1
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Zhang J, Hu Z, Horta CA, Yang J. Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by tumor microenvironmental signals and its implication in cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:46-66. [PMID: 36521737 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in various aspects of tumor development, including tumor invasion and metastasis, cancer stemness, and therapy resistance. Diverse stroma cell types along with biochemical and biophysical factors in the tumor microenvironment impinge on the EMT program to impact tumor progression. Here we provide an in-depth review of various tumor microenvironmental signals that regulate EMT in cancer. We discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of EMT in therapy resistance and highlight new therapeutic approaches targeting the tumor microenvironment to impact EMT and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhimin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calista A Horta
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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2
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Steiner CA, Cartwright IM, Taylor CT, Colgan SP. Hypoxia-inducible factor as a bridge between healthy barrier function, wound healing, and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C866-C878. [PMID: 35912990 PMCID: PMC9467472 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The healthy mammalian intestine is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells. These cells provide a selectively permeable barrier to luminal contents and normally do so in an efficient and effective manner. Barrier function in the healthy mucosa is provided via several mechanisms including epithelial junctional complexes, mucus production, as well as mucosal-derived antimicrobial proteins. As tissue metabolism is central to the maintenance of homeostasis in the mucosa, intestinal [Formula: see text] levels are uniquely low due to counter-current blood flow and the presence of the microbiota, resulting in the stabilization of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Ongoing studies have revealed that HIF molds normal intestinal metabolism and is central to the coordination of barrier regulation during both homeostasis and active disease. During acute inflammation, HIF is central to controlling the rapid restitution of the epithelium consistent with normal wound healing responses. In contrast, HIF may also contribute to the fibrostenotic response associated with chronic, nonresolving inflammation. As such, HIF may function as a double-edged sword in the overall course of the inflammatory response. Here, we review recent literature on the contribution of HIF to mucosal barrier function, wound healing, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen A Steiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ian M Cartwright
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute and Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
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3
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are master regulators of oxygen homeostasis that match O2 supply and demand for each of the 50 trillion cells in the adult human body. Cancer cells co-opt this homeostatic system to drive cancer progression. HIFs activate the transcription of thousands of genes that mediate angiogenesis, cancer stem cell specification, cell motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix remodeling, glucose and lipid metabolism, immune evasion, invasion, and metastasis. In this Review, the mechanisms and consequences of HIF activation in cancer cells are presented. The current status and future prospects of small-molecule HIF inhibitors for use as cancer therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Department of Genetic Medicine.,Institute for Cell Engineering, and.,Stanley Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Yajima Y, Kosaka A, Ishibashi K, Yasuda S, Komatsuda H, Nagato T, Oikawa K, Kitada M, Takekawa M, Kumai T, Ohara K, Ohkuri T, Kobayashi H. A tumor metastasis-associated molecule TWIST1 is a favorable target for cancer immunotherapy due to its immunogenicity. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2526-2535. [PMID: 35579200 PMCID: PMC9357613 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neoantigens are one of the most favorable targets in cancer immunotherapy, it is less versatile and costly to apply neoantigen-derived cancer vaccines to patients due to individual variation. It is, therefore, important to find highly immunogenic antigens among tumor-specific or associated antigens, which are shared among patients. Considering the cancer immunoediting theory, immunogenic tumor cells cannot survive in early phase of tumor progression including two processes: elimination and equilibrium. We hypothesized that highly immunogenic molecules are allowed to be expressed in tumor cells after immune suppressive tumor microenvironment was established, if these molecules contribute to tumor survival. In the current study, we focused on TWIST1 as a candidate of highly immunogenic antigens because it is upregulated in tumor cells under hypoxia and promotes tumor metastasis, which are observed in late phase of tumor progression. We demonstrated that TWIST1 had an immunogenic peptide sequence TWIST1140-162 , which effectively activated TWIST1-specific CD4+ T-cells. In a short-term culture system, we detected more TWIST1-specific responses in breast cancer patients than in healthy donors. Vaccination with the TWIST1 peptide also showed efficient expansion of TWIST1-reactive HTLs in humanized mice. These findings indicate that TWIST1 is a highly immunogenic shared antigen and a favorable target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kei Ishibashi
- Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yasuda
- Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Komatsuda
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kensuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitada
- Breast Center, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masanori Takekawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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5
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Qi J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xun Z, Li Z, Ding X, Bao R, Hong L, Jia W, Fang F, Liu H, Chen L, Zhong J, Zou D, Liu L, Han L, Ginhoux F, Liu Y, Ye Y, Su B. Single-cell and spatial analysis reveal interaction of FAP + fibroblasts and SPP1 + macrophages in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1742. [PMID: 35365629 PMCID: PMC8976074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common malignancies with limited treatments other than surgery. The tumor microenvironment (TME) profiling enables the discovery of potential therapeutic targets. Here, we profile 54,103 cells from tumor and adjacent tissues to characterize cellular composition and elucidate the potential origin and regulation of tumor-enriched cell types in CRC. We demonstrate that the tumor-specific FAP+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages were positively correlated in 14 independent CRC cohorts containing 2550 samples and validate their close localization by immuno-fluorescent staining and spatial transcriptomics. This interaction might be regulated by chemerin, TGF-β, and interleukin-1, which would stimulate the formation of immune-excluded desmoplasic structure and limit the T cell infiltration. Furthermore, we find patients with high FAP or SPP1 expression achieved less therapeutic benefit from an anti-PD-L1 therapy cohort. Our results provide a potential therapeutic strategy by disrupting FAP+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages interaction to improve immunotherapy. Tumour microenvironment profiling during colorectal cancer progression may enable the discovery of therapeutic targets. Here, single cell and spatial RNA sequencing of tumour and adjacent normal tissues reveals an interaction between FAP+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages that could be disrupted as an immunotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rujuan Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 3 and 4, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Center for Immune-related Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Keulers TG, Koch A, van Gisbergen MW, Barbeau LMO, Zonneveld MI, de Jong MC, Savelkouls KGM, Wanders RG, Bussink J, Melotte V, Rouschop KMA. ATG12 deficiency results in intracellular glutamine depletion, abrogation of tumor hypoxia and a favorable prognosis in cancer. Autophagy 2021; 18:1898-1914. [PMID: 34904929 PMCID: PMC9450974 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.2008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors and is associated with increased tumor progression, resistance to therapy and increased metastasis. Hence, tumor hypoxia is a prognostic factor independent of treatment modality. To survive hypoxia, cells activate macroautophagy/autophagy. Paradoxically, in several cancer types, mutations or loss of essential autophagy genes have been reported that are associated with earlier onset of tumor growth. However, to our knowledge, the phenotypic and therapeutic consequences of autophagy deficiency have remained unexplored. In this study, we determined autophagy-defects in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and observed that expression of ATG12 (autophagy related 12) was lost in 25%-40% of HNSCC. In line, ATG12 loss is associated with absence of hypoxia, as determined by pimonidazole immunohistochemistry. Hence, ATG12 loss is associated with improved prognosis after therapy in two independent HNSCC cohorts and 7 additional cancer types. In vivo, ATG12 targeting resulted in decreased hypoxia tolerance, increased necrosis and sensitivity of the tumor to therapy, but in vitro ATG12-deficient cells displayed enhanced survival in nutrient-rich culture medium. Besides oxygen, delivery of glucose was hampered in hypoxic regions in vivo, which increases the reliance of cells on other carbon sources (e.g., L-glutamine). We observed decreased intracellular L-glutamine levels in ATG12-deficient cells during hypoxia and increased cell killing after L-glutamine depletion, indicating a central role for ATG12 in maintaining L-glutamine homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that ATG12low tumors represent a phenotypically different subtype that, due to the lowered hypoxia tolerance, display a favorable outcome after therapy. Abbreviations: ARCON:accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide; ATG: autophagy related; BrdUrd: bromodeoxyuridine; CA9/CAIX: carbonic anhydrase 9; HIF1A/HIF1α: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HPV: human papilloma virus; HR: hazard ratio; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SLC2A1/GLUT1: solute carrier family 2 member 1; TCGA: the Cancer Genome Atlas; TME: tumor microenvironment; UTR: untranslated region; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Keulers
- Department of Radiotherapy, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Pathology, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marike W van Gisbergen
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lydie M O Barbeau
- Department of Radiotherapy, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke I Zonneveld
- Department of Radiotherapy, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique C de Jong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim G M Savelkouls
