1
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Legorreta-Haquet MV, Santana-Sánchez P, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. The effect of prolactin on immune cell subsets involved in SLE pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016427. [PMID: 36389803 PMCID: PMC9650038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher frequency of autoimmune diseases in the female population compared to males suggests that certain hormones, such as prolactin (PRL), play a role in determining the prevalence of autoimmunity in women, particularly during childbearing age. PRL can act not only as a hormone but also as a cytokine, being able to modulate immune responses. Hyperprolactinemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases where it may affect disease activity. One of the conditions where PRL has such a role is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). PRL regulates the proliferation and survival of both lymphoid and myeloid cells. It also affects the selection of T-cell repertoires by influencing the thymic microenvironment. In autoimmune conditions, PRL interferes with the activity of regulatory T cells. It also influences B cell tolerance by lowering the activation threshold of anergic B cells. The production of CD40L and cytokines, such as interleukin IL-6, are also promoted by PRL. This, in turn, leads to the production of autoantibodies, one of the hallmarks of SLE. PRL increases the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly those belonging to the type 1 interferon (IFN) family, is part of the SLE characteristic genetic signature. PRL also participates in the maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells, promoting the presentation of autoantigens and high IFNα secretion. It also affects neutrophil function and the production of neutrophil traps. Macrophages and dendritic cells can also be affected by PRL, linking this molecule to the abnormal behavior of both innate and adaptive immune responses.This review aimed to highlight the importance of PRL and its actions on the cells of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, by elucidating the role of PRL in SLE etiopathogenesis, this work will contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in SLE development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología (UIM) en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
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2
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Psarras A, Wittmann M, Vital EM. Emerging concepts of type I interferons in SLE pathogenesis and therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:575-590. [PMID: 36097207 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons have been suspected for decades to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evidence has now overturned several long-held assumptions about how type I interferons are regulated and cause pathological conditions, providing a new view of SLE pathogenesis that resolves longstanding clinical dilemmas. This evidence includes data on interferons in relation to genetic predisposition and epigenetic regulation. Importantly, data are now available on the role of interferons in the early phases of the disease and the importance of non-haematopoietic cellular sources of type I interferons, such as keratinocytes, renal tubular cells, glial cells and synovial stromal cells, as well as local responses to type I interferons within these tissues. These local effects are found not only in inflamed target organs in established SLE, but also in histologically normal skin during asymptomatic preclinical phases, suggesting a role in disease initiation. In terms of clinical application, evidence relating to biomarkers to characterize the type I interferon system is complex, and, notably, interferon-blocking therapies are now licensed for the treatment of SLE. Collectively, the available data enable us to propose a model of disease pathogenesis that invokes the unique value of interferon-targeted therapies. Accordingly, future approaches in SLE involving disease reclassification and preventative strategies in preclinical phases should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Psarras
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edward M Vital
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
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3
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Killian M, Colaone F, Haumont P, Nicco C, Cerles O, Chouzenoux S, Cathébras P, Rochereau N, Chanut B, Thomas M, Laroche N, Forest F, Grouard-Vogel G, Batteux F, Paul S. Therapeutic Potential of Anti-Interferon α Vaccination on SjS-Related Features in the MRL/lpr Autoimmune Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666134. [PMID: 34867938 PMCID: PMC8635808 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is a frequent systemic autoimmune disease responsible for a major decrease in patients’ quality of life, potentially leading to life-threatening conditions while facing an unmet therapeutic need. Hence, we assessed the immunogenicity, efficacy, and tolerance of IFN-Kinoid (IFN-K), an anti-IFNα vaccination strategy, in a well-known mouse model of systemic autoimmunity with SjS-like features: MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice. Two cohorts (with ISA51 or SWE01 as adjuvants) of 26 female MRL/lpr were divided in parallel groups, “controls” (not treated, PBS and Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin [KLH] groups) or “IFN-K” and followed up for 122 days. Eight-week-old mice received intra-muscular injections (days 0, 7, 28, 56 and 84) of PBS, KLH or IFN-K, emulsified in the appropriate adjuvant, and blood samples were serially collected. At sacrifice, surviving