1
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Kim C, Davis LE, Albert CM, Samuels B, Roberts JL, Wagner MJ. Osteosarcoma in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Are Adults Just Big Kids? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5044. [PMID: 37894411 PMCID: PMC10604996 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant bone tumors are commonly classified as pediatric or adolescent malignancies, and clinical trials for these diseases have generally focused on these populations. Of primary bone cancers, osteosarcoma is among the most common. Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, with the first peak occurring in patients from 10 to 14 years old, and the second peak occurring in patients older than 65, with about 25% of cases occurring in adults between 20 and 59 years old. Notably, adult osteosarcoma patients have worse outcomes than their pediatric counterparts. It remains unclear whether age itself is a poor prognostic factor, or if inherent differences in tumor biology exist between age groups. Despite these unknowns, current treatment strategies for adults are largely extrapolated from pediatric studies since the majority of clinical trials for osteosarcoma treatments are based on younger patient populations. In light of the different prognoses observed in pediatric and adult osteosarcoma, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular etiology of osteosarcoma and how it may differ between age groups, hypothesizing why adult patients have worse outcomes compared to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Spokane, WA 99202, USA;
| | - Lara E. Davis
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Catherine M. Albert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - Jesse L. Roberts
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael J. Wagner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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2
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Origin and Therapies of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143503. [PMID: 35884563 PMCID: PMC9322921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children, with a 5-year survival rate ranging from 70% to 20% depending on the aggressiveness of the disease. The current treatments have not evolved over the past four decades due in part to the genetic complexity of the disease and its heterogeneity. This review will summarize the current knowledge of OS origin, diagnosis and therapies. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone tumor, mainly affecting children and young adults. Despite therapeutic advances, the 5-year survival rate is 70% but drastically decreases to 20–30% for poor responders to therapies or for patients with metastasis. No real evolution of the survival rates has been observed for four decades, explained by poor knowledge of the origin, difficulties related to diagnosis and the lack of targeted therapies for this pediatric tumor. This review will describe a non-exhaustive overview of osteosarcoma disease from a clinical and biological point of view, describing the origin, diagnosis and therapies.
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3
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Methylation of Subtelomeric Chromatin Modifies the Expression of the lncRNA TERRA, Disturbing Telomere Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063271. [PMID: 35328692 PMCID: PMC8955364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) has been associated with telomeric homeostasis, telomerase recruitment, and the process of chromosome healing; nevertheless, the impact of this association has not been investigated during the carcinogenic process. Determining whether changes in TERRA expression are a cause or a consequence of cell transformation is a complex task because studies are usually carried out using either cancerous cells or tumor samples. To determine the role of this lncRNA in cellular aging and chromosome healing, we evaluated telomeric integrity and TERRA expression during the establishment of a clone of untransformed myeloid cells. We found that reduced expression of TERRA disturbed the telomeric homeostasis of certain loci, but the expression of the lncRNA was affected only when the methylation of subtelomeric bivalent chromatin domains was compromised. We conclude that the disruption in TERRA homeostasis is a consequence of cellular transformation and that changes in its expression profile can lead to telomeric and genomic instability.
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4
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Dan J, Zhou Z, Wang F, Wang H, Guo R, Keefe DL, Liu L. Zscan4 Contributes to Telomere Maintenance in Telomerase-Deficient Late Generation Mouse ESCs and Human ALT Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030456. [PMID: 35159266 PMCID: PMC8834411 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper telomere length is essential for indefinite self-renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells and cancer cells. Telomerase-deficient late generation mouse ES cells and human ALT cancer cells are able to propagate for numerous passages, suggesting telomerase-independent mechanisms responding for telomere maintenance. However, the underlying mechanisms ensuring the telomere length maintenance are unclear. Here, using late generation telomerase KO (G4 Terc-/-) ESCs as a model, we show that Zscan4, highly upregulated in G4 Terc-/- ESCs, is responsible for the prolonged culture of these cells with stably short telomeres. Mechanistically, G4 Terc-/- ESCs showed reduced levels of DNA methylation and H3K9me3 at Zscan4 promoter and subtelomeres, which relieved the expression of Zscan4. Similarly, human ZSCAN4 was also derepressed by reduced H3K9me3 at its promoter in ALT U2 OS cells, and depletion of ZSCAN4 significantly shortened telomeres. Our results define a similar conserved pathway contributing to the telomere maintenance in telomerase-deficient late generation mESCs and human ALT U2OS cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.); (R.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.); (R.G.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (F.W.); (D.L.K.)
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.); (R.G.)
| | - Renpeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.); (R.G.)
| | - David L. Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; (F.W.); (D.L.K.)
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (L.L.)
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5
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VE-822, a novel DNA Holliday junction stabilizer, inhibits homologous recombination repair and triggers DNA damage response in osteogenic sarcomas. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114767. [PMID: 34537248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination repair (HRR) is crucial for genomic stability of cancer cells and is an attractive target in cancer therapy. Holliday junction (HJ) is a four-way DNA intermediate that performs an essential role in homology-directed repair. However, few studies about regulatory mechanisms of HJs have been reported. In this study, to better understand the biological effects of HJs, VE-822 was identified as an effective DNA HJ stabilizer to promote the assembly of HJs both in vitro and in cells. This compound could inhibit the HRR level, activate DNA-PKCS to trigger DNA damage response (DDR) and induce telomeric DNA damage via stabilizing DNA HJs. Furthermore, VE-822 was demonstrated to sensitize the osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin (Dox) by enhancing DNA damage and cellular apoptosis. This work thus reports one novel HJ stabilizer, and provide a potential anticancer strategy through the modulation of DNA HJs.
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6
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de Oliveira Lisboa M, Brofman PRS, Schmid-Braz AT, Rangel-Pozzo A, Mai S. Chromosomal Instability in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112655. [PMID: 34071283 PMCID: PMC8198625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), the increasing rate in which cells acquire new chromosomal alterations, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Many studies highlighted CIN as an important mechanism in the origin, progression, and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The ambivalent feature of CIN as a cancer-promoting or cancer-suppressing mechanism might explain the prognostic variability. The latter, however, is described in very few studies. This review highlights the important CIN mechanisms in AML, showing that CIN signatures can occur largely in all the three major AML types (de novo AML, secondary-AML, and therapy-related-AML). CIN features in AML could also be age-related and reflect the heterogeneity of the disease. Although most of these abnormalities show an adverse prognostic value, they also offer a strong new perspective on personalized therapy approaches, which goes beyond assessing CIN in vitro in patient tumor samples to predict prognosis. Current and emerging AML therapies are exploring CIN to improve AML treatment, which includes blocking CIN or increasing CIN beyond the limit threshold to induce cell death. We argue that the characterization of CIN features, not included yet in the routine diagnostic of AML patients, might provide a better stratification of patients and be extended to a more personalized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus de Oliveira Lisboa
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná—PUCPR, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (M.d.O.L.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná—PUCPR, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (M.d.O.L.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Ana Teresa Schmid-Braz
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Aline Rangel-Pozzo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-(204)787-4125 (S.M.)
| | - Sabine Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-(204)787-4125 (S.M.)
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7
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MacKenzie D, Watters AK, To JT, Young MW, Muratori J, Wilkoff MH, Abraham RG, Plummer MM, Zhang D. ALT Positivity in Human Cancers: Prevalence and Clinical Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2384. [PMID: 34069193 PMCID: PMC8156225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many exciting advances in cancer-related telomere biology have been made in the past decade. Of these recent advances, great progress has also been made with respect to the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway. Along with a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of this unique telomere maintenance pathway, many studies have also evaluated ALT activity in various cancer subtypes. We first briefly review and assess a variety of commonly used ALT biomarkers. Then, we provide both an update on ALT-positive (ALT+) tumor prevalence as well as a systematic clinical assessment of the presently studied ALT+ malignancies. Additionally, we discuss the pathogenetic alterations in ALT+ cancers, for example, the mutation status of ATRX and DAXX, and their correlations with the activation of the ALT pathway. Finally, we highlight important ALT+ clinical associations within each cancer subtype and subdivisions within, as well as their prognoses. We hope this alternative perspective will allow scientists, clinicians, and drug developers to have greater insight into the ALT cancers so that together, we may develop more efficacious treatments and improved management strategies to meet the urgent needs of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria M. Plummer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (D.M.J.); (A.K.W.); (J.T.T.); (M.W.Y.); (J.M.); (M.H.W.); (R.G.A.)