- Department of Radiotherapy, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Department of Radiotherapy, Grow - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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Sasagawa T, Nagamatsu T, Yanagisawa M, Fujii T, Shibuya M. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1β is essential for upregulation of the hypoxia-induced FLT1 gene in placental trophoblasts. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 27:6402014. [PMID: 34665260 PMCID: PMC8633902 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental hypoxia and increased levels of maternal blood anti-angiogenic protein, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1), are associated with the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. We have demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α mediates the upregulation of the hypoxia-induced FLT1 gene in trophoblasts and their cell lines. Here, we investigated the involvement of HIF-1β, which acts as a dimerization partner for HIF-α, in the upregulation of the FLT1 gene via hypoxia. We confirmed the interactions between HIF-1β and HIF-2α in the nuclei of BeWo, JAR and JEG-3 cells under hypoxia via co-immunoprecipitation. We found that hypoxia-induced upregulation of the FLT1 gene in BeWo cells and secretion of sFLT1 in human primary trophoblasts were significantly reduced by siRNAs targeting HIF-1β. Moreover, the upregulation of the FLT1 gene in BeWo cells induced by dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) was also inhibited by silencing either HIF-2α or HIF-1β mRNA. It was recently shown that DNA demethylation increases both basal and hypoxia-induced expression levels of the FLT1 gene in three trophoblast-derived cell lines. In the demethylated BeWo cells, siRNAs targeting HIF-2α and HIF-1β suppressed the further increase in the expression levels of the FLT1 gene due to hypoxia or treatment with DMOG. However, luciferase reporter assays and bisulfite sequencing revealed that a hypoxia response element (-966 to -962) of the FLT1 gene is not involved in hypoxia or DMOG-induced upregulation of the FLT1 gene. These findings suggest that HIF-1β is essential for the elevated production of sFLT1 in the hypoxic trophoblasts and that the HIF-2α/HIF-1β complex may be a crucial therapeutic target for pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Sasagawa
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Gunma 370-1393, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manami Yanagisawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masabumi Shibuya
- Institute of Physiology and Medicine, Jobu University, Gunma 370-1393, Japan
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8
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Lu JW, Sun Y, Lin LI, Liu D, Gong Z. Exacerbation of Liver Tumor Metastasis in twist1a+/ xmrk+ Double Transgenic Zebrafish following Lipopolysaccharide or Dextran Sulphate Sodium Exposure. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:867. [PMID: 34577566 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is related directly to metastasis. The Twist1 gene encodes for a transcription factor essential to embryogenesis. It has also been shown to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis; however, there is currently no in vivo evidence that Twist1 plays a role in the metastasis of liver tumors. Zebrafish are increasingly being used as an alternative cancer model. In the current study, an adult-stage zebrafish HCC model was used to examine the synergistic effects of twist1a and xmrk, a well characterized oncogene, during HCC metastasis. We also examined the effects of two inflammatory agents, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), on the hepatocyte-specific expression of transgenic twist1a and xmrk. The conditional overexpression of twist1a and xmrk was shown to promote liver tumor metastasis in zebrafish, resulting in increased apoptosis and cell proliferation as well as tumor maintenance and propagation independent of the inherent EMT-inducing activity of xmrk. Exposing twist1a+/xmrk+ transgenic zebrafish to LPS or DSS was shown to promote metastasis, indicating that the overexpression of twist1a and xmrk led to crosstalk between the signaling pathways involved in EMT. This study provides important evidence pertaining to the largely overlooked effects of signaling crosstalk between twist1a and xmrk in regulating HCC metastasis. Our results also suggest that the co-expression of twist1a/xmrk in conjunction with exposure to LPS or DSS enhances HCC metastasis, and provides a valuable in vivo platform by which to investigate tumor initiation and metastasis in the study of liver cancer.
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9
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Zhu H, Liu X. Advances of Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis at Early Stage, and Cellular Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:666340. [PMID: 34434889 PMCID: PMC8381364 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.666340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, in 2018, 4.8 million new patients have a diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, while 3.4 million people died of such disorders. GI malignancies are tightly relevant to 26% of the world-wide cancer incidence and occupies 35% of all cancer-associated deaths. In this article, we principally investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis in five major GI cancers occurring at esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colorectal region that illustrate high morbidity in Eastern and Western countries. Moreover, through this investigation, we not only emphasize importance of the tumor microenvironment in development and treatment of malignant tumors but also identify significance of M2PK, miRNAs, ctDNAs, circRNAs, and CTCs in early detection of GI cancers, as well as systematically evaluate contribution of personalized precision medicine including cellular immunotherapy, new antigen and vaccine therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy in treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhu
- Precision and Personalized Cancer Treatment Center, Division of Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy, Ciming Boao International Hospital, Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone, Qionghai, China.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Division of Cellular & Biomedical Science, Ciming Boao International Hospital, Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone, Qionghai, China
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10
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Figueiredo RQ, Raschka T, Kodamullil AT, Hofmann-Apitius M, Mubeen S, Domingo-Fernández D. Towards a global investigation of transcriptomic signatures through co-expression networks and pathway knowledge for the identification of disease mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7939-7953. [PMID: 34197603 PMCID: PMC8373148 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempt to address a key question in the joint analysis of transcriptomic data: can we correlate the patterns we observe in transcriptomic datasets to known interactions and pathway knowledge to broaden our understanding of disease pathophysiology? We present a systematic approach that sheds light on the patterns observed in hundreds of transcriptomic datasets from over sixty indications by using pathways and molecular interactions as a template. Our analysis employs transcriptomic datasets to construct dozens of disease specific co-expression networks, alongside a human protein-protein interactome network. Leveraging the interoperability between these two network templates, we explore patterns both common and particular to these diseases on three different levels. Firstly, at the node-level, we identify most and least common proteins across diseases and evaluate their consistency against the interactome as a proxy for their prevalence in the scientific literature. Secondly, we overlay both network templates to analyze common correlations and interactions across diseases at the edge-level. Thirdly, we explore the similarity between patterns observed at the disease-level and pathway knowledge to identify signatures associated with specific diseases and indication areas. Finally, we present a case scenario in schizophrenia, where we show how our approach can be used to investigate disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Queiroz Figueiredo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany.,Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Germany
| | - Alpha Tom Kodamullil
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Causality Biomodels, Kinfra Hi-Tech Park, Kalamassery, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Sarah Mubeen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany.,Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Germany
| | - Daniel Domingo-Fernández
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.,Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Germany.,Enveda Biosciences, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
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11
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Chen F, Hua J, Shen H, Wang H. Effect of TWIST1 Gene on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Human Glioma Cell Line TJ861 by Regulating Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To observe TWIST1 gene expression in human glioma and study the effect human glioma cell line TJ861 on the proliferation and apoptosis, and further explore its potential mechanism to provide some reference for the targeted treatment of glioma in the future. Detection of cancer tissue
(Carcinoma tissue) in 55 patients with glioma by RT-PCR and Expression level of TWIST1 in normal and paracancerous tissues (Adjacent tissue), the human glioma cell line TJ861 was further divided into, Nonsense sequence group, (si-NS group), TWIST1 Inhibition group (si-TWIST1 group) and control
group. The glioma cells of si-NS group and si-TWIST1 group were transfected with nonsense sequence and TWIST1 siRNA respectively by liposome transfection technology. Use CCK8 assay to test the cell proliferation ability of each group at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours; 48 hours after siRNA
transfection, The ability of DNA replication in each group was detected by EdU staining; Apoptosis related protein expression, in each group, was analyzed by Western blot; TUNEL staining was used to test the apoptosis rate of each group; In the end, We studied TWIST1 effect knocking down on
mTOR protein expression in human glioma cells and mTOR protein expression in cancer and adjacent tissues. TWIST1 expression in glioma cells was higher, compared with normal tissues (P <0.05); After transfection of TWIST1 siRNA into human glioma cell line TJ861 in vitro, CCK8
showed glioma cells proliferation ability in si-TWIST1 group at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours was lower, compared with the control group (P <0.05); After siRNA transfection at 48 hours, the DNA replication ability of glioma cells decreased significantly (P <0.05) with EdU
staining; The inhibition of TWIST1 increased Bax expression in glioma cells, and inhibited Bcl-2 expression (P < 0.05) with Western blot; TUNEL staining further confirmed that the apoptosis level of glioma cells in the si-TWIST1 group was higher, compared with the control group (P
<0.05). Finally, we found that mTOR protein expression in glioma was higher, compared with adjacent tissues. in vitro experiments showed that mTOR expression in glioma cells was decreased after the inhibition of TWIST1 (P <0.05). TWIST1 expression level in glioma was increased.
