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Maloshenok LG, Abushinova GA, Ryazanova AY, Bruskin SA, Zherdeva VV. Visualizing the Nucleome Using the CRISPR–Cas9 System: From in vitro to in vivo. Biochemistry Moscow 2023; 88:S123-S149. [PMID: 37069118 PMCID: PMC9940691 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the latest methods in modern molecular biology is labeling genomic loci in living cells using fluorescently labeled Cas protein. The NIH Foundation has made the mapping of the 4D nucleome (the three-dimensional nucleome on a timescale) a priority in the studies aimed to improve our understanding of chromatin organization. Fluorescent methods based on CRISPR-Cas are a significant step forward in visualization of genomic loci in living cells. This approach can be used for studying epigenetics, cell cycle, cellular response to external stimuli, rearrangements during malignant cell transformation, such as chromosomal translocations or damage, as well as for genome editing. In this review, we focused on the application of CRISPR-Cas fluorescence technologies as components of multimodal imaging methods for in vivo mapping of chromosomal loci, in particular, attribution of fluorescence signal to morphological and anatomical structures in a living organism. The review discusses the approaches to the highly sensitive, high-precision labeling of CRISPR-Cas components, delivery of genetically engineered constructs into cells and tissues, and promising methods for molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya G Maloshenok
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Gerel A Abushinova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexandra Yu Ryazanova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey A Bruskin
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Victoria V Zherdeva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center for Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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2
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Khodadust R, Unal O, Yagci Acar H. Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:82-95. [PMID: 35116215 PMCID: PMC8787352 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylenimine (PEI), which is frequently used for polyplex formation and effective gene transfection, is rarely recognized as a luminescent polymer. Therefore, it is usually tagged with an organic fluorophore to be optically tracked. Recently, we developed branched PEI (bPEI) superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION@bPEI) with blue luminescence 1200 times stronger than that of bPEI without a traditional fluorophore, due to partial PEI oxidation during the synthesis. Here, we demonstrate in vitro dye-free optical imaging and successful gene transfection with luminescent SPION@bPEI, which was further modified for receptor-mediated delivery of the cargo selectively to cancer cell lines overexpressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Pro-apoptotic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid sodium (PIC) was delivered to HeLa cells with SPION@bPEI and caused a dramatic reduction in the cell viability at otherwise non-toxic nanoparticle concentrations, proving that bPEI coating is still an effective component for the delivery of an anionic cargo. Besides, a strong intracellular optical signal supports the optically traceable nature of these nanoparticles. SPION@bPEI nanoparticles were further conjugated with Erbitux (Erb), which is an anti-EGFR antibody for targeting EGFR-overexpressing cancer cell lines. SPION@bPEI-Erb was used for the delivery of a GFP plasmid wherein the transfection was confirmed by the luminescence of the expressed gene within the transfected cells. Poor GFP expression in MCF7, a slightly better expression in HeLa, and a significant enhancement in the transfection of HCT116 cells proved a selective uptake and hence the targeting ability of Erb-tagged nanoparticles. Altogether, this study proves luminescent, cationic, and small SPION@bPEI nanoparticles as strong candidates for imaging and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Khodadust
- Koc University, Department of Chemistry, Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- University of Health Science, Health Science Institute, Department of Biotechnology Selimiye Mahallesi, Tıbbiye, Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Unal
- Koc University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Havva Yagci Acar
- Koc University, Department of Chemistry, Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University, Graduate School of Materials Science and Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Xie Y, Wu L, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Alpha-Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes Mediate Viral Virulence and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:941. [PMID: 31134006 PMCID: PMC6517553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) genes are virulence-related genes and are nonessential for viral replication; they are often preferred target genes for the construction of gene-deleted attenuated vaccines and genetically engineered vectors for inserting and expressing foreign genes. The enzymes encoded by TK genes are key kinases in the nucleoside salvage pathway and have significant substrate diversity, especially the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) TK enzyme, which phosphorylates four nucleosides and various nucleoside analogues. Hence, the HSV-1 TK gene is exploited for the treatment of viral infections, as a suicide gene in antitumor therapy, and even for the regulation of stem cell transplantation and treatment of parasitic infection. This review introduces the effects of α-herpesvirus TK genes on viral virulence and infection in the host and classifies and summarizes the current main application domains and potential uses of these genes. In particular, mechanisms of action, clinical limitations, and antiviral and antitumor therapy development strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - XinXin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
Avidin-biotin interaction is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions in the nature. Avidin and its analogues have therefore been extensively utilized as probes and affinity matrices for a wide variety of applications in biochemical assays, diagnosis, affinity purification, and drug delivery. Recently, there has been a growing interest in exploring this non-covalent interaction in nanoscale drug delivery systems for pharmaceutical agents, including small molecules, proteins, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and nucleic acids. Particularly, the ease of fabrication without losing the chemical and biological properties of the coupled moieties makes the avidin-biotin system a versatile platform for nanotechnology. In addition, avidin-based nanoparticles have been investigated as diagnostic systems for various tumors and surface antigens. In this review, we will highlight the various fabrication principles and biomedical applications of avidin-based nanoparticles in drug delivery and diagnosis. The structures and biochemical properties of avidin, biotin and their respective analogues will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Jain
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States.