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA; (D.M.J.); (A.K.W.); (J.T.T.); (M.W.Y.); (J.M.); (M.H.W.); (R.G.A.)
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8
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Bicanova L, Kreilmeier-Berger T, Reifinger M, Holzmann K, Kleiter M. Prevalence and potentially prognostic value of C-circles associated with alternative lengthening of telomeres in canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:222-231. [PMID: 33211388 PMCID: PMC8247038 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) is a telomerase‐independent telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) with high prevalence in human osteosarcomas but remains unknown in canine osteosarcomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ALT by detection of extra‐chromosomal circles of telomeric DNA and to assess clinical outcome in canine patients with spontaneous occurring appendicular osteosarcoma. Fifty dogs with histopathological confirmed osteosarcomas were included into this study. Medical records were retrospectively analysed for patient characteristics, oncologic therapy and survival. DNA was isolated from archived FFPE tumour tissue specimens and applied for C‐ and G‐circle assay (CCA and GCA) and for telomeric content (TC) measurement with radiolabeled probes. ALT activity was detected for 10 of 50 (20%) cases by CCA. Four CCA positive cases were detected even with input DNA below 1 ng and demonstrated the high sensitivity of CCA for canine tumours. G‐circles and TC were not suitable to distinguish CCA positive and negative cases. CCA‐status showed an association with male gender and Rottweiler breed. Dogs with CCA positive osteosarcomas had shorter overall survival times than patients with CCA‐tumours and CCA‐status was a significant prognostic factor besides treatment in the Cox proportional hazard model. These findings make canine osteosarcomas an interesting model for comparative TMM research, but future studies are warranted to investigate if CCA‐status can serve as novel prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Bicanova
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Goncalves T, Zoumpoulidou G, Alvarez-Mendoza C, Mancusi C, Collopy LC, Strauss SJ, Mittnacht S, Tomita K. Selective Elimination of Osteosarcoma Cell Lines with Short Telomeres by Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1253-1264. [PMID: 33344901 PMCID: PMC7737214 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
To
avoid replicative senescence or telomere-induced apoptosis,
cancers employ telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) involving either
the upregulation of telomerase or the acquisition of recombination-based
alternative telomere lengthening (ALT). The choice of TMM may differentially
influence cancer evolution and be exploitable in targeted therapies.
Here, we examine TMMs in a panel of 17 osteosarcoma-derived cell lines,
defining three separate groups according to TMM and the length of
telomeres maintained. Eight were ALT-positive, including the previously
uncharacterized lines, KPD and LM7. While ALT-positive lines all showed
excessive telomere length, ALT-negative cell lines fell into two groups
according to their telomere length: HOS-MNNG, OHSN, SJSA-1, HAL, 143b,
and HOS displayed subnormally short telomere length, while MG-63,
MHM, and HuO-3N1 displayed long telomeres. Hence, we further subcategorized
ALT-negative TMM into long-telomere (LT) and short-telomere (ST) maintenance groups.
Importantly, subnormally short telomeres were significantly associated
with hypersensitivity to three different therapeutics targeting the
protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) (AZD-6738/Ceralasertib,
VE-822/Berzoserib, and BAY-1895344) compared to long telomeres maintained
via ALT or telomerase. Within 24 h of ATR inhibition, cells with short
but not long telomeres displayed chromosome bridges and underwent
cell death, indicating a selective dependency on ATR for chromosome
stability. Collectively, our work provides a resource to identify
links between the mode of telomere maintenance and drug sensitivity
in osteosarcoma and indicates that telomere length predicts ATR inhibitor
sensitivity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Goncalves
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.,Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Zoumpoulidou
- Cancer Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Alvarez-Mendoza
- Cancer Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Mancusi
- Cancer Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Collopy
- Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J Strauss
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom.,London Sarcoma Service, University College London Hospitals Foundation Trust, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Mittnacht
- Cancer Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kazunori Tomita
- Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.,Chromosome Maintenance Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
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10
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High homocysteine promotes telomere dysfunction and chromosomal instability in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 854-855:503197. [PMID: 32660821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres, specialized structures at the ends of linear chromosomes, protect chromosome ends from degradation, recombination, and mis-repair. Critically short telomere length (TL) may result in chromosome instability (CIN), causing tumor promotion and, at higher levels, cell death and tumor suppression. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid involved in one-carbon metabolism. Elevated plasma Hcy is a cancer risk factor. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with pathophysiological concentrations of Hcy (15-120 μM) for 14 and 28 days. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay was used to determine cytostasis (nuclear division index, NDI), cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), and CIN (micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds in binucleated cells). Quantitative PCR was used to measure TL and the expression of hTERT, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of telomerase for TL elongation. The results showed that Hcy induced elongation of TL and fluctuating changes in expression of hTERT. TL elongation was associated with increased CIN. Hcy decreased the NDI and increased cell death. This study shows that there is cross-talk between Hcy and TL in tumor cells and supports the concept that high Hcy inhibits cell division and promotes the death of tumor cells by abnormal elongation of TL and elevation of CIN.
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11
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Bayles I, Krajewska M, Pontius WD, Saiakhova A, Morrow JJ, Bartels C, Lu J, Faber ZJ, Fedorov Y, Hong ES, Karnuta JM, Rubin B, Adams DJ, George RE, Scacheri PC. Ex vivo screen identifies CDK12 as a metastatic vulnerability in osteosarcoma. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4377-4392. [PMID: 31498151 DOI: 10.1172/jci127718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in intensification of therapy, outcomes for patients with metastatic osteosarcoma (OS) have not improved in thirty years. We developed a system that enabled preclinical screening of compounds against metastatic OS cells in the context of the native lung microenvironment. Using this strategy to screen a library of epigenetically targeted compounds, we identified inhibitors of CDK12 to be most effective, reducing OS cell outgrowth in the lung by more than 90% at submicromolar doses. We found that knockout of CDK12 in an in vivo model of lung metastasis significantly decreased the ability of OS to colonize the lung. CDK12 inhibition led to defects in transcription elongation in a gene length- and expression-dependent manner. These effects were accompanied by defects in RNA processing and altered the expression of genes involved in transcription regulation and the DNA damage response. We further identified OS models that differ in their sensitivity to CDK12 inhibition in the lung and provided evidence that upregulated MYC levels may mediate these differences. Our studies provided a framework for rapid preclinical testing of compounds with antimetastatic activity and highlighted CDK12 as a potential therapeutic target in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Bayles
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Malgorzata Krajewska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Dean Pontius
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alina Saiakhova
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James J Morrow
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cynthia Bartels
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jim Lu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Faber
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Small Molecules Drug Development Core Facility, Office of Research Administration, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ellen S Hong
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaret M Karnuta
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Rubin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Small Molecules Drug Development Core Facility, Office of Research Administration, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rani E George
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter C Scacheri
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Sommer A, Royle NJ. ALT: A Multi-Faceted Phenomenon. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E133. [PMID: 32012790 PMCID: PMC7073516 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their indefinite replicative potential, made possible by the activation of a telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM). The majority of cancers reactivate the reverse transcriptase, telomerase, to maintain their telomere length but a minority (10% to 15%) utilize an alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway. Here, we review the phenotypes and molecular markers specific to ALT, and investigate the significance of telomere mutations and sequence variation in ALT cell lines. We also look at the recent advancements in understanding the different mechanisms behind ALT telomere elongation and finally, the progress made in identifying potential ALT-targeted therapies, including those already in use for the treatment of both hematological and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola J. Royle
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;
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13
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Graham MK, Kim J, Da J, Brosnan-Cashman JA, Rizzo A, Baena Del Valle JA, Chia L, Rubenstein M, Davis C, Zheng Q, Cope L, Considine M, Haffner MC, De Marzo AM, Meeker AK, Heaphy CM. Functional Loss of ATRX and TERC Activates Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) in LAPC4 Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2480-2491. [PMID: 31611308 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A key hallmark of cancer, unlimited replication, requires cancer cells to evade both replicative senescence and potentially lethal chromosomal instability induced by telomere dysfunction. The majority of cancers overcome these critical barriers by upregulating telomerase, a telomere-specific reverse transcriptase. However, a subset of cancers maintains telomere lengths by the telomerase-independent Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway. The presence of ALT is strongly associated with recurrent cancer-specific somatic inactivating mutations in the ATRX-DAXX chromatin-remodeling complex. Here, we generate an ALT-positive adenocarcinoma cell line following functional inactivation of ATRX and telomerase in a telomerase-positive adenocarcinoma cell line. Inactivating mutations in ATRX were introduced using CRISPR-cas9 nickase into two prostate cancer cell lines, LAPC-4 (derived from a lymph node metastasis) and CWR22Rv1 (sourced from a xenograft established from a primary prostate cancer). In LAPC-4, but not CWR22Rv1, abolishing ATRX was sufficient to induce multiple ALT-associated hallmarks, including the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia bodies (APB), extrachromosomal telomere C-circles, and dramatic telomere length heterogeneity. However, telomerase activity was still present in these ATRXKO cells. Telomerase activity was subsequently crippled in these LAPC-4 ATRXKO cells by introducing mutations in the TERC locus, the essential RNA component of telomerase. These LAPC-4 ATRXKO TERCmut cells continued to proliferate long-term and retained ALT-associated hallmarks, thereby demonstrating their reliance on the ALT mechanism for telomere maintenance. IMPLICATIONS: These prostate cancer cell line models provide a unique system to explore the distinct molecular alterations that occur upon induction of ALT, and may be useful tools to screen for ALT-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy K Graham
