy donor were screened for HLA- relevant SARS-CoV-2 epitopes, as well as epitopes for CMV, EBV, Influenza, Adenovirus and MART-1. Shown are the frequencies of tetramer-positive CD8 T cells from 2 technical replicates per subject. ![]()
Results Almost all individuals screened showed a T cell response against SARS-CoV-2 (29/30): 132 SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells hits were detected, corresponding to 52 unique reactive epitopes. Twelve of the 52 unique SARS-CoV-2-specific epitopes were recognized by more than 40% of the individuals screened, indicating high prevalence in the subjects. Importantly, these CD8+ T cell responses were directed against both structural and non-structural viral proteins, with the highest magnitude against nucleocapsid derived peptides, but without any antigen-driven bias in the phenotype of specific T cells. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 T cells showed specific states of differentiation (stem-cell memory and transitional memory), which differed from those of MART-1, influenza, CMV and EBV-specific T cells. UMAP visualization revealed a phenotypic profile of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 T cells in COVID-19 convalescent donors that is distinct from other viral specificities, such as influenza, CMV, EBV and Adenovirus. ![]()
SARS-CoV-2 epitope screening revealed CD8+ T cell responses directed against both structural and non-structural viral proteins, with the highest magnitude response against nucleocapsid derived peptides ![]()
Conclusion The kinetics modeling demonstrates a dynamic, evolving immune response characterized by a time-dependent decrease in overall inflammation, increase in neutralizing antibody titer, and progressive differentiation of a broad SARS-CoV-2 CD8 T cell response. It could be desirable to aim at recapitulating the hallmarks of this robust CD8 T cell response in the design of protective COVID-19 vaccines. Disclosures Hassen Kared, PhD, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Alessandra Nardin, DvM, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Hermi Sumatoh, BSc, Dip MTech, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Faris Kairi, BSc, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Daniel Carbajo, PhD, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Brian Abel, PhD, MBA, ImmunoScape (Shareholder) Evan Newell, PhD, ImmunoScape (Shareholder)
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- ImmunoScape, Singapore, Not Applicable, Singapore
| | - Evan Bloch
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Faris Kairi
- ImmunoScape, Singapore, Not Applicable, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Tania Bonny
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Andy Pekosz
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kared H, Redd AD, Bloch EM, Bonny TS, Sumatoh H, Kairi F, Carbajo D, Abel B, Newell EW, Bettinotti MP, Benner SE, Patel EU, Littlefield K, Laeyendecker O, Shoham S, Sullivan D, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Nardin A, Fehlings M, Tobian AAR, Quinn TC. CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individuals target epitopes from the entire SARS-CoV-2 proteome and show kinetics of early differentiation. bioRxiv 2020:2020.10.08.330688. [PMID: 33052343 PMCID: PMC7553170 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.08.330688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the T cell response in individuals who recover from SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical to understanding its contribution to protective immunity. A multiplexed peptide-MHC tetramer approach was used to screen 408 SARS-CoV-2 candidate epitopes for CD8+ T cell recognition in a cross-sectional sample of 30 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. T cells were evaluated using a 28-marker phenotypic panel, and findings were modelled against time from diagnosis, humoral and inflammatory responses. 132 distinct SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell epitope responses across six different HLAs were detected, corresponding to 52 unique reactivities. T cell responses were directed against several structural and non-structural virus proteins. Modelling demonstrated a coordinated and dynamic immune response characterized by a decrease in inflammation, increase in neutralizing antibody titer, and differentiation of a specific CD8+ T cell response. Overall, T cells exhibited distinct differentiation into stem-cell and transitional memory states, subsets, which may be key to developing durable protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tania S. Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- ImmunoScape Pte Ltd, Singapore
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria P. Bettinotti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E. Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshan U. Patel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron AR Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chiu DKC, Yuen VWH, Cheu JWS, Wei LL, Ting V, Fehlings M, Sumatoh H, Nardin A, Newell EW, Ng IOL, Yau TCC, Wong CM, Wong CCL. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Up-regulate PVRL1, Stabilizing PVR and Inhibiting the Cytotoxic T-Cell Response via TIGIT to Mediate Tumor Resistance to PD1 Inhibitors in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:609-623. [PMID: 32275969 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in the treatment of some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but these tumors do not always respond to inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, also called PD1). We investigated mechanisms of resistance of liver tumors in mice to infiltrating T cells. METHODS Mice were given hydrodynamic tail vein injections of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and transposon vectors to disrupt Trp53 and overexpress C-Myc (Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice). Pvrl1 and Pvrl3 were knocked down in Hepa1-6 cells by using short hairpin RNAs. Hepa1-6 cells were injected into livers of C57BL/6 mice; some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of antibodies against PD1, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), or CD8 before the cancer cells were injected. Liver tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; tumors were analyzed by mass cytometry using markers to detect T cells and other lymphocytes. We obtained HCC and nontumorous liver tissues and clinical data from patients who underwent surgery in Hong Kong and analyzed the tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice developed liver tumors in 3-5 weeks; injections of anti-PD1 did not slow tumor development. Tumors from mice given anti-PD1 had larger numbers of memory CD8+ T cells (CD44+CD62L-KLRG1int) and T cells that expressed PD1, lymphocyte activating 3 (LAG3), and TIGIT compared with mice not given the antibody. HCC tissues from patients had higher levels of PVRL1 messenger RNA and protein than nontumorous tissues. Increased PVRL1 was associated with shorter times of disease-free survival. Knockdown of Pvrl1 in Hepa1-6 cells caused them to form smaller tumors in mice, infiltrated by higher numbers of CD8+ T cells that expressed the inhibitory protein TIGIT; these effects were not observed in mice with depletion of CD8+ T cells. In Hepa1-6 cells, PVRL1 stabilized cell surface PVR, which interacted with TIGIT on CD8+ T cells; knockdown of Pvrl1 reduced cell-surface levels of PVR but not levels of Pvr messenger RNA. In Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice and mice with tumors grown from Hepa1-6 cells, injection of the combination of anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT significantly reduced tumor growth, increased the ratio of cytotoxic to regulatory T cells in tumors, and prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS PVRL1, which is up-regulated by HCC cells, stabilizes cell surface PVR, which interacts with TIGIT, an inhibitory molecule on CD8+ effector memory T cells. This suppresses the ant-tumor immune response. Inhibitors of PVRL1/TIGIT, along with anti-PD1 might be developed for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larry Lai Wei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vox Ting
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- ImmunoSCAPE Pte Ltd, Singapore; Vaccine and Infections Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chung-Cheung Yau