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Saadatpour Z, Bjorklund G, Chirumbolo S, Alimohammadi M, Ehsani H, Ebrahiminejad H, Pourghadamyari H, Baghaei B, Mirzaei HR, Sahebkar A, Mirzaei H, Keshavarzi M. Molecular imaging and cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2016:cgt201662. [PMID: 27857058 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is known as one of the most advanced approaches for therapeutic prospects ranging from tackling genetic diseases to combating cancer. In this approach, different viral and nonviral vector systems such as retrovirus, lentivirus, plasmid and transposon have been designed and employed. These vector systems are designed to target different therapeutic genes in various tissues and cells such as tumor cells. Therefore, detection of the vectors containing therapeutic genes and monitoring of response to the treatment are the main issues that are commonly faced by researchers. Imaging techniques have been critical in guiding physicians in the more accurate and precise diagnosis and monitoring of cancer patients in different phases of malignancies. Imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are non-invasive and powerful tools for monitoring of the distribution of transgene expression over time and assessing patients who have received therapeutic genes. Here, we discuss most recent advances in cancer gene therapy and molecular approaches as well as imaging techniques that are utilized to detect cancer gene therapeutics and to monitor the patients' response to these therapies worldwide, particularly in Iranian Academic Medical Centers and Hospitals.Cancer Gene Therapy advance online publication, 18 November 2016; doi:10.1038/cgt.2016.62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saadatpour
- Bozorgmehr Imaging Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - G Bjorklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - S Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - M Alimohammadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - H Ehsani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - H Ebrahiminejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - H Pourghadamyari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Baghaei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - H R Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Keshavarzi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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7
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Saadatpour Z, Rezaei A, Ebrahimnejad H, Baghaei B, Bjorklund G, Chartrand M, Sahebkar A, Morovati H, Mirzaei HR, Mirzaei H. Imaging techniques: new avenues in cancer gene and cell therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:1-5. [PMID: 27834357 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the world's most concerning health problems and poses many challenges in the range of approaches associated with the treatment of cancer. Current understanding of this disease brings to the fore a number of novel therapies that can be useful in the treatment of cancer. Among them, gene and cell therapies have emerged as novel and effective approaches. One of the most important challenges for cancer gene and cell therapies is correct monitoring of the modified genes and cells. In fact, visual tracking of therapeutic cells, immune cells, stem cells and genetic vectors that contain therapeutic genes and the various drugs is important in cancer therapy. Similarly, molecular imaging, such as nanosystems, fluorescence, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, single photon-emission computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have also been found to be powerful tools in monitoring cancer patients who have received therapeutic cell and gene therapies or drug therapies. In this review, we focus on these therapies and their molecular imaging techniques in treating and monitoring the progress of the therapies on various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Saadatpour
- Bozorgmehr Imaging Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Rezaei
- Khanevadeh Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - B Baghaei
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - G Bjorklund
- Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - M Chartrand
- DigiCare Behavioral Research, Casa Grande, AZ, USA
| | - A Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H Morovati
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H R Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Nafiujjaman M, Nurunnabi M, Kang SH, Reeck GR, Khan HA, Lee YK. Ternary graphene quantum dot-polydopamine-Mn 3O 4 nanoparticles for optical imaging guided photodynamic therapy and T 1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5815-5823. [PMID: 32262578 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging-guided therapy, which bridges treatment and diagnosis, plays an important role in overcoming the limitations of classical cancer therapy. To provide a more exact location of the tumor and to reduce side effects to normal tissues, a multifunctional probe was designed to serve as both an imaging agent and a therapeutic agent. Ternary hybrid nanoparticles comprised of visible red-responsive graphene, the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) agent Mn3O4 and a mussel-inspired linker polydopamine. The conjugation of graphene to Mn3O4 through polydopamine enhanced the water solubility of Mn3O4, enabling an efficient uptake by cancer cells as well as tumor accumulation when the nanoparticles were intravenously administered into mice. These nanoparticles, when localized at a tumor site, exhibited low cytotoxicity in the dark, while light irradiation of the cancer cells transfected with the nanoparticles resulted in significant phototherapeutic effects, apparently by generating toxic reactive oxygen species. These nanoparticles also allowed excellent T1-weighted MR imaging in a human lung cancer xenograft model and were successfully used for combined visible red-imaging-guided photodynamic therapy and T1-weighted MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 380-702, Korea.
