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Skierucha M, Milne ANA, Offerhaus GJA, Polkowski WP, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. Molecular alterations in gastric cancer with special reference to the early-onset subtype. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2460-74. [PMID: 26937134 PMCID: PMC4768192 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms, with a global burden of 723000 deaths in 2012. It is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There are numerous possible factors that stimulate the pro-carcinogenic activity of important genes. These factors include genetic susceptibility expressed in a single-nucleotide polymorphism, various acquired mutations (chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, somatic gene mutations, epigenetic alterations) and environmental circumstances (e.g., Helicobcter pylori infection, EBV infection, diet, and smoking). Most of the aforementioned pathways overlap, and authors agree that a clear-cut pathway for GC may not exist. Thus, the categorization of carcinogenic events is complicated. Lately, it has been claimed that research on early-onset gastric carcinoma (EOGC) and hereditary GC may contribute towards unravelling some part of the mystery of the GC molecular pattern because young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens and because carcinogenesis in this setting may be more dependent on genetic factors. The comparison of various aspects that differ and coexist in EOGCs and conventional GCs might enable scientists to: distinguish which features in the pathway of gastric carcinogenesis are modifiable, discover specific GC markers and identify a specific target. This review provides a summary of the data published thus far concerning the molecular characteristics of GC and highlights the outstanding features of EOGC.
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D'Errico M, de Rinaldis E, Blasi MF, Viti V, Falchetti M, Calcagnile A, Sera F, Saieva C, Ottini L, Palli D, Palombo F, Giuliani A, Dogliotti E. Genome-wide expression profile of sporadic gastric cancers with microsatellite instability. Eur J Cancer 2008; 45:461-9. [PMID: 19081245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancers with mismatch repair (MMR) inactivation are characterised by microsatellite instability (MSI). In this study, the transcriptional profile of 38 gastric cancers with and without MSI was analysed. Unsupervised analysis showed that the immune and apoptotic gene networks efficiently discriminated these two cancer types. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed numerous gene expression changes associated with the MSI phenotype. Amongst these, the p53-responsive genes maspin and 14-3-3 sigma were significantly more expressed in tumours with than without MSI. A tight immunosurveillance coupled with a functional p53 gene response is consistent with the better prognosis of MSI cancers. Frequent silencing of MLH1 and downregulation of MMR target genes, such as MRE11 and MBD4, characterised MSI tumours. The downregulation of SMUG1 was also a typical feature of these tumours. The DNA repair gene expression profile of gastric cancer with MSI is of relevance for therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria D'Errico
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Falchetti M, Saieva C, Lupi R, Masala G, Rizzolo P, Zanna I, Ceccarelli K, Sera F, Mariani-Costantini R, Nesi G, Palli D, Ottini L. Gastric cancer with high-level microsatellite instability: target gene mutations, clinicopathologic features, and long-term survival. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:925-32. [PMID: 18440592 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, and although the incidence has decreased in Western countries, specific high-risk areas are present in Italy. Gastric cancer with high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) represents a well-defined subset of carcinomas showing distinctive clinicopathologic features. We examined clinicopathologic associations and long-term survival in a series of 159 gastric cancer cases from a high-risk population in Tuscany (central Italy). MSI-H was associated with antral location of the tumor (P = .001), intestinal type according to Lauren classification (P = .002), expanding type according to Ming classification (P = .0001), and mucinous histologic type according to the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer classification (P = .002). In addition, MSI-H was strongly associated with a higher survival at 15 years (P = .01) and with loss of hMLH1 expression, evaluated by immunohistochemistry (P = .001). Multivariate analyses showed a significant association between the absence of hMLH1 reactivity and the expanding tumor type (P = .002). We also investigated the MSI-H-related genetic changes by analyzing coding repeats within target genes involved in pathways that control cell growth (TGFbetaRII, IGFIIR, RIZ, TCF4, DP2), apoptosis (BAX, BCL10, FAS, CASPASE5, APAF1), and DNA repair genes (hMSH6, hMSH3, MED1, RAD50, BLM, ATR, BRCA2, MRE11). Gastric cancer cases with MSI-H were found to accumulate heterozygous mutations affecting multiple molecular pathways and multiple genes within each pathway. Intriguingly, in this subset, TGFbetaRII mutations appeared to be inversely related to BLM mutations (P = .006), whereas RAD50 mutation carriers showed significantly reduced survival (P = .03).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Falchetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ottini L, Falchetti M, Lupi R, Rizzolo P, Agnese V, Colucci G, Bazan V, Russo A. Patterns of genomic instability in gastric cancer: clinical implications and perspectives. Ann Oncol 2008; 17 Suppl 7:vii97-102. [PMID: 16760303 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In gastric cancer (GC) the loss of genomic stability represents a key molecular step that occurs early in the carcinogenesis process and creates a permissive environment for the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. It is widely accepted that GC can follow at least two major genomic instability pathways, microsatellite instability (MSI) and chromosome instability (CIN). MSI is responsible for a well-defined subset of GCs. CIN represents a more common pathway comprising heterogeneous subsets of GC. In addition to MSI and CIN, the CpG islands methylator phenotype (CIMP) plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. CIMP may lead to the transcriptional silencing of various genes in gastric carcinogenesis. Intriguingly, more recently in addition to CpG island hypermethylation, a global DNA demethylation, that precedes genomic damage, has been observed in GC. Thus, epigenetic alterations may play a relevant role in gastric carcinogenesis as alternative mechanisms. Evidence suggests that although MSI, CIN and CIMP phenotypes can be distinguished from one another, there might be some degree of overlap. This review describes our current knowledge of the instability pathways in gastric carcinogenesis and the potential clinical applications for different forms of genomic instability in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome