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Chua KLM, Fehlings M, Yeo ELL, Nardin A, Sumatoh H, Chu PL, Nei WL, Ong EHW, Woo WY, Low KP, Wang H, Poon DJJ, Liang ZG, Yao K, Huang L, Toh CK, Ang MK, Farid M, Cheng XM, Kanesvaran R, Dent R, Wee JTS, Lim TKH, Iyer NG, Tan DSW, Soo KC, Newell EW, Chua MLK. High-Dimensional Characterization of the Systemic Immune Landscape Informs on Synergism Between Radiation Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:70-80. [PMID: 32544576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improved antitumor responses have been observed in patients after combination radiation therapy (RT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Whether these clinical responses are linked to the host systemic immune system has not been elucidated. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this single-institution prospective observational study, peripheral blood was longitudinally collected from 10 patients with metastatic disease who had responded to anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 ICB and received RT (8-50 Gy in 1-5 fractions) upon disease progression at the following timepoints: baseline (pre-RT), 1 to 2 weeks post-RT, and post-ICB (cycle 1) on reintroduction post-RT. To thoroughly characterize the interaction between combined RT-ICB and the host immune system, we performed high-dimensional, mass cytometry-based immunophenotyping of circulating lymphocytes using a 40-marker panel addressing lineage, differentiation, activation, trafficking, cytotoxicity, and costimulatory and inhibitory functions. Phenotypic expression of circulating lymphocytes was compared across patients and time points and correlated with post-RT tumor responses. RESULTS Foremost, we demonstrated excellent posttreatment clinical responses, including 4 local responses with >50% reduction in radiated tumor size, 1 out-of-field response, and 4 patients who resumed ICB for >1 year. Baseline and post-RT immune states were highly heterogeneous among patients. Despite this interindividual heterogeneity in baseline immune states, we observed a systemic immune reaction to RT-ICB common across patients, histology, and radiation sites; a subset of pre-existing Ki-67+ CD8+ T cells were increased post-RT and further expanded upon reintroduction of ICB post-RT (2.3-fold increase, P = .02). Importantly, RT did not alter the phenotypic profile of these Ki-67+ CD8+ T cells, which was characterized by a distinct activated and differentiated effector phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings point toward a sustained reinvigoration of host antitumor immunity after RT-ICB and suggest an expansion in activated Ki-67+ CD8+ T cells as a possible demonstration of this synergy, thereby providing new insights that may support the development of optimal sequencing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L M Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Eugenia L L Yeo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pek Lim Chu
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen-Long Nei
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Enya H W Ong
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Woo
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar Perng Low
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Wang
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis J J Poon
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhong-Guo Liang
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Huang
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chee Keong Toh
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei-Kim Ang
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohamad Farid
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Min Cheng
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ravindran Kanesvaran
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Dent
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph T S Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tony K H Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Khee Chee Soo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- immunoSCAPE Pte Ltd; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore; Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
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Abel B, Kairi F, Nardin A, Newell E, Fehlings M. targetSCAPE and ultraSCAPE: Simultaneous identification and deep profiling of human antigen-specific T cells and other immune cell subsets by mass cytometry. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e15204 Background: During clinical trial immune monitoring, especially in the field of immunotherapy, it is critical to collect in-depth phenotypic information from multiple immune cell populations in order to assess the biological activity of the immunotherapy, to identify biomarkers of response or disease progression, and/or to identify new drug targets. However, patient samples such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells or tissues, are often scarce and current methods face limitations in either achieving a sufficient depth of analysis and/or cell throughput. Methods: In order to identify therapy-relevant antigens and to facilitate a concurrent in-depth characterization of T cells directed towards these targets, immunoSCAPE leverages the high-dimensional immune profiling capabilities of mass cytometry and a unique methodology allowing the identification and characterization of rare antigen-specific T-cell subsets (targetSCAPE). By implementing a new cutting-edge technology that combines flow and mass cytometry in parallel with a combinatorial live cell barcoding strategy, we further increased the high-dimensional phenotyping capacities to over 100 different marker molecules on up to four different immune cell subsets simultaneously within the same sample. Results: We isolated 4 different immune cell populations from a single sample and combined 3 different phenotypic panels consisting of 35 makers each together with a combinatorial tetramer multiplex and phenotyping panel for deep profiling of myeloid cells, NK cells, B cells and T cells. We demonstrate the potential of this novel immuno-phenotyping method, by tracking virus-specific T cells while simultaneously characterizing 4 immune cell subsets with over 100 distinct phenotypic markers from a single sample, which is currently impossible employing modern flow cytometers or classical mass cytometry methods. Conclusions: With its ability to provide an unprecedented picture of the immune status within a single sample, including T cell specificity information and in-depth profiling of relevant immune cell subsets, ultraSCAPE in combination with targetSCAPE can provide detailed insights on the effects of immunotherapy on the immune cell population. Information learned from in-depth immune phenotyping of several immune cell subsets such as T, B, NK and myeloid cell subsets can be leveraged for the development of novel diagnostics, biomarker discovery and monitoring therapeutic strategies in immunotherapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evan Newell
- Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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Abel B, Fehlings M, Nardin A, Newell E, Yadav M. Immuno-phenotyping of tumor-specific CD8 T cells using high-dimensional mass cytometry. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.86.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
There is strong evidence that tumor-specific T cells play a central role in tumor rejection. immunoSCAPE leverages the high-dimensional immune profiling capabilities of CyTOF for the identification of antigen-specific T cells to support the development of immunotherapy strategies. By applying CyTOF in conjunction with combinatorial peptide-MHC tetramer staining and high-performance dimensional analysis tools, we broadly and sensitively map T cell reactivity against MHC-class I epitopes while concurrently performing in-depth characterization of these rare antigen-specific T cells.
Here, we have applied our unique capabilities to detect and characterize circulating neoantigen-specific T cells in lung carcinoma patient undergoing atezolizumab treatment. Out of 782 neoantigen candidates, T cell reactivity against 13 unique neoantigens was detected within patients who responded to atezolizumab treatment, while T cells within non-responder patients recognized 7 neoantigens. Additionally, neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells from treatment responders exhibit a differentiated effector phenotype similar to CMV or EBV-specific T cells, whereas neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells from non-responders display a memory-like phenotype, suggesting that the properties of tumor-reactive T cells may be associated with clinical response to anti-PD-L1 treatment.
By providing insight into the nature and function of tumor-specific T cells, immunoSCAPE’s unique high-dimensional immune profiling platform is a valuable tool to guide the development of novel immunotherapy strategies through assessment of drug biological activity, definition of mechanism of action, and identification of biomarkers of patient response.
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Abstract
Abstract
There is strong evidence that tumor-specific T cells play a central role in tumor rejection. However, few tools can simultaneously detect rare antigen-specific T cells and deeply characterize their function and phenotype. immunoSCAPE leverages the high-dimensional immune profiling capabilities of mass cytometry combined with a unique technology for the identification of antigen-specific T cells to support the development of immunotherapy strategies. By applying cytometry by time of flight in conjunction with combinatorial peptide-MHC tetramer staining and high-performance dimensional analysis tools, we broadly and sensitively map T-cell reactivity against MHC-class I epitopes while concurrently performing in-depth characterization of these rare antigen-specific T cells. Here, we have applied our unique capabilities to detect and characterize circulating neoantigen-specific T cells in lung carcinoma patients undergoing atezolizumab treatment. Out of 782 neoantigen candidates, T-cell reactivity against 13 unique neoantigens was detected within patients who responded to atezolizumab treatment, while T cells within nonresponder patients recognized 7 neoantigens. Additionally, neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells from treatment responders exhibit a differentiated effector phenotype similar to CMV or EBV-specific T cells, whereas neoantigen-specific CD8 T cells from nonresponders display a memory-like phenotype, suggesting that the properties of tumor-reactive T cells may be associated with clinical response to anti-PD-L1 treatment. By providing insight into the nature and function of tumor-specific T cells, immunoSCAPE’s unique high-dimensional immune profiling platform is a valuable tool to guide the development of novel immunotherapy strategies through assessment of drug biologic activity, definition of mechanism of action, and identification of biomarkers of patient response.