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Bertolini R, Goepfert C, Andrieu T, Nichols S, Walter MA, Frey FJ, McCammon JA, Frey BM. 18F-RB390: innovative ligand for imaging the T877A androgen receptor mutant in prostate cancer via positron emission tomography (PET). Prostate 2015; 75:348-59. [PMID: 25358634 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting prostate cancer before spreading or predicting a favorable therapy are challenging issues for impacting patient's survival. Presently, 2-[(18) F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18) F-FDG) and/or (18) F-fluorocholine ((18) F-FCH) are the generally used PET-tracers in oncology yet do not emphasize the T877A androgen receptor (AR) mutation being exclusively present in cancerous tissue and escaping androgen deprivation treatment. METHODS We designed and synthesized fluorinated 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) derivatives to target T877A-AR. We performed binding assays to select suitable candidates using COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type or T877A AR (WT-AR, T877A-AR) expressing plasmids and investigated cellular uptake of candidate (18) F-RB390. Stability, biodistribution analyses and PET-Imaging were assessed by injecting (18) F-RB390 (10MBq), with and without co-injection of an excess of unlabeled DHT in C4-2 and PC-3 tumor bearing male SCID mice (n = 12). RESULTS RB390 presented a higher relative binding affinity (RBA) (28.1%, IC50 = 32 nM) for T877A-AR than for WT-AR (1.7%, IC50 = 357 nM) related to DHT (RBA = 100%). A small fraction of (18) F-RB390 was metabolized when incubated with murine liver homogenate or human blood for 3 hr. The metabolite of RB390, 3-hydroxysteroid RB448, presented similar binding characteristics as RB390. (18) F-RB390 but not (18) F-FDG or (18) F-FCH accumulated 2.5× more in COS-7 cells transfected with pSG5AR-T877A than with control plasmid. Accumulation was reduced with an excess of DHT. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies revealed a significantly higher uptake of (18) F-RB390 in T877A mutation positive xenografts compared to PC-3 control tumors. This effect was blunted with DHT. CONCLUSION Given the differential binding capacity and the favorable radioactivity pattern, (18) F-RB390 represents the portrayal of the first imaging ligand with predictive potential for mutant T877A-AR in prostate cancer for guiding therapy. Prostate 75:348-359, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Bertolini
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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10
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Muñoz-Álvarez KA, Altomonte J, Laitinen I, Ziegler S, Steiger K, Esposito I, Schmid RM, Ebert O. PET imaging of oncolytic VSV expressing the mutant HSV-1 thymidine kinase transgene in a preclinical HCC rat model. Mol Ther 2015; 23:728-36. [PMID: 25609160 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most predominant form of liver cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Due to the relative ineffectiveness of conventional HCC therapies, oncolytic viruses have emerged as novel alternative treatment agents. Our previous studies have demonstrated significant prolongation of survival in advanced HCC in rats after oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) treatment. In this study, we aimed to establish a reporter system to reliably and sensitively image VSV in a clinically relevant model of HCC for clinical translation. To this end, an orthotopic, unifocal HCC model in immune-competent Buffalo rats was employed to test a recombinant VSV vector encoding for an enhanced version of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (sr39tk) reporter, which would allow the indirect detection of VSV via positron emission tomography (PET). The resulting data revealed specific tracer uptake in VSV-HSV1-sr39tk-treated tumors. Further characterization of the VSV-HSV1-sr39tk vector demonstrated its optimal detection time-point after application and its detection limit via PET. In conclusion, oncolytic VSV expressing the HSV1-sr39tk reporter gene allows for highly sensitive in vivo imaging via PET. Therefore, this imaging system may be directly translatable and beneficial in further clinical applications.
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11
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Su YC, Cheng TC, Leu YL, Roffler SR, Wang JY, Chuang CH, Kao CH, Chen KC, Wang HE, Cheng TL. PET imaging of β-glucuronidase activity by an activity-based 124I-trapping probe for the personalized glucuronide prodrug targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2852-63. [PMID: 25277385 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucuronidase (βG) is a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prodrug therapy. The ability to image βG activity in patients would assist in personalized glucuronide prodrug cancer therapy. However, whole-body imaging of βG activity for medical usage is not yet available. Here, we developed a radioactive βG activity-based trapping probe for positron emission tomography (PET). We generated a (124)I-tyramine-conjugated difluoromethylphenol beta-glucuronide probe (TrapG) to form (124)I-TrapG that could be selectively activated by βG for subsequent attachment of (124)I-tyramine to nucleophilic moieties near βG-expressing sites. We estimated the specificity of a fluorescent FITC-TrapG, the cytotoxicity of tyramine-TrapG, and the serum half-life of (124)I-TrapG. βG targeting of (124)I-TrapG in vivo was examined by micro-PET. The biodistribution of (131)I-TrapG was investigated in different organs. Finally, we imaged the endogenous βG activity and assessed its correlation with therapeutic efficacy of 9-aminocamptothecin glucuronide (9ACG) prodrug in native tumors. FITC-TrapG showed specific trapping at βG-expressing CT26 (CT26/mβG) cells but not in CT26 cells. The native TrapG probe possessed low cytotoxicity. (124)I-TrapG preferentially accumulated in CT26/mβG but not CT26 cells. Meanwhile, micro-PET and whole-body autoradiography results demonstrated that (124)I-TrapG signals in CT26/mβG tumors were 141.4-fold greater than in CT26 tumors. Importantly, Colo205 xenografts in nude mice that express elevated endogenous βG can be monitored by using infrared glucuronide trapping probes (NIR-TrapG) and suppressed by 9ACG prodrug treatment. (124)I-TrapG exhibited low cytotoxicity allowing long-term monitoring of βG activity in vivo to aid in the optimization of prodrug targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Leu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lindberg E, Mizukami S, Ibata K, Miyawaki A, Kikuchi K. Development of luminescent coelenterazine derivatives activatable by β-galactosidase for monitoring dual gene expression. Chemistry 2013; 19:14970-6. [PMID: 24105816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two bioluminogenic caged coelenterazine derivatives (bGalCoel and bGalNoCoel) were designed and synthesized to detect β-galactosidase activity and expression by means of bioluminescence imaging. Our approach addresses the instability of coelenterazine by introducing β-galactose caging groups to block the auto-oxidation of coelenterazine. Both probes contain β-galactosidase cleavable caging groups at the carbonyl group of the imidazo-pyrazinone moiety. One of the probes in particular, bGalNoCoel, displayed a fast cleavage profile, high stability, and high specificity for β-galactosidase over other glycoside hydrolases. bGalN-oCoel could detect β-galactosidase activity in living HEK-293T cell cultures that expressed a mutant Gaussia luciferase. It was determined that coelenterazine readily diffuses in and out of cells after uncaging by β-galactosidase. We showed that this new caged coelenterazine derivative, bGalNoCoel, could function as a dual-enzyme substrate and detect enzyme activity across two separate cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lindberg