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Genetic changes in Slovenian patients with gastric adenocarcinoma evaluated in terms of microsatellite DNA. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 19:1082-9. [PMID: 17998833 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3282f13cf9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is a relatively frequent malignant disease in Slovenia. We investigated the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in gastric carcinomas from the Slovenian population to determine their prognostic significance. METHODS We evaluated MSI of mismatch repair associated loci and LOH on loci associated with following tumour suppressors: APC, nm23, Rb and p53. Results of the multiplex-PCR amplifications were correlated with clinicopathological factors for 73 patients. RESULTS LOH was found in 52% of informative samples (20.5% LOH-H; 31.5% LOH-L). We found correlation of MSI with low-frequency LOH (LOH-L) in 11% of cases and with high-frequency LOH (LOH-H) tumours in 4% of cases. LOH-H and high-frequency MSI (MSI-H) were not associated. LOH was found in APC 36%, p53 33%, Rb 24% and nm23 33% of informative samples, whereas MSI was found in 30% of samples (12% MSI-H; 18% MSI-L). LOH-H status was associated with ulceration (P=0.029). LOH-N status was associated with diagnosis at higher TNM status (0.074) and infiltrative growth (P=0.006). Interestingly, in 6% of samples we found MSI on LOH loci as well. MSI-H was associated with higher age at diagnosis (r=0.24; P=0.04), antral location (r=0.252; P=0.04), intestinal type (P=0.044), expansive growth (P=0.001), tubular type (0.014), better differentiation (P=0.01), less nodal involvement (0.006) and better survival (P=0.022). The poorest prognosis was found in patients with both low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) and low-frequency LOH (LOH-L) tumours. CONCLUSION The experimental design presented in the study may be of potential value for clinicians: at least five relevant markers for both MSI and LOH analysis may be needed to evaluate a gastric cancer (GC) patient's clinical status.
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Yao Y, Tao H, Park DI, Sepulveda JL, Sepulveda AR. Demonstration and characterization of mutations induced by Helicobacter pylori organisms in gastric epithelial cells. Helicobacter 2006; 11:272-86. [PMID: 16882331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori gastritis increases gastric cancer risk. Microsatellite instability-type mutations are secondary to deficient DNA mismatch repair. H. pylori gastritis is more frequent in patients with microsatellite instability-positive gastric cancers, and H. pylori organisms independently of inflammation can reduce DNA mismatch repair protein levels, raising the hypothesis that H. pylori organisms might lead to mutagenesis during infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mutations were detected using a green fluorescent protein reporter vector (pEGFP-CA13). Gastric cancer AGS cells transfected with pEGFP-CA13 were cocultured with H. pylori or Escherichia coli. The numbers of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were determined, and GFP, hMSH2, and hMLH1 protein levels were measured by Western blot. The effect of H. pylori on CpG methylation status of hMLH1 was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS GFP levels and GFP-positive cell numbers in AGS cells cocultured with H. pylori significantly increased, as the levels of hMLH1 and hMSH2 dropped. H. pylori cocultures induced low-level CpG methylation of the hMLH1 promoter. Sequence analysis of cells cocultured with H. pylori showed an increased number of frameshift mutations and point mutations as compared to cells not cocultured with H. pylori (p = .03 and p = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report showing that H. pylori bacteria may lead to accumulation of genomic mutations, independently of underlying inflammation. This is associated with reduced DNA mismatch repair, and is at least in part associated with CpG methylation of the hMLH1 promoter. These data support the notion that H. pylori-induced mutations and epigenetic alterations in gastric epithelial cells during chronic gastritis may contribute to an increased risk of gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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van der Heijden MS, Brody JR, Elghalbzouri-Maghrani E, Zdzienicka MZ, Kern SE. Does tumorigenesis select for or against mutations of the DNA repair-associated genes BRCA2 and MRE11?: considerations from somatic mutations in microsatellite unstable (MSI) gastrointestinal cancers. BMC Genet 2006; 7:3. [PMID: 16417627 PMCID: PMC1382246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BRCA2 and MRE11 proteins participate in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks by homologous recombination. Germline BRCA2 mutations predispose to ovarian, breast and pancreatic cancer, while a germline MRE11 mutation is associated with an ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder. Somatic mutations of BRCA2 are rare in typical sporadic cancers. In tumors having microsatellite instability (MSI), somatic truncating mutations in a poly [A] tract of BRCA2 are reported on occasion. Results We analyzed gastrointestinal MSI cancers by whole gene BRCA2 sequencing, finding heterozygous truncating mutations in seven (47%) of 15 patients. There was no cellular functional defect in RAD51 focus-formation in three heterozygously mutated lines studied, although other potential functions of the BRCA2 protein could still be affected. A prior report of mutations in primary MSI tumors affecting the IVS5-(5–15) poly [T] tract of the MRE11 gene was confirmed and extended by analysis of the genomic sequence and protein expression in MSI cancer cell lines. Statistical analysis of the published MRE11 mutation rate in MSI tumors did not provide evidence for a selective pressure favoring biallelic mutations at this repeat. Conclusion Perhaps conflicting with common suspicions, the data are not compatible with selective pressures during tumorigenesis promoting the functional loss of BRCA2 and MRE11 in MSI tumors. Instead, these data fit closely with an absence of selective pressures acting on BRCA2 and MRE11 gene status during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel S van der Heijden