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Da
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Anthony Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lionel Chia
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Rubenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Davis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leslie Cope
- Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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14
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hTERT promoter mutations in chondrosarcomas associate with progression and disease-related mortality. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1834-1841. [PMID: 30065261 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant skeletal tumors with chondroid differentiation. Prognosis is largely dependent on histological grading, which suffer from significant interobserver variability. Telomerase activity and abundant telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression has previously been associated with chondrosarcoma grade and metastasis. We therefore analyzed the hTERT promoter in clinicopathologically well-characterized chondrosarcomas (grade 1-3) from 87 patients. Using Sanger sequencing we identified an activating -124 C > T mutation in 23 cases (26%). Promoter mutations were significantly associated with increased histological grade (8% of grade 1, 32% of grade 2 and 46% of grade 3, P = 0.002), suggesting a role in tumor progression. In four chondrosarcomas where the histopathological grade was heterogenous, the hTERT mutation was only identified in the higher-grade areas. Additionally, hTERT promoter mutations were significantly associated with worse metastasis-free survival (P = 0.018), chondrosarcoma-specific survival (P = 0.022) and older patient age (P = 0.003). These data suggest that hTERT promoter mutations are common in high grade conventional chondrosarcomas. Granted that additional studies can confirm these findings; hTERT promoter analysis could potentially serve as an adjuvant prognostic marker in routine chondrosarcoma grading. This study reinforces the rationale of telomerase targeted therapy in a subset of chondrosarcomas.
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15
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Bronkhorst AJ, Wentzel JF, Ungerer V, Peters DL, Aucamp J, de Villiers EP, Holdenrieder S, Pretorius PJ. Sequence analysis of cell-free DNA derived from cultured human bone osteosarcoma (143B) cells. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318801190. [PMID: 30261820 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The true importance of cell-free DNA in human biology, together with the potential scale of its clinical utility, is tarnished by a lack of understanding of its composition and origin. In investigating the cell-free DNA present in the growth medium of cultured 143B cells, we previously demonstrated that the majority of cell-free DNA is neither a product of apoptosis nor necrosis. In the present study, we investigated the composition and origin of this cell-free DNA population using next-generation sequencing. We found that the cell-free DNA comprises mainly of repetitive DNA, including α-satellite DNA, mini satellites, and transposons that are currently active or exhibit the capacity to become reactivated. A significant portion of these cell-free DNA fragments originates from specific chromosomes, especially chromosomes 1 and 9. In healthy adult somatic cells, the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of these chromosomes are normally densely methylated. However, in many cancer types, these regions are preferentially hypomethylated. This can lead to double-stranded DNA breaks or it can directly impair the formation of proper kinetochore structures. This type of chromosomal instability is a precursor to the formation of nuclear anomalies, including lagging chromosomes and anaphase bridges. DNA fragments derived from these structures can recruit their own nuclear envelope and form secondary nuclear structures known as micronuclei, which can localize to the nuclear periphery and bud out from the membrane. We postulate that the majority of cell-free DNA present in the growth medium of cultured 143B cells originates from these micronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Jacobus Bronkhorst
- 1 Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes F Wentzel
- 2 Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Vida Ungerer
- 1 Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimetrie L Peters
- 3 Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Janine Aucamp
- 4 Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- 1 Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Piet J Pretorius
- 3 Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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16
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Brosnan-Cashman JA, Yuan M, Graham MK, Rizzo AJ, Myers KM, Davis C, Zhang R, Esopi DM, Raabe EH, Eberhart CG, Heaphy CM, Meeker AK. ATRX loss induces multiple hallmarks of the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) phenotype in human glioma cell lines in a cell line-specific manner. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204159. [PMID: 30226859 PMCID: PMC6143253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must maintain their telomeres at lengths sufficient for cell survival. In several cancer subtypes, a recombination-like mechanism termed alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), is frequently used for telomere length maintenance. Cancers utilizing ALT often have lost functional ATRX, a chromatin remodeling protein, through mutation or deletion, thereby strongly implicating ATRX as an ALT suppressor. Herein, we have generated functional ATRX knockouts in four telomerase-positive, ALT-negative human glioma cell lines: MOG-G-UVW, SF188, U-251 and UW479. After loss of ATRX, two of the four cell lines (U-251 and UW479) show multiple characteristics of ALT-positive cells, including ultrabright telomeric DNA foci, ALT-associated PML bodies, and c-circles. However, telomerase activity and overall telomere length heterogeneity are unaffected after ATRX loss, regardless of cellular context. The two cell lines that showed ALT hallmarks after complete ATRX loss also did so upon ATRX depletion via shRNA-mediated knockdown. These results suggest that other genomic or epigenetic events, in addition to ATRX loss, are necessary for the induction of ALT in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mindy K. Graham
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kaylar M. Myers
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Christine Davis
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - David M. Esopi
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Raabe
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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17
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Dahlgren PN, Bishop K, Dey S, Herbert BS, Tanaka H. Development of a New Monochrome Multiplex qPCR Method for Relative Telomere Length Measurement in Cancer. Neoplasia 2018; 20:425-431. [PMID: 29573637 PMCID: PMC5915991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess telomere shortening has been observed in most cancer cells. The telomere quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay has become an important tool for epidemiological studies examining the effects of aging, stress, and other factors on the length of telomeres. Current telomere qPCR methods analyze the relative length of telomeres by amplifying telomere sequence products and normalizing with single-copy gene products. However, the current telomere qPCR does not always reflect absolute telomere length in cancer DNA. Because of genomic instability in cancer cells, we hypothesized that the use of single-copy genes (scg) is less accurate for normalizing data in cancer DNA and that new primer sets are required to better represent relative telomere length in cancer DNA. We first confirmed that cancer cells had a different copy ratio among different scg, implying that DNA is aneuploid. By using the new primer sets that amplify multiple-copy sequences (mcs) throughout the genome, the telomere qPCR results showed that the mcs primers were interchangeable with the scg primers as reference primers in normal DNA. By comparing results from the traditional southern blotting method (as kilobases) and results from monochrome multiplex qPCR using the mcs primers (as T/M ratios), we verified that the T/M ratio is highly correlated with absolute telomere length from the southern blot analysis. Together, the mcs primers were able to represent the telomere lengths accurately in cancer DNA samples. These results would allow for analyses of telomeres within cancerous DNA and the development of new, less invasive diagnostic tools for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige N Dahlgren
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kanokwan Bishop
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Shatovisha Dey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brittney-Shea Herbert
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hiromi Tanaka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
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18
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Ferreira MSV, Crysandt M, Braunschweig T, Jost E, Voss B, Bouillon AS, Knuechel R, Brümmendorf TH, Beier F. Presence of TERT Promoter Mutations is a Secondary Event and Associates with Elongated Telomere Length in Myxoid Liposarcomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020608. [PMID: 29463038 PMCID: PMC5855830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of TERT promoter mutations has been well described in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). However, the biological role of these mutations as well as their impact on telomere length in STS is still unclear. We analyzed 116 patient samples diagnosed with 22 distinct histological subtypes of bone and STS for the occurrence of TERT promoter mutations by Sanger sequencing. We observed TERT promoter mutations at an overall frequency of 9.5% distributed over 7 different sarcoma subtypes. Except for one chondrosarcoma case harboring a C250T mutation, all other mutations were detected at location C228T. By far the far highest frequency of TERT promoter mutations was found in myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) (4 out of 9 cases studied, i.e., 44%). Assessment of telomere length from tumor biopsies revealed that TERT promoter-mutated MLSs had significantly fewer shortened telomeres in comparison to TERT wildtype MLSs. Based on the frequency of TERT promoter mutations and the elongated telomere length in mutated compared to wildtype MLS, we hypothesize that occurrence of TERT promoter mutations has a pivotal role in the disease progression as a secondary genetic event at a time when tumor cells face the need for telomere elongation to allow further proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martina Crysandt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Till Braunschweig
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Voss
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bouillon
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Knuechel
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Beier
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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19