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 6-6879-7925
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Zhao Y, Lo SL, Zheng Y, Lam DH, Wu C, Han MY, Wang S. Quantum dot coating of baculoviral vectors enables visualization of transduced cells and tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Muthiah M, Vu-Quang H, Kim YK, Rhee JH, Kang SH, Jun SY, Choi YJ, Jeong YY, Cho CS, Park IK. Mannose-poly(ethylene glycol)-linked SPION targeted to antigen presenting cells for magnetic resonance imaging on lymph node. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1586-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Biju V, Anas A, Akita H, Shibu ES, Itoh T, Harashima H, Ishikawa M. FRET from quantum dots to photodecompose undesired acceptors and report the condensation and decondensation of plasmid DNA. ACS Nano 2012; 6:3776-3788. [PMID: 22468986 DOI: 10.1021/nn2048608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Protection of genes against enzymatic degradation and overcoming of cellular barriers are critical for efficient gene delivery. The effectiveness of gene delivery by nonviral vectors depends mostly on the extent of DNA packaging or condensation. We show that Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-mediated photodecomposition of undesired acceptors in doubly labeled plasmid DNA (pDNA) and FRET recovery after acceptor photodecomposition (FRET-RAP) are effective methods for the detection of DNA condensation and decondensation. Our hypothesis is that undesired acceptors within the Förster distance of highly-photostable donors in precondensed DNA can be selectively photodecomposed by FRET. We investigate this hypothesis by the random labeling of pcDNA3.1-GL3 and pUC18DNA with quantum dots (QDs) as the energy donor and AlexaFluor594 or Cy5 as the acceptor. At first, the random labeling generates efficient FRET, also called intrinsic FRET, in precondensed DNA, which prevents us from decoding any changes in the FRET efficiency during DNA condensation. Next, we suppressed the intrinsic FRET by the FRET-mediated photodecomposition of acceptors within the Förster distance of QDs. Conversely, many acceptors kept intact beyond the Förster distance provide us with high FRET efficiency during the condensation of pDNA using protamine. Further, the FRET efficiency is significantly decreased during the decondensation of DNA using heparan sulfate and glutathione. The random labeling of DNA using excess acceptors around photostable donors followed by the FRET-mediated photodecomposition of undesired acceptors can be a promising method for not only the sensitive detection of DNA condensation by FRET but also the customization of biomolecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevanpillai Biju
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
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Yun J, Sonabend AM, Ulasov IV, Kim DH, Rozhkova EA, Novosad V, Dashnaw S, Brown T, Canoll P, Bruce JN, Lesniak MS. A novel adenoviral vector labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for real-time tracking of viral delivery. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:875-80. [PMID: 22516547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In vivo tracking of gene therapy vectors challenges the investigation and improvement of biodistribution of these agents in the brain, a key feature for their targeting of infiltrative malignant gliomas. The glioma-targeting Ad5/3-cRGD gene therapy vector was covalently bound to super-paramagnetic iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles (SPION) to monitor its distribution by MRI. Transduction of labeled and unlabeled vectors was assessed on the U87 glioma cell line and normal human astrocytes (NHA), and was higher in U87 compared to NHA, but was similar between labeled and unlabeled virus. An in vivo study was performed by intracranial subcortical injection of labeled-Ad5/3-cRGD particles into a pig brain. The labeled vector appeared in vivo as a T2-weighted hyperintensity and a T2-gradient echo signal at the injection site, persisting up to 72 hours post-injection. We describe a glioma-targeting vector that is labeled with SPION, thereby allowing for MRI detection with no change in transduction capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yun
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Kim KH, Dmitriev I, O'Malley JP, Wang M, Saddekni S, You Z, Preuss MA, Harris RD, Aurigemma R, Siegal GP, Zinn KR, Curiel DT, Alvarez RD. A phase I clinical trial of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD, a novel infectivity-enhanced bicistronic adenovirus, in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3440-51. [PMID: 22510347 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD is an infectivity-enhanced adenovirus expressing a therapeutic thymidine kinase suicide gene and a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) that allows for noninvasive gene transfer imaging. The purpose of this study was to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, clinical efficacy, and biologic effects of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eligible patients were treated intraperitoneally for 3 days with 1 × 10(9) to 1 × 10(12) vp/dose of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD followed by intravenous ganciclovir for 14 days. Toxicity and clinical efficacy were assessed using Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) Adverse Events grading and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Imaging using In-111 pentetreotide was obtained before and after treatment. Tissue samples were obtained to evaluate for gene transfer, generation of wild-type virus, viral shedding, and antibody response. RESULTS Twelve patients were treated in three cohorts. The most common vector-related clinical toxicities were grade I/II constitutional or pain symptoms, experienced most often in patients treated at the highest dose. MTD was not identified. Five patients showed stable disease; all others experienced progressive disease. One patient with stable disease experienced complete resolution of disease and normalization of CA125 on further follow-up. Imaging detected increased In-111 pentetreotide retention in patients treated at the highest dose. Ancillary studies showed presence of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD virus and HSV1-tk expression in ascites samples collected at various time points in most patients treated within the higher dose cohorts. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the safety, potential efficacy, and possible gene transfer imaging capacity of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD in patients with recurrent gynecologic cancer. Further development of this novel gene therapeutic appears to be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Kim