The inhibition of TWIST1 inhibits the proliferation of glioma by blocking the mTOR signal pathway, and promote the apoptosis of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226011, China
| | - Jiajia Hua
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226011, China
| | - HongWei Shen
- Health Management Centre, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai (The East Part), Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - HongLiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226011, China
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12
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Vermeer JAF, Ient J, Markelc B, Kaeppler J, Barbeau LMO, Groot AJ, Muschel RJ, Vooijs MA. A lineage-tracing tool to map the fate of hypoxic tumour cells. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044768. [PMID: 32571767 PMCID: PMC7406318 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoural hypoxia is a common characteristic of malignant treatment-resistant cancers. However, hypoxia-modification strategies for the clinic remain elusive. To date, little is known on the behaviour of individual hypoxic tumour cells in their microenvironment. To explore this issue in a spatial and temporally controlled manner, we developed a genetically encoded sensor by fusing the O2-labile hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein to eGFP and a tamoxifen-regulated Cre recombinase. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is degraded but, under hypoxia, the HIF-1α-GFP-Cre-ERT2 fusion protein is stabilised and in the presence of tamoxifen activates a tdTomato reporter gene that is constitutively expressed in hypoxic progeny. We visualise the random distribution of hypoxic tumour cells from hypoxic or necrotic regions and vascularised areas using immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy. Once tdTomato expression is induced, it is stable for at least 4 weeks. Using this system, we could show in vivo that the post-hypoxic cells were more proliferative than non-labelled cells. Our results demonstrate that single-cell lineage tracing of hypoxic tumour cells can allow visualisation of their behaviour in living tumours using intravital microscopy. This tool should prove valuable for the study of dissemination and treatment response of post-hypoxic tumour cells in vivo at single-cell resolution.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biosensing Techniques
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Tracking
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Intravital Microscopy
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Necrosis
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Time Factors
- Tumor Hypoxia
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A F Vermeer
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Ient
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kaeppler
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lydie M O Barbeau
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J Groot
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Marc A Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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13
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Hong ZY, Li S, Liu X, Leng XM, Miao Z, Kang X, Niu H, Gao MQ, Lu P. Blocking C-Raf alleviated high-dose small-volume radiation-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in mice lung. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11158. [PMID: 32636458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a potential druggable target for lung injury after SABR through the small animal model. Utilising the model, a radiation dose of 70 Gy or 90 Gy was focally (small volume) delivered to the left lung of mice. The highly expressed phosphorylation form of C-Raf was discovered through a protein array experiment, with the protein being extracted from the area of radiated mouse lung tissue, and was confirmed by IHC and western blot. C-Raf activation, along with morphological change and EMT (Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition) marker expression, was observed after radiation to the mouse type II alveolar cell line MLE-12. C-Raf inhibitor GW5074 was able to reverse the EMT in cells effectively, and was found to be dependent on Twist1 expression. In the animal experiment, pretreatment of GW5074 alleviated EMT and lung injury after 70 Gy radiation was focally delivered to the lung of mice. Conclusively, these results demonstrate that C-Raf inhibitor GW5074 inhibits high-dose small-volume radiation-induced EMT via the C-Raf/Twist1 signalling pathway in mice. Therefore, pharmacological C-Raf inhibitors may be used effectively as inhibitors of SABR-induced lung fibrosis.
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14
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Abstract
Background Twist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix domain containing transcription factor that regulates cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, survival, and inflammatory responses by transcriptionally regulating a wide range of downstream target genes. Its homologous protein, Twist2, shares many structural and functional similarities with Twist1. Summary Accumulating evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies suggests that Twist1 is a pivotal regulator of several forms of renal disease. Twist1 is persistently activated following renal insults, particularly in chronic kidney diseases, and contributes to the renal inflammatory responses, tubular cell transformation programs, and possibly fibroblast activation, all of which are involved in the initiation and progression of kidney diseases. Key Message This review will specifically focus on Twist1 and outline our understanding of its functions in kidney disorders along with the introduction of Twist2 where pertinent. The thorough knowledge of Twist1's actions in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafa Ren
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Tirpe AA, Gulei D, Ciortea SM, Crivii C, Berindan-Neagoe I. Hypoxia: Overview on Hypoxia-Mediated Mechanisms with a Focus on the Role of HIF Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6140. [PMID: 31817513 PMCID: PMC6941045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia represents a frequent player in a number of malignancies, contributing to the development of the neoplastic disease. This review will discuss the means by which hypoxia powers the mechanisms behind cancer progression, with a majority of examples from lung cancer, the leading malignancy in terms of incidence and mortality rates (the frequent reference toward lung cancer is also for simplification purposes and follow up of the global mechanism in the context of a disease). The effects induced by low oxygen levels are orchestrated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in cancer progression. Hypoxia induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis through a complex machinery, by mediating various pathways such as TGF-β, PI3k/Akt, Wnt, and Jagged/Notch. Concomitantly, hypoxic environment has a vast implication in angiogenesis by stimulating vessel growth through the HIF-1α/VEGF axis. Low levels of oxygen can also promote the process through several other secondary factors, including ANGPT2, FGF, and HGF. Metabolic adaptations caused by hypoxia include the Warburg effect-a metabolic switch to glycolysis-and GLUT1 overexpression. The switch is achieved by directly increasing the expression of numerous glycolytic enzymes that are isoforms of those found in non-malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Andrei Tirpe
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Diana Gulei
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stefana Maria Ciortea
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.A.T.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Carmen Crivii
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Advanced Medicine-Medfuture, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta”, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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16
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Maxeiner S, Grolleman J, Schmid T, Kammenga J, Hajnal A. The hypoxia-response pathway modulates RAS/MAPK-mediated cell fate decisions in Caenorhabditis elegans. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201800255. [PMID: 31126994 PMCID: PMC6536719 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals need to adjust many cellular functions to oxygen availability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. We have used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to investigate how variations in oxygen concentrations affect cell fate specification during development. Here, we show that several processes controlled by the conserved RTK/RAS/MAPK pathway are sensitive to changes in the atmospheric oxygen concentration. In the vulval precursor cells (VPCs), the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1 activates the expression of the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-57 to counteract RAS/MAPK-induced differentiation. Furthermore, cross-talk between the NOTCH and hypoxia-response pathways modulates the capability of the VPCs to respond to RAS/MAPK signaling. Lateral NOTCH signaling positively regulates the prolyl hydroxylase EGL-9, which promotes HIF-1 degradation in uncommitted VPCs and permits RAS/MAPK-induced differentiation. By inducing DELTA family NOTCH ligands, RAS/MAPK signaling creates a positive feedback loop that represses HIF-1 and NHR-57 expression in the proximal VPCs and keeps them capable of differentiating. This regulatory network formed by the NOTCH, hypoxia, and RAS/MAPK pathways may allow the animals to adapt developmental processes to variations in oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maxeiner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,PhD Program in Molecular Life Sciences, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Judith Grolleman
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kammenga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Hajnal