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the predominant form of bone cancer, affecting mostly adolescents. Recent progress made in molecular genetic studies of osteosarcoma has changed our view on the cause of the disease and ongoing therapeutic approaches for patients. As we draw closer to gaining more complete catalogs of candidate cancer driver genes in common forms of cancer, the landscape of somatic mutations in osteosarcoma is emerging from its first phase. In this review, we summarize recent whole genome and/or whole exome genomic studies, and then put these findings in the context of genetic hallmarks of somatic mutations and mutational processes in human osteosarcoma. One of the lessons learned here is that the extent of somatic mutations and complexity of the osteosarcoma genome are similar to that of common forms of adult cancer. Thus, a much higher number of samples than those currently obtained are needed to complete the catalog of driver mutations in human osteosarcoma. In parallel, genetic studies in other species have revealed candidate driver genes and their roles in the genesis of osteosarcoma. This review also summarizes newly identified drivers in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and discusses our understanding of the impact of nature and number of drivers on tumor latency, subtypes, and metastatic potentials of osteosarcoma. It is becoming apparent that a synergistic team composed of three drivers (one 'first driver' and two 'synergistic drivers') may be required to generate an animal model that recapitulates aggressive osteosarcoma with a short latency. Finally, new cancer therapies are urgently needed to improve survival rate and quality of life for osteosarcoma patients. Several vulnerabilities in osteosarcoma are illustrated in this review to exemplify the opportunities for next generation molecularly targeted therapies. However, much work remains in order to complete our understanding of the somatic mutation basis of osteosarcoma, to develop reliable animal models of human disease, and to apply this information to guide new therapeutic approaches for reducing morbidity and mortality of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby Rickel
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Jianning Tao
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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20
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Koelsche C, Schrimpf D, Tharun L, Roth E, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Renker EK, Sill M, Baude A, Sahm F, Capper D, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Hartmann W, Kulozik AE, Petersen I, Flucke U, Schreuder HWB, Büttner R, Weber MA, Schirmacher P, Plass C, Pfister SM, von Deimling A, Mechtersheimer G. Histone 3.3 hotspot mutations in conventional osteosarcomas: a comprehensive clinical and molecular characterization of six H3F3A mutated cases. Clin Sarcoma Res 2017; 7:9. [PMID: 28484590 PMCID: PMC5418758 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-017-0075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone 3.3 (H3.3) hotspot mutations in bone tumors occur in the vast majority of giant cell tumors of bone (GCTBs; 96%), chondroblastomas (95%) and in a few cases of osteosarcomas. However, clinical presentation, histopathological features, and additional molecular characteristics of H3.3 mutant osteosarcomas are largely unknown. METHODS In this multicentre, retrospective study, a total of 106 conventional high-grade osteosarcomas, across all age groups were re-examined for hotspot mutations in the H3.3 coding genes H3F3A and H3F3B. H3.3 mutant osteosarcomas were re-evaluated in a multidisciplinary manner and analyzed for genome-wide DNA-methylation patterns and DNA copy number aberrations alongside H3.3 wild-type osteosarcomas and H3F3A G34W/L mutant GCTBs. RESULTS Six osteosarcomas (6/106) carried H3F3A hotspot mutations. No mutations were found in H3F3B. All patients with H3F3A mutant osteosarcoma were older than 30 years with a median age of 65 years. Copy number aberrations that are commonly encountered in high-grade osteosarcomas also occurred in H3F3A mutant osteosarcomas. Unlike a single osteosarcoma with a H3F3A K27M mutation, the DNA methylation profiles of H3F3A G34W/R mutant osteosarcomas were clearly different from H3.3 wild-type osteosarcomas, but more closely related to GCTBs. The most differentially methylated promoters between H3F3A G34W/R mutant and H3.3 wild-type osteosarcomas were in KLLN/PTEN (p < 0.00005) and HIST1H2BB (p < 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS H3.3 mutations in osteosarcomas may occur in H3F3A at mutational hotspots. They are overall rare, but become more frequent in osteosarcoma patients older than 30 years. Osteosarcomas carrying H3F3A G34W/R mutations are associated with epigenetic dysregulation of KLLN/PTEN and HIST1H2BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Koelsche
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Tharun
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Roth
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sturm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva-Kristin Renker
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Baude
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Bewerunge-Hudler
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Microarray Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hartmann
- Gerhard Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Flucke
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc-André Weber
- Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunhild Mechtersheimer
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Re-calculating! Navigating through the osteosarcoma treatment roadblock. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:54-64. [PMID: 27940205 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The survival rates for patients with osteosarcoma have remained almost static for the past three decades. Current standard of care therapy includes chemotherapies such as doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate along with complete surgical resection and surgery with or without ifosfamide and etoposide for relapse, though outcomes are hoped to be improved through clinical trials. Additionally, increased understanding of the genetics, signaling pathways and microenvironmental factors driving the disease have led to the identification of promising agents and potential paths towards translation of an exciting array of novel targeted therapies. Here, we review the mechanism of action of these emerging therapies and how, with clinical translation, they can potentially improve the survival rates for osteosarcoma patients in the near future.
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22
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Kreilmeier T, Sampl S, Deloria AJ, Walter I, Reifinger M, Hauck M, Borst LB, Holzmann K, Kleiter M. Alternative lengthening of telomeres does exist in various canine sarcomas. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:923-935. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kreilmeier
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Sampl
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Abigail J. Deloria
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Ingrid Walter
- Vet Core Facility; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Martin Reifinger
- Department of Pathobiology; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Marlene Hauck
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Luke B. Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Institute of Cancer Research; Comprehensive Cancer Center; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Miriam Kleiter
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
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23
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Abstract
The ATR (ATM and rad3-related) pathway is crucial for proliferation, responding to DNA replication stress and DNA damage. This critical signaling pathway is carefully orchestrated through a multistep process requiring initial priming of ATR prior to damage, recruitment of ATR to DNA damage lesions, activation of ATR signaling, and, finally, modulation of ATR activity through a variety of post-translational modifications. Following activation, ATR functions in several vital cellular processes, including suppression of replication origin firing, promotion of deoxynucleotide synthesis and replication fork restart, prevention of double-stranded DNA break formation, and avoidance of replication catastrophe and mitotic catastrophe. In many cancers, tumor cells have increased dependence on ATR signaling for survival, making ATR a promising target for cancer therapy. Tumor cells compromised in DNA repair pathways or DNA damage checkpoints, cells reliant on homologous recombination, and cells with increased replication stress are particularly sensitive to ATR inhibition. Understanding ATR signaling and modulation is essential to unraveling which tumors have increased dependence on ATR signaling as well as how the ATR pathway can best be exploited for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Yazinski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129;
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129; .,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Sasaki A, Ide S, Kawamoto Y, Bando T, Murata Y, Shimura M, Yamada K, Hirata A, Nokihara K, Hirata T, Sugiyama H, Maeshima K. Telomere Visualization in Tissue Sections using Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide Probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29261. [PMID: 27380936 PMCID: PMC4933941 DOI: 10.1038/srep29261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrole–Imidazole (PI) polyamides bind to specific DNA sequences in the minor groove with high affinity. Specific DNA labeling by PI polyamides does not require DNA denaturation with harsh treatments of heat and formamide and has the advantages of rapid and less disruptive processing. Previously, we developed tandem hairpin PI polyamide probes (TH59 series), which label telomeres in cultured cell lines more efficiently than conventional methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Here, we demonstrate that a TH59 derivative, HPTH59-b, along with immunostaining for specifying cell types in the tissues, visualizes telomeres in mouse and human tissue sections. Quantitative measurements of telomere length with single-cell resolution suggested shorter telomeres in the proliferating cell fractions of tumor than in non-tumor tissues. Thus, PI polyamides are a promising alternative for telomere labeling in clinical research, as well as in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Sasaki
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yukinori Murata
- Department of Pathology, Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Mari Shimura
- Department of Intractable Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirata
- HiPep Laboratories, Nakatsukasa-cho 486-46, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8158, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nokihara
- HiPep Laboratories, Nakatsukasa-cho 486-46, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8158, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Hirata
- Division of Brain Function, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Telomere length and telomere repeating factors: Cellular markers for post-traumatic stress disorder-like model. J Affect Disord 2016; 195:156-62. [PMID: 26896808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to explore the telomere length of peripheral blood leukocytes from a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as the expression level of telomere-binding protein in the hippocampal CA1 region. METHODS The PTSD model was established with 42 adult male Wistar rats. The relative telomere length of the leukocytes was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the expression levels of telomere repeating factor 1 (TRF1) and telomere repeating factor 2 (TRF2) in the hippocampal CA1 region of the PTSD rat model were determined by immunofluorescence technology. The covariance analysis of repeated measurements by the mixed model approach was used for the telomere length analysis. The comparison of averaged data among groups was performed using least significant difference and analysis of variance. The Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for intragroup comparison. The association study among groups was conducted using the Spearman test. RESULTS The shortening speed of telomere length significantly accelerated in rats after Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) stimulation (P<0.05). The expression levels of TRF1 and TRF2 increased with the progress of PTSD, and the expression peak was shown in day 14, which was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The shortening speed of the telomere length of peripheral blood leukocytes accelerated in PTSD rats, and the expression levels of TRF1 and TRF2 increased in hippocampus, both of which were closely associated with the pathological progress of the PTSD-like model and unfavorable prognosis.