Citation Format: David Roumanes, Michael Fehlings, Mahesh Yadav, Alessandra Nardin. Immuno-phenotyping of tumor-specific CD8 T cells using high-dimensional mass cytometry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A8.
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Fehlings M, Jhunjhunwala S, Kowanetz M, O'Gorman WE, Hegde PS, Sumatoh H, Lee BH, Nardin A, Becht E, Flynn S, Ballinger M, Newell EW, Yadav M. Late-differentiated effector neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells are enriched in peripheral blood of non-small cell lung carcinoma patients responding to atezolizumab treatment. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:249. [PMID: 31511069 PMCID: PMC6740011 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is strong evidence that immunotherapy-mediated tumor rejection can be driven by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells reinvigorated to recognize neoantigens derived from tumor somatic mutations. Thus, the frequencies or characteristics of tumor-reactive, mutation-specific CD8+ T cells could be used as biomarkers of an anti-tumor response. However, such neoantigen-specific T cells are difficult to reliably identify due to their low frequency in peripheral blood and wide range of potential epitope specificities. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were collected pre- and post-treatment with the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab. Using whole exome sequencing and RNA sequencing we identified tumor neoantigens that are predicted to bind to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and utilized mass cytometry, together with cellular 'barcoding', to profile immune cells from patients with objective response to therapy (n = 8) and those with progressive disease (n = 6). In parallel, a highly-multiplexed combinatorial tetramer staining was used to screen antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood for 782 candidate tumor neoantigens and 71 known viral-derived control peptide epitopes across all patient samples. RESULTS No significant treatment- or response associated phenotypic difference were measured in bulk CD8+ T cells. Multiplexed peptide-MHC multimer staining detected 20 different neoantigen-specific T cell populations, as well as T cells specific for viral control antigens. Not only were neoantigen-specific T cells more frequently detected in responding patients, their phenotypes were also almost entirely distinct. Neoantigen-specific T cells from responder patients typically showed a differentiated effector phenotype, most like Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and some types of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ T cells. In contrast, more memory-like phenotypic profiles were observed for neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells from patients with progressive disease. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that neoantigen-specific T cells can be detected in peripheral blood in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients during anti-PD-L1 therapy. Patients with an objective response had an enrichment of neoantigen-reactive T cells and these cells showed a phenotype that differed from patients without a response. These findings suggest the ex vivo identification, characterization, and longitudinal follow-up of rare tumor-specific differentiated effector neoantigen-specific T cells may be useful in predicting response to checkpoint blockade. TRIAL REGISTRATION POPLAR trial NCT01903993 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Etienne Becht
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susan Flynn
- Genentech, 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Mahesh Yadav
- Genentech, 1 DNA way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Chua KL, Fehlings M, Chu PL, Lin XT, Yeo E, Low KP, Poon D, Ong E, Woo WY, Wee J, Nardin A, Iyer G, Tan DS, Soo KC, Newell E, Chua M. Abstract 527: High-dimensional profiling of the systemic immune response informs on optimal sequencing of radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Combinatorial RT-ICB potentiates anti-tumour reactivity by modulating the immune response. We therefore performed in-depth phenotypic profiling of the systemic T cell compartment following treatment with RT-ICB.
Methods: We recruited 20 patients with biopsy-proven metastatic renal cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, who were treated with a sandwich regime of ICB-RT-ICB under a prospective observational study protocol, and compared against a RT alone-treated cohort (N=10). All patients received ablative RT (8-50Gy/1-5fr) for oligoprogression and/ or local palliation. Blood samples were longitudinally collected at pre-RT, 14 d post-RT and cycle 2 ICB post-RT. Deep T cell profiling was performed by mass cytometry using a customised 41 parameter panel, together with high dimensional analysis tools.
Results: Median follow-up of the overall cohort was 18mo; median duration of ICB received in the ICB-RT-ICB arm was 15mo. We observed significant diversity of the systemic T cell repertoire between patients at baseline, and this corresponded to significant interpatient heterogeneity in T cell responses specific to the central/ effector memory, EMRA and Treg subsets post-RT. Dramatic local response (complete response at 1 mo post-RT) was significantly higher in the ICB-RT-ICB cohort compared to the RT alone cohort (12/20 vs 1/10, P<0.01). This clinical phenomenon corresponded to an increased %Ki67high CD8 and CD4 T cells post-RT exclusively in the combinatorial treated cohort, which was further enhanced upon resumption of ICB (mean = 10% vs 3% [CD8]; 13% vs 2% [CD4]; P<0.01). Deeper immunophenotyping of the Ki67high subsets revealed associated high expression of GranzymeB and Eomes.
Conclusions: Here, we observed changes in the T cell phenotypes that varied remarkably across all patients following RT. We further highlight a RT-dependent T cell proliferation amongst all RT-ICB-treated patients that was further enhanced by ICB in prior responders. This immune phenomenon may account for the dramatic responses to combinatorial treatment, and informs on optimal sequencing strategies for combining RT and ICB.
Citation Format: Kevin L. Chua, Michael Fehlings, Pek Lim Chu, Xiao-Tian Lin, Eugenia Yeo, Kar Perng Low, Dennis Poon, Enya Ong, Wai Yee Woo, Joseph Wee, Alessandra Nardin, Gopalakrishna Iyer, Daniel S. Tan, Kee Chee Soo, Evan Newell, Melvin Chua. High-dimensional profiling of the systemic immune response informs on optimal sequencing of radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 527.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Chua
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Pek Lim Chu
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Tian Lin
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Yeo
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar Perng Low
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis Poon
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enya Ong
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Woo
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Wee
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Daniel S. Tan
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Chee Soo
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evan Newell
- 3Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Chua
- 1National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yadav M, Fehlings M, Jhunjhunwala S, O'Gorman B, Hegde P, Kim L, Nardin A, Flynn S, Sumatoh H, Ballinger M, Shames D, Lee BH, Newell E. Abstract 4055: Late-differentiated effector neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells are enriched in non-small cell lung cancer patients responding to atezolizumab treatment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is strong evidence that immunotherapy-mediated tumor rejection can be driven by the reinvigoration of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells recognizing neoantigens derived from tumor somatic mutations (citations). Thus, it is possible that the relative abundance and/or characteristics of these tumor-reactive, mutation-specific CD8+ T cells can be used as predictive biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. However, only a fraction of these potential neoantigens are usually immunogenic and in addition, these tumor-reactive, mutation-specific CD8+ cells are present only at low frequencies in blood, making it difficult to reliably identify these effector cells.
Here, mass cytometry and highly-multiplexed combinatorial tetramer staining together with cellular barcoding was used to profile immune cells in longitudinally collected PBMCs from 14
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab) antibody to compare patients with objective response (n=8) and progressive disease (n=6). Although no significant phenotypic differences were detected in bulk CD8+ T cells, greater insight was gained from a parallel analysis using highly multiplexed peptide-MHC multimer staining to screen and profile antigen-specific T cells.