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Nikhil K, Chang L, Viccaro K, Jacobsen M, McGuire C, Satapathy SR, Tandiary M, Broman MM, Cresswell G, He YJ, Sandusky GE, Ratliff TL, Chowdhury D, Shah K. Identification of LIMK2 as a therapeutic target in castration resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:182-196. [PMID: 30716360 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study identified LIMK2 kinase as a disease-specific target in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) pathogenesis, which is upregulated in response to androgen deprivation therapy, the current standard of treatment for prostate cancer. Surgical castration increases LIMK2 expression in mouse prostates due to increased hypoxia. Similarly, human clinical specimens showed highest LIMK2 levels in CRPC tissues compared to other stages, while minimal LIMK2 was observed in normal prostates. Most notably, inducible knockdown of LIMK2 fully reverses CRPC tumorigenesis in castrated mice, underscoring its potential as a clinical target for CRPC. We also identified TWIST1 as a direct substrate of LIMK2, which uncovered the molecular mechanism of LIMK2-induced malignancy. TWIST1 is strongly associated with CRPC initiation, progression and poor prognosis. LIMK2 increases TWIST1 mRNA levels upon hypoxia; and stabilizes TWIST1 by direct phosphorylation. TWIST1 also stabilizes LIMK2 by inhibiting its ubiquitylation. Phosphorylation-dead TWIST1 acts as dominant negative and fully prevents EMT and tumor formation in vivo, thereby highlighting the significance of LIMK2-TWIST1 signaling axis in CRPC. As LIMK2 null mice are viable, targeting LIMK2 should have minimal collateral toxicity, thereby improving the overall survival of CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Nikhil
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Keith Viccaro
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Callista McGuire
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shakti R Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Tandiary
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Meaghan M Broman
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gregory Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yizhou J He
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, Room A-128, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Room HIM-229, 4 Blackfan Cir, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kavita Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors have been identified as regulators of adaptive responses to hypoxia. Over the past 20 years, more than 8000 papers have described their increasingly complex role and regulation in cancer. Presently, it is recognized that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are regulated by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent mechanisms in cancer development; the list of their targets has increased to include more than 500 genes involved in most hallmarks of cancer. Areas covered: Most literature describes the function of HIF factors in solid tumors; however, in the past 10 years, evidence has steadily accumulated to indicate that HIFs are implicated in hematological malignancies. This review summarizes our current understanding of the function and regulation of HIF factors in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Moreover, we provide an update on pharmacological inhibitors of this pathway that have shown promising therapeutic effects in clinical trials or leukemia pre-clinical models. Expert opinion: The inhibition of the function of HIF factors may provide an interesting approach for treating leukemia. We posit that before moving into the clinic, we should (i) fully characterize the outcome of HIF inhibition in specific leukemia contexts (ii) test the possibility of combining HIF-targeting strategies with cytotoxic compounds and (iii) consider patient selection to increase therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Magliulo
- a Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan , Italy.,b Preclinical Models of Cancer Laboratory, Division of Experimental Oncology , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Rosa Bernardi
- b Preclinical Models of Cancer Laboratory, Division of Experimental Oncology , San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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19
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Lin YC, Liu LC, Ho CT, Hung CM, Way TD. Luteolin inhibits ER-α expression through ILK inhibition is regulated by a pathway involving Twist and YB-1. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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20
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Yuan B, Ji W, Xia H, Li J. Combined analysis of gene expression and genome binding profiles identified potential therapeutic targets of ciclopirox in Ewing sarcoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4291-4298. [PMID: 29328472 PMCID: PMC5802202 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciclopirox (CPX) is a synthetic antifungal drug that is mainly used to treat dermatomycoses. The aim of the present study was to determine whether CPX could influence Ewing sarcoma progression. The present study suggested that CPX treatment may inhibit Ewing sarcoma (ES) progression through Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1-Friend leukemia integration 1 (EWS-FLI1), a common fusion transcript structure in patients with ES. To determine the underlying mechanisms of ES progression, cross analysis was conducted on three high-throughput genome or transcript me datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The results indicated that CPX may inhibit ES growth by affecting vasculature development and DNA replication. A combination of genome-wide expression and binding profiles revealed several potential targets for CPX in ES, including collagen type I α2 chain, N-myc proto-oncogene and transforming growth factor β1, which contained significantly enriched binding peaks of FLI1. In addition, network analysis, including a protein-protein interaction network and a transcription regulatory network, provided further detailed information about the roles of CPX in ES. This study may provide a novel solution for ES treatment and may also aid in improving its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
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21
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Hezam K, Jiang J, Sun F, Zhang X, Zhang J. Artemin promotes oncogenicity, metastasis and drug resistance in cancer cells. Rev Neurosci 2017; 29:93-98. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a member of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands, and its signaling is mediated via a multi-component receptor complex including the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptors a (GFRa1, GFRa3) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. The major mechanism of ARTN action is via binding to a non-signaling co-receptor. The major function of ARTN is to drive the molecule to induce migration and axonal projection from sympathetic neurons. It also promotes the survival, proliferation and neurite outgrowth of sympathetic neurons in vitro. ARTN triggers oncogenicity and metastasis by the activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Recent studies have reported that the expression of ARTN in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased tumor size, quick relapse and shorter survival. Furthermore, ARTN promotes drug resistance such as antiestrogens, doxorubicin, fulvestrant, paclitaxel, tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Moreover, ARTN also stimulates the radio-therapeutic resistance. This review highlights the proposed roles of ARTN in cancer cells and discusses recent results supporting its emerging role as an oncogenic, metastatic and drug-resisting agent with a special focus on how these new insights may facilitate rational development of ARTN for targeted therapies in the future.
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22
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Chen X, Peng H, Xiao J, Guan A, Xie B, He B, Chen Q. Benzo(a)pyrene enhances the EMT-associated migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by upregulating Twist1. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2141-2147. [PMID: 28791412 PMCID: PMC5652958 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), an important toxic component of cigarette smoke, can cause lung cancer and lead to the progression of lung cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of BaP on the migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. BaP (1 µM) promoted the migration of A549 cells in a time-dependent manner and upregulated the expression of the Twist family BHLH transcription factor 1 (Twist1). BaP also induced upregulation of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin and downregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin. When the expression of Twist1 was knocked down in A549 cells that were treated with BaP for 4 weeks (A549BaP-4w), the expression of Twist1 decreased, which inhibited the migration capacity of A549BaP-4w cells, the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin was downregulated and the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated. In addition, morphological observations of A549BaP-4w cells revealed that the epithelial characteristics of A549 cells became mesenchymal characteristics. When the expression of Twist1 was knocked down, the A549BaP-4w cells were transformed back to cells with epithelial characteristics. In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that BaP enhances the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated migration of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by upregulating Twist1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Anqi Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bixiu He
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Legras A, Pécuchet N, Imbeaud S, Pallier K, Didelot A, Roussel H, Gibault L, Fabre E, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Laurent-Puig P, Blons H. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E101. [PMID: 28771186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9080101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the major cause of cancer-related death in developed countries. Metastasis and drug resistance are the main factors contributing to relapse and death. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex molecular and cellular process involved in tissue remodelling that was extensively studied as an actor of tumour progression, metastasis and drug resistance in many cancer types and in lung cancers. Here we described with an emphasis on NSCLC how the changes in signalling pathways, transcription factors expression or microRNAs that occur in cancer promote EMT. Understanding the biology of EMT will help to define reversing process and treatment strategies. We will see that this complex mechanism is related to inflammation, cell mobility and stem cell features and that it is a dynamic process. The existence of intermediate phenotypes and tumour heterogeneity may be debated in the literature concerning EMT markers, EMT signatures and clinical consequences in NSCLC. However, given the role of EMT in metastasis and in drug resistance the development of EMT inhibitors is an interesting approach to counteract tumour progression and drug resistance. This review describes EMT involvement in cancer with an emphasis on NSCLC and microRNA regulation.
