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Ruccolo S, Emmert M, Bottecchia C, Qin Y, Barrientos R, Raymond K, Haley M. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Disulfide Bonds across Chemical Modalities. Org Lett 2024; 26:6169-6173. [PMID: 38996056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The chemical properties of disulfides are leveraged in a wide array of applications, ranging from protein-drug conjugates for cancer treatment to self-healing materials. However, disulfide reduction strategies remain severely underdeveloped despite being the key to efficiently accessing the desired targets. Specifically, no homogeneous catalyst has been reported for this reaction, and conditions that allow the use of mild and green reductants (e.g., via electrochemical reduction) are not known. Herein, we unveil a vitamin B12-catalyzed, electrochemically driven protocol for efficiently reducing disulfide bonds in various aqueous buffers over a broad pH range. This robust and simple method is suitable for disulfide reductions of substrates ranging from small molecules to large proteins. Finally, one-pot reduction and conjugation of disulfide bonds in a monoclonal antibody were demonstrated to produce antibody conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marion Emmert
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kelly Raymond
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Monica Haley
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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2
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Hong J, Duc NM, Jeong BC, Cho S, Shetye G, Cao J, Lee H, Jeong C, Lee H, Suh JW. Identification of the inhibitory mechanism of ecumicin and rufomycin 4-7 on the proteolytic activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ClpC1/ClpP1/ClpP2 complex. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 138:102298. [PMID: 36580851 PMCID: PMC9892302 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ecumicin and rufomycin 4-7 disrupt protein homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting the proteolytic activity of the ClpC1/ClpP1/ClpP2 complex. Although these compounds target ClpC1, their effects on the ATPase activity of ClpC1 and proteolytic activity of ClpC1/ClpP1/ClpP2 vary. Herein, we explored the ClpC1 molecular dynamics with these compounds through fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The effect of these compounds on the ATPase activity of ClpC1-cys, the recombinant protein for fluorescence labeling, and proteolytic activity of ClpC1-cys/ClpP1/ClpP2 were identical to those of native ClpC1, whereas the intermolecular dynamics of fluorescence-labelled ClpC1 were different. Treatment with up to 1 nM ecumicin increased the population of slower diffused ClpC1 components compared with ClpC1 without ecumicin. However, this population was considerably reduced when treated with 10 nM ecumicin. Rufomycin 4-7 treatment resulted in a slower diffused component of ClpC1, and the portion of this component increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Ecumicin can generate an abnormal ClpC1 component, which cannot form normal ClpC1/ClpP1/ClpP2, via two different modes. Rufomycin 4-7 only generates slower diffused ClpC1 component that is inadequate to form normal ClpC1/ClpP1/ClpP2. Overall, we demonstrate that ecumicin and rufomycin 4-7 use different action mechanisms to generate abnormal ClpC1 components that cannot couple with ClpP1/ClpP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongpyo Hong
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Graduate School, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Graduate School, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Chul Jeong
- Division of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Cho
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Gauri Shetye
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Jin Cao
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Hyun Lee
- Biophysics Core at Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Cherlhyun Jeong
- Chemical & Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyunghee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hanki Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Graduate School, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- MJ Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Zhu Y, Zhang X, You Q, Jiang Z. Recent applications of CBT-Cys click reaction in biological systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116881. [PMID: 35716587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry is a hot topic in many research fields. A biocompatible reaction from fireflies has attracted increasing attention since 2009. Herein, we focus on the firefly-sourced click reaction between cysteine (Cys) and 2-cyanobenzothiazole (2-CBT). This reaction has many excellent properties, such as rapidity, simplicity and high selectivity, which make it successfully applied in protein labeling, molecular imaging, drug discovery and other fields. Meanwhile, its unique ability to form nanoparticles expands its applications in biological systems. We review its principle, development, and latest applications in the past 5 years and hope this review provides more profound and comprehensive insights to its further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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4