- The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35249, USA
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18
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Vu-Quang H, Yoo MK, Jeong HJ, Lee HJ, Muthiah M, Rhee JH, Lee JH, Cho CS, Jeong YY, Park IK. Targeted delivery of mannan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to antigen-presenting cells for magnetic resonance-based diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes in vivo. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:3935-45. [PMID: 21763797 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic lymph nodes (LN) originate from primary cancer cells that metastasize to the lymphatic system. It is difficult to non-invasively discriminate between metastatic LN and normal LN because of their similarities in size and shape. Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents are widely utilized to enhance the image contrast among different tissues. Currently available dextran-based contrast agents are non-specifically internalized by macrophages. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop mannan-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (mannan-SPION) for specific delivery to immune cells in LN by receptor-mediated endocytosis for facilitated uptake in the target cells and faster acquisition of MR images. Mannan is a water soluble polysaccharide with a high content of D-mannose residues that can be recognized by mannose receptors on activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Mannan-SPION are proven to be suitable for MRI due to their small size, excellent aqueous stability, and lower cytotoxicity. Mannan-SPION are taken up by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, which could be confirmed by Prussian blue and fluorescent staining. In addition, mannan-SPION exhibit enhanced delivery efficiency in targeting macrophages in LN in vivo compared with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-SPION. More specifically, the enhancement of MRI of LN by mannan-SPION increased dramatically during the earlier stages after intravenous injection, compared with PVA-SPION as a control, which indicates the potential for successful and early detection of metastastatic LN.
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Kamensek U, Sersa G, Vidic S, Tevz G, Kranjc S, Cemazar M. Irradiation, cisplatin, and 5-azacytidine upregulate cytomegalovirus promoter in tumors and muscles: implementation of non-invasive fluorescence imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2011; 13:43-52. [PMID: 20396957 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter is one of the most commonly used promoters for expression of transgenes in mammalian cells. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of methylation and upregulation of the CMV promoter by irradiation and the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin in vivo using non-invasive fluorescence in vivo imaging. Procedures Murine fibrosarcoma LPB and mammary carcinoma TS/A cells were stably transfected with plasmids encoding CMV and p21 promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. Solid TS/A tumors were induced by subcutaneous injection of fluorescent tumor cells, while leg muscles were transiently transfected with plasmid encoding GFP under the control of the CMV promoter. Cells, tumors, and legs were treated either by DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine, irradiation, or cisplatin. GFP expression was determined using a fluorescence microplate reader in vitro and by non-invasive fluorescence imaging in vivo. Results Treatment of cells, tumors, and legs with 5-azacytidine (re)activated the CMV promoter. Furthermore, treatment with irradiation or cisplatin resulted in significant upregulation of GFP expression both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Observed alterations in the activity of the CMV promoter limit the usefulness of this widely used promoter as a constitutive promoter. On the other hand, inducibility of CMV promoters can be beneficially used in gene therapy when combined with standard cancer treatment, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Tracking the fate and function of cells in vivo is paramount for the development of rational therapies for cardiac injury. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) provides a means for monitoring physiological processes in real time, ranging from cell survival to gene expression to complex molecular processes. In mice and rats, BLI provides unmatched sensitivity because of the absence of endogenous luciferase expression in mammalian cells and the low background luminescence emanating from animals. In the field of stem cell therapy, BLI provides an unprecedented means to monitor the biology of these cells in vivo, giving researchers a greater understanding of their survival, migration, immunogenicity, and potential tumorigenicity in a living animal. In addition to longitudinal monitoring of cell survival, BLI is a useful tool for semiquantitative measurements of gene expression in vivo, allowing a better optimization of drug and gene therapies. Overall, this technology not only enables rapid, reproducible, and quantitative monitoring of physiological processes in vivo but also can measure the influences of therapeutic interventions on the outcome of cardiac injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5454, USA