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24
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Shin S, Im HJ, Kwon YJ, Ye DJ, Baek HS, Kim D, Choi HK, Chun YJ. Human steroid sulfatase induces Wnt/β-catenin signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by upregulating Twist1 and HIF-1α in human prostate and cervical cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61604-61617. [PMID: 28977889 PMCID: PMC5617449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid sulfatase (STS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to their unconjugated biologically active forms. Although STS is considered a therapeutic target for estrogen-dependent diseases, the cellular functions of STS remain unclear. We found that STS induces Wnt/β-catenin s Delete ignaling in PC-3 and HeLa cells. STS increases levels of β-catenin, phospho-β-catenin, and phospho-GSK3β. Enhanced translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus by STS might activate transcription of target genes such as cyclin D1, c-myc, and MMP-7. STS knockdown by siRNA resulted in downregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. β-Catenin/TCF-mediated transcription was also enhanced by STS. STS induced an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as it reduced the levels of E-cadherin, whereas levels of mesenchymal markers such as N-cadherin and vimentin were enhanced. We found that STS induced Twist1 expression through HIFα activation as HIF-1α knockdown significantly blocks the ability of STS to induce Twist1 transcription. Furthermore, DHEA, but not DHEAS is capable of inducing Twist1. Treatment with a STS inhibitor prevented STS-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Twist1 expression. Interestingly, cancer cell migration, invasion, and MMPs expression induced by STS were also inhibited by a STS inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that STS induces Wnt/β-catenin signaling and EMT by upregulating Twist1 and HIF-1α. The ability of STS to induce the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and EMT has profound implications on estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Im
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jung Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Ye
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chun
- College of Pharmacy and Center for Metareceptome Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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25
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Abstract
Cancer is often characterised by the presence of hypoxia and inflammation. Paramount to the mechanisms controlling cellular responses under such stress stimuli, are the transcription factor families of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) and Nuclear Factor of κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Although, a detailed understating of how these transcription factors respond to their cognate stimulus is well established, it is now appreciated that HIF and NF-κB undergo extensive crosstalk, in particular in pathological situations such as cancer. Here, we focus on the current knowledge on how HIF is activated by inflammation and how NF-κB is modulated by hypoxia. We summarise the evidence for the possible mechanism behind this activation and how HIF and NF-κB function impacts cancer, focusing on colorectal, breast and lung cancer. We discuss possible new points of therapeutic intervention aiming to harness the current understanding of the HIF-NF-κB crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Ignazio
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
| | - Michael Batie
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
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26
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Wei C, Cheng J, Zhou B, Zhu L, Khan MA, He T, Zhou S, He J, Lu X, Chen H, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Fu J. Tripartite motif containing 28 (TRIM28) promotes breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1 protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29822. [PMID: 27412325 DOI: 10.1038/srep29822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM28 regulates its target genes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Here we report that a TRIM28-TWIST1-EMT axis exists in breast cancer cells and TRIM28 promotes breast cancer metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1 and subsequently enhancing EMT. We find that TRIM28 is highly expressed in both cancer cell lines and advanced breast cancer tissues, and the levels of TRIM28 and TWIST1 are positively correlated with the aggressiveness of breast carcinomas. Overexpression and depletion of TRIM28 up- and down-regulates the protein, but not the mRNA levels of TWIST1, respectively, suggesting that TRIM28 upregulates TWIST1 post-transcriptionally. Overexpression of TRIM28 in breast cancer cell line promotes cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of TRIM28 reduces the protein level of TWIST1 with concurrent upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and consequently inhibits cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that TRIM28 interacts with TWIST1 directly and this interaction is presumed to protect TWIST1 from degradation. Our study revealed a novel mechanism in breast cancer cells that TRIM28 enhances metastasis by stabilizing TWIST1, suggesting that targeting TRIM28 could be an efficacious strategy in breast cancer treatment.
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27
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Stroehlein AJ, Young ND, Hall RS, Korhonen PK, Hofmann A, Sternberg PW, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. CAP protein superfamily members in Toxocara canis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:360. [PMID: 27342979 PMCID: PMC4921028 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) superfamily are recognized or proposed to play roles in parasite development and reproduction, and in modulating host immune attack and infection processes. However, little is known about these proteins for most parasites. RESULTS In the present study, we explored CAP proteins of Toxocara canis, a socioeconomically important zoonotic roundworm. To do this, we mined and curated transcriptomic and genomic data, predicted and curated full-length protein sequences (n = 28), conducted analyses of these data and studied the transcription of respective genes in different developmental stages of T. canis. In addition, based on information available for Caenorhabditis elegans, we inferred that selected genes (including lon-1, vap-1, vap-2, scl-1, scl-8 and scl-11 orthologs) of T. canis and their interaction partners likely play central roles in this parasite's development and/or reproduction via TGF-beta and/or insulin-like signaling pathways, or via host interactions. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study could provide a foundation to guide future studies of CAP proteins of T. canis and related parasites, and might assist in finding new interventions against diseases caused by these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Stroehlein
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross S Hall
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul W Sternberg
- HHMI and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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28
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Scully D, Keane E, Batt E, Karunakaran P, Higgins DF, Itasaki N. Hypoxia promotes production of neural crest cells in the embryonic head. Development 2016; 143:1742-52. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Hypoxia is encountered in either pathological or physiological conditions, the latter of which is seen in amniote embryos prior to the commencement of a functional blood circulation. During the hypoxic stage, a large number of neural crest cells arise from the head neural tube by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As EMT-like cancer dissemination can be promoted by hypoxia, we investigated whether hypoxia contributes to embryonic EMT. Using chick embryos, we show that the hypoxic cellular response, mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, is required to produce a sufficient number of neural crest cells. Among the genes that are involved in neural crest cell development, some genes are more sensitive to hypoxia than others, demonstrating that the effect of hypoxia is gene specific. Once blood circulation becomes fully functional, the embryonic head no longer produces neural crest cells in vivo, despite the capability to do so in a hypoxia-mimicking condition in vitro, suggesting that the oxygen supply helps to stop emigration of neural crest cells in the head. These results highlight the importance of hypoxia in normal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Scully
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eleanor Keane
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emily Batt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK
| | | | - Debra F. Higgins
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK
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29
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Palumbo-Zerr K, Soare A, Zerr P, Liebl A, Mancuso R, Tomcik M, Sumova B, Dees C, Chen CW, Wohlfahrt T, Mallano T, Distler A, Ramming A, Gelse K, Mihai C, Distler O, Schett G, Distler JHW. Composition of TWIST1 dimers regulates fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:244-251. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ObjectivesTWIST1 is a member of the class B of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulates cell lineage determination and differentiation and has been implicated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TWIST1 for the activation of resident fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis (SSc).MethodsThe expression of Twist1 in fibroblasts was modulated by forced overexpression or siRNA-mediated knockdown. Interaction of Twist1, E12 and inhibitor Of differentiation (Id) was analysed by co-immunoprecipitation. The role of Twist1 in vivo was evaluated using inducible, conditional knockout mice with either ubiquitous or fibroblast-specific depletion of Twist1. Mice were either challenged with bleomycin or overexpressing a constitutively active transforming growth factor (TGF)β receptor I.ResultThe expression of TWIST1 was increased in fibroblasts in fibrotic human and murine skin in a TGFβ/SMAD3-dependent manner. TWIST1 in turn enhanced TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation in a p38-dependent manner. The stimulatory effects of TWIST1 on resident fibroblasts were mediated by TWIST1 homodimers. TGFβ promotes the formation of TWIST1 homodimers by upregulation of TWIST1 and by induction of inhibitor of DNA-binding proteins, which have high affinity for E12/E47 and compete against TWIST1 for E12/E47 binding. Mice with selective depletion of Twist1 in fibroblasts are protected from experimental skin fibrosis in different murine models to a comparable degree as mice with ubiquitous depletion of Twist1.ConclusionsOur data identify TWIST1 as a central pro-fibrotic factor in SSc, which facilitates fibroblast activation by amplifying TGFβ signalling. Targeting of TWIST1 may thus be a novel approach to normalise aberrant TGFβ signalling in SSc.
