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Smeele NVR, Chorus CG, Schermer MHN, de Bekker-Grob EW. Towards machine learning for moral choice analysis in health economics: A literature review and research agenda. Soc Sci Med 2023; 326:115910. [PMID: 37121066 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrete choice models (DCMs) for moral choice analysis will likely lead to erroneous model outcomes and misguided policy recommendations, as only some characteristics of moral decision-making are considered. Machine learning (ML) is recently gaining interest in the field of discrete choice modelling. This paper explores the potential of combining DCMs and ML to study moral decision-making more accurately and better inform policy decisions in healthcare. METHODS An interdisciplinary literature search across four databases - PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Arxiv - was conducted to gather papers. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline, studies were screened for eligibility on inclusion criteria and extracted attributes from eligible papers. Of the 6285 articles, we included 277 studies. RESULTS DCMs have shortcomings in studying moral decision-making. Whilst the DCMs' mathematical elegance and behavioural appeal hold clear interpretations, the models do not account for the 'moral' cost and benefit in an individual's utility calculation. The literature showed that ML obtains higher predictive power, model flexibility, and ability to handle large and unstructured datasets. Combining the strengths of ML methods with DCMs has the potential for studying moral decision-making. CONCLUSIONS By providing a research agenda, this paper highlights that ML has clear potential to i) find and deepen the utility specification of DCMs, and ii) enrich the insights extracted from DCMs by considering the intrapersonal determinants of moral decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas V R Smeele
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Caspar G Chorus
- Department of Engineering Systems and Services, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands; Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje H N Schermer
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther W de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Rouly OC. A computer simulation to investigate the association between gene-based gifting and pair-bonding in early hominins. J Hum Evol 2018; 116:43-56. [PMID: 29477181 PMCID: PMC5861993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes simulation research based on the Hamiltonian theory of gene-based altruism. It investigates the origin of semipermanent breeding bonds during hominin evolution. The research framework is based on a biologically detailed, ecologically situated, multi-agent microsimulation of emergent sociality. The research question tested is whether semipermanent breeding bonds (an emergent homoplastic social construct) might emerge among primate-like agents as the consequence of a mutation capable of supporting involuntary prosocial behavior. The research protocol compared several, single independent-variable longitudinal studies wherein hundreds of generations of autonomous, initially promiscuous, biologically detailed, hominin-like artificial life software agents were born, allowed to forage, reproduce, and die during experimental intervals lasting several simulated millennia. The temporal setting of the experiment was roughly contemporaneous with, or slightly after the time of, the Pan-Homo split. The simulation investigated what would happen if, within a population, a single gene for prosocial behavior (the independent variable in the experiment) was either switched on or switched-off. The null hypothesis predicted that, if the gene was switched off, then semipermanent breeding bonds (the dependent variable) would nonetheless emerge within the population. The results of the simulation rejected this null hypothesis, by showing that semipermanent breeding bonds would reliably emerge among the experimental populations but not among the control groups. Moreover, it was found that, across all experimental settings having constrained population numbers, the portion of each population having no prosocial trait would die out early, whereas the portion with the prosocial trait would survive. Large control populations had no discernible loss. The results of this research imply that, during the early stages of hominin evolution, there might have been a set of initially gene-based, altruistic excess forage-sharing social traits that contributed to the onset of morphological and additional complex social changes characteristic of this group. This work also demonstrates that modern computational technologies can extend our ability to test 'what if' hypotheses appropriate to the study of early hominin evolution.