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Richard-Fiardo P, Franken PR, Harrington KJ, Vassaux G, Cambien B. The use of molecular imaging of gene expression by radiotracers in gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1273-85. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.588596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Keliris A, Ziegler T, Mishra R, Pohmann R, Sauer MG, Ugurbil K, Engelmann J. Synthesis and characterization of a cell-permeable bimodal contrast agent targeting β-galactosidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2529-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kimura T, Hiraoka K, Kasahara N, Logg CR. Optimization of enzyme-substrate pairing for bioluminescence imaging of gene transfer using Renilla and Gaussia luciferases. J Gene Med 2010; 12:528-37. [PMID: 20527045 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) permits the non-invasive quantification and localization of transduction and expression by gene transfer vectors. The tendency of tissue to attenuate light in the optical region, however, limits the sensitivity of BLI. Improvements in light output from bioluminescent reporter systems would allow the detection of lower levels of expression, smaller numbers of cells and expression from deeper and more attenuating tissues within an animal. METHODS With the goal of identifying substrates that allow improved sensitivity with Renilla luciferase (RLuc) and Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) reporter genes, we evaluated native coelenterazine and three of its most promising derivatives in BLI of cultured cells transduced with retroviral vectors encoding these reporters. Of the eight enzyme-substrate pairs tested, the two that performed best were further evaluated in mice to compare their effectiveness for imaging vector-modified cells in live animals. RESULTS In cell culture, we observed striking differences in luminescence levels from the various enzyme-substrate combinations and found that the two luciferases exhibited markedly distinct abilities to generate light with the substrates. The most effective pairs were RLuc with the synthetic coelenterazine derivative ViviRen, and GLuc with native coelenterazine. In animals, these two pairs allowed similar detection sensitivities, which were eight- to 15-fold higher than that of the prototypical RLuc-native coelenterazine combination. CONCLUSIONS Substrate selection can dramatically influence the detection sensitivity of RLuc and GLuc and appropriate choice of substrate can greatly improve the performance of reporter genes encoding these enzymes for monitoring gene transfer by BLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kim HS, Cho HR, Choi SH, Woo JS, Moon WK. In vivo imaging of tumor transduced with bimodal lentiviral vector encoding human ferritin and green fluorescent protein on a 1.5T clinical magnetic resonance scanner. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7315-24. [PMID: 20823165 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A combination of reporter genes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging can provide an additional level of noninvasive and quantitative information about biological processes occurring in deep tissues. We developed a bimodal lentiviral vector to monitor deep tissue events using MRI to detect myc-tagged human ferritin heavy chain (myc-hFTH) expression and fluorescence imaging to detect green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression. The transgene construct was stably transfected into MCF-7 and F-98 cells. After transplantation of the cells expressing myc-hFTH and GFP into mice or rats, serial MRI and fluorescence imaging were performed with a human wrist coil on a 1.5T MR scanner and optical imaging analyzer for 4 weeks. No cellular toxicity due to overexpression of myc-hFTH and GFP was observed in MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays. Iron accumulation was observed in myc-hFTH cells and tumors by Prussian blue staining and iron binding assays. The myc-hFTH cells and tumors had significantly lower signal intensities in T(2)-weighted MRI than mock-transfected controls (P ≤ 0.05). This is direct evidence that myc-hFTH expression can be visualized noninvasively with a 1.5T clinical MR scanner. This study shows that MRI and fluorescence imaging of transplanted cells at molecular and cellular levels can be performed simultaneously using our bimodal lentiviral vector system. Our techniques can be used to monitor tumor growth, metastasis, and regression during cell and gene-based therapy in deep tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Abstract
Gene therapy of solid cancers has been severely restricted by the limited distribution of vectors within tumors. However, cellular vectors have emerged as an effective migratory system for gene delivery to invasive cancers. Implanted and injected multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown tropism for several types of primary tumors and metastases. This capacity of MSCs forms the basis for their use as a gene vector system in neoplasms. Here, we review the tumor-directed migratory potential of MSCs, mechanisms of the migration, and the choice of therapeutic transgenes, with a focus on malignant gliomas as a model system for invasive and highly vascularized tumors. We examine recent findings demonstrating that MSCs share many characteristics with pericytes and that implanted MSCs localize primarily to perivascular niches within tumors, which might have therapeutic implications. The use of MSC vectors in cancer gene therapy raises concerns, however, including a possible MSC contribution to tumor stroma and vasculature, MSC-mediated antitumor immune suppression, and the potential malignant transformation of cultured MSCs. Nonetheless, we highlight the novel prospects of MSC-based tumor therapy, which appears to be a promising approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bexell
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Yu ST, Yang YB, Liang GP, Li C, Chen L, Shi CM, Tang XD, Li CZ, Li L, Wang GZ, Wu YY, Yang SM, Fang DC. An optimized telomerase-specific lentivirus for optical imaging of tumors. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2585-94. [PMID: 20233877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in medical imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, have made great progress in detecting tumors. However, these imaging techniques are unable to differentiate malignant tumors from benign ones. Recently developed optical imaging of tumors in small animals provides a useful method to distinguish malignant tumors from their surrounding normal tissues. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is normally inactivated in most somatic cells, whereas it is commonly reactivated in many cancer cells. In this study, we constructed a lentiviral vector that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by an optimized hTERT promoter to create a noninvasive tumor-specific imaging methodology. The activity of this optimized hTERT promoter was found to be equal to the activity of SV40 and cytomegalovirus promoters. In vitro experiments showed that GFP was only expressed in telomerase-positive tumor cells infected with this lentivirus, whereas there was no GFP expression in telomerase-negative tumor cells or normal somatic cells. We also found that subcutaneous telomerase-positive tumors could be visualized 24 hours after an intratumoral injection with this lentivirus by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. In contrast, telomerase-negative tumors could not be imaged after an intratumoral injection even for 30 days. These results suggest that infection with lentivirus containing this optimized hTERT promoter might be a useful diagnostic tool for the real-time visualization of macroscopically invisible tumor tissues using a highly sensitive CCD imaging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Tao