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Chou YS, Yen CC, Chen WM, Lin YC, Wen YS, Ke WT, Wang JY, Liu CY, Yang MH, Chen TH, Liu CL. Cytotoxic mechanism of PLK1 inhibitor GSK461364 against osteosarcoma: Mitotic arrest, apoptosis, cellular senescence, and synergistic effect with paclitaxel. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1187-94. [PMID: 26794530 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a serine/threonine kinase and an oncogene, is crucial in regulating cell cycle progression. PLK1 also has been demonstrated as a potential target of osteosarcoma (OS) by using short hairpin RNA libraries in lentiviral vectors for screening of protein kinase. In preclinical studies, GSK461364, a potent and selective ATP-competitive PLK1 inhibitor, showed antiproliferative activity against multiple tumor cell lines. In the present study, we evaluated the expression level of PLK1 in OS and explored the cytotoxic mechanism of GSK461364 against OS. PLK1 was significantly overexpressed in OS compared with normal osteoblasts and other types of sarcoma. GSK461364 inhibited PLK1 and caused mitotic arrest by inducing G2/M arrest in OS cells. Moreover, GSK461364 exerted a cytotoxic effect by inducing apoptosis in OS, and induced cellular senescence in OS cell lines, as indicated by an increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and enhanced DcR2 and interleukin-1α expression. In addition, we demonstrated a synergistic cytotoxic effect of GSK461364 and paclitaxel, possibly resulting from combined mitotic arrest. In conclusion, the present study revealed that PLK1 was overexpressed in OS and that GSK461364 exerted its cytotoxic effect on OS by inducing mitotic arrest and subsequent apoptosis and induced cellular senescence; therefore, senescence-associated markers can be used as treatment biomarkers, and a combination of GSK461364 and paclitaxel can potentially treat OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chou
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Chan Lin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yao-Shan Wen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ting Ke
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tain-Hsiung Chen
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Overall survival rates for osteosarcoma have remained essentially unchanged over the past 3 decades despite attempts to improve outcome via dose intensification and modification based on response. This review describes recent findings from contemporary clinical trials, advances in the comprehension of osteosarcoma biology and genomic complexity, and potential opportunities using targeted and immune-mediated therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent results from international collaborative trials have failed to demonstrate an ability to improve outcomes using a design in which the randomized question is dictated based on histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy. Novel prognostic markers assessable at diagnosis are vital to identifying subsets of osteosarcoma. Clinical trials focus has now shifted to serial phase II studies of novel agents to evaluate for activity in recurrent and refractory disease. In-depth analyses have revealed profound genomic instability and heterogeneity across patients, with nearly universal TP53 aberration. Although driver mutational events have not clearly been established, frequent derangements in specific pathways may suggest opportunities for therapeutic exploitation. Genomic complexity may lend support to a role for immune-mediated therapies. SUMMARY Rigorous preclinical investigations are potentially generating novel strategies for the treatment of osteosarcoma that will inform the next generation of clinical trials, with the opportunity to identify agents that will improve survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Bishop
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Richard Gorlick
- Divison of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital At Montefiore, Bronx, NY, USA
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Reddel RR. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer: clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6361-74. [PMID: 24975603 PMCID: PMC4262939 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immortal cell populations with an up-regulated telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is an almost universal characteristic of cancers, whereas normal somatic cells are unable to prevent proliferation-associated telomere shortening and have a limited proliferative potential. TMMs and related aspects of telomere structure and function therefore appear to be ideal targets for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Such treatments would be targeted to a specific cancer-related molecular abnormality, and also be broad-spectrum in that they would be expected to be potentially applicable to most cancers. However, the telomere biology of normal and malignant human cells is a relatively young research field with large numbers of unanswered questions, so the optimal design of TMM-targeted therapeutic approaches remains unclear. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges presented by telomeres and TMMs for clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Reddel
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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29
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Sun L, Tan R, Xu J, LaFace J, Gao Y, Xiao Y, Attar M, Neumann C, Li GM, Su B, Liu Y, Nakajima S, Levine AS, Lan L. Targeted DNA damage at individual telomeres disrupts their integrity and triggers cell death. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6334-47. [PMID: 26082495 PMCID: PMC4513870 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA is organized into chromosomes and capped by a unique nucleoprotein structure, the telomere. Both oxidative stress and telomere shortening/dysfunction cause aging-related degenerative pathologies and increase cancer risk. However, a direct connection between oxidative damage to telomeric DNA, comprising <1% of the genome, and telomere dysfunction has not been established. By fusing the KillerRed chromophore with the telomere repeat binding factor 1, TRF1, we developed a novel approach to generate localized damage to telomere DNA and to monitor the real time damage response at the single telomere level. We found that DNA damage at long telomeres in U2OS cells is not repaired efficiently compared to DNA damage in non-telomeric regions of the same length in heterochromatin. Telomeric DNA damage shortens the average length of telomeres and leads to cell senescence in HeLa cells and cell death in HeLa, U2OS and IMR90 cells, when DNA damage at non-telomeric regions is undetectable. Telomere-specific damage induces chromosomal aberrations, including chromatid telomere loss and telomere associations, distinct from the damage induced by ionizing irradiation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxidative damage induces telomere dysfunction and underline the importance of maintaining telomere integrity upon oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Sun
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No. 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Rong Tan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Jianquan Xu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, 1218 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Justin LaFace
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, 1218 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No. 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yanchun Xiao
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Myriam Attar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. W1340 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carola Neumann
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. W1340 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Guo-Min Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, No. 1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China Graduate Center for Toxicology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1905 V.A. Drive, 306 Health Science Research Building, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Immunobiology and Vascular Biology & Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, 1218 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Satoshi Nakajima
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Arthur S Levine
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Li Lan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; 523 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Nuclear-receptor-mediated telomere insertion leads to genome instability in ALT cancers. Cell 2015; 160:913-927. [PMID: 25723166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The breakage-fusion-bridge cycle is a classical mechanism of telomere-driven genome instability in which dysfunctional telomeres are fused to other chromosomal extremities, creating dicentric chromosomes that eventually break at mitosis. Here, we uncover a distinct pathway of telomere-driven genome instability, specifically occurring in cells that maintain telomeres with the alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism. We show that, in these cells, telomeric DNA is added to multiple discrete sites throughout the genome, corresponding to regions regulated by NR2C/F transcription factors. These proteins drive local telomere DNA addition by recruiting telomeric chromatin. This mechanism, which we name targeted telomere insertion (TTI), generates potential common fragile sites that destabilize the genome. We propose that TTI driven by NR2C/F proteins contributes to the formation of complex karyotypes in ALT tumors.