- From the department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- From the department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Malgorzata Z Zdzienicka
- Department of Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, Collegium Medicum, N. Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Scott E Kern
- From the department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- From the department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Gologan A, Graham DY, Sepulveda AR. Molecular markers in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis. Clin Lab Med 2005; 25:197-222. [PMID: 15749238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a known risk factor of gastric carcino-genesis. This article presents early molecular alterations associated with H. pylori chronic gastritis and advances in the molecular characterization of preneoplastic intestinal metaplasia (IM) and premalignant gastric mucosal lesions. H. pylori infection induces changes in gene expression, genomic instability and accumulation of gene mutations in the stomach epithelium. Mutations, including LOH and microsatellite instability, and gene hypermethylation are seen not only in gastric cancer, but are already detectable in IM and gastric dysplasia/adenoma. Recent reports using microarray expression analysis identified several gastric epithelial genes that are regulated by H. pylori. Among the many genes showing altered epithelial expression in response to H. pylori, some might be useful as markers to assess gastric cancer risk. Profiles of mutagenesis and gene expression in IM and dysplasia/adenoma have been characterized and represent potential markers of preneoplastic and premalignant lesions during gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gologan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH-A610, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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Migliavacca M, Ottini L, Bazan V, Agnese V, Corsale S, Macaluso M, Lupi R, Dardanoni G, Valerio MR, Pantuso G, Di Fede G, Tomasino RM, Gebbia N, Mariani-Costantini R, Russo A. TP53 in gastric cancer: mutations in the l3 loop and LSH motif DNA-binding domains of TP53 predict poor outcome. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:476-85. [PMID: 15254976 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify whether specific p53 mutations may have biological relevance in terms of disease relapse or death in gastric carcinomas (GC). Resected specimens from a consecutive series of 62 patients with GC undergoing potentially curative surgery were prospectively studied. The mutational status of exons 5-8 of the p53 gene was investigated in 62 cases using the PCR-SSCP and sequencing. Presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated in 56 cases by analyzing loci highly sensitive of MSI. Twenty mutations of p53 were detected in 17 of the 62 cases analyzed (27%). Ten mutations (50%) occurred in highly conserved domains. According to the p53 specific functional domains: 4/20 mutations (20%) were in the L3 loop and 3/20 (15%) in LSH motif. Eight of the 56 GC resulted MSI-H, 5 (9%) MSI-L, and 43 (77%) MSI stable (MSS). None of the 8 (14%) MSI-H GC showed p53 mutations. p53 mutations were associated with intestinal histotype. Moreover, specific mutations in functional domain (L3 and LSH), together with advanced TNM stage, node involvement, depth of invasion, diffuse histotype, proved to be significantly related to quicker relapse and to shorter overall survival. Specific mutations in p53 functional domains, rather than any mutations in this gene, may be biologically more significant in terms of patients outcome, indicating that these mutations might have biological relevance to identify subgroups of patients at higher risk of relapse or death who might benefit from a more aggressive therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Migliavacca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Shtam TA, Vostryukhina OA, Gulyaev AV, Pozharissky KM, Lantsov VA. Genetic lesions during progression of hereditary non-polypous colorectal cancer. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2004; 395:69-74. [PMID: 15253555 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobi.0000025549.84403.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T A Shtam
- Konstantinov St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Leningrad oblast, 188300 Russia
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Yao Y, Tao H, Kim JJ, Burkhead B, Carloni E, Gasbarrini A, Sepulveda AR. Alterations of DNA mismatch repair proteins and microsatellite instability levels in gastric cancer cell lines. J Transl Med 2004; 84:915-22. [PMID: 15133479 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins result in microsatellite instability (MSI), increased mutation accumulation at target genes and cancer development. About one-third of gastric cancers display high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-High) and low-level microsatellite instability (MSI-Low) is frequently detected. To determine whether variations in the levels of MMR proteins or mutations in the main DNA MMR genes are associated with MSI-Low and MSI-High in gastric cancer cell lines, the MSI status (MSI-High, MSI-Low or MS-Stable (MSS)) of 14 gastric cancer lines was determined using multiple clone analysis with a panel of five microsatellite markers. Protein levels of hMLH1, hMSH2, hMSH6, hPMS2 and hPMS1 were determined by Western blot. Sequence analysis of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was