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30
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Yang J, Lian W, Sun L, Qi D, Ding Y, Zhang X. High nuclear expression of Twist1 in the skeletal extramedullary disease of myeloma patients predicts inferior survival. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Park EC, Rongo C. The p38 MAP kinase pathway modulates the hypoxia response and glutamate receptor trafficking in aging neurons. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26731517 PMCID: PMC4775213 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are sensitive to low oxygen (hypoxia) and employ a conserved pathway to combat its effects. Here, we show that p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK) modulates this hypoxia response pathway in C. elegans. Mutants lacking p38 MAPK components pmk-1 or sek-1 resemble mutants lacking the hypoxia response component and prolyl hydroxylase egl-9, with impaired subcellular localization of Mint orthologue LIN-10, internalization of glutamate receptor GLR-1, and depression of GLR-1-mediated behaviors. Loss of p38 MAPK impairs EGL-9 protein localization in neurons and activates the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1, suggesting that p38 MAPK inhibits the hypoxia response pathway through EGL-9. As animals age, p38 MAPK levels decrease, resulting in GLR-1 internalization; this age-dependent downregulation can be prevented through either p38 MAPK overexpression or removal of CDK-5, an antagonizing kinase. Our findings demonstrate that p38 MAPK inhibits the hypoxia response pathway and determines how aging neurons respond to hypoxia through a novel mechanism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12010.001 The brain accounts for 2% of our body weight, but consumes about 20% of our oxygen intake. This oxygen gluttony is due to the tremendous appetite of brain cells for energy, which neurons satisfy through oxygen-dependent (aerobic) metabolism. As a result, the loss of oxygen to the brain during a stroke, heart attack, or due to another medical condition can be very damaging to cells in the brain. Human and other animal cells use a communication system called the hypoxia response pathway to sense oxygen and trigger a protective response when oxygen is low. This pathway includes an enzyme called prolyl hydroxylase, which senses oxygen and modifies another protein in the pathway that regulates the production of enzymes involved in metabolism. This alters the balance of enzymes involved in aerobic and oxygen-independent (anaerobic) metabolism in the cell. However, it is not clear how the activity of the prolyl hydroxylase is regulated. Much of our knowledge about the hypoxia response pathway has been gained from studies using a small worm called C. elegans. This worm uses the pathway to cope with hypoxia in the harsh environment of the soil. Mutant worms that lack the prolyl hydroxylase have several abnormalities including higher levels of anaerobic metabolism even in the presence of oxygen, and defects in the connections between neurons. Park and Rongo used C. elegans to study the pathway in more detail. The experiments show that another enzyme called p38 MAPK activates the prolyl hydroxylase. Mutant worms that lack this enzyme have similar abnormalities in the hypoxia response pathway as animals that lack the prolyl hydroxylase. In normal worms, decreasing levels of p38 MAPK as the animals grow older contribute to the decline in the nervous system. The p38 MAPK enzyme appears to work by regulating the activity of the prolyl hydroxylase and its location inside neurons. These findings provide a new target for the development of drugs that may help to protect us from tissue damage caused by hypoxia. Future challenges are to find out what activates p38 MAPK, and how it influences the location of prolyl hydroxylase in neurons. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12010.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Park
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, United States.,Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, United States
| | - Christopher Rongo
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, United States.,Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, United States
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32
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Tsakos M, Clement LL, Schaffert ES, Olsen FN, Rupiani S, Djurhuus R, Yu W, Jacobsen KM, Villadsen NL, Poulsen TB. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rakicidin A and Discovery of a Simplified Bioactive Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1030-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Tsakos
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Lise L. Clement
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Eva S. Schaffert
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Frank N. Olsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Rupiani
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Rasmus Djurhuus
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kristian M. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Nikolaj L. Villadsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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33
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Tsakos M, Clement LL, Schaffert ES, Olsen FN, Rupiani S, Djurhuus R, Yu W, Jacobsen KM, Villadsen NL, Poulsen TB. Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rakicidin A and Discovery of a Simplified Bioactive Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Tsakos
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Lise L. Clement
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Eva S. Schaffert
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Frank N. Olsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Rupiani
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Rasmus Djurhuus
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kristian M. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Nikolaj L. Villadsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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34
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Feitelson MA, Arzumanyan A, Kulathinal RJ, Blain SW, Holcombe RF, Mahajna J, Marino M, Martinez-Chantar ML, Nawroth R, Sanchez-Garcia I, Sharma D, Saxena NK, Singh N, Vlachostergios PJ, Guo S, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Bilsland A, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Keith WN, Nowsheen S. Sustained proliferation in cancer: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S25-S54. [PMID: 25892662 PMCID: PMC4898971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rob J Kulathinal
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stacy W Blain
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Randall F Holcombe
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- MIGAL-Galilee Technology Center, Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, V.le G. Marconi, 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria L Martinez-Chantar
- Metabolomic Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neeraj K Saxena
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Neetu Singh
- Tissue and Cell Culture Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YG, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmonas Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
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Wei SC, Yang J. Forcing through Tumor Metastasis: The Interplay between Tissue Rigidity and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:111-120. [PMID: 26508691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the tumor microenvironment have been increasingly recognized as potent modulators of cell behavior and function. In particular, tissue rigidity is functionally important during tumor progression. In this review, we survey recent advances in our understanding of the role of tissue rigidity in tumor progression and metastasis, the mechanisms by which mechanical cues integrate with biochemical signals from the microenvironment, and the underlying mechanotransduction pathways involved in tumor progression. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and defining cellular mechanotransduction pathways and the breadth of signals derived from the tumor microenvironment that influence tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Current address: Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
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Abstract
Since the application of molecular biology in cancer biology, lung cancer research has classically focused on molecular drivers of disease. One such pathway, the hypoxic response pathway, is activated by reduced local oxygen concentrations at the tumor site. Hypoxia-driven gene and protein changes enhance epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, remodel the extracellular matrix, drive drug resistance, support cancer stem cells and aid evasion from immune cells. However, it is not the tumor cells alone which drive this response to hypoxia, but rather their interaction with a complex milieu of supporting cells. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of how these cells contribute to the tumor response to hypoxia in non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Mohandas N, Young ND, Jabbar A, Korhonen PK, Koehler AV, Amani P, Hall RS, Sternberg PW, Jex AR, Hofmann A, Gasser RB. The barber's pole worm CAP protein superfamily--A basis for fundamental discovery and biotechnology advances. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1744-54. [PMID: 26239368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic worm proteins that belong to the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related 1 (CAP) superfamily are proposed to play key roles in the infection process and the modulation of immune responses in host animals. However, there is limited information on these proteins for most socio-economically important worms. Here, we review the CAP protein superfamily of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm), a highly significant parasitic roundworm (order Strongylida) of small ruminants. To do this, we mined genome and transcriptomic datasets, predicted and curated full-length amino acid sequences (n=45), undertook systematic phylogenetic analyses of these data and investigated transcription throughout the life cycle of H. contortus. We inferred functions for selected Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs (including vap-1, vap-2, scl-5 and lon-1) based on genetic networking and by integrating data and published information, and were able to infer that a subset of orthologs and their interaction partners play pivotal roles in growth and development via the insulin-like and/or the TGF-beta signalling pathways. The identification of the important and conserved growth regulator LON-1 led us to appraise the three-dimensional structure of this CAP protein by comparative modelling. This model revealed the presence of different topological moieties on the canonical fold of the CAP domain, which coincide with an overall charge separation as indicated by the electrostatic surface potential map. These observations suggest the existence of separate sites for effector binding and receptor interactions, and thus support the proposal that these worm molecules act in similar ways as venoms act as ligands for chemokine receptors or G protein-coupled receptor effectors. In conclusion, this review should guide future molecular studies of these molecules, and could support the development of novel interventions against haemonchosis.