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Anithabanu P, Balasubramanian S, David Dayanidhi P, Nandhini T, Vaidyanathan VG. Physico-chemical characterization studies of collagen labelled with Ru(II) polypyridyl complex. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10173. [PMID: 36033328 PMCID: PMC9404281 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rich luminescence behaviour exerted by transition metal complexes has found significant role in the development of biomolecular and cellular probes. The conjugation of fluorophore to a protein has its own advantage over the label-free system due to its high sensitivity. While numerous proteins have been labelled with either organic or inorganic fluorophores, the conjugation of luminescent transition metal complexes with collagen has not yet been attempted. Here, in this study, the conjugation of a Ru(II) polypyridyl complex with collagen was carried out and its physico-chemical characterization was studied. The conjugation of Ru(II) to collagen was characterized by UV-Visible, fluorescence and ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy. The conjugation of Ru(II) did not alter the triple helical structure of the collagen as evidenced from CD spectral data. The luminescence behaviour of the Ru-tagged collagen was found to be similar to that of the commercially available fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) tagged collagen with increase in luminescence upon addition of collagenase. Gel-based collagenase assay showed that the digestion of collagen can be vizualized using UV light due to intrinsic fluorophore tag without carrying out the staining-destaining processes. Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX) confirms the presence of Ru in Ru-collagen fibrils. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the conjugation of a Ru(II) complex with the fibrous protein collagen that exhibits similar property as of FITC-collagen and can be used as an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anithabanu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Surabhya Balasubramanian
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - P David Dayanidhi
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - T Nandhini
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - V G Vaidyanathan
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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5
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Jin M, Koçer G, Paez JI. Luciferin-Bioinspired Click Ligation Enables Hydrogel Platforms with Fine-Tunable Properties for 3D Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5017-5032. [PMID: 35060712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in coupling reactions for cross-linking of cell-encapsulating hydrogels under biocompatible, chemoselective, and tunable conditions. Inspired by the biosynthesis of luciferins in fireflies, here we exploit the cyanobenzothiazole-cysteine (CBT-Cys) click ligation to develop polyethylene glycol hydrogels as tunable scaffolds for cell encapsulation. Taking advantage of the chemoselectivity and versatility of CBT-Cys ligation, a highly flexible gel platform is reported here. We demonstrate luciferin-inspired hydrogels with important advantages for cell encapsulation applications: (i) gel precursors derived from inexpensive reagents and with good stability in aqueous solution (>4 weeks), (ii) adjustable gel mechanics within physiological ranges (E = 180-6240 Pa), (iii) easy tunability of the gelation rate (seconds to minutes) by external means, (iv) high microscale homogeneity, (v) good cytocompatibility, and (iv) regulable biological properties. These flexible and robust CBT-Cys hydrogels are proved as supportive matrices for 3D culture of different cell types, namely, fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells. Our findings expand the toolkit of click chemistries for the fabrication of tunable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minye Jin
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gülistan Koçer
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julieta I Paez
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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6
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Siepi M, Oliva R, Masino A, Gaglione R, Arciello A, Russo R, Di Maro A, Zanfardino A, Varcamonti M, Petraccone L, Del Vecchio P, Merola M, Pizzo E, Notomista E, Cafaro V. Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Labelling of Peptides by Luciferin Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413312. [PMID: 34948103 PMCID: PMC8706149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment-sensitive fluorophores are very valuable tools in the study of molecular and cellular processes. When used to label proteins and peptides, they allow for the monitoring of even small variations in the local microenvironment, thus acting as reporters of conformational variations and binding events. Luciferin and aminoluciferin, well known substrates of firefly luciferase, are environment-sensitive fluorophores with unusual and still-unexploited properties. Both fluorophores show strong solvatochromism. Moreover, luciferin fluorescence is influenced by pH and water abundance. These features allow to detect local variations of pH, solvent polarity and local water concentration, even when they occur simultaneously, by analyzing excitation and emission spectra. Here, we describe the characterization of (amino)luciferin-labeled derivatives of four bioactive peptides: the antimicrobial peptides GKY20 and ApoBL, the antitumor peptide p53pAnt and the integrin-binding peptide RGD. The two probes allowed for the study of the interaction of the peptides with model membranes, SDS micelles, lipopolysaccharide micelles and Escherichia coli cells. Kd values and binding stoichiometries for lipopolysaccharide were also determined. Aminoluciferin also proved to be very well-suited to confocal laser scanning microscopy. Overall, the characterization of the labeled peptides demonstrates that luciferin and aminoluciferin are previously neglected environment-sensitive labels with widespread potential applications in the study of proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Siepi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (L.P.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Antonio Masino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Rosa Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (L.P.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Angela Arciello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (L.P.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (R.R.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (R.R.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Anna Zanfardino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Mario Varcamonti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (L.P.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (R.O.); (R.G.); (A.A.); (L.P.); (P.D.V.)
| | - Marcello Merola
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (A.M.); (A.Z.); (M.V.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (V.C.)