performed and the methylation status of the hMLH1 promoter was examined. The cell lines SNU1 and SNU638 showed MSI-High, decreased to essentially absent hMLH1 and hPMS2 and reduced hPMS1 and hMSH6 protein levels. The hMLH1 promoter region was hypermethylated in SNU638 cells. The MKN28, MKN87, KATOIII and SNU601 cell lines showed MSI-Low. The MMR protein levels of cells with MSI-Low status was similar to the levels detected in MSS cells. A marked decrease in the expression levels of MutL MMR proteins (hMLH1, hPMS2 and hPMS1) is associated with high levels of MSI mutations in gastric cancer cells. Gastric cancer cell lines with MSI-Low status do not show significant changes in the levels of the main DNA MMR proteins or mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes hMSH2 and hMLH1. These well-characterized gastric cancer cell lines are a valuable resource to further our understanding of DNA MMR deficiency in cancer development, progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, PUH-A610, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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13
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Park S, Kim SW, Kim SH, Darwish NS, Kim WH. Lack of microsatellite instability in neoplasms of ampulla of Vater. Pathol Int 2003; 53:667-70. [PMID: 14516316 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2003.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the genetic background of ampullary neoplasm, we investigated the occurrence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in 64 samples of neoplasm of the ampulla of Vater. Eight out of 22 adenomas (34.6%), nine out of 32 carcinomas (28.1%) and one metastatic lesion (10.0%) showed MSI in 1-3 of the nine dinucleotide markers; those cases are categorized into microsatellite instability-low (MSI-L). The remaining samples were stable with respect to all of the tested markers. None of the samples showed a frameshift mutation in the poly A-tract of BAT-26 or transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor, which are frequently mutated in gastric or colorectal cancers showing microsatellite instability. To confirm our finding, we stained 93 ampullary neoplasms with antibodies against the mismatch repair proteins: hMLH1 and hMSH2. All tumors were found to express mismatch repair proteins. In contrast to gastric or colorectal cancers, MSI does not play an important role in the carcinogenesis of ampullary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhoo Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Zhao M, Wu XX, Qiu XP, Li H, Dai TL, Tan Y. Genetic instability in cervical carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-002-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human tumors sequentially accumulate multiple mutations that cannot be explained by the low rates of spontaneous mutations in normal cells (2-3 mutations/cell). The mathematical models estimate that for the solid tumors to develop, as many as 6-12 mutations are required in each tumor cell. Therefore, to account for such high mutation rates, it is proposed that tumor cells are genetically unstable, i.e. they have genome-wide mutations at short repetitive DNA sequences called microsatellites. Microsatellite repeats are scattered throughout the human genome, primarily in the non-coding regions, and can give rise to variants with increased or reduced lengths, i.e. microsatellite instability (MSI). This instability has been reported in an increasing number of cutaneous tumors including: melanocytic tumors, basal cell carcinomas and primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Moreover, MSI has been observed in skin tumors arising in the context of some hereditary disorders such as Muir-Torre syndrome, Von Recklinghausen's disease and disseminated superficial porokeratosis. While MSI in some of these disorders reflects underlying DNA replication errors, the mechanism of instability in others is still unknown. Thus far, MSI is considered to be a distinct tumorigenic pathway that reveals surprising versatility. The ramifications for cutaneous neoplasms warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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16
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el-Rifai W, Powell SM. Molecular and biologic basis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Gastric carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2002; 11:273-91, viii. [PMID: 12424850 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(02)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the world's most common cancers and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Neoplasia of the stomach is mainly composed of adenocarcinomas, which for more than 95% of cases. Although mesenchymal tumors (i.e., stromal tumors, leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, and schwannomas), primary lymphomas, and carcinoid tumors can also arise in the stomach, malignant tumors of these types occur much less often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa'el el-Rifai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Box 800798, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0708, USA
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17
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Hussein MR, Wood GS. Microsatellite instability in human melanocytic skin tumors: an incidental finding or a pathogenetic mechanism? J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:1-4. [PMID: 11841510 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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18