Yu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital and Institute of Combined Injure, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Baril P, Martin-Duque P, Vassaux G. Visualization of gene expression in the live subject using the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene: applications in biotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:761-71. [PMID: 19814733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapies involve the utilization of antibodies, genetically modified viruses, bacteria or cells for therapeutic purposes. Molecular imaging has the potential to provide unique information that will guarantee their biosafety in humans and provide a rationale for the future development of new generations of reagents. In this context, non-invasive imaging of gene expression is an attractive prospect, allowing precise, spacio-temporal measurements of gene expression in longitudinal studies involving gene transfer vectors. With the emergence of cell therapies in regenerative medicine, it is also possible to track cells injected into subjects. In this context, the Na/I symporter (NIS) has been used in preclinical studies. Associated with a relevant radiotracer ((123)I(-), (124)I(-), (99m)TcO4(-)), NIS can be used to monitor gene transfer and the spread of selectively replicative viruses in tumours as well as in cells with a therapeutic potential. In addition to its imaging potential, NIS can be used as a therapeutic transgene through its ability to concentrate therapeutic doses of radionuclides in target cells. This dual property has applications in cancer treatment and could also be used to eradicate cells with therapeutic potential in the case of adverse events. Through experience acquired in preclinical studies, we can expect that non-invasive molecular imaging using NIS as a transgene will be pivotal for monitoring in vivo the exact distribution and pharmacodynamics of gene expression in a precise and quantitative way. This review highlights the applications of NIS in biotherapy, with a particular emphasis on image-guided radiotherapy, monitoring of gene and vector biodistribution and trafficking of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baril
- Inserm U948, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, EA4274, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France.
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Matthews K, Noker PE, Tian B, Grimes SD, Fulton R, Schweikart K, Harris R, Aurigemma R, Wang M, Barnes MN, Siegal GP, Hemminki A, Zinn K, Curiel DT, Alvarez RD. Identifying the safety profile of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD, a novel infectivity-enhanced bicistronic adenovirus, in anticipation of a phase I clinical trial in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4131-7. [PMID: 19509153 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution and toxicity of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD, an infectivity-enhanced adenovirus expressing a therapeutic suicide gene and somatostatin receptor type 2 (for noninvasive assessment of gene transfer with nuclear imaging) in advance of a planned phase I clinical trial for recurrent ovarian carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cohorts of Syrian hamsters were treated i.p. for 3 consecutive days with Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD or control buffer with or without the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) and euthanized on day 4, 19, or 56. Tissue and serum samples were evaluated for the presence of virus using qPCR analysis and were assessed for vector-related tissue or laboratory effects. RESULTS Levels of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD in blood and tissues outside of the abdominal cavity were low, indicating minimal systemic absorption. GCV did not affect Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD biodistribution. The mean Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD viral level was 100-fold lower on day 19 than day 4, suggesting vector elimination over time. Animals in the Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD +/- GCV cohort had clinical laboratory parameters and microscopic lesions in the abdominal organs indicative of an inflammatory response. Toxicity in this dose cohort seemed to be reversible over time. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide justification for planned dosing of Ad5.SSTR/TK.RGD for a planned phase I clinical trial and insights regarding anticipated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Matthews
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH. Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 2009; 48:146-60. [PMID: 19318125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in scientific and clinical research has made gene therapy a promising option for efficient and targeted treatment of several inherited and acquired disorders. One of the most critical issues for ensuring success of gene-based therapies is the development of technologies for non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and kinetics of vector-mediated gene expression. In recent years many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been developed and successfully used in animals and humans. In this review molecular imaging techniques for monitoring of gene therapy are described and specific use of these methods in the different steps of a gene therapy protocol from gene delivery to assessment of therapy response is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging (MI) to gene therapy will eventually help to improve the efficacy and safety of current gene therapy protocols for human application and support future individualized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Huang PI, Chang JF, Kirn DH, Liu TC. Targeted genetic and viral therapy for advanced head and neck cancers. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:570-8. [PMID: 19508919 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers usually present with advanced disease and novel therapies are urgently needed. Genetic therapy aims at restoring malfunctioned tumor suppressor gene(s) or introducing proapoptotic genes. Oncolytic virotherapeutics induce multiple cycles of cancer-specific virus replication, followed by oncolysis, virus spreading and infection of adjacent cancer cells. Oncolytic viruses can also be armed to express therapeutic transgene(s). Recent advances in preclinical and clinical studies are revealing the potential of both therapeutic classes for advanced head and neck cancers, including the approval of two products (Gendicine and H101) by a governmental agency. This review summarizes the available clinical data to date and discusses the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-I Huang