A longitudinal analysis was performed using peripheral blood CD8+ T cells for 800 candidate tumor neoantigens and 73 known viral-derived control peptides across all patient samples. In addition to virus antigen-specific T cells, a total of 20 different neoantigen-specific T cell populations were detected and their high dimensional profiles were compared. We found that neoantigen-specific T cells were more frequently detected in responding patients and their phenotypes were almost entirely distinct from non-responding patients. Neoantigen-specific T cells from responding patients showed a differentiated effector phenotype with high expression of KLRG1, 2B4 (CD244) and CD57, similar to CD8+ T cells associated with CMV and some types of EBV infection. In contrast, more memory-like phenotypic profiles, with high CD27 and CD127 expression, were observed for neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells from patients with progressive disease.
In addition to the utility of this approach for the ex vivo identification, characterization, and longitudinal tracking of rare tumor-specific T cells, this study supports further research into assessing whether the presence of late-differentiated neoantigen-specific T cells could be used as a predictor of response to checkpoint blockade.
Citation Format: Mahesh Yadav, Michael Fehlings, Suchit Jhunjhunwala, Bill O'Gorman, Priti Hegde, Leesun Kim, Alessandra Nardin, Susan Flynn, Hermi Sumatoh, Marcus Ballinger, David Shames, Boon Heng Lee, Evan Newell. Late-differentiated effector neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells are enriched in non-small cell lung cancer patients responding to atezolizumab treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4055.
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Chua KLM, Fehlings M, Chu PL, Lin XT, Yeo E, Low KP, Poon D, Ong E, Woo WY, Wee J, Nardin A, Iyer NG, Tan DSW, Soo KC, Newell E, Chua MLK. The role of high-dimensional profiling of the systemic immune response on optimal sequencing of radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.8_suppl.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
13 Background: Combinatorial RT-ICB potentiates anti-tumour reactivity by modulating the immune response. We therefore performed in-depth phenotypic profiling of the systemic T cell compartment following treatment with RT-ICB. Methods: We recruited 20 patients with biopsy-proven metastatic renal cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, who were treated with a sandwich regime of ICB-RT-ICB under a prospective observational study protocol, and compared against a RT alone-treated cohort (N = 10). All patients received ablative RT (8-50 Gy/1-5 fr) for oligoprogression and/or local palliation. Blood samples were longitudinally collected at pre-RT, 14 d post-RT and cycle 2 ICB post-RT. Deep T cell profiling was performed by mass cytometry using a customised 41 parameter panel, together with high dimensional analysis tools. Results: Median follow-up of the overall cohort was 18 mo; median duration of ICB received in the ICB-RT-ICB arm was 15 mo. We observed significant diversity of the systemic T cell repertoire between patients at baseline, and this corresponded to significant interpatient heterogeneity in T cell responses specific to the central/effector memory, EMRA and Treg subsets post-RT. Dramatic local response (complete response at 1 mo post-RT) was significantly higher in the ICB-RT-ICB cohort compared to the RT alone cohort (12/20 vs 1/10, P <0.01). This clinical phenomenon corresponded to an increased % Ki67highCD8 and CD4 T cells post-RT exclusively in the combinatorial treated cohort, which was further enhanced upon resumption of ICB (mean = 10% vs 3% [CD8]; 13% vs 2% [CD4]; P <0.01). Deeper immunophenotyping of the Ki67high subsets revealed associated high expression of GranzymeB and Eomes. Conclusions: Here, we observed changes in the T cell phenotypes that varied remarkably across all patients following RT. We further highlight a RT-dependent T cell proliferation amongst all RT-ICB-treated patients that was further enhanced by ICB in prior responders. This immune phenomenon may account for the dramatic responses to combinatorial treatment, and informs on optimal sequencing strategies for combining RT and ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pek Lim Chu
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eugenia Yeo
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Dennis Poon
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enya Ong
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yee Woo
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Wee
- National Cancer Center, Singapore, Singapore
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Fehlings M, Nardin A, Jhunjhunwala S, Kowanetz M, O'Gorman B, Hegde P, Li J, Sumatoh H, Lee B, Kim L, Flynn S, Ballinger M, Newell E, Yadav M. Late-differentiated effector neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells are enriched in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients responding to atezolizumab treatment. Eur J Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chua KLM, Lin X, Yeo E, Shihabuddeen WA, Chu PL, Low KP, Poon D, Ong E, Wee J, Fehlings M, Nardin A, Soo KC, Chua M. Dependency of radiotherapy and combinatorial radio-immunotherapy responses on the systemic t cell immune response. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaotian Lin
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Yeo
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Pek Lim Chu
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar Peng Low
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis Poon
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enya Ong
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Wee
- National Cancer Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Khee Chee Soo
- National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Chua
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Garnelo M, Tan A, Her Z, Yeong J, Lim CJ, Chen J, Lim KH, Weber A, Chow P, Chung A, Ooi LLPJ, Toh HC, Heikenwalder M, Ng IOL, Nardin A, Chen Q, Abastado JP, Chew V. Interaction between tumour-infiltrating B cells and T cells controls the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2017; 66:342-351. [PMID: 26669617 PMCID: PMC5284473 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nature of the tumour-infiltrating leucocytes (TILs) is known to impact clinical outcome in carcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of tumour-infiltrating B cells (TIBs) remains controversial. Here, we investigate the impact of TIBs and their interaction with T cells on HCC patient prognosis. DESIGN Tissue samples were obtained from 112 patients with HCC from Singapore, Hong Kong and Zurich and analysed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RNA expression of CD19, CD8A, IFNG was analysed using quantitative PCR. The phenotype of freshly isolated TILs was analysed using flow cytometry. A mouse model depleted of mature B cells was used for functional study. RESULTS Tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells were observed in close contact with each other and their densities are correlated with superior survival in patients with HCC. Furthermore, the density of TIBs was correlated with an enhanced expression of granzyme B and IFN-γ, as well as with reduced tumour viability defined by low expression of Ki-67, and an enhanced expression of activated caspase-3 on tumour cells. CD27 and CD40 costimulatory molecules and TILs expressing activation marker CD38 in the tumour were also correlated with patient survival. Mice depleted of mature B cells and transplanted with murine hepatoma cells showed reduced tumour control and decreased local T cell activation, further indicating the important role of B cells. CONCLUSIONS The close proximity of tumour-infiltrating T cells and B cells indicates a functional interaction between them that is linked to an enhanced local immune activation and contributes to better prognosis for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garnelo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Alex Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Joe Yeong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Jye Lim
- SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierce Chow
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Chung
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - London Lucien PJ Ooi
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Institute of Virology, Technical University München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Irene O L Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore,National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Valerie Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore,SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre (STIIC), Singapore Health Services Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Andiappan AK, Melchiotti R, Poh TY, Nah M, Puan KJ, Vigano E, Haase D, Yusof N, San Luis B, Lum J, Kumar D, Foo S, Zhuang L, Vasudev A, Irwanto A, Lee B, Nardin A, Liu H, Zhang F, Connolly J, Liu J, Mortellaro A, Wang DY, Poidinger M, Larbi A, Zolezzi F, Rotzschke O. Genome-wide analysis of the genetic regulation of gene expression in human neutrophils. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7971. [PMID: 26259071 PMCID: PMC4918343 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an abundant immune cell type involved in both antimicrobial defence and autoimmunity. The regulation of their gene expression, however, is still largely unknown. Here we report an eQTL study on isolated neutrophils from 114 healthy individuals of Chinese ethnicity, identifying 21,210 eQTLs on 832 unique genes. Unsupervised clustering analysis of these eQTLs confirms their role in inflammatory responses and immunological diseases but also indicates strong involvement in dermatological pathologies. One of the strongest eQTL identified (rs2058660) is also the tagSNP of a linkage block reported to affect leprosy and Crohn's disease in opposite directions. In a functional study, we can link the C allele with low expression of the β-chain of IL18-receptor (IL18RAP). In neutrophils, this results in a reduced responsiveness to IL-18, detected both on the RNA and protein level. Thus, the polymorphic regulation of human neutrophils can impact beneficial as well as pathological inflammatory responses. Neutrophils are abundant immune cells important for antimicrobial defence and in autoimmunity. Here, by mapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in neutrophils of Chinese ethnicity from Singapore, Andiappan et al. provide a resource for understanding immune-related trait associated genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rossella Melchiotti