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Hartin SN, Hudson ML, Yingling C, Ackley BD. A Synthetic Lethal Screen Identifies a Role for Lin-44/Wnt in C. elegans Embryogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121397. [PMID: 25938228 PMCID: PMC4418752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C. elegans proteins PTP-3/LAR-RPTP and SDN-1/Syndecan are conserved cell adhesion molecules. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in either ptp-3 or sdn-1 result in low penetrance embryonic developmental defects. Work from other systems has shown that syndecans can function as ligands for LAR receptors in vivo. We used double mutant analysis to test whether ptp-3 and sdn-1 function in a linear genetic pathway during C. elegans embryogenesis. RESULTS We found animals with LOF in both sdn-1 and ptp-3 exhibited a highly penetrant synthetic lethality (SynLet), with only a small percentage of animals surviving to adulthood. Analysis of the survivors demonstrated that these animals had a synergistic increase in the penetrance of embryonic developmental defects. Together, these data strongly suggested PTP-3 and SDN-1 function in parallel during embryogenesis. We subsequently used RNAi to knockdown ~3,600 genes predicted to encode secreted and/or transmembrane molecules to identify genes that interacted with ptp-3 or sdn-1. We found that the Wnt ligand, lin-44, was SynLet with sdn-1, but not ptp-3. We used 4-dimensional time-lapse analysis to characterize the interaction between lin-44 and sdn-1. We found evidence that loss of lin-44 caused defects in the polarization and migration of endodermal precursors during gastrulation, a previously undescribed role for lin-44 that is strongly enhanced by the loss of sdn-1. CONCLUSIONS PTP-3 and SDN-1 function in compensatory pathways during C. elegans embryonic and larval development, as simultaneous loss of both genes has dire consequences for organismal survival. The Wnt ligand lin-44 contributes to the early stages of gastrulation in parallel to sdn-1, but in a genetic pathway with ptp-3. Overall, the SynLet phenotype provides a robust platform to identify ptp-3 and sdn-1 interacting genes, as well as other genes that function in development, yet might be missed in traditional forward genetic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Hartin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Hudson
- Department of Biology and Physics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States of America
| | - Curtis Yingling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Ackley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo X, Tian Z, Wang X, Pan S, Huang W, Shen Y, Gui Y, Duan X, Cai Z. Regulation of histone demethylase KDM6B by hypoxia-inducible factor-2α. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:106-13. [PMID: 25520177 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6B (KDM6B) is a histone H3K27 demethylase, which specifically catalyzes the demethylation of H3 lysine-27 tri/dimethylation (H3K27me3/2). KDM6B can activate gene transcription by promoting transcriptional elongation which is associated with RNA polymerase II and related elongation factors. So KDM6B is important for the regulation of gene expression. Previous studies have indicated that several histone demethylases such as KDM3A, KDM4B, and KDM4C are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). But, the effect of hypoxia on KDM6B is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the expression levels of KDM6B mRNA and protein are modestly up-regulated under hypoxia (1% O2) or mimic hypoxia (desferrioxamine mesylate or CoCl2 treatment) (P<0.05). The result of RNAi shows that the up-regulation of KDM6B is dependent on HIF-2α, but not on HIF-1α. The result of chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicates that there is a hypoxia response element in KDM6B promoter (-4041 to -4037). The result of Co-IP assay indicates that KDM6B can form complex with HIF-2α or HIF-1α. The knockdown experiment implies that KDM6B is a potential regulator for HIF-2α target genes. These data demonstrate that KDM6B is a new hypoxia response gene regulated by HIF-2α. Our results also show that KDM6B is a potential co-activator of HIF-α, which is important for the activation of hypoxia response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhantao Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Xuliang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Shuhong Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Yongqing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xianglin Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, China
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Abstract
Mammals have developed evolutionarily conserved programs of transcriptional response to hypoxia and inflammation. These stimuli commonly occur together in vivo and there is significant crosstalk between the transcription factors that are classically understood to respond to either hypoxia or inflammation. This crosstalk can be used to modulate the overall response to environmental stress. Several common disease processes are characterised by aberrant transcriptional programs in response to environmental stress. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of the hypoxia-responsive (hypoxia-inducible factor) and inflammatory (nuclear factor-κB) transcription factor families and their crosstalk in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, with relevance for future therapies for the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Biddlestone
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel Bandarra
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Iguchi N, Hou A, Koul HK, Wilcox DT. Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Mice May Cause E-Cadherin Repression through Hypoxia Induced Pathway. J Urol 2014; 192:964-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Iguchi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado (AH, DTW), Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy Hou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado (AH, DTW), Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hari K. Koul
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado (AH, DTW), Aurora, Colorado
| | - Duncan T. Wilcox
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado (AH, DTW), Aurora, Colorado
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Muhlrad PJ, Clark JN, Nasri U, Sullivan NG, LaMunyon CW. SPE-8, a protein-tyrosine kinase, localizes to the spermatid cell membrane through interaction with other members of the SPE-8 group spermatid activation signaling pathway in C. elegans. BMC Genet 2014; 15:83. [PMID: 25022984 PMCID: PMC4105102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The SPE-8 group gene products transduce the signal for spermatid activation initiated by extracellular zinc in C. elegans. Mutations in the spe-8 group genes result in hermaphrodite-derived spermatids that cannot activate to crawling spermatozoa, although spermatids from mutant males activate through a pathway induced by extracellular TRY-5 protease present in male seminal fluid. Results Here, we identify SPE-8 as a member of a large family of sperm-expressed non-receptor-like protein-tyrosine kinases. A rescuing SPE-8::GFP translational fusion reporter localizes to the plasma membrane in all spermatogenic cells from the primary spermatocyte stage through spermatids. Once spermatids become activated to spermatozoa, the reporter moves from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Mutations in the spe-8 group genes spe-12, spe-19, and spe-27 disrupt localization of the reporter to the plasma membrane, while localization appears near normal in a spe-29 mutant background. Conclusions These results suggest that the SPE-8 group proteins form a functional complex localized at the plasma membrane, and that SPE-8 is correctly positioned only when all members of the SPE-8 group are present, with the possible exception of SPE-29. Further, SPE-8 is released from the membrane when the activation signal is transduced into the spermatid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Craig W LaMunyon
- Department of Biological Science, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 W, Temple Ave, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
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Merindol N, Riquet A, Szablewski V, Eliaou JF, Puisieux A, Bonnefoy N. The emerging role of Twist proteins in hematopoietic cells and hematological malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e206. [PMID: 24769647 PMCID: PMC4003416 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twist1 and Twist2 (Twist1–2) are two transcription factors, members of the basic helix-loop-helix family, that have been well established as master transcriptional regulators of embryogenesis and developmental programs of mesenchymal cell lineages. Their role in oncogenesis in epithelium-derived cancer and in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition has also been thoroughly characterized. Recently, emerging evidence also suggests a key role for Twist1–2 in the function and development of hematopoietic cells, as well as in survival and development of numerous hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the latest data that depict the role of Twist1–2 in monocytes, T cells and B lymphocyte activation, and in associated hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Merindol
- Université de Lyon and INSERM U1111, Lyon, France
| | - A Riquet
- Université de Lyon and INSERM U1111, Lyon, France
| | - V Szablewski
- 1] IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Département de Biopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier et Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - J-F Eliaou
- 1] IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France [2] Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Montpellier et Faculté de Médecine, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - A Puisieux
- Centre de Receherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM UMR-S1052, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - N Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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Luo X, Dong Z, Chen Y, Yang L, Lai D. Enrichment of ovarian cancer stem-like cells is associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition through an miRNA-activated AKT pathway. Cell Prolif 2014; 46:436-46. [PMID: 23869765 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence has indicated that ovarian epithelial cancer-type cells under serum-free culture conditions can form spheroid cells and exhibit characteristics expected of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). However, the mechanism by which differentiated ovarian cancer cells acquire stem-cell properties during CSC enrichment has needed to be elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) can generate CSCs and be associated with tumour aggressiveness and metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovarian epithelial cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and HO8920, were cultured for spheroid cells and adherent cells. CSC enrichment was investigated using MTT assay, flow cytometery and qRT-PCR and expression level of PI3K/AKT pathway components was analysed by western blotting. RESULTS Compared to adherent cells, the spheroid cells expressed mesenchymal markers highly and exhibited significantly more motility; we also observed increases in phosphate AKT1 levels in the spheroid cells. Moreover, transfection of miR-20a or miR-200c led to corresponding reduction in endogenous PTEN protein, while AKT1 and phosphate AKT1 levels were upregulated in miRNAs-transfected cells. Finally, PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 reduced expressions of mesenchymal markers and stem-cell gene activity in spheroid cells, enhancing sensitivity of spheroid cells to paclitaxel treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that EMT contributed to enrichment of ovarian CSCs in vitro, making EMT targeting in epithelial ovarian cancer a novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Luo
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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Wang N, Luo HJ, Yin GB, Dong CR, Xu M, Chen GG, Liu ZM. Overexpression of HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 is associated with lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:589423. [PMID: 24288553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and assesses the association of their expression with clinicopathological indicators. HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 protein expression in 129 PTCs, 61 nodular hyperplasia, and 118 normal thyroid tissue specimens was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. The protein expression levels of these three molecules were upregulated in PTCs. High protein expression of HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 protein expression was correlated with one another. Concomitant high expression of these molecules had stronger correlation with LNM than did each alone (P = 0.032 for HIF-2α/TWIST, P < 0.001 for HIF-2α/CXCR4, P = 0.018 for TWIST/CXCR4, and P < 0.001 for HIF-2α/TWIST/CXCR4). Additionally, HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 mRNA expression were assessed in 30 PTCs, 10 nodular hyperplasia, and 10 normal thyroid tissue specimens using real-time RT-PCR. TWIST and CXCR4 mRNA expression levels were up-regulated in PTCs, and high mRNA expression of TWIST and CXCR4 was significantly correlated with LNM (P = 0.005 and P = 0.010, resp.). These results demonstrated that the evaluation of HIF-2α, TWIST, and CXCR4 expression in PTC may be useful in predicting the risk of LNM.