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A facile method of mapping HIV-1 neutralizing epitopes using chemically masked cysteines and deep sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29584-29594. [PMID: 33168755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010256117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of specific epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies is essential to advance epitope-based vaccine design strategies. We report a facile methodology for rapid epitope mapping of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against HIV-1 Envelope (Env) at single-residue resolution, using Cys labeling, viral neutralization assays, and deep sequencing. This was achieved by the generation of a library of Cys mutations in Env glycoprotein on the viral surface, covalent labeling of the Cys residues using a Cys-reactive label that masks epitope residues, followed by infection of the labeled mutant virions in mammalian cells in the presence of NAbs. Env gene sequencing from NAb-resistant viruses was used to accurately delineate epitopes for the NAbs VRC01, PGT128, and PGT151. These agreed well with corresponding experimentally determined structural epitopes previously inferred from NAb:Env structures. HIV-1 infection is associated with complex and polyclonal antibody responses, typically composed of multiple antibody specificities. Deconvoluting the epitope specificities in a polyclonal response is a challenging task. We therefore extended our methodology to map multiple specificities of epitopes targeted in polyclonal sera, elicited in immunized animals as well as in an HIV-1-infected elite neutralizer capable of neutralizing tier 3 pseudoviruses with high titers. The method can be readily extended to other viruses for which convenient reverse genetics or lentiviral surface display systems are available.
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8
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Wang H, Su W, Dong S. A FRET Based Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Visualizing Mitochondrial Thiols of Living Cells and Tissues. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061746. [PMID: 32245186 PMCID: PMC7147317 DOI: 10.3390/s20061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the main component of the mitochondrial thiol pool and plays key roles in the biological processes. Many evidences have suggested that cysteine and homocysteine also exist in mitochondria and are interrelated with GSH in biological systems. The fluctuation of the levels of mitochondrial thiols has been linked to many diseases and cells’ dysfunction. Therefore, the monitoring of mitochondrial thiol status is of great significance for clinical studies. We report here a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer based two-photon probe MT-1 for mitochondrial thiols detection. MT-1 was constructed by integrating the naphthalimide moiety (donor) and rhodamine B (accepter and targeting group) through a newly designed linker. MT-1 shows a fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity to thiols, as well as a low limit of detection. The two-photon property of MT-1 allows the direct visualization of thiols in live cells and tissues by two-photon microscopy. MT-1 can serve as an effective tool to unravel the diverse biological functions of mitochondrial thiols in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Wenting Su
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
| | - Shouliang Dong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Z.L.); (Q.W.); (H.W.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-931-891-2428
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9
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Zhang Y, Hu W. Sensing Performance and Efficiency of Two Energy Transfer-Based Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes for pH. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4407. [PMID: 30551587 PMCID: PMC6308484 DOI: 10.3390/s18124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of fluorescent probes for monitoring pH values inside living cells have attracted great attention, due to the important role pH plays in many biological processes. In this study, the optical properties of two different two-photon fluorescent probes for pH are studied. The ratiometric sensing of the probes are theoretically illustrated. Meanwhile, the recognitional mechanisms of the probes are investigated, which shows the energy transfer process when react with H⁺. Specially, the calculated results demonstrate that Probe1 possesses a higher energy transfer efficiency and a larger two-photon absorption cross-section than Probe2, indicating it to be a preferable pH fluorescent probe. Therefore, the influence of connection between the donor and the acceptor on the sensing performances of the probe is demonstrated. Our results help to understand the experimental observations and provide a theoretical basis to synthesize efficient two-photon fluorescent probes for monitoring pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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11
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Davis CM, Gruebele M. Labeling for Quantitative Comparison of Imaging Measurements in Vitro and in Cells. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1929-1938. [PMID: 29546761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative imaging of biomolecular localization and distribution inside cells has revolutionized cell biology. Most of these powerful techniques require modifications to the target biomolecule. Over the past 10 years, these techniques have been extended to quantitative measurements, from in-cell protein folding rates to complex dissociation constants to RNA lifetimes. Such measurements can be affected even when a target molecule is just mildly perturbed by its labels. Here, the impact of labeling on protein (and RNA) structure, stability, and function in cells is discussed via practical examples from the recent literature. General guidelines for selecting and validating modification sites are provided to bring the best from cell biology and imaging to quantitative biophysical experiments inside cells.