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Gras E, Catasus L, Argüelles R, Moreno-Bueno G, Palacios J, Gamallo C, Matias-Guiu X, Prat J. Microsatellite instability, MLH-1 promoter hypermethylation, and frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeat microsatellites in ovarian tumors. Cancer 2001. [PMID: 11753956 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011201)92:11%3c2829::aid-cncr10094%3e3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MI) is frequent in endometrial carcinomas (ECs), but its occurrence in ovarian tumors is uncertain. Microsatellite instability positive ECs frequently are associated with frameshift mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts in IGFIIR, BAX, hMSH6, and hMSH3. METHODS DNA from 52 consecutive patients with ovarian tumors (10 benign, 7 borderline, and 35 malignant) was obtained from neoplastic and normal tissue. After preliminary results, the series was expanded by including 41 additional, previously selected, endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Microsatellite instability analysis was assessed by evaluating three (CA)n dinucleotide repeats (D2S123, D5S346, D17S250) and two mononucleotide tracts (BAT 25 and BAT 26). Frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeats (IGFIIR, TGF beta II, BAX, hMSH6, and hMSH3) were investigated by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. MLH-1 methylation was assessed by methylation specific PCR. RESULTS Microsatellite instability was identified in only 2 of the 52 (3.8%) tumors of the initial series (1 endometrioid and 1 clear cell carcinoma). After expanding the initial series of 15 endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas with 41 additional endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, MI was found in 7 of the total series of 56 endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas (12.5%). Frameshift mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts were detected in BAX (6 of 7), IGFIIR (1 of 7), and MSH3 (2 of 7). MLH-1 promoter hypermethylation was identified in three of six MI positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite instability was infrequent in this series of ovarian tumors, and it was limited to endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Like EC, many ovarian carcinomas with MI follow the same process of MLH-1 promoter methylation and accumulation of mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gras
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Gras E, Catasus L, Argüelles R, Moreno-Bueno G, Palacios J, Gamallo C, Matias-Guiu X, Prat J. Microsatellite instability, MLH-1 promoter hypermethylation, and frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeat microsatellites in ovarian tumors. Cancer 2001; 92:2829-36. [PMID: 11753956 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011201)92:11<2829::aid-cncr10094>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MI) is frequent in endometrial carcinomas (ECs), but its occurrence in ovarian tumors is uncertain. Microsatellite instability positive ECs frequently are associated with frameshift mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts in IGFIIR, BAX, hMSH6, and hMSH3. METHODS DNA from 52 consecutive patients with ovarian tumors (10 benign, 7 borderline, and 35 malignant) was obtained from neoplastic and normal tissue. After preliminary results, the series was expanded by including 41 additional, previously selected, endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Microsatellite instability analysis was assessed by evaluating three (CA)n dinucleotide repeats (D2S123, D5S346, D17S250) and two mononucleotide tracts (BAT 25 and BAT 26). Frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeats (IGFIIR, TGF beta II, BAX, hMSH6, and hMSH3) were investigated by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. MLH-1 methylation was assessed by methylation specific PCR. RESULTS Microsatellite instability was identified in only 2 of the 52 (3.8%) tumors of the initial series (1 endometrioid and 1 clear cell carcinoma). After expanding the initial series of 15 endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas with 41 additional endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas, MI was found in 7 of the total series of 56 endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas (12.5%). Frameshift mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts were detected in BAX (6 of 7), IGFIIR (1 of 7), and MSH3 (2 of 7). MLH-1 promoter hypermethylation was identified in three of six MI positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS Microsatellite instability was infrequent in this series of ovarian tumors, and it was limited to endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Like EC, many ovarian carcinomas with MI follow the same process of MLH-1 promoter methylation and accumulation of mutations in coding mononucleotide tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gras
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Calin G, Ranzani GN, Amadori D, Herlea V, Matei I, Barbanti-Brodano G, Negrini M. Somatic frameshift mutations in the Bloom syndrome BLM gene are frequent in sporadic gastric carcinomas with microsatellite mutator phenotype. BMC Genet 2001; 2:14. [PMID: 11532193 PMCID: PMC48142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic instability has been reported at microsatellite tracts in few coding sequences. We have shown that the Bloom syndrome BLM gene may be a target of microsatelliteinstability (MSI) in a short poly-adenine repeat located in its coding region. To further characterize the involvement of BLM in tumorigenesis, we have investigated mutations in nine genes containing coding microsatellites in microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP) positive and negative gastric carcinomas (GCs). METHODS We analyzed 50 gastric carcinomas (GCs) for mutations in the BLM poly(A) tract aswell as in the coding microsatellites of the TGFbeta1-RII, IGFIIR, hMSH3, hMSH6, BAX, WRN, RECQL and CBL genes. RESULTS BLM mutations were found in 27% of MMP+ GCs (4/15 cases) but not in any of the MMP negative GCs (0/35 cases). The frequency of mutations in the other eight coding regions microsatellite was the following: TGFbeta1-RII (60 %), BAX (27%), hMSH6 (20%),hMSH3 (13%), CBL (13%), IGFIIR (7%), RECQL (0%) and WRN (0%). Mutations in BLM appear to be more frequently associated with frameshifts in BAX and in hMSH6and/or hMSH3. Tumors with BLM alterations present a higher frequency of unstable mono- and trinucleotide repeats located in coding regions as compared with mutator phenotype tumors without BLM frameshifts. CONCLUSIONS BLM frameshifts are frequent alterations in GCs specifically associated with MMP+tumors. We suggest that BLM loss of function by MSI may increase the genetic instability of a pre-existent unstable genotype in gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Calin
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Section of Immunology and Microbiology, Philadelphia PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Dino Amadori
- Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital and Istituto Oncologico Romagnolo, 47100 Forli, Italy
| | - Vlad Herlea
- Department of Pathology, Fundeni Hospital, 72437 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Matei
- University of Bucharest, Section of Biology, 72297 Bucharest, Romania and Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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21
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Hussein MR, Sun M, Tuthill RJ, Roggero E, Monti JA, Sudilovsky EC, Wood GS, Sudilovsky O. Comprehensive analysis of 112 melanocytic skin lesions demonstrates microsatellite instability in melanomas and dysplastic nevi, but not in benign nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28:343-50. [PMID: 11437939 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2001.280702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION the length of DNA repetitive sequences (microsatellite instability (MSI)) represent distinct tumorigenic pathways associated with several familial and sporadic tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS To investigate the prevalence and frequency of MSI in melanocytic lesions, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based microsatellite assay was used to examine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 30 benign melanocytic nevi, 60 melanocytic dysplastic nevi (MDN), and 22 primary vertical growth phase cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM). Twenty-four microsatellite markers at the 1p, 2p, 3p, 4q and 9p chromosomal regions were used. RESULTS MSI was found at 1p and 9p in MDN and CMM but not in benign melanocytic nevi. The overall prevalence of MSI was 17/60 (28%) in MDN and 7/22 (31%) in CMM. The frequency of MSI ranged from 2/24 (9%) to 4/24 (17%) and was most commonly found at D9S162. There was a statistically significant correlation between degree of atypia and frequency of MSI (p<0.001) in MDN. There were two MSI banding patterns: band shifts and additional bands. CONCLUSIONS The data presented revealed the presence of low-frequency MSI (MSI-L) at the 1p and 9p regions in both MDN and CMM. Whether the MSI-L pattern reflects a defect in mismatch repair genes is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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22
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Peiró G, Diebold J, Mayr D, Baretton GB, Kimmig R, Schmidt M, Löhrs U. Prognostic relevance of hMLH1, hMSH2, and BAX protein expression in endometrial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2001; 14:777-83. [PMID: 11504837 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. A role of mismatch repair genes, like hMLH1 and hMSH2 in their pathogenesis, has been suggested. Loss of their function leads to the accumulation of replication errors (mutator phenotype), which are responsible for further mutations in genes with microsatellite sequences in their coding region, such as Bax. We analyzed the expression of hMLH1, hMSH2, and Bax genes in 89 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded endometrial carcinomas. The immunostains were scored with regard to percentage of positive tumor cells (0%, <10%, 10 to 50%, >50%), and relative staining intensity (1+, 2+, 3+). The staining results were correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival. Loss of hMSH2 expression (0% positive cells) was observed in 1.1% (1/89) of the tumors; loss of hMLH1 was seen in 12.4% (11/89) of the cases, particularly in endometrioid tumors with mucinous differentation (5/11; 45%; P =.03). No significant association was found between the immunoscores and grade, stage criteria of the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO), or age of the patients. Among 11 tumors with loss of Bax expression (12.4%), 4 had also loss of hMLH1 (4/11; 36.4%; P =.017). In multivariate analysis (Cox model), significantly longer survival was found for patients with tumors in FIGO Stage I-II (P <.0001), endometrioid type (P =.001), low grade (P =.001), and absence of hMLH1 expression (P =.027). Our results suggest that loss of function of hMLH1 and Bax occur in a subgroup of endometrial carcinoma. In addition to the classical prognostic factors, absence of hMLH1 expression is associated with better outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peiró
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Thalkirchnerstr. 36, D-80337 Münich, Germany
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23
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Richetta A, Ottini L, Falchetti M, Innocenzi D, Bottoni U, Faiola R, Mariani-Costantini R, Calvieri S. Instability at sequence repeats in melanocytic tumours. Melanoma Res 2001; 11:283-9. [PMID: 11468517 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200106000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To obtain information on the prevalence of microsatellite mutations in melanomas, we analysed the status of 14 repetitive loci characterized by structurally different non-coding and coding sequence repeats in a panel of 34 primary melanocytic tumours and in lymph node metastases matched to 13 cases. Instability at one or more of the non-coding dinucleotide repeats D2S123, D3S1611, D5S107 and D18S34 was detected in ten out of the 34 primary tumours (29%) and in ten of the 13 metastases (77%). There was no instability at the non-coding mononucleotide repeats BAT25, BAT26 and APDelta3 or at the coding mononucleotide runs within the TGFbetaRII, IGFIIR, BAX, hMSH3 and hMSH6 genes. A five-repeats expansion of the coding E2F4(CAG)n run was found in the only malignant melanoma of soft parts examined, which also showed instability at two dinucleotide loci, and in a superficial spreading melanoma, which was stable at the mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats but was the only tumour that manifested instability at the SCA1(CAG)n repeat. The absence of mutations at mononucleotide tracts indicates that, in the malignant melanomas tested, microsatellite instability was not associated with the microsatellite mutator phenotype characteristic of mismatch repair-deficient tumours. On the other hand, our results confirm that microsatellite instability at dinucleotide repeats increases with melanoma progression, and indicate that expansions of triplet repeats may occur in melanocytic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richetta