mice were euthanized and their organs were harvested for histopathological analysis (focus score in salivary/lacrimal glands) and IFN signature evaluation. SjS-like features were monitored. IFN-K induced a disease-modifying polyclonal anti-IFNα antibody response in all treated mice with high IFNα neutralization capacities, type 1 IFN signature’s reduction and disease features’ (ocular and oral sicca syndrome, neuropathy, focus score, glandular production of BAFF) improvement, as reflected by the decrease in Murine Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (MuSSDAI) modelled on EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI). No adverse effects were observed. We herein report on the strong efficacy of an innovative anti-IFNα vaccination strategy in a mouse model of SjS, paving the way for further clinical development (a phase IIb trial has just been completed in systemic lupus erythematosus with promising results).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Killian
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
- Internal Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | - Carole Nicco
- Team Stress Oxydant, Prolifération Cellulaire et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cerles
- Team Stress Oxydant, Prolifération Cellulaire et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Chouzenoux
- Team Stress Oxydant, Prolifération Cellulaire et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Cathébras
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
- Internal Medicine Department, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Rochereau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Blandine Chanut
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mireille Thomas
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Norbert Laroche
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1059-Sainbiose, Université de Lyon, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Fabien Forest
- Department of Pathology, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Frédéric Batteux
- Team Stress Oxydant, Prolifération Cellulaire et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP), Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
- *Correspondence: Stéphane Paul,
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4
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Regulation of B Cell Responses in SLE by Three Classes of Interferons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910464. [PMID: 34638804 PMCID: PMC8508684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three classes of interferons (type 1, 2, and 3) that can contribute to the development and maintenance of various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Each class of interferons promotes the generation of autoreactive B cells and SLE-associated autoantibodies by distinct signaling mechanisms. SLE patients treated with various type 1 interferon-blocking biologics have diverse outcomes, suggesting that additional environmental and genetic factors may dictate how these cytokines contribute to the development of autoreactive B cells and SLE. Understanding how each class of interferons controls B cell responses in SLE is necessary for developing optimized B cell- and interferon-targeted therapeutics. In this review, we will discuss how each class of interferons differentially promotes the loss of peripheral B cell tolerance and leads to the development of autoreactive B cells, autoantibodies, and SLE.
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5
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Psarras A, Alase A, Antanaviciute A, Carr IM, Md Yusof MY, Wittmann M, Emery P, Tsokos GC, Vital EM. Functionally impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cells and non-haematopoietic sources of type I interferon characterize human autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6149. [PMID: 33262343 PMCID: PMC7708979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune connective tissue diseases arise in a stepwise fashion from asymptomatic preclinical autoimmunity. Type I interferons have a crucial role in the progression to established autoimmune diseases. The cellular source and regulation in disease initiation of these cytokines is not clear, but plasmacytoid dendritic cells have been thought to contribute to excessive type I interferon production. Here, we show that in preclinical autoimmunity and established systemic lupus erythematosus, plasmacytoid dendritic cells are not effector cells, have lost capacity for Toll-like-receptor-mediated cytokine production and do not induce T cell activation, independent of disease activity and the blood interferon signature. In addition, plasmacytoid dendritic cells have a transcriptional signature indicative of cellular stress and senescence accompanied by increased telomere erosion. In preclinical autoimmunity, we show a marked enrichment of an interferon signature in the skin without infiltrating immune cells, but with interferon-κ production by keratinocytes. In conclusion, non-hematopoietic cellular sources, rather than plasmacytoid dendritic cells, are responsible for interferon production prior to clinical autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Psarras
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adewonuola Alase
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul Emery
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward M Vital
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
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6