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12
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Pane K, Verrillo M, Avitabile A, Pizzo E, Varcamonti M, Zanfardino A, Di Maro A, Rega C, Amoresano A, Izzo V, Di Donato A, Cafaro V, Notomista E. Chemical Cleavage of an Asp-Cys Sequence Allows Efficient Production of Recombinant Peptides with an N-Terminal Cysteine Residue. Bioconjug Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariavittoria Verrillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici 80055, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Camilla Rega
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via S. Allende, Baronissi 84081, Italy
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13
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Wang Y, An R, Luo Z, Ye D. Firefly Luciferin-Inspired Biocompatible Chemistry for Protein Labeling and In Vivo Imaging. Chemistry 2017; 24:5707-5722. [PMID: 29068109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible reactions have emerged as versatile tools to build various molecular imaging probes that hold great promise for the detection of biological processes in vitro and/or in vivo. In this Minireview, we describe the recent advances in the development of a firefly luciferin-inspired biocompatible reaction between cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) and cysteine (Cys), and highlight its versatility to label proteins and build multimodality molecular imaging probes. The review starts from the general introduction of biocompatible reactions, which is followed by briefly describing the development of the firefly luciferin-inspired biocompatible chemistry. We then discuss its applications for the specific protein labeling and for the development of multimodality imaging probes (fluorescence, bioluminescence, MRI, PET, photoacoustic, etc.) that enable high sensitivity and spatial resolution imaging of redox environment, furin and caspase-3/7 activity in living cells and mice. Finally, we offer the conclusions and our perspective on the various and potential applications of this reaction. We hope that this review will contribute to the research of biocompatible reactions for their versatile applications in protein labeling and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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14
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Abbina S, Siren EMJ, Moon H, Kizhakkedathu JN. Surface Engineering for Cell-Based Therapies: Techniques for Manipulating Mammalian Cell Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:3658-3677. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Commare B, Togni A. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Thiol Derivatization with a Tetrafluoroethoxy Coumarin Residue for UV Absorbance Recognition. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Commare
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 CH-8093 Zürich
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16
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Levengood MR, Zhang X, Hunter JH, Emmerton KK, Miyamoto JB, Lewis TS, Senter PD. Orthogonal Cysteine Protection Enables Homogeneous Multi‐Drug Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinqun Zhang
- Seattle Genetics, Inc. 21823 30thDrive SE Bothell WA USA
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17
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Levengood MR, Zhang X, Hunter JH, Emmerton KK, Miyamoto JB, Lewis TS, Senter PD. Orthogonal Cysteine Protection Enables Homogeneous Multi-Drug Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:733-737. [PMID: 27966822 PMCID: PMC5299463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for the preparation of homogeneous antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) containing multiple payloads has been developed. This approach utilizes sequential unmasking of cysteine residues with orthogonal protection to enable site‐specific conjugation of each drug. In addition, because the approach utilizes conjugation to native antibody cysteine residues, it is widely applicable and enables high drug loading for improved ADC potency. To highlight the benefits of ADC dual drug delivery, this strategy was applied to the preparation of ADCs containing two classes of auristatin drug‐linkers that have differing physiochemical properties and exert complementary anti‐cancer activities. Dual‐auristatin ADCs imparted activity in cell line and xenograft models that are refractory to ADCs comprised of the individual auristatin components. This work presents a facile method for construction of potent dual‐drug ADCs and demonstrates how delivery of multiple cytotoxic warheads can lead to improved ADC activities. Lastly, we anticipate that the conditions utilized herein for orthogonal cysteine unmasking are not restricted to ADCs and can be broadly utilized for site‐specific protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinqun Zhang
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30thDrive SE, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Joshua H Hunter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30thDrive SE, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Kim K Emmerton
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30thDrive SE, Bothell, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy S Lewis
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30thDrive SE, Bothell, WA, USA
| | - Peter D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30thDrive SE, Bothell, WA, USA
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18
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Wang T, Riegger A, Lamla M, Wiese S, Oeckl P, Otto M, Wu Y, Fischer S, Barth H, Kuan SL, Weil T. Water-soluble allyl sulfones for dual site-specific labelling of proteins and cyclic peptides. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3234-3239. [PMID: 29997815 PMCID: PMC6006486 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allyl sulfones as efficient disulfide rebridging agents for site-specific protein modifications with up to two additional functionalities in water.