- Cancer Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cancer gene transfer is a relatively novel intervention strategy. In part because of this novelty, trials often present greater uncertainties than those investigating more conventional approaches. In the following review, I examine how this greater uncertainty might affect how clinical studies are designed, when they are initiated, their degree of risk, and whether such risk can be justified in terms of therapeutic benefit. The review also discusses two other ethical issues presented by gene transfer clinical research: fairness in subject selection and communications with the public. I conclude with a series of recommendations directed toward researchers, policymakers, and ethics committee members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kimmelman
- Department of Social Studies of Medicine, Clinical Trials Research Group, Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QB, Canada
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Koenig S, Krause P, Hosseini ASA, Dullin C, Rave-Fraenk M, Kimmina S, Entwistle AL, Hermann RM, Hess CF, Becker H, Christiansen H. Noninvasive Imaging of Liver Repopulation following Hepatocyte Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:69-78. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909788237186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging is a technique particularly powerful when studying in vivo processes at the molecular level in preclinical animal models. We recently demonstrated liver irradiation under the additional stimulus of partial hepatectomy as being an effective primer in the rat liver repopulation model based on hepatocyte transplantation. The purpose of this study was to assess optical imaging and the feasibility of donor cell expansion tracking in vivo using a fluorescent probe. Livers of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV)-deficient rats were preconditioned with irradiation. Four days later, a partial hepatectomy was performed and wild-type (DPPIV+) hepatocytes were transplanted into recipient livers via the spleen. Repopulation by transplanted DPPIV+ hepatocytes was detected in vivo with Cy5.5-conjugated DPPIV antibody using the eXplore Optix™ System (GE HealthCare). Results were compared with nontransplanted control animals and transplanted animals receiving nonspecific antibody. Optical imaging detected Cy5.5-specific fluorescence in the liver region of the transplanted animals, increasing in intensity with time, representing extensive host liver repopulation within 16 weeks following transplantation. A general pattern of donor cell multiplication emerged, with an initially accelerating growth curve and later plateau phase. In contrast, no specific fluorescence was detected in the control groups. Comparison with ex vivo immunofluorescence staining of liver sections confirmed the optical imaging results. Optical imaging constitutes a potent method of assessing the longitudinal kinetics of liver repopulation in the rat transplantation model. Our results provide a basis for the future development of clinical protocols for suitable fluorescent dyes and imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koenig
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Petra Krause
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Margret Rave-Fraenk
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kimmina
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Lee Entwistle
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Heinz Becker
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans Christiansen
- Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Furuya
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant glioma represents one of the most aggressive and devastating forms of human cancer. At present, there exists no successful treatment for this disease. Gene therapy, or vector therapy, has emerged as a viable experimental treatment method for intracranial malignancies. OBJECTIVE Vector therapy paradigms that have entered the clinical arena have shown adequate safety; however, the majority of the studies failed to observe significant clinical benefits. As such, researchers have refocused their efforts on developing novel vectors as well as new delivery methods to enhance the therapeutic effect of a particular vector. In this review, we discuss common vector therapy approaches used in clinical trials, their drawbacks and potential ways of overcoming these challenges. METHODS We focus on the experimental evaluation of cell-based vector therapies and adenoviral and herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors in the treatment of malignant glioma. CONCLUSION Vector therapy remains a promising treatment strategy for malignant glioma. Although significant questions remain to be answered, early clinical data suggest safety of this approach and future studies will likely address the efficacy of the proposed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Tyler
- University of Chicago, The Brain Tumor Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 3026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Barton KN, Stricker H, Brown SL, Elshaikh M, Aref I, Lu M, Pegg J, Zhang Y, Karvelis KC, Siddiqui F, Kim JH, Freytag SO, Movsas B. Phase I study of noninvasive imaging of adenovirus-mediated gene expression in the human prostate. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1761-9. [PMID: 18714306 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor noninvasively potentially therapeutic adenoviruses for cancer, we have developed a methodology based on the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Men with clinically localized prostate cancer were administered an intraprostatic injection of a replication-competent adenovirus, Ad5-yCD/utTK(SR39)rep-hNIS, armed with two suicide genes and the NIS gene. NIS gene expression (GE) was imaged noninvasively by uptake of Na(99 m)TcO(4) in infected cells using single photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT). The investigational therapy was safe with 98% of the adverse events being grade 1 or 2. GE was detected in the prostate in seven of nine (78%) patients at 1 x 10(12) virus particles (vp) but not at 1 x 10(11) vp. Volume and total amount of GE was quantified by SPECT. Following injection of 1 x 10(12) vp in 1 cm(3), GE volume (GEV) increased to a mean of 6.6 cm(3), representing, on average, 18% of the total prostate volume. GEV and intensity peaked 1-2 days after the adenovirus injection and was detectable in the prostate up to 7 days. Whole-body imaging demonstrated intraprostatic gene expression, and there was no evidence of extraprostatic dissemination of the adenovirus by SPECT imaging. The results demonstrate that noninvasive imaging of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy in humans is feasible and safe.
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Fontanellas A, Hervas-Stubbs S, Sampedro A, Collantes M, Azpilicueta A, Mauleón I, Pañeda A, Quincoces G, Prieto J, Melero I, Peñuelas I. PET imaging of thymidine kinase gene expression in the liver of non-human primates following systemic delivery of an adenoviral vector. Gene Ther 2008; 16:136-41. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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