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Zhan Y, Kong I, Chopin M, Macri C, Zhang JG, Xie J, Nutt SL, O'Keeffe M, Hawkins ED, Morand EF, Lew AM. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells from parent strains of the NZB/W F1 lupus mouse contribute different characteristics to autoimmune propensity. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:203-214. [PMID: 31916630 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The NZB/W F1 (F1) mice develop severe disease that is similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus. By contrast, each parent strain, NZB or NZW, has limited autoimmunity, suggesting traits of both strains contribute to pathogenesis. Although many of the contributing genes have been identified, the contributing cellular abnormality associated with each parent strain remains unresolved. Given that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key to the pathogenesis of lupus, we investigated the properties of pDCs from NZB and NZW mice. We found that NZB mouse had higher numbers of pDCs, with much of the increase being contributed by a more abundant CD8+ pDC subset. This was associated with prolonged survival and stronger proliferation of CD4+ T cells. By contrast, NZW pDCs had heightened capacity to produce interferon-α (IFNα) and IFNλ, and promoted stronger B-cell proliferation upon CpG stimulation. Thus, our data reveal the different functional and numerical characteristics of pDCs from NZW and NZB mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabella Kong
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Chopin
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christophe Macri
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiaying Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric F Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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7
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Mohammed S, Vineetha NS, James S, Aparna JS, Babu Lankadasari M, Maeda T, Ghosh A, Saha S, Li QZ, Spiegel S, Harikumar KB. Regulatory role of SphK1 in TLR7/9-dependent type I interferon response and autoimmunity. FASEB J 2020; 34:4329-4347. [PMID: 31971297 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902847r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) express Toll like receptors (TLRs) that modulate the immune response by production of type I interferons. Here, we report that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) which produces the bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), plays a critical role in the pDC functions and interferon production. Although dispensable for the pDC development, SphK1 is essential for the pDC activation and production of type I IFN and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by TLR7/9 ligands. SphK1 interacts with TLRs and specific inhibition or deletion of SphK1 in pDCs mitigates uptake of CpG oligonucleotide ligands by TLR9 ligand. In the pristane-induced murine lupus model, pharmacological inhibition of SphK1 or its genetic deletion markedly decreased the IFN signature, pDC activation, and glomerulonephritis. Moreover, increases in the SphK1 expression and S1P levels were observed in human lupus patients. Taken together, our results indicate a pivotal regulatory role for the SphK1/S1P axis in maintaining the balance between immunosurveillance and immunopathology and suggest that specific SphK1 inhibitors might be a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of type I IFN-linked autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Nalanda S Vineetha
- Department of Nephrology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shirley James
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Jayasekharan S Aparna
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Manendra Babu Lankadasari
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Island Medical Research Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology & Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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8
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Matta B, Barnes BJ. Coordination between innate immune cells, type I IFNs and IRF5 drives SLE pathogenesis. Cytokine 2019; 132:154731. [PMID: 31130331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease which affects multiple organs. The type I interferon (IFN) gene signature and circulating autoantibodies are hallmarks of SLE. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are considered the main producers of type I IFN and production is modulated by multiple other immune cell types. In SLE, essentially every immune cell type is dysregulated and aberrant deregulation is thought to be due, in part, to direct or indirect exposure to IFN. Genetic variants within or around the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) associate with SLE risk. Elevated IFNα activity was detected in the sera of SLE patients carrying IRF5 risk polymorphisms who were positive for either anti-RNA binding protein (anti-RBP) or anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibodies. Neutrophils are also an important source of type I IFNs and are found in abundance in human blood. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are considered a potential source of antigenic trigger in SLE that can lead to type I IFN gene induction, as well as increased autoantibody production. In this review, we will focus on immune cell types that produce type I IFNs and/or are affected by type I IFN in SLE. In addition, we will discuss potential inducers of endogenous type I IFN production in SLE. Last, we will postulate how the different immune cell populations may be affected by an IRF5-SLE risk haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Matta
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
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9