- Institute of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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24
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Yokozaki H, Yasui W, Tahara E. Genetic and epigenetic changes in stomach cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2001; 204:49-95. [PMID: 11243597 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(01)04003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic alterations of multiple cancer-related genes and molecules are implicated in the development and progression of human gastric carcinomas. Reactivation of telomerase, inactivation of p53 tumor suppressor gene, overexpression of cyclin E, and reduced expression of p27 KIP1 by disorganized degradation in proteasome are common events of both well-differentiated and poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinomas. Inactivation of hMLH1 mismatch repair gene by CpG hypermethylation resulting in microsatellite instability, amplification of c-erbB2 oncogene, inactivation of APC tumor suppressor gene, and K-ras mutations are preferentially associated with well-differentiated gastric cancer. Conversely, reduction or loss of E-cadherin and catenins by both mutation and CpG hypermethylation and K-sam and c-met oncogene amplification are necessary for the development and progression of poorly differentiated or scirrhous gastric carcinomas. Interaction between cancer cells expressing c-met and hepatocyte growth factor from stromal cells is implicated in morphogenesis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yokozaki
- First Department of Pathology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Cho S, Hahm JH, Hong YS. Analysis of p53 and BAX mutations, loss of heterozygosity, p53 and BCL2 expression and apoptosis in basal cell carcinoma in Korean patients. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:841-8. [PMID: 11298546 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from some Japanese studies, there are few data on the gene mutations involved in the development of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) in Koreans or other Asians. Objective To gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of BCC in Koreans. METHODS A collection of 33 cases of BCC were screened for mutations of p53 and BAX genes, p53 and BCL2 expression, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and apoptosis. RESULTS Mutations of p53, found in 9% (three of 33) of the cases, were all mis-sense mutations (G-->C transversions) at codon 246 on exon 7. In 6% (two of 33), BAX gene showed frameshift mutations resulting from deletions in the poly(G) tract. LOH on chromosome 9q was seen in 58% (14 of 24), and p53 mutations developed only among the 9q LOH+ cases; LOH on chromosome 18q, where BCL2 gene is located, was found in 13% (four of 30). Immunohistochemical expression of p53 was seen in 27% (nine of 33), and its expression did not coincide with p53 mutations. BCL2 expression was seen in 39% (13 of 33). Apoptosis was revealed in 21%. In BCC, 9q LOH and p53 mutations seem to be closely related; the immunoreactivity of p53 and its mutations were not directly related; and p53 and BCL2 expression were negatively correlated. Frameshift mutations of the BAX gene in BCC are documented for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Various molecular mechanisms operate with redundant complexity in the pathogenesis of BCC. The LOH on chromosome 9q is the most frequent genetic alteration, as in other races; however, p53 mutations are much less frequent in Koreans than in Caucasians and suggest aetiologies other than ultraviolet radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University, Tongdaemun Hospital, 70 Chongro-6-ka, Chongro-ku, Seoul, 110-126, Korea.
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Woo DK, Lee WA, Kim YI, Kim WH. Microsatellite instability and alteration of E2F-4 gene in adenosquamous and squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach. Pathol Int 2000; 50:690-5. [PMID: 11012981 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2000.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) due to defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a form of genomic instability underlying the tumorigenesis of various human neoplasms. To evaluate the roles of MSI in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinomas with squamous differentiation, 17 primary stomach cancer patients (15 adenosquamous and two squamous cell carcinomas) were examined for MSI frequency using five microsatellite markers and the criteria for MSI recommended by the National Cancer Institute Workshop. The molecular causes and consequences of MSI in these neoplasms were further researched through the immunohistochemistry of MMR proteins and the mutational analysis of cancer-associated genes targeted by MSI, respectively. Two of the 17 (12%) cases demonstrated MSI at the most examined loci and were classified as having high level MSI (MSI-H). These tumors also exhibited frame-shift mutations at mononucleotide repeats in the target genes, including TGFbetaRII, IGFIIR, BAX, and hMSH6. It is interesting to note that the mutations of the serine (AGC)13 repeats within the E2F-4 gene were found only in the squamous cell carcinoma portions of them, whereas such alterations were not detected in any of the adenocarcinomatous portions. This suggests that E2F-4 might be implicated in the transformation of adenocarcinoma into squamous cell carcinoma and further studies are needed to understand its role in squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Woo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Catasus L, Matias-Guiu X, Machin P, Zannoni GF, Scambia G, Benedetti-Panici P, Prat J. Frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeat microsatellites in endometrial carcinoma with microsatellite instability. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2290::aid-cncr13>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saeki A, Tamura S, Ito N, Kiso S, Matsuda Y, Yabuuchi I, Kawata S, Matsuzawa Y. Lack of frameshift mutations at coding mononucleotide repeats in hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients. Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1025::aid-cncr11>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Bertoni F, Codegoni AM, Furlan D, Tibiletti MG, Capella C, Broggini M. CHK1 frameshift mutations in genetically unstable colorectal and endometrial cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199910)26:2<176::aid-gcc11>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Chung YJ, Kim KM, Choi JR, Choi SW, Rhyu MG. Relationship between intratumor histological heterogeneity and genetic abnormalities in gastric carcinoma with microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer 1999; 82:782-8. [PMID: 10446441 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19990909)82:6<782::aid-ijc2>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI)-mutator phenotype variably targets microsatellite-like sequences in coding regions of cancer-related genes. Intratumor histological heterogeneity of gastric carcinoma with MSI was evaluated and found to be linked with the topographical distribution of MSI-associated mutations. One hundred fifty tumor sites derived from 51 gastric cancer patients were microdissected with respect to histological and topographical clonality. We found 11 gastric carcinomas with a high frequency of MSI, which were characterized by marked intratumor genetic heterogeneity arising from the progressive MSI-phenotype that was associated with frameshift mutations on multiple cancer-related genes. The 11 MSI-tumor cases manifested the MSI-phenotype in 34 of 36 tumor sites tested, but not in the remaining 2 sites. Most (88.2%, 30 of 34) MSI-positive sites and most (96.2%, 25 of 26) tumor sites harboring the frameshift mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II gene exhibited intestinal-type histology, whereas the 2 MSI-negative sites were found to be of diffuse-type histology without accompanying frameshift mutations. In 2 of 5 cases harboring E2F-4 frameshift mutations, glandular structures of intestinal-type tumor were likely to be variably differentiated in relation to the extent of the mutation, i.e., the number of mutated alleles and the size of deleted or inserted base pairs. Overall, the intratumor histological heterogeneity of gastric carcinoma with MSI was associated with the progressive frameshift mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II and E2F-4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Chung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Halling KC, Harper J, Moskaluk CA, Thibodeau SN, Petroni GR, Yustein AS, Tosi P, Minacci C, Roviello F, Piva P, Hamilton SR, Jackson CE, Powell SM. Origin of microsatellite instability in gastric cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:205-11. [PMID: 10393852 PMCID: PMC1866662 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is observed in 13-44% of gastric carcinoma. The etiology of MSI in gastric carcinoma has not been clearly defined. To assess the role of mismatch repair in the development of MSI in gastric cancer, expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 was explored. We examined 117 gastric carcinomas for MSI and observed instability at one or more loci in 19 (16%) of these tumors. Of the 19 tumors with MSI, nine exhibited low-rate MSI (MSI-L) with instability at <17% of loci, whereas the remaining 10 exhibited high-rate MSI (MSI-H) with instability at >33% of loci examined. Immunohistochemical staining for hMLH1 and hMSH2 was performed on eight of the tumors with MSI-H, five with MSI-L, and 15 tumors without MSI. All eight tumors with MSI-H showed loss of staining for either hMLH1 (n = 5) or hMSH2 (n = 3). In contrast, tumors with MSI-L or without MSI all showed normal hMSH2 and hMLH1 protein expression patterns. Moreover, all eight of the tumors with MSI-H also showed instability at BAT-26, whereas none of the MSI-L tumors or tumors without instability showed instability at BAT-26. These findings suggest that the majority of high-level MSI in gastric cancer is associated with defects of the mismatch repair pathway. Although larger studies are needed, BAT-26 appears to be a sensitive and specific marker for the MSI-H phenotype in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Halling
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Medicine,†
| | | | | | | | - Gina R. Petroni
- University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Divisione di Chirurgia,¶
| | | | - Piero Tosi
- and Istituto Policattedva di Scienze Chirurgiche,‡‡
| | | | - Franco Roviello
- Università Degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine,**
| | - Paolo Piva
- Ospedale di Stato, Gorgo Maggiore, Republic of San Marino; Istituto di Anatomia Eistologia Patologica,∥
| | - Stanley R. Hamilton
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas and Department of Medicine,††
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Lazzereschi D, Palmirotta R, Ranieri A, Ottini L, Verì MC, Cama A, Cetta F, Nardi F, Colletta G, Mariani-Costantini R. Microsatellite instability in thyroid tumours and tumour-like lesions. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:340-5. [PMID: 9888478 PMCID: PMC2362211 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifty-one thyroid tumours and tumour-like lesions were analysed for instability at ten dinucleotide microsatellite loci and at two coding mononucleotide repeats within the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor (TbetaRII) and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) receptor (IGFIIR) genes respectively. Microsatellite instability (MI) was detected in 11 out of 51 cases (21.5%), including six (11.7%) with MI at one or two loci and five (9.8%) with MI at three or more loci (RER+ phenotype). No mutations in the TbetaRII and IGFIIR repeats were observed. The overall frequency of MI did not significantly vary in relation to age, gender, benign versus malignant status and tumour size. However, widespread MI was significantly more frequent in follicular adenomas and carcinomas than in papillary and Hürthle cell tumours: three out of nine tumours of follicular type (33.3%) resulted in replication error positive (RER+), versus 1 out of 29 papillary carcinomas (3.4%, P = 0.01), and zero out of eight Hürthle cell neoplasms. Regional lymph node metastases were present in five MI-negative primary cancers and resulted in MI-positive in two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lazzereschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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