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuang Yeow Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Nah
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kia Joo Puan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena Vigano
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doreen Haase
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurhashikin Yusof
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boris San Luis
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shihui Foo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhuang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anusha Vasudev
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - John Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
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Andiappan AK, Narayanan S, Myers RA, Lee B, Nieuwenhuis MA, Nardin A, Park CS, Shin HD, Kim JH, Westra HJ, Franke L, Esko T, Metspalu A, Teo YY, Saw SM, Khor CC, Liu J, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Poidinger M, Connolly JE, Wang DY, Rotzschke O, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Chew FT. Genetic variants of inducible costimulator are associated with allergic asthma susceptibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:556-8. [PMID: 25109803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Maartje A Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - John E Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Andiappan AK, Puan KJ, Lee B, Nardin A, Poidinger M, Connolly J, Chew FT, Wang DY, Rotzschke O. Allergic airway diseases in a tropical urban environment are driven by dominant mono-specific sensitization against house dust mites. Allergy 2014; 69:501-9. [PMID: 24456108 PMCID: PMC4240470 DOI: 10.1111/all.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Southeast Asian populations are increasingly affected by allergic airway diseases. Etiology and specific causes, however, are still unknown. The aim of this study is therefore to identify allergens and risk factors for the high prevalence of allergic airway disease in the tropical urban environment. Methods Symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma, and allergic dermatitis were recorded in two independent cohorts of 576 and 7373 ethnic Chinese individuals living in Singapore. Reactivity against common allergens was determined by skin prick tests (SPT); specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) titers against 12 common allergens, as well as total serum IgE (tIgE), were measured in the smaller cohort. Results Immunoglobulin E sensitization was almost exclusively directed against house dust mite (HDM) allergens. More than 80% of individuals were HDM-sIgE positive. Of these, less than 30% also had sIgE for other allergens, and similarly, few of the HDM-sIgE-negative individuals reacted to other allergens. Titers for HDM-sIgE were 8–30 times higher than other non-HDM allergen titers and correlated directly with total serum tIgE levels. Migrants from nontropical countries typically arrived with low or undetectable HDM-sIgE but developed substantial titers in a time-dependent fashion. Importantly, prolonged stay in Singapore also resulted in the manifestation of AR and asthma symptoms, contributing to some of the highest national prevalence rates worldwide. Conclusion In a tropical urban environment, the allergic response is dominated by a single allergen class. The mono-specific IgE sensitization against HDM translates into increased prevalence of allergic airway diseases, which now impact a large proportion of the population in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Andiappan
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - K. J. Puan
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - B. Lee
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - A. Nardin
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - M. Poidinger
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - J. Connolly
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
| | - F. T. Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - D. Y. Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - O. Rotzschke
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network) A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Singapore
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Toh B, Nardin A, Dai X, Keeble J, Chew V, Abastado JP. Detection, enumeration, and characterization of immune cells infiltrating melanoma tumors. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 961:261-277. [PMID: 23325650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-227-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells have long been thought to affect tumor growth. In recent years, large retrospective studies have shown that the nature and polarization of the immune cells found within the tumor microenvironment impact not only the growth of the primary tumor, but also disease progression and patient survival. This has triggered considerable interest for an in depth analysis of the tumoral immune microenvironment and has created a need for standardized methods to characterize tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Here, we describe three approaches that can be used in mouse and human melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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Chew V, Tow C, Huang C, Bard-Chapeau E, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Weber A, Lim KH, Toh HC, Heikenwalder M, Ng IOL, Nardin A, Abastado JP. Toll-like receptor 3 expressing tumor parenchyma and infiltrating natural killer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012. [PMID: 23197495 PMCID: PMC3814220 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer that is linked to chronically dysregulated liver inflammation. However, appropriate immune responses can control HCC progression. Here we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in HCC. METHODS HCC cell death, and natural killer (NK) cell activation and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro after treatment with the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). The effect of TLR3 on the tumor parenchyma and infiltrating immune cells was investigated in a spontaneous liver tumor mouse model and a transplanted tumor mouse model (n = 3-9 mice per group). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze tumor samples from 172 HCC patients. Paired t-tests and analysis of variance tests were used to calculate P-values. The relationship between TLR3 expression and survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis and a log-rank test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS TLR3 activation increased cell death in the TLR3(+) SNU182 HCC cell line (30.5% vs 8.5%, P = .03) and promoted NK-cell activation (32.6% vs 19.4%, P < .001) and cytotoxicity (relative fourfold increase, P = .03) in vitro. In vivo, poly(I:C) treatment increased intratumoral chemokine expression, NK-cell activation and tumor infiltration, and proliferation of tumor-infiltrating T and NK cells. Proliferation of tumor parenchyma cells was decreased. Also, expression of chemokines or treatment with poly(I:C) decreased tumor growth. TLR3 expression in patient samples correlated with NK-cell activation, NK- and T-cell tumor infiltration, and inversely correlated with tumor parenchyma cell viability. TLR3 expression was also associated with longer survival in HCC patients (hazard ratio of survival = 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.3 to 3.4, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS TLR3 is an important modulator of HCC progression and is a potential target for novel immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network SIgN, Agency for Science, Technology and Research A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus prevalent in tropical regions. It causes an acute febrile disease that, in elderly individuals and newborns, is often associated with severe complications. We previously reported the isolation and characterization of 2 human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing CHIKV in vitro: 5F10 and 8B10. Here, we tested their efficacy in vivo as prophylactic and therapeutic treatments of CHIKV infection in AGR129 mice. In both settings, 5F10 and 8B10 were able to significantly delay CHIKV-driven lethality. Our results support the development of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for CHIKV infection, using a combination of 5F10 and 8B10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fric
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
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34