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Suurmond J, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Barlev AN, Calderon SA, Mackay MC, Aranow C, Diamond B. Patterns of ANA+ B cells for SLE patient stratification. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127885. [PMID: 31045579 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are a dominant feature of several autoimmune diseases. We previously showed that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by increased ANA+ IgG plasmablasts/plasma cells (PCs) through aberrant IgG PC differentiation rather than an antigen-specific tolerance defect. Here, we aimed to understand the differentiation pathways resulting in ANA+ IgG PCs in SLE patients. We demonstrate distinct profiles of ANA+ antigen-experienced B cells in SLE patients, characterized by either a high frequency of PCs or a high frequency of IgG+ memory B cells. This classification of SLE patients was unrelated to disease activity and remained stable over time in almost all patients, suggesting minimal influence of disease activity. A similar classification applies to antigen-specific B cell subsets in mice following primary immunization with T-independent and T-dependent antigens as well as in lupus-prone mouse models (MRL/lpr and NZB/W). We further show that, in both lupus-prone mice and SLE patients, the classification correlates with the serum autoantibody profile. In this study, we identified B cell phenotypes that we propose reflect an extrafollicular pathway for PC differentiation or a germinal center pathway, respectively. The classification we propose can be used to stratify patients for longitudinal studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Silvia A Calderon
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
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10
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Syrett CM, Sindhava V, Sierra I, Dubin AH, Atchison M, Anguera MC. Diversity of Epigenetic Features of the Inactive X-Chromosome in NK Cells, Dendritic Cells, and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3087. [PMID: 30671059 PMCID: PMC6331414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In females, the long non-coding RNA Xist drives X-chromosome Inactivation (XCI) to equalize X-linked gene dosage between sexes. Unlike other somatic cells, dynamic regulation of Xist RNA and heterochromatin marks on the inactive X (Xi) in female lymphocytes results in biallelic expression of some X-linked genes, including Tlr7, Cxcr3, and Cd40l, implicated in sex-biased autoimmune diseases. We now find that while Xist RNA is dispersed across the nucleus in NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) and partially co-localizes with H3K27me3 in bone marrow-derived macrophages, it is virtually absent in plasmacytoid DCs (p-DCs). Moreover, H3K27me3 foci are present in only 10–20% of cells and we observed biallelic expression of Tlr7 in p-DCs from wildtype mice and NZB/W F1 mice. Unlike in humans, mouse p-DCs do not exhibit sex differences with interferon alpha production, and interferon signature gene expression in p-DCs is similar between males and females. Despite the absence of Xist RNA from the Xi, female p-DCs maintain dosage compensation of six immunity-related X-linked genes. Thus, immune cells use diverse mechanisms to maintain XCI which could contribute to sex-linked autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vishal Sindhava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Isabel Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aimee H Dubin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Mande P, Zirak B, Ko WC, Taravati K, Bride KL, Brodeur TY, Deng A, Dresser K, Jiang Z, Ettinger R, Fitzgerald KA, Rosenblum MD, Harris JE, Marshak-Rothstein A. Fas ligand promotes an inducible TLR-dependent model of cutaneous lupus-like inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2966-2978. [PMID: 29889098 PMCID: PMC6025993 DOI: 10.1172/jci98219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 are both implicated in the activation of autoreactive B cells and other cell types associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. However, Tlr9-/- autoimmune-prone strains paradoxically develop more severe disease. We have now leveraged the negative regulatory role of TLR9 to develop an inducible rapid-onset murine model of systemic autoimmunity that depends on T cell detection of a membrane-bound OVA fusion protein expressed by MHC class II+ cells, expression of TLR7, expression of the type I IFN receptor, and loss of expression of TLR9. These mice are distinguished by a high frequency of OVA-specific Tbet+, IFN-γ+, and FasL-expressing Th1 cells as well as autoantibody-producing B cells. Unexpectedly, contrary to what occurs in most models of SLE, they also developed skin lesions that are very similar to those of human cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) as far as clinical appearance, histological changes, and gene expression. FasL was a key effector mechanism in the skin, as the transfer of FasL-deficient DO11gld T cells completely failed to elicit overt skin lesions. FasL was also upregulated in human CLE biopsies. Overall, our model provides a relevant system for exploring the pathophysiology of CLE as well as the negative regulatory role of TLR9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Mande
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bahar Zirak
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei-Che Ko
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keyon Taravati
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen L Bride
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tia Y Brodeur