Water-soluble allyl sulfones provide convenient site-specific disulfide rebridging of native proteins and cyclic peptides. The site-selective functionalization of (a) the peptide hormone somatostatin, (b) the interchain disulfide of bovine insulin and (c) functionalization of the proteins GFP and lysozyme with allyl sulfones proceeds in aqueous solution. Allyl sulfones offer three functionalizable sites that react with thiol containing molecules in a step-wise fashion. Dual labeling of proteins and cyclic peptides is achieved i.e. the attachment of a chromophore and an affinity tag in a single reaction step, which is of great significance for the construction of precise multifunctional peptide and protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
| | - Andreas Riegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
| | - Markus Lamla
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics , University of Ulm Medical Center , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Patrick Oeckl
- Department of Neurology , University of Ulm Medical Center , Oberer Eselsberg 45 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology , University of Ulm Medical Center , Oberer Eselsberg 45 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Ulm Medical Center , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Ulm Medical Center , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III , Ulm University , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 , D-89081 Ulm , Germany .
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19
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Cai Y, Zhan J, Shen H, Mao D, Ji S, Liu R, Yang B, Kong D, Wang L, Yang Z. Optimized Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes by Peptide Self-Assembly. Anal Chem 2015; 88:740-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haosheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenglu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy,
and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, and ‡Key Laboratory
of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences,
and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering,
Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Menegatti S, Ruocco N, Kumar S, Zakrewsky M, Sanchez De Oliveira J, Helgeson ME, Leal GL, Mitragotri S. Synthesis and characterization of a self-fluorescent hyaluronic acid-based gel for dermal applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2297-305. [PMID: 26371956 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of polymer conjugates affording in situ gelation hold promise for treatment of pathological cavities (e.g., arthritis) and sustained drug release. In particular, hyaluronic acid (HA) functionalized with reactive groups is regarded as an excellent biomaterial due to its tunable cross-linking kinetics and mechanical properties. HA-based reagents, however, can be irritating to surrounding tissues due to the reactivity of pendant groups, and their fast gelation kinetics can result in poor cavity filling. In this study, a biocompatible "click" reaction between cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) and d-cysteine (d-Cys) is employed to produce HA-based conjugates for in situ gelation. Rheological studies conducted on a gel obtained from the combination of HA-CBT and HA-d-Cys indicate optimal gelation time and mechanical properties. Further, in vitro studies on porcine skin demonstrate the ability of the gel to form in situ upon subcutaneous injection or topical application, and to act as a reservoir for sustained release of protein therapeutics. Finally, the safety of the HA-based conjugates is demonstrated on human keratinocytes. The presented results demonstrate the applicability of the binary mixture for in situ gelation and the potential of the proposed system for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nino Ruocco
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Michael Zakrewsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Joshua Sanchez De Oliveira
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Matthew. E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Gary L. Leal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Center for Bioengineering; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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21
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Chen G, Hua Y, Ou C, Zhang X, Mao D, Yang Z, Ding D, Chen M. Nanostructure formation-induced fluorescence turn-on for selectively detecting protein thiols in solutions, bacteria and live cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10758-61. [PMID: 26051694 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of a light-up probe of DBT-2(EEGK-maleimide), which can serve as a unique probe for selectively detecting protein thiols in various environments, including aqueous solutions, bacteria and live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Chen
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, 8 Fuyudonglu Qiaonanjie Panyu District, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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22
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Miao Q, Li Q, Yuan Q, Li L, Hai Z, Liu S, Liang G. Discriminative fluorescence sensing of biothiols in vitro and in living cells. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3460-6. [PMID: 25688007 DOI: 10.1021/ac504836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous discriminative sensing of biothiols in vitro and in living cells has remained challenging. Herein, we report a new sulfonamide-based self-quenched fluorescent probe 1 for this purpose with high sensitivity and good selectivity. Treatment of 1 with cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), or glutathione (GSH) yields aminoluciferin, 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole homocysteine (CBTHcy), or 2-cyano-6-aminobenzothiazole (CBT), turning "on" the fluorescence at wavelengths of 522, 517, or 490 nm, respectively. Kinetic study indicated that 1 reacts with Cys faster than with Hcy or GSH. With these unique properties of 1, we applied 1 for highly sensitive sensing of Cys, Hcy, and GSH among other 19 natural amino acids (AAs) with good selectivity. Confocal fluorescence microscopic imaging of 1-treated HepG2 cells at two channels (522 ± 8 and 490 ± 8 nm), together with quantitative analysis, indicated that the "turn-on" fluorescence was induced by intracellular Cys-dominating condensation and reduction of 1 but not by intracellular GSH-dominating reduction of 1. This suggests that 1 could be applied for discriminative sensing of intracellular Cys from the abundant GSH. Further development of 1 might bring about an efficient tool for probing cellular functions that relate to biothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Miao
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qing Li
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qingpan Yuan
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lingli Li
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zijuan Hai
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- †CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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