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Chew V, Chen J, Lee D, Loh E, Lee J, Lim KH, Weber A, Slankamenac K, Poon RTP, Yang H, Ooi LLPJ, Toh HC, Heikenwalder M, Ng IOL, Nardin A, Abastado JP. Chemokine-driven lymphocyte infiltration: an early intratumoural event determining long-term survival in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2012; 61:427-38. [PMID: 21930732 PMCID: PMC3273680 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis and limited methods for predicting patient survival. The nature of the immune cells that infiltrate tumours is known to impact clinical outcome. However, the molecular events that regulate this infiltration require further understanding. Here the ability of immune genes expressed in the tumour microenvironment to predict disease progression was investigated. METHODS Using quantitative PCR, the expression of 14 immune genes in resected tumour tissues from 57 Singaporean patients was analysed. The nearest-template prediction method was used to derive and test a prognostic signature from this training cohort. The signature was then validated in an independent cohort of 98 patients from Hong Kong and Zurich. Intratumoural components expressing these critical immune genes were identified by in situ labelling. Regulation of these genes was analysed in vitro using the HCC cell line SNU-182. RESULTS The identified 14 immune-gene signature predicts patient survival in both the training cohort (p=0.0004 and HR=5.2) and the validation cohort (p=0.0051 and HR=2.5) irrespective of patient ethnicity and disease aetiology. Importantly, it predicts the survival of patients with early disease (stages I and II), for whom classical clinical parameters provide limited information. The lack of predictive power in late disease stages III and IV emphasises that a protective immune microenvironment has to be established early in order to impact disease progression significantly. This signature includes the chemokine genes CXCL10, CCL5 and CCL2, whose expression correlates with markers of T helper 1 (Th1), CD8(+) T and natural killer (NK) cells. Inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α, interferon γ) and Toll-like receptor 3 ligands stimulate intratumoural production of these chemokines which drive tumour infiltration by T and NK cells, leading to enhanced cancer cell death. CONCLUSION A 14 immune-gene signature, which identifies molecular cues driving tumour infiltration by lymphocytes, accurately predicts survival of patients with HCC especially in early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Deming Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Loh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Joyce Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ksenija Slankamenac
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie T P Poon
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Yang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - London Lucien P J Ooi
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Virology, Technical University München, München, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Irene O L Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Jean-Pierre Abastado
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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Hong M, Puaux AL, Huang C, Loumagne L, Tow C, Mackay C, Kato M, Prévost-Blondel A, Avril MF, Nardin A, Abastado JP. Chemotherapy induces intratumoral expression of chemokines in cutaneous melanoma, favoring T-cell infiltration and tumor control. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6997-7009. [PMID: 21948969 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell infiltration is known to impact tumor growth and is associated with cancer patient survival. However, the molecular cues that favor T-cell infiltration remain largely undefined. Here, using a genetically engineered mouse model of melanoma, we show that CXCR3 ligands and CCL5 synergize to attract effector T cells into cutaneous metastases, and their expression inhibits tumor growth. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with chemotherapy induced intratumoral expression of these chemokines and favored T-cell infiltration into cutaneous tumors. In patients with melanoma, these chemokines were also upregulated in chemotherapy-sensitive lesions following chemotherapy, and correlated with T-cell infiltration, tumor control, and patient survival. We found that dacarbazine, temozolomide, and cisplatin induced expression of T-cell-attracting chemokines in several human melanoma cell lines in vitro. These data identify the induction of intratumoral expression of chemokines as a novel cell-extrinsic mechanism of action of chemotherapy that results in the recruitment of immune cells with antitumor activity. Therefore, identifying chemotherapeutic drugs able to induce the expression of T-cell-attracting chemokines in cancer cells may represent a novel strategy to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hong
- Singapore Immunology Network, BMSI, A-STAR, Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Nardin A, Wong WC, Tow C, Molina TJ, Tissier F, Audebourg A, Garcette M, Caignard A, Avril MF, Abastado JP, Prévost-Blondel A. Dacarbazine promotes stromal remodeling and lymphocyte infiltration in cutaneous melanoma lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1896-905. [PMID: 21654834 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dacarbazine (DTIC) is the standard first-line drug for advanced stage melanoma, but it induces objective clinical responses in only 15% of patients. This study was designed to identify molecular changes specifically induced by treatment in chemo-sensitive lesions. Using global transcriptome analysis and immunohistochemistry, we analyzed cutaneous metastases resected from patients with melanoma before and after DTIC treatment. The treatment induced similar functional changes in different lesions from the same patient. Stromal and immune response-related genes were the most frequently upregulated, particularly in lesions that responded to treatment by stabilizing or regressing. T-cell infiltration and enhanced major histocompatibility complex class II expression were observed in a subset of patients. Stable, chemo-sensitive lesions exhibited activation of genetic programs related to extracellular matrix remodeling, including increased expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) by tumor cells. These events were associated with local response to treatment and with superior survival in our group of patients. In contrast, SPARC expression was downregulated in lesions resistant to DTIC. Thus, chemotherapy drugs originally selected for their direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells may also influence disease progression by inducing changes in the tumor microenvironment.
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Warter L, Lee CY, Thiagarajan R, Grandadam M, Lebecque S, Lin RTP, Bertin-Maghit S, Ng LFP, Abastado JP, Desprès P, Wang CI, Nardin A. Chikungunya virus envelope-specific human monoclonal antibodies with broad neutralization potency. J Immunol 2011; 186:3258-64. [PMID: 21278338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus responsible for numerous epidemics in Africa and Asia. Infection by CHIKV is often characterized by long-lasting, incapacitating arthritis, and some fatal cases have been described among elderly and newborns. Currently, there is no available vaccine or specific treatment against CHIKV. Blood B cells from a donor with history of CHIKV infection were activated, immortalized, amplified, and cloned. Two human mAbs against CHIKV, 5F10 and 8B10, were identified, sequenced, and expressed in recombinant form for characterization. In a plaque reduction neutralization test, 5F10 and 8B10 show mean IC(50) of 72 and 46 ng/ml, respectively. Moreover, both mAbs lead to a strong decrease in extracellular spreading of infectious viral particles from infected to uninfected cells. Importantly, the mAbs neutralize different CHIKV isolates from Singapore, Africa, and Indonesia, as well as O'nyong-nyong virus, but do not recognize other alphaviruses tested. Both mAbs are specific for the CHIKV envelope: 5F10 binds to the E2 glycoprotein ectodomain and 8B10 to E1 and/or E2. In conclusion, these two unique human mAbs strongly, broadly, and specifically neutralize CHIKV infection in vitro and might become possible therapeutic tools against CHIKV infection, especially in individuals at risk for severe disease. Importantly, these mAbs will also represent precious tools for future studies on host-pathogen interactions and the rational design of vaccines against CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Warter
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
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38