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - April Deng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Dresser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation Department, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Li W, Sivakumar R, Titov AA, Choi SC, Morel L. Metabolic Factors that Contribute to Lupus Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:75-98. [PMID: 27480903 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016017164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which organ damage is mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against nucleic acids and protein complexes. Studies in SLE patients and in mouse models of lupus have implicated virtually every cell type in the immune system in the induction or amplification of the autoimmune response as well as the promotion of an inflammatory environment that aggravates tissue injury. Here, we review the contribution of CD4+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells to lupus pathogenesis and then discuss alterations in the metabolism of these cells that may contribute to disease, given the recent advances in the field of immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ramya Sivakumar
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Anton A Titov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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13
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Sauma D, Crisóstomo N, Fuentes C, Gleisner MA, Hidalgo Y, Fuenzalida MJ, Rosemblatt M, Bono MR. Adoptive transfer of autoimmune splenic dendritic cells to lupus-prone mice triggers a B lymphocyte humoral response. Immunol Res 2017; 65:957-968. [PMID: 28741259 PMCID: PMC5544790 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by increased autoantibody production that leads to multiple tissue injuries. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important orchestrators of immune responses and key components in fine-tuning the balance between tolerance and immunity. However, their role in autoimmune disorders such as SLE remains uncertain. We analyzed the contribution of DCs in triggering SLE by adoptively transferring splenic DCs from aged autoimmune [NZB×NZW]F1 (BWF1) mice to young healthy BWF1 mice. We observed that the transfer of DCs from autoimmune mice to pre-autoimmune mice induced high autoantibody titers in the serum of recipient mice. Moreover, autoimmune DCs from aged BWF1 mice were crucial for the expansion and differentiation of plasmablasts and CD5+ B cells or B1-like cells in the peripheral blood, and spleen of recipient BWF1 mice, a phenomenon that is observed in autoimmune BWF1 mice. On the other hand, DCs from aged BWF1 mice participated in the expansion and differentiation of DCs and IFN-γ-producing T cells. These results reveal that DCs from autoimmune BWF1 mice exhibit functional and phenotypic characteristics that allow them to trigger B cell hyperactivation, as well as DC and T cell expansion and differentiation, thereby promoting an exacerbated humoral response in lupus-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Crisóstomo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Fuentes
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yessia Hidalgo
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Fuenzalida
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Murphy M, Pattabiraman G, Manavalan TT, Medvedev AE. Deficiency in IRAK4 activity attenuates manifestations of murine Lupus. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:880-891. [PMID: 28295231 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) 4 mediates host defense against infections. As an active kinase, IRAK4 elicits full spectra of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD) 88-dependent responses, while kinase-inactive IRAK4 induces a subset of cytokines and negative regulators whose expression is not regulated by mRNA stability. IRAK4 kinase activity is critical for resistance against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but its involvement in autoimmunity is incompletely understood. In this study, we determined the role of IRAK4 kinase activity in murine lupus. Lupus development in BXSB mice expressing the Y chromosome autoimmunity accelerator (Yaa) increased basal and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/7-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, p65 nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), enhanced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 5 gene expression in splenic macrophages, but decreased levels of Toll-interacting protein and IRAK-M, without affecting IRAK4 or IRAK1 expression. Mice harboring kinase-inactive IRAK4 on the lupus-prone Yaa background manifested blunted TLR signaling in macrophages and reduced glomerulonephritis, splenomegaly, serum anti-nuclear antibodies, numbers of splenic macrophages, total and TNF-α+ dendritic cells, activated T- and B-lymphocytes, and lower TNF-α expression in macrophages compared with lupus-prone mice with functional IRAK4. Thus, IRAK4 kinase activity contributes to murine lupus and could represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tissa T Manavalan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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15
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Morawski PA, Bolland S. Expanding the B Cell-Centric View of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:373-382. [PMID: 28274696 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a breakdown of self-tolerance in B cells and the production of antibodies against nuclear self-antigens. Increasing evidence supports the notion that additional cellular contributors beyond B cells are important for lupus pathogenesis. In this review we consider recent advances regarding both the pathogenic and the regulatory