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32
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Flynn RL, Cox KE, Jeitany M, Wakimoto H, Bryll AR, Ganem NJ, Bersani F, Pineda JR, Suvà ML, Benes CH, Haber DA, Boussin FD, Zou L. Alternative lengthening of telomeres renders cancer cells hypersensitive to ATR inhibitors. Science 2015; 347:273-7. [PMID: 25593184 PMCID: PMC4358324 DOI: 10.1126/science.1257216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells rely on telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway to overcome replicative mortality. ALT is mediated by recombination and is prevalent in a subset of human cancers, yet whether it can be exploited therapeutically remains unknown. Loss of the chromatin-remodeling protein ATRX associates with ALT in cancers. Here, we show that ATRX loss compromises cell-cycle regulation of the telomeric noncoding RNA TERRA and leads to persistent association of replication protein A (RPA) with telomeres after DNA replication, creating a recombinogenic nucleoprotein structure. Inhibition of the protein kinase ATR, a critical regulator of recombination recruited by RPA, disrupts ALT and triggers chromosome fragmentation and apoptosis in ALT cells. The cell death induced by ATR inhibitors is highly selective for cancer cells that rely on ALT, suggesting that such inhibitors may be useful for treatment of ALT-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Litman Flynn
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Kelli E Cox
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maya Jeitany
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Deparment of Surgery and Brain Tumor Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alysia R Bryll
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Neil J Ganem
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, and Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Francesca Bersani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jose R Pineda
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mario L Suvà
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Francois D Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, UMR 967, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
For the past 30 years, improvements in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma have been mostly incremental. Despite evidence of genomic instability and a high frequency of chromothripsis and kataegis, osteosarcomas carry few recurrent targetable mutations, and trials of targeted agents have been generally disappointing. Bone has a highly specialized immune environment and many immune signalling pathways are important in bone homeostasis. The success of the innate immune stimulant mifamurtide in the adjuvant treatment of non-metastatic osteosarcoma suggests that newer immune-based treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, may substantially improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kansara
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele W Teng
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory and Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- 1] Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3002, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia. [3] The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, 2010, New South Wales, Australia
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Jeitany M, Pineda JR, Liu Q, Porreca RM, Hoffschir F, Desmaze C, Silvestre DC, Mailliet P, Junier MP, Londoño-Vallejo A, Ségal-Bendirdjian E, Chneiweiss H, Boussin FD. A preclinical mouse model of glioma with an alternative mechanism of telomere maintenance (ALT). Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1546-58. [PMID: 25175359 PMCID: PMC4303977 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a small population of tumor cells with stem-like properties, are supposedly responsible for glioblastoma multiforme relapse after current therapies. In approximately thirty percent of glioblastoma multiforme tumors, telomeres are not maintained by telomerase but through an alternative mechanism, termed alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT), suggesting potential interest in developing specific therapeutic strategies. However, no preclinical model of ALT glioma was available until the isolation of TG20 cells from a human ALT glioma. Herein, we show that TG20 cells exhibit a high level of telomeric recombination but a stable karyotype, indicating that their telomeres retain their protective function against chromosomal instability. TG20 cells possess all of the characteristic features of GSCs: the expression of neural stem cell markers, the generation of intracerebral tumors in NOD-SCID-IL2Rγ (NSG) mice as well as in nude mice, and the ability to sustain serial intracerebral transplantations without expressing telomerase, demonstrating the stability of the ALT phenotype in vivo. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that 360B, a G-quadruplex ligand of the pyridine derivative series that impairs telomere replication and mitotic progression in cancer cells, prevents the development of TG20 tumors. Together, our results show that intracerebral grafts of TG20 cells in immunodeficient mice constitute an efficient preclinical model of ALT glioblastoma multiforme and that G-quadruplex ligands are a potential therapy for this specific type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Jeitany
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie, CEA, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM UMR967, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris VII, UMR967, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris XI, UMR967, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Alternative lengthening of telomeres: recurrent cytogenetic aberrations and chromosome stability under extreme telomere dysfunction. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1301-13. [PMID: 24339742 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors using the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) exert high rates of telomere dysfunction. Numerical chromosomal aberrations are very frequent, and structural rearrangements are widely scattered among the genome. This challenging context allows the study of telomere dysfunction-driven chromosomal instability in neoplasia (CIN) in a massive scale. We used molecular cytogenetics to achieve detailed karyotyping in 10 human ALT neoplastic cell lines. We identified 518 clonal recombinant chromosomes affected by 649 structural rearrangements. While all human chromosomes were involved in random or clonal, terminal, or pericentromeric rearrangements and were capable to undergo telomere healing at broken ends, a differential recombinatorial propensity of specific genomic regions was noted. We show that ALT cells undergo epigenetic modifications rendering polycentric chromosomes functionally monocentric, and because of increased terminal recombinogenicity, they generate clonal recombinant chromosomes with interstitial telomeric repeats. Losses of chromosomes 13, X, and 22, gains of 2, 3, 5, and 20, and translocation/deletion events involving several common chromosomal fragile sites (CFSs) were recurrent. Long-term reconstitution of telomerase activity in ALT cells reduced significantly the rates of random ongoing telomeric and pericentromeric CIN. However, the contribution of CFS in overall CIN remained unaffected, suggesting that in ALT cells whole-genome replication stress is not suppressed by telomerase activation. Our results provide novel insights into ALT-driven CIN, unveiling in parallel specific genomic sites that may harbor genes critical for ALT cancerous cell growth.
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Synergistic tumor suppression by combined inhibition of telomerase and CDKN1A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3062-71. [PMID: 25024194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411370111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in mediating growth inhibition upon telomere dysfunction. Here, we show that loss of the p53 target gene cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A, also known as p21(WAF1/CIP1)) increases apoptosis induction following telomerase inhibition in a variety of cancer cell lines and mouse xenografts. This effect is highly specific to p21, as loss of other checkpoint proteins and CDK inhibitors did not affect apoptosis. In telomerase, inhibited cell loss of p21 leads to E2F1- and p53-mediated transcriptional activation of p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis, resulting in increased apoptosis. Combined genetic or pharmacological inhibition of telomerase and p21 synergistically suppresses tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simultaneous inhibition of telomerase and p21 also suppresses growth of tumors containing mutant p53 following pharmacological restoration of p53 activity. Collectively, our results establish that inactivation of p21 leads to increased apoptosis upon telomerase inhibition and thus identify a genetic vulnerability that can be exploited to treat many human cancers containing either wild-type or mutant p53.
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to produce any types of cells from all three basic germ layers and the capacity to self-renew and proliferate indefinitely in vitro. The two main types of PSCs, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), share common features such as colony morphology, high expression of Oct4 and Nanog, and strong alkaline phosphatase activity. In recent years, increasing evidences suggest that telomere length represents another important internal factor in maintaining stem cell pluripotency. Telomere length homeostasis and its structural integrity help to protect chromosome ends from recombination, end fusion, and DNA damage responses, ensuring the divisional ability of mammalian cells. PSCs generally exhibit high telomerase activity to maintain their extremely long and stable telomeres, and emerging data indicate the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway may play an important role in telomere functions too. Such characteristics are likely key to their abilities to differentiate into diverse cell types in vivo. In this review, we will focus on the function and regulation of telomeres in ESCs and iPSCs, thereby shedding light on the importance of telomere length to pluripotency and the mechanisms that regulate telomeres in PSCs.