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Aoyagi K, Tamaoki M, Nishumura T, Sasaki H. Technical considerations for analyzing EMT-MET data from surgical samples. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:105-10. [PMID: 23933174 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With an increase of neoadjuvant therapy, biopsy samples have become imperative for cancer research; however, what kind of difference between surgical and endoscopic biopsy samples in gene expression profiles was still unclear. Recently, we reported artificially induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (aiEMT) in the surgical samples by comparison between gene expression profiles of both samples of the esophagus. This was also found in mouse epithelium under an ischemic condition for 4h. This study will evoke underestimation of the prognostic evaluation power of EMT related markers in past cancer research and prevalence of biopsy samples for in vivo expression profiling with low biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Aoyagi
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Nabatov AA, Hatzis P, Rouschop KMA, van Diest P, Vooijs M. Hypoxia inducible NOD2 interacts with 3-O-sulfogalactoceramide and regulates vesicular homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5277-86. [PMID: 23880069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen sensing in mammalian cells is a conserved signaling pathway regulated by hypoxia inducible factor type 1 (HIF-1). Inadequate oxygen supply (hypoxia) is common to many pathological disorders where autophagy plays an import role. The aim of this study was the identification and characterization of novel HIF-1 target genes that promote autophagy during hypoxia. METHODS Whole genome Chromatin Immune Precipitation from hypoxic HeLa cells was used to identify novel HIF-1 target genes. Hypoxia induced expression and transcription regulation was studied in wild type and HIF-deficient cells. siRNA silencing of candidate genes was used to establish their role during autophagy. Recombinant protein was used for screening immobilized glycosylated lipids to identify potential ligands. RESULTS We identified the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2/CARD15) as a novel HIF-1 target and 3-O-sulfo-galactoceramide (sulfatide) and Mycobacterium sp. specific sulfolipid-1 as the first NOD2 ligands that both compete for binding to NOD2. Loss of NOD2 function impaired autophagy upstream of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine by reducing the number of acidic vesicles. Inhibition of sulfatide synthesis elicited defects in autophagy similar to the NOD2 loss of function but did not influence NOD2-mediated NF-kB signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the interaction of NOD2 with sulfatide may mediate the balance between autophagy and inflammation in hypoxic cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings may lead to a better understanding of complex inflammatory pathologies like Crohn's disease and tuberculosis where both NOD2 and hypoxia are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Nabatov
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO/GROW Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Twist, the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is involved in the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), which play an essential role in cancer metastasis. Overexpression of Twist or its promoter methylation is a common scenario in metastatic carcinomas. Twist is activated by a variety of signal transduction pathways, including Akt, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ras, and Wnt signaling. Activated Twist upregulates N-cadherin and downregulates E-cadherin, which are the hallmarks of EMT. Moreover, Twist plays an important role in some physiological processes involved in metastasis, like angiogenesis, invadopodia, extravasation, and chromosomal instability. Twist also protects cancer cells from apoptotic cell death. In addition, Twist is responsible for the stemness of cancer cells and the generation of drug resistance. Recently, targeting Twist has gained significant interests in cancer therapeutics. The inactivation of Twist by small RNA technology or chemotherapeutic approach has been proved successful. Moreover, several inhibitors which are antagonistic to the upstream or downstream molecules of Twist signaling pathways have also been identified. Development of potential treatment strategies by targeting Twist has a great promise in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, 3-319 Zhongshan Road, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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Nairismägi ML, Füchtbauer A, Labouriau R, Bramsen JB, Füchtbauer EM. The proto-oncogene TWIST1 is regulated by microRNAs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66070. [PMID: 23741524 PMCID: PMC3669147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of the proto-oncogene Twist1 is highly correlated with acquired drug resistance and poor prognosis in human cancers. Altered expression of this multifunctional transcription factor is also associated with inherited skeletal malformations. The mammalian Twist1 3′UTRs are highly conserved and contain a number of potential regulatory elements including miRNA target sites. We analyzed the translational regulation of TWIST1 using luciferase reporter assays in a variety of cell lines. Among several miRNAs tested, miR-145a-5p, miR-151-5p and a combination of miR-145a-5p + miR-151-5p and miR-151-5p + miR-337-3p were able to significantly repress Twist1 translation. This phenomena was confirmed with both exogenous and endogenous miRNAs and was dependent on the presence of the predicted target sites in the 3′UTR. Furthermore, the repression was sensitive to LNA-modified miRNA antagonists and resulted in decreased migratory potential of murine embryonic fibroblast cells. Understanding the in vivo mechanisms of this oncogene's regulation might open up a possibility for therapeutic interference by gene specific cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annette Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Labouriau
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Barriga EH, Maxwell PH, Reyes AE, Mayor R. The hypoxia factor Hif-1α controls neural crest chemotaxis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Cell Biol 2013; 201:759-76. [PMID: 23712262 PMCID: PMC3664719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important mechanisms that promotes metastasis is the stabilization of Hif-1 (hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1). We decided to test whether Hif-1α also was required for early embryonic development. We focused our attention on the development of the neural crest, a highly migratory embryonic cell population whose behavior has been likened to cancer metastasis. Inhibition of Hif-1α by antisense morpholinos in Xenopus laevis or zebrafish embryos led to complete inhibition of neural crest migration. We show that Hif-1α controls the expression of Twist, which in turn represses E-cadherin during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of neural crest cells. Thus, Hif-1α allows cells to initiate migration by promoting the release of cell-cell adhesions. Additionally, Hif-1α controls chemotaxis toward the chemokine SDF-1 by regulating expression of its receptor Cxcr4. Our results point to Hif-1α as a novel and key regulator that integrates EMT and chemotaxis during migration of neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H. Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, England, UK
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patrick H. Maxwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, England, UK
| | - Ariel E. Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, 3349001 Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, England, UK
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