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Chew V, Tow C, Teo M, Wong HL, Chan J, Gehring A, Loh M, Bolze A, Quek R, Lee VKM, Lee KH, Abastado JP, Toh HC, Nardin A. Inflammatory tumour microenvironment is associated with superior survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. J Hepatol 2010; 52:370-9. [PMID: 19720422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy with few treatment options. As the status of the tumour immune microenvironment can affect progression of established tumours, we evaluated potential immune mechanisms associated with survival in HCC. METHODS Immune gene expression profiles were analyzed in tumour and non-tumour liver tissues from resected HCC patients using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Tumour-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) were isolated to verify the expression of immune genes and to identify proliferating TILs. These parameters were analyzed statistically in relation with patient survival and tumour phenotype (apoptosis and proliferation). RESULTS The immune microenvironment within tumours was found to be heterogeneous, although globally more inert compared to the adjacent non-tumour liver tissue. Univariate analysis in 61 patients identified a group of innate immune genes whose expression within tumours is positively associated with patient survival. TNF, IL6 and CCL2 are the most significant genes, with TNF being an independent predictor of survival in multivariate analysis. The gene set includes macrophage and NK-associated molecules such as TLR4, TLR3, CCR2, NCR3. Most of these molecules are expressed by TILs. Importantly, proliferating immune cells, predominantly NK and T cells, are present in tumours of patients with longer survival, and exclusively in areas devoid of proliferating tumour cells. NK and CD8(+) T cell densities are correlated positively with tumour apoptosis, and negatively with tumour proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Hence, an inflammatory immune microenvironment within HCC tumours could be an important means to control tumour progression via TIL activation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chew
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Immunos #04-00, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore
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40
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Solis M, Romieu-Mourez R, Goubau D, Grandvaux N, Mesplede T, Julkunen I, Nardin A, Salcedo M, Hiscott J. Involvement of TBK1 and IKKepsilon in lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the interferon response in primary human macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:528-39. [PMID: 17236232 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is an important effector of the innate immune response, induced by different viral or bacterial components through Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In human macrophages and macrophage-activated killer cells, we demonstrate that (i) the type I IFN response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is weak compared to the host response to virus infection; (ii) there is a temporal difference in the induction of tank-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) and IkappaB kinase (IKK)-related kinase epsilon (IKKepsilon) kinase activities in response to LPS, with TBK1 activated early and IKKepsilon induced in the late phase of IFN induction; and (iii) interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-7 is induced following LPS treatment, but there is no evidence that IRF-7 becomes activated by phosphorylation in vivo. Specifically, TBK1 kinase activity is rapidly increased after LPS stimulation (15 min) whereas IKKepsilon activation occurs at 8 h. RNA interference-mediated inhibition of TBK1 and IKKepsilon expression in macrophages interfere with IFNB and IRF7 gene expression following LPS activation. Macrophage priming with rIFN-alpha increased IRF-7 expression, led to a sharp up-regulation of the IFNB gene and to a rapid induction of IFNA2 upon LPS stimulation. These data support a differential role of TBK1 and IKKepsilon in the downstream response mediated by IRF-3 and IRF-7 to LPS in primary human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Solis
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QE, Canada
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41
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Romieu-Mourez R, Solis M, Nardin A, Goubau D, Baron-Bodo V, Lin R, Massie B, Salcedo M, Hiscott J. Distinct Roles for IFN Regulatory Factor (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 in the Activation of Antitumor Properties of Human Macrophages. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10576-85. [PMID: 17079482 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When properly activated, macrophages can be tumoricidal, thus making them attractive additions to standard cancer therapies. To this end, tolerance and activity of human autologous IFN-gamma-activated macrophages, produced in large scale for clinical use (MAK cells), have been assessed in pilot trials in cancer patients. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IRF-7, with subsequent type I IFN production, may be involved in the acquisition of new antitumor functions by macrophages. Adenoviral vectors were generated for the delivery of constitutively active forms of IRF-3 (Ad-IRF-3) or IRF-7 (Ad-IRF-7) into primary human macrophages. Cell death was observed in Ad-IRF-3-transduced macrophages, whereas Ad-IRF-7-transduced macrophages produced type I IFNs and displayed increased expression of genes encoding tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15, and CD80, persisting for at least 96 hours. Expression of iNOS, TNF-alpha, FasL, IL-1, and IL-6 genes was unaltered by Ad-IRF-7 transduction. Interestingly, Ad-IRF-3 or Ad-IRF-7 transduction negatively regulated the transcription of protumorigenic genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Furthermore, Ad-IRF-7-transduced macrophages exerted a cytostatic activity on different cancer cell lines, including SK-BR-3, MCF-7, and COLO-205; the latter cells were shown previously to be insensitive to MAK cells. In conclusion, transduction of active forms of IRF-3 or IRF-7 differentially modulate the apoptotic and antitumor properties of primary macrophages, with active IRF-7 leading to the acquisition of novel antitumor effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Romieu-Mourez
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Lefebvre ML, Krause SW, Salcedo M, Nardin A. Ex Vivo-activated Human Macrophages Kill Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells in the Presence of Rituximab: Mechanism of Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Impact of Human Serum. J Immunother 2006; 29:388-97. [PMID: 16799334 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000203081.43235.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one of the mechanisms of tumor killing during antibody (Ab) immunotherapy, and a role for myeloid cells as effectors has been observed in several models. We are developing immunotherapy approaches based on administration of large numbers of ex vivo interferon-gamma-activated macrophages to cancer patients. With a quantitative assay measuring killing of nonproliferating tumor cells, we evaluated whether, in physiologic conditions, these macrophages synergize with the anti-CD20 Ab rituximab for killing primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. ADCC reached levels of 70% to 80% at effector to target ratios as low as 1:1. Macrophage recruitment by Ab-opsonized tumor cells did not result in enhanced cytokine secretion, suggesting that the cytokine shower observed in rituximab-treated patients is not caused by macrophage activation, and that cytokines have no role in CLL killing. We observed that uptake of tumor material by macrophages was not directly correlated to tumor killing. Nonetheless, experiments in the presence of cytochalasin D showed that ADCC occurred mainly by phagocytosis. Tumor killing was largely mediated by Fc gammaRI and inhibited by increasing concentration of serum. Importantly, complement deposition on B-CLL cells did not seem to enhance macrophage ADCC in this model, as complement-depleted and complement-repleted human plasmas exerted comparable inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Rituximab
- Serum/physiology
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Nardin A, Lefebvre ML, Labroquère K, Faure O, Abastado JP. Liposomal Muramyl Tripeptide Phosphatidylethanolamine: Targeting and Activating Macrophages for Adjuvant Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2006; 6:123-33. [PMID: 16529542 DOI: 10.2174/156800906776056473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About one third of osteosarcoma patients develop lung metastasis refractory to chemotherapy. Recent studies indicate that biological response modifiers activating the patient's immune system may help controlling minimal residual disease via pathways distinct from those used by cytotoxic drugs, and therefore prove effective against tumor resistance. Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE) is a synthetic lipophilic glycopeptide capable of activating monocytes and macrophages to a tumoricidal state. When intercalated in multilamellar liposomes (L-MTP-PE) and injected intravenously, it targets lung, liver, and spleen macrophages. Therapeutic activity of L-MTP-PE was demonstrated in several preclinical models of experimental lung metastasis and in clinical trials in dogs with osteosarcoma. Although macrophage activation was shown to be directly involved in the in vivo anti-metastatic activity of this molecule, cytokine and chemokine secretion by activated macrophages could induce recruitment and stimulation of other immune cells, which may in turn indirectly contribute to the anti-tumor effect. L-MTP-PE has undergone clinical development in humans. In early trials, most side effects of L-MTP-PE were minimal. L-MTP-PE showed signs of efficacy in treatment of patients with recurrent osteosarcoma and the encouraging results from phase II studies led to a phase III trial conducted by the Children's Oncology Group in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade osteosarcoma. Patients were treated with or without L-MTP-PE in combination with multi-drug chemotherapy in adjuvant setting; significantly higher overall survival and disease-free survival were observed in the group receiving L-MTP-PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nardin
- IDM, Immuno-Designed Molecules, 172 rue de Charonne, 75011 Paris, France.