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Yen CC, Hsiao CD, Chen WM, Wen YS, Lin YC, Chang TW, Yao FY, Hung SC, Wang JY, Chiu JH, Wang HW, Lin CH, Chen TH, Chen PCH, Liu CL, Tzeng CH, Fletcher JA. Cytotoxic effects of 15d-PGJ2 against osteosarcoma through ROS-mediated AKT and cell cycle inhibition. Oncotarget 2014; 5:716-25. [PMID: 24566468 PMCID: PMC3996657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a critical cell cycle regulator, has been identified as a potential target in osteosarcoma (OS). 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a prostaglandin derivative, has shown its anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inactivation of v-akt, a murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog, (AKT) in cancer cells. In the study analyzing its effects on arthritis, 15d-PGJ2 mediated shear-induced chondrocyte apoptosis via protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent regulation of PLK1. In this study, the cytotoxic effect and mechanism underlying 15d-PGJ2 effects against OS were explored using OS cell lines. 15d-PGJ2 induced significant G2/M arrest, and exerted time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against all OS cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that both AKT and PKA-PLK1 were down-regulated in OS cell lines after treatment with 15d-PGJ2. In addition, transfection of constitutively active AKT or PLK1 partially rescued cells from 15d-PGJ2-induced apoptosis, suggesting crucial roles for both pathways in the anti-cancer effects of 15d-PGJ2. Moreover, ROS generation was found treatment with 15d-PGJ2, and its cytotoxic effect could be reversed with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK partially rescued 15d-PGJ2 cytotoxicity. Thus, ROS-mediated JNK activation may contribute to apoptosis through down-regulation of the p-Akt and PKA-PLK1 pathways. 15d-PGJ2 is a potential therapeutic agent for OS, exerting cytotoxicity mediated through both AKT and PKA-PLK1 inhibition, and these results form the basis for further analysis of its role in animal studies and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueh-Chuan Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Epidermal Stem Cell Lab, Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shan Wen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chan Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Yao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsei-Wei Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Center & Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cancer Research Center & Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tain-Hsiung Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chih-Hsueh Chen
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Liu
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutical and Research Center of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hwai Tzeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
The study of sarcoma pathology is a rapidly evolving field. The continued refinement of classic diagnostic techniques in conjunction with the molecular diagnostics has resulted in an abundance of data regarding this diverse and rare group of tumors. We anticipate that cutting edge technology including next generation sequencing will continue to further our understanding of saromagenesis and enable more precise classification and diagnosis of sarcomas in the future.
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Li B, Su T, Ferrari R, Li JY, Kurdistani SK. A unique epigenetic signature is associated with active DNA replication loci in human embryonic stem cells. Epigenetics 2013; 9:257-67. [PMID: 24172870 DOI: 10.4161/epi.26870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular epigenetic landscape changes as pluripotent stem cells differentiate to somatic cells or when differentiated cells transform to a cancerous state. These epigenetic changes are commonly correlated with differences in gene expression. Whether active DNA replication is also associated with distinct chromatin environments in these developmentally and phenotypically diverse cell types has not been known. Here, we used BrdU-seq to map active DNA replication loci in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), normal primary fibroblasts and a cancer cell line, and correlated these maps to the epigenome. In all cell lines, the majority of BrdU peaks were enriched in euchromatin and at DNA repetitive elements, especially at microsatellite repeats, and coincided with previously determined replication origins. The most prominent BrdU peaks were shared between all cells but a sizable fraction of the peaks were specific to each cell type and associated with cell type-specific genes. Surprisingly, the BrdU peaks that were common to all cell lines were associated with H3K18ac, H3K56ac, and H4K20me1 histone marks only in hESCs but not in normal fibroblasts or cancer cells. Depletion of the histone acetyltransferases for H3K18 and H3K56 dramatically decreased the number and intensity of BrdU peaks in hESCs. Our data reveal a unique epigenetic signature that distinguishes active replication loci in hESCs from normal somatic or malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Trent Su
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Division of Oral Biology and Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jing-Yu Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Siavash K Kurdistani
- Department of Biological Chemistry; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Molecular Biology Institute; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; David Geffen School of Medicine; University of California; Los Angeles, CA USA
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Feng X, Luo Z, Jiang S, Li F, Han X, Hu Y, Wang D, Zhao Y, Ma W, Liu D, Huang J, Songyang Z. The telomere-associated homeobox-containing protein TAH1/HMBOX1 participates in telomere maintenance in ALT cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3982-9. [PMID: 23813958 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.128512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer cells rely on elevated telomerase expression and activity for rapid growth and proliferation. Telomerase-negative cancer cells, by contrast, often employ the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway to maintain telomeres. ALT cells are characterized by long and dynamic telomeres and the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies (APBs). Previous work has shown the importance of APBs to the ALT pathway, but their formation and precise role remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a homeobox-containing protein known as HMBOX1 can directly bind telomeric double-stranded DNA and associate with PML nuclear bodies. Hence, we renamed this protein TAH1 for telomere-associated homeobox-containing protein 1. TAH1 knockdown significantly reduced the number of APBs and led to an increase in DNA damage response signals at telomeres. Importantly, TAH1 inhibition also notably reduced the presence of telomere C-circles, indicating altered ALT activity. Our findings point to TAH1 as a novel link between pathways that regulate DNA damage responses, PML nuclear bodies, and telomere homeostasis in ALT cells, and provide insight into how ALT cells may achieve sustained growth and proliferation independent of the telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Jacobs JJL. Loss of telomere protection: consequences and opportunities. Front Oncol 2013; 3:88. [PMID: 23596571 PMCID: PMC3625723 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive sequences at the natural ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes that protect these from recognition as chromosome breaks. Their ability to do so critically depends on the binding of sufficient quantities of functional shelterin, a six-unit protein complex with specific and crucial roles in telomere maintenance and function. Insufficient telomere length, leading to insufficient concentration of shelterin at chromosome ends, or otherwise crippled shelterin function, causes telomere deprotection. While contributing to aging-related pathologies, loss of telomere protection can act as a barrier to tumorigenesis, as dysfunctional telomeres activate DNA-damage-like checkpoint responses that halt cell proliferation or trigger cell death. In addition, dysfunctional telomeres affect cancer development and progression by being a source of genomic instability. Reviewed here are the different approaches that are being undertaken to investigate the mammalian cellular response to telomere dysfunction and its consequences for cancer. Furthermore, it is discussed how current and future knowledge about the mechanisms underlying telomere damage responses might be applied for diagnostic purposes or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J L Jacobs
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute Amsterdam, Netherlands
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43
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Histologic and genetic advances in refining the diagnosis of "undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma". Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:218-33. [PMID: 24216705 PMCID: PMC3730306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is an inclusive term used for sarcomas that defy formal sub-classification. The frequency with which this diagnosis is assigned has decreased in the last twenty years. This is because when implemented, careful histologic assessment, immunohistochemistry, and ultra-structural evaluation can often determine lineage of differentiation. Further attrition in the diagnostic frequency of UPS may arise by using array-comparative genomic hybridization. Gene expression arrays are also of potential use as they permit hierarchical gene clustering. Appraisal of the literature is difficult due to a historical perspective in which specific molecular diagnostic methods were previously unavailable. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification has changed with different inclusion criteria. Taxonomy challenges also exist with the older term “malignant fibrous histiocytoma” being replaced by “UPS”. In 2010 an analysis of multiple sarcoma expression databases using a 170-gene predictor, re-classified most MFH and “not-otherwise-specified” (NOS) tumors as liposarcomas, leiomyosarcomas or fibrosarcomas. Interestingly, some of the classifier genes are potential molecular therapeutic targets including Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), Nerve growth factor β (NGF β) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
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Maeda J, Yurkon CR, Fujisawa H, Kaneko M, Genet SC, Roybal EJ, Rota GW, Saffer ER, Rose BJ, Hanneman WH, Thamm DH, Kato TA. Genomic instability and telomere fusion of canine osteosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43355. [PMID: 22916246 PMCID: PMC3420908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is known to present with highly variable and chaotic karyotypes, including hypodiploidy, hyperdiploidy, and increased numbers of metacentric chromosomes. The spectrum of genomic instabilities in canine OSA has significantly augmented the difficulty in clearly defining the biological and clinical significance of the observed cytogenetic abnormalities. In this study, eight canine OSA cell lines were used to investigate telomere fusions by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a peptide nucleotide acid probe. We characterized each cell line by classical cytogenetic studies and cellular phenotypes including telomere associated factors and then evaluated correlations from this data. All eight canine OSA cell lines displayed increased abnormal metacentric chromosomes and exhibited numerous telomere fusions and interstitial telomeric signals. Also, as evidence of unstable telomeres, colocalization of γ-H2AX and telomere signals in interphase cells was observed. Each cell line was characterized by a combination of data representing cellular doubling time, DNA content, chromosome number, metacentric chromosome frequency, telomere signal level, cellular radiosensitivity, and DNA-PKcs protein expression level. We have also studied primary cultures from 10 spontaneous canine OSAs. Based on the observation of telomere aberrations in those primary cell cultures, we are reasonably certain that our observations in cell lines are not an artifact of prolonged culture. A correlation between telomere fusions and the other characteristics analyzed in our study could not be identified. However, it is important to note that all of the canine OSA samples exhibiting telomere fusion utilized in our study were telomerase positive. Pending further research regarding telomerase negative canine OSA cell lines, our findings may suggest telomere fusions can potentially serve as a novel marker for canine OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Maeda