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On the role of collective sensing and evolution in group formation. SWARM INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11721-018-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Clavien C, Chapuisat M. The evolution of utility functions and psychological altruism. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 56:24-31. [PMID: 26598465 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies show that humans tend to be more cooperative than expected given the assumption that they are rational maximizers of personal gain. As a result, theoreticians have proposed elaborated formal representations of human decision-making, in which utility functions including "altruistic" or "moral" preferences replace the purely self-oriented "Homo economicus" function. Here we review mathematical approaches that provide insights into the mathematical stability of alternative utility functions. Candidate utility functions may be evaluated with help of game theory, classical modeling of social evolution that focuses on behavioral strategies, and modeling of social evolution that focuses directly on utility functions. We present the advantages of the latter form of investigation and discuss one surprisingly precise result: "Homo economicus" as well as "altruistic" utility functions are less stable than a function containing a preference for the common welfare that is only expressed in social contexts composed of individuals with similar preferences. We discuss the contribution of mathematical models to our understanding of human other-oriented behavior, with a focus on the classical debate over psychological altruism. We conclude that human can be psychologically altruistic, but that psychological altruism evolved because it was generally expressed towards individuals that contributed to the actor's fitness, such as own children, romantic partners and long term reciprocators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Clavien
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michel Chapuisat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jiang LL, Li WJ, Wang Z. Multiple effect of social influence on cooperation in interdependent network games. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14657. [PMID: 26423024 PMCID: PMC4589778 DOI: 10.1038/srep14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The social influence exists widely in the human society, where individual decision-making process (from congressional election to electronic commerce) may be affected by the attitude and behavior of others belonging to different social networks. Here, we couple the snowdrift (SD) game and the prisoner's dilemma (PD) game on two interdependent networks, where strategies in both games are associated by social influence to mimick the majority rule. More accurately, individuals' strategies updating refers to social learning (based on payoff difference) and above-mentioned social influence (related with environment of interdependent group), which is controlled by social influence strength s. Setting s = 0 decouples the networks and returns the traditional network game; while its increase involves the interactions between networks. By means of numerous Monte Carlo simulations, we find that such a mechanism brings multiple influence to the evolution of cooperation. Small s leads to unequal cooperation level in both games, because social learning is still the main updating rule for most players. Though intermediate and large s guarantees the synchronized evolution of strategy pairs, cooperation finally dies out and reaches a completely dominance in both cases. Interestingly, these observations are attributed to the expansion of cooperation clusters. Our work may provide a new understanding to the emergence of cooperation in intercorrelated social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Luo Jiang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Zhejiang DongFang Vocational and Technical College, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Barnett T, Fournié G, Gupta S, Seeley J. Some considerations concerning the challenge of incorporating social variables into epidemiological models of infectious disease transmission. Glob Public Health 2015; 10:438-48. [PMID: 25648796 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1007155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of 'social' variables into epidemiological models remains a challenge. Too much detail and models cease to be useful; too little and the very notion of infection - a highly social process in human populations - may be considered with little reference to the social. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim proposed that the scientific study of society required identification and study of 'social currents'. Such 'currents' are what we might today describe as 'emergent properties', specifiable variables appertaining to individuals and groups, which represent the perspectives of social actors as they experience the environment in which they live their lives. Here we review the ways in which one particular emergent property, hope, relevant to a range of epidemiological situations, might be used in epidemiological modelling of infectious diseases in human populations. We also indicate how such an approach might be extended to include a range of other potential emergent properties to represent complex social and economic processes bearing on infectious disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Barnett
- a Department of Global Health and Development , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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Ciampaglia GL, Lozano S, Helbing D. Power and fairness in a generalized ultimatum game. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99039. [PMID: 24905349 PMCID: PMC4048244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Power is the ability to influence others towards the attainment of specific goals, and it is a fundamental force that shapes behavior at all levels of human existence. Several theories on the nature of power in social life exist, especially in the context of social influence. Yet, in bargaining situations, surprisingly little is known about its role in shaping social preferences. Such preferences are considered to be the main explanation for observed behavior in a wide range of experimental settings. In this work, we set out to understand the role of bargaining power in the stylized environment of a Generalized Ultimatum Game (GUG). We modify the payoff structure of the standard Ultimatum Game (UG) to investigate three situations: two in which the power balance is either against the proposer or against the responder, and a balanced situation. We find that other-regarding preferences, as measured by the amount of money donated by participants, do not change with the amount of power, but power changes the offers and acceptance rates systematically. Notably, unusually high acceptance rates for lower offers were observed. This finding suggests that social preferences may be invariant to the balance of power and confirms that the role of power on human behavior deserves more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia
- Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sergi Lozano