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44
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Baron-Bodo V, Doceur P, Lefebvre ML, Labroquère K, Defaye C, Cambouris C, Prigent D, Salcedo M, Boyer A, Nardin A. Anti-tumor properties of human-activated macrophages produced in large scale for clinical application. Immunobiology 2005; 210:267-77. [PMID: 16164034 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When properly activated, macrophages can be tumoricidal. To harness the therapeutic potential of these cells, we have developed a process for ex vivo production of large numbers of IFN-gamma-activated monocyte-derived macrophages. These monocyte-derived activated killer (MAK) cells have been safely administered to cancer patients with minimal residual disease in phase I/II clinical studies. To evaluate efficacy of treatment with MAK cells, phase III clinical studies are necessary. The process of MAK cell production has been further optimized and qualified for use in large cohorts of patients. In this study, we characterized MAK cells produced in large scale by studying their phenotype and functions. MAK cells were shown to exert anti-tumor activity by killing tumor cells and inhibiting their proliferation. These activities were enhanced by activation with IFN-gamma and addition of anti-tumor antibodies. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was one of the mediators used by MAK cells to inhibit tumor proliferation. To facilitate logistics of clinical trials, a process for MAK cell cryopreservation has been developed. We verified in vitro that cryopreserved cells retained the activity of fresh cells and were stable during storage. The safety and efficacy of cryopreserved MAK cells (Bexidem) are currently being assessed on superficial bladder cancer patients in a phase II/III clinical trial.
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Kaiser A, Donnadieu E, Abastado JP, Trautmann A, Nardin A. CC Chemokine Ligand 19 Secreted by Mature Dendritic Cells Increases Naive T Cell Scanning Behavior and Their Response to Rare Cognate Antigen. J Immunol 2005; 175:2349-56. [PMID: 16081805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For immune responses to take place, naive T cells have to encounter, adhere to, and be stimulated by dendritic cells (DCs). In murine lymph nodes, T cells move randomly and scan the surface of multiple DCs. The factors controlling this motility as well as its consequences remain unclear. We have monitored by video-imaging the earliest steps of the interaction between human DCs and autologous naive CD4+ T cells in the absence of exogenous Ags. Mature, but not immature, DCs were able to elicit small calcium responses in naive T cells along with cell polarization and random motility, resulting in an efficient scanning of DC surfaces by T cells. We identified CCL19 as a key factor enabling all these early T cell responses, including the occurrence of calcium transients. Because this chemokine did not influence the strength of naive T cell adhesion to DCs, enhanced LFA-1 affinity for ICAM-1 was not the main mechanism by which CCL19 increased Ag-independent calcium transients. However, concomitantly to T cell motility, CCL19 augmented the frequency of T cell responses to rare anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads, used as surrogate APCs. We thus propose a new role for CCL19 in humans: by conditioning T cells into a motile DC-scanning state, this chemokine promotes Ag-independent responses and increases the probability of cognate MHC-peptide encounter.
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46
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Real E, Kaiser A, Raposo G, Amara A, Nardin A, Trautmann A, Donnadieu E. Immature Dendritic Cells (DCs) Use Chemokines and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1, But Not DC-Specific ICAM-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin, to Stimulate CD4+ T Cells in the Absence of Exogenous Antigen. J Immunol 2004; 173:50-60. [PMID: 15210758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) possess a number of unique features that distinguish them from other APCs. One such feature is their ability to trigger Ag-independent responses in T cells. Previous studies have focused on mature DCs, but the prevalence of this phenomenon in the resting-state immature DCs has never been considered. In this study, we show that, in the absence of Ag, human immature DCs trigger multiple responses in autologous primary CD4+ T cells, namely, increased motility, small Ca2+ transients, and up-regulation of CD69. These responses are particularly marked in CD4+ memory T cells. By using several experimental approaches, we found that DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin plays no role in the induction of T cell responses, whereas ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions are required. In addition, DC-produced chemokines contribute to the Ag-independent T cell stimulatory ability of DCs, because pertussis toxin-treated T cells exhibit diminished responses to immature DCs. More particularly, CCL17 and CCL22, which are constitutively produced by immature DCs, mediate both T cell polarization and attraction. Thus, immature DCs owe part of their outstanding Ag-independent T cell stimulatory ability to chemokines and ICAM-1, but not DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Real
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 567, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Kaiser A, Bercovici N, Abastado JP, Nardin A. Naive CD8+ T cell recruitment and proliferation are dependent on stage of dendritic cell maturation. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:162-71. [PMID: 12594845 DOI: 10.1002/immu.200390019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in controlling the initiation and orientation of antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses. It is widely accepted that optimal T cell priming requires mature DC. Although the molecular events associated with DC activation have been extensively studied, little is known about the consequences of DC maturation on recruitment and expansion of naive T cells. In the present study, we used a model tumor Ag to show that the kinetics of human DC maturation drastically affect the induction of Ag-specific effector CD8(+) T cells. In absence of exogenous cytokines and CD4 help, only DC at early stages of maturation were able to generate high frequencies of CTL. This expansion resulted from both enhanced recruitment and intense proliferation ofT cell precursors and could lead to an increase of up to 1,000-fold in the final number of effector T cells compared to non-matured DC. In our model, larger recruitment of naïve CD8(+) cells did not modify the overall avidity of the Ag-specific T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kaiser
- Immuno-Designed Molecules, University of Pierre et Marie Curie Paris, France
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are essential for the generation of primary adaptive immune responses, but their full immunostimulatory capacities are only reached upon maturation. The authors compared several clinical-grade adjuvants of bacterial origin to determine their ability to induce phenotypic and functional maturation of monocyte-derived DC (Dendritophages, Dphi; IDM, Paris, France) differentiated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-13 in single-use cell processors (VacCell; IDM, Paris, France). Monophosphoryl lipid A, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Ribomunyl (Pierre Fabre Medicament, Boulogne, France) all appeared able to provide the signal necessary to initiate Dphi maturation. However, only Ribomunyl (Pierre Fabre Medicament) (containing membrane and ribosomal fractions from four bacterial strains) allowed the authors to obtain a significant enhancement of allostimulatory abilities and cytokine production by Dphi in the absence of active cellular infection. Addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to Ribomunyl resulted in more pronounced upregulation of CD83, major histocompatibility complex class I, and B7 molecules by Dphi. Moreover, the IFN-gamma addition modulated their cytokine secretion, allowing higher levels of bioactive interleukin-12 concomitant with lower levels of interleukin-10. In kinetic studies, Dphi contact with Ribomunyl and IFN-gamma for 6 hours was sufficient to trigger a maturation process that completed spontaneously. Thus, Ribomunyl in association with IFN-gamma represents a suitable agent for the ex vivo production of mature monocyte-derived DC that can be used as cellular vaccines to promote a potent type I immune response.
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Nardin A. [The intangible legacy put in its place. The exposition of the 150th anniversary of the AP-HP]. Bull Soc Fr Hist Hop 2001:10-2. [PMID: 11639065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Bercovici N, Massicard S, Agrawal S, Pauillac F, Duffour M, Boccaccio C, Boyer A, Nardin A, Chauvet I, Prigent D, Fabbro MO, Goxe B, Latour N, Heshmati F, Duriau D, Lehmann F, Bruyns C, Velu T, Romet-Lemonne JL, Abastado JP, Salcedo M. Dendritic cells generated in the presence of IL-13 and GM-CSF in a GMP large scale production process are potent tumor antigen stimulators and are well tolerated by cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)80395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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