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Yurkon
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Fujisawa
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Masami Kaneko
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefan C. Genet
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erica J. Roybal
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Garrett W. Rota
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ethan R. Saffer
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - William H. Hanneman
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lovejoy CA, Li W, Reisenweber S, Thongthip S, Bruno J, de Lange T, De S, Petrini JHJ, Sung PA, Jasin M, Rosenbluh J, Zwang Y, Weir BA, Hatton C, Ivanova E, Macconaill L, Hanna M, Hahn WC, Lue NF, Reddel RR, Jiao Y, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Meeker AK. Loss of ATRX, genome instability, and an altered DNA damage response are hallmarks of the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002772. [PMID: 22829774 PMCID: PMC3400581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway is a telomerase-independent pathway for telomere maintenance that is active in a significant subset of human cancers and in vitro immortalized cell lines. ALT is thought to involve templated extension of telomeres through homologous recombination, but the genetic or epigenetic changes that unleash ALT are not known. Recently, mutations in the ATRX/DAXX chromatin remodeling complex and histone H3.3 were found to correlate with features of ALT in pancreatic neuroendocrine cancers, pediatric glioblastomas, and other tumors of the central nervous system, suggesting that these mutations might contribute to the activation of the ALT pathway in these cancers. We have taken a comprehensive approach to deciphering ALT by applying genomic, molecular biological, and cell biological approaches to a panel of 22 ALT cell lines, including cell lines derived in vitro. Here we show that loss of ATRX protein and mutations in the ATRX gene are hallmarks of ALT–immortalized cell lines. In addition, ALT is associated with extensive genome rearrangements, marked micronucleation, defects in the G2/M checkpoint, and altered double-strand break (DSB) repair. These attributes will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of ALT positive human cancers. Telomeres, the protective elements at the ends of chromosomes, need to be maintained for cells to proliferate indefinitely. In many human cancers, the telomeric DNA is replenished by telomerase. However, a second pathway for telomere maintenance, referred to as the ALT pathway, has increasingly been recognized in human cancers. The genetic basis for activation of ALT is not known, but recent data have implicated a chromatin remodeling complex (ATRX/DAXX) and the histone variant H3.3 as players in the repression of ALT. We have examined a large panel of ALT cell lines for their genetic and cell biological features and found that loss of ATRX is a common event in the genesis of ALT lines. In addition, we document that ALT cell lines frequently undergo chromosomal changes and are impaired in their ability to detect and repair damage in their DNA. These hallmarks of ALT are expected to facilitate the detection of ALT–type tumors in the clinic and may lead to ALT–specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Lovejoy
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendi Li
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven Reisenweber
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Supawat Thongthip
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanne Bruno
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Saurav De
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John H. J. Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Sung
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Rosenbluh
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yaara Zwang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Weir
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura Macconaill
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan Hanna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William C. Hahn
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neal F. Lue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, W. R. Hearst Microbiology Research Center, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger R. Reddel
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuchen Jiao
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kinzler
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a primary bone malignancy with a particularly high incidence rate in children and adolescents relative to other age groups. The etiology of this often aggressive cancer is currently unknown, because complicated structural and numeric genomic rearrangements in cancer cells preclude understanding of tumour development. In addition, few consistent genetic changes that may indicate effective molecular therapeutic targets have been reported. However, high-resolution techniques continue to improve knowledge of distinct areas of the genome that are more commonly associated with osteosarcomas. Copy number gains at chromosomes 1p, 1q, 6p, 8q, and 17p as well as copy number losses at chromosomes 3q, 6q, 9, 10, 13, 17p, and 18q have been detected by numerous groups, but definitive oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes remain elusive with respect to many loci. In this paper, we examine studies of the genetics of osteosarcoma to comprehensively describe the heterogeneity and complexity of this cancer.
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Fujimori J, Matsuo T, Shimose S, Kubo T, Ishikawa M, Yasunaga Y, Ochi M. Antitumor effects of telomerase inhibitor TMPyP4 in osteosarcoma cell lines. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1707-11. [PMID: 21590716 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Telomere studies in carcinomas have been extensively reported for prognostic utility and effective methods for targeting telomerase therapy has been described, but efficacy of telomerase inhibitor remained unknown in sarcoma cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of telomerase inhibitor cationic porphyrin TMPyP4 on telomerase activity, telomere length, cell growth, and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines. TMPyP4 significantly inhibited telomerase activity in telomerase positive HOS and Saos-2, but not in MG-63. TMPyP4 significantly induced telomere shortening, and inhibition of the cell growth in HOS and Saos-2 with over 17% apoptosis rates. In terms of MG-63, TMPyP4 did not induce inhibition of both telomerase activity and cell growth, although it induced significant telomere shortening. Telomere length after treatment was 5.60 kb in HOS, 4.00 kb in Saos-2, and 9.89 kb in MG-63. These results may suggest that both telomerase activity loss and sufficient telomere shortening are necessary to inhibit cell growth in telomerase positive osteosarcoma cells. TMPyP4 did not induced telomere shortening but significantly inhibited the growth with 22.6% apoptosis rate in telomerase negative with extremely longer telomere-U2OS, may indicating the antitumor effect of TMPyP4 may be related to DNA damage including telomere dysfunction through G-quadruplex stabilization, independent on telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fujimori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Maes A, Verschaeve L. Can cytogenetics explain the possible association between exposure to extreme low-frequency magnetic fields and Alzheimer's disease? J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:81-7. [PMID: 21935970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a number of epidemiological studies have suggested that occupational as well as residential exposure to extreme low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) may be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. This is not proven yet and there are no known biological mechanisms to explain this alleged association. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a number of events that have, at least partially, a genetic origin. In particular, trisomy of chromosomes 17 and 21 seems to be involved. Overall ELF-EMFs have not been identified as genotoxic agents, but there are some papers in the scientific literature that indicate that they may enhance the effects of agents that are known to induce mutations or tumors. There are also some indications that ELF-EMFs may induce aneuploïdy. This opens some perspectives for investigating the alleged association between ELF-EMFs and Alzheimer's. This paper reviews the possibility of a cytogenetic association between the electromagnetic fields and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Maes
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Laboratory of Toxicology, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Davoli T, de Lange T. The causes and consequences of polyploidy in normal development and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:585-610. [PMID: 21801013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although nearly all mammalian species are diploid, whole-genome duplications occur in select mammalian tissues as part of normal development. Such programmed polyploidization involves changes in the regulatory pathways that normally maintain the diploid state of the mammalian genome. Unscheduled whole-genome duplications, which lead primarily to tetraploid cells, also take place in a substantial fraction of human tumors and have been proposed to constitute an important step in the development of cancer aneuploidy. The origins of these polyploidization events and their consequences for tumor progression are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Davoli
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shen H, Maki CG. p53 and p21(Waf1) are recruited to distinct PML-containing nuclear foci in irradiated and Nutlin-3a-treated U2OS cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1280-90. [PMID: 20803550 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are multiprotein complexes that include PML protein and localize in nuclear foci. PML-NBs are implicated in multiple stress responses, including apoptosis, DNA repair, and p53-dependent growth inhibition. ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs) are specialized PML-NBs that include telomere-repeat binding-factor TRF1 and are exclusively in telomerase-negative tumors where telomere length is maintained through alternative (ALT) recombination mechanisms. We compared cell-cycle and p53 responses in ALT-positive cancer cells (U2OS) exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) or the p53 stabilizer Nutlin-3a. Both IR and Nutlin-3a caused growth arrest and comparable induction of p53. However, p21, whose gene p53 activates, displayed biphasic induction following IR and monophasic induction following Nutlin-3a. p53 was recruited to PML-NBs 3-4 days after IR, approximately coincident with the secondary p21 increase. These p53/PML-NBs marked sites of apparently unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), identified by colocalization with phosphorylated histone H2AX. Both Nutlin-3a and IR caused a large increase in APBs that was dependent on p53 and p21 expression. Moreover, p21, and to a lesser extent p53, was recruited to APBs in a fraction of Nutlin-3a-treated cells. These data indicate (1) p53 is recruited to PML-NBs after IR that likely mark unrepaired DSBs, suggesting p53 may either be further activated at these sites and/or function in their repair; (2) p53-p21 pathway activation increases the percentage of APB-positive cells, (3) p21 and p53 are recruited to ALT-associated PML-NBs after Nutlin-3a treatment, suggesting that they may play a previously unrecognized role in telomere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 W Harrison Ave., Jelke Building, Room 1306, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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