- Sergi Lozano IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Tarragona, Spain and Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Dirk Helbing
- Dirk Helbing Chair of Sociology, in particular of Modeling and Simulation, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Masuda N. Evolution via imitation among like-minded individuals. J Theor Biol 2014; 349:100-8. [PMID: 24530826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In social situations with which evolutionary game is concerned, individuals are considered to be heterogeneous in various aspects. In particular, they may differently perceive the same outcome of the game owing to heterogeneity in idiosyncratic preferences, fighting abilities, and positions in a social network. In such a population, an individual may imitate successful and similar others, where similarity refers to that in the idiosyncratic fitness function. I propose an evolutionary game model with two subpopulations on the basis of multipopulation replicator dynamics to describe such a situation. In the proposed model, pairs of players are involved in a two-person game as a well-mixed population, and imitation occurs within subpopulations in each of which players have the same payoff matrix. It is shown that the model does not allow any internal equilibrium such that the dynamics differs from that of other related models such as the bimatrix game. In particular, even a slight difference in the payoff matrix in the two subpopulations can make the opposite strategies to be stably selected in the two subpopulations in the snowdrift and coordination games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Masuda
- Department of Mathematical Informatics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Jin Q, Wang L, Xia CY, Wang Z. Spontaneous symmetry breaking in interdependent networked game. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4095. [PMID: 24526076 PMCID: PMC3924213 DOI: 10.1038/srep04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial evolution game has traditionally assumed that players interact with direct neighbors on a single network, which is isolated and not influenced by other systems. However, this is not fully consistent with recent research identification that interactions between networks play a crucial rule for the outcome of evolutionary games taking place on them. In this work, we introduce the simple game model into the interdependent networks composed of two networks. By means of imitation dynamics, we display that when the interdependent factor α is smaller than a threshold value α(C), the symmetry of cooperation can be guaranteed. Interestingly, as interdependent factor exceeds α(C), spontaneous symmetry breaking of fraction of cooperators presents itself between different networks. With respect to the breakage of symmetry, it is induced by asynchronous expansion between heterogeneous strategy couples of both networks, which further enriches the content of spatial reciprocity. Moreover, our results can be well predicted by the strategy-couple pair approximation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jin
- Center for Complex Network Research and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Centre for Chaos and Complex Networks, Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng-Yi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Computer Vision and System (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligence Computing and Novel Software Technology, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Beijing-Hong Kong-Singapore Joint Center for Nonlinear and Complex systems (Hong Kong), and Institute of Computational and Theoretical Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Wu ZX, Yang HX. Social dilemma alleviated by sharing the gains with immediate neighbors. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:012109. [PMID: 24580174 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the evolution of cooperation in the evolutionary spatial prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) and snowdrift game (SG), within which a fraction α of the payoffs of each player gained from direct game interactions is shared equally by the immediate neighbors. The magnitude of the parameter α therefore characterizes the degree of the relatedness among the neighboring players. By means of extensive Monte Carlo simulations as well as an extended mean-field approximation method, we trace the frequency of cooperation in the stationary state. We find that plugging into relatedness can significantly promote the evolution of cooperation in the context of both studied games. Unexpectedly, cooperation can be more readily established in the spatial PDG than that in the spatial SG, given that the degree of relatedness and the cost-to-benefit ratio of mutual cooperation are properly formulated. The relevance of our model with the stakeholder theory is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xi Wu
- Institute of Computational Physics and Complex Systems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Gansu 730000, China
| | - Han-Xin Yang
- Department of Physics, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Biondo AE, Pluchino A, Rapisarda A, Helbing D. Reducing financial avalanches by random investments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:062814. [PMID: 24483518 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.062814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on similarities between earthquakes and extreme financial events, we use a self-organized criticality-generating model to study herding and avalanche dynamics in financial markets. We consider a community of interacting investors, distributed in a small-world network, who bet on the bullish (increasing) or bearish (decreasing) behavior of the market which has been specified according to the S&P 500 historical time series. Remarkably, we find that the size of herding-related avalanches in the community can be strongly reduced by the presence of a relatively small percentage of traders, randomly distributed inside the network, who adopt a random investment strategy. Our findings suggest a promising strategy to limit the size of financial bubbles and crashes. We also obtain that the resulting wealth distribution of all traders corresponds to the well-known Pareto power law, while that of random traders is exponential. In other words, for technical traders, the risk of losses is much greater than the probability of gains compared to those of random traders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Emanuele Biondo
- Dipartimento di Economia e Impresa, Universitá di Catania, Corso Italia 55, 95129 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pluchino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Catania and INFN sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá di Catania and INFN sezione di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dirk Helbing
- ETH Zurich, Clausiustrasse 50, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Globally networked risks and how to respond. Nature 2013; 497:51-9. [PMID: 23636396 DOI: 10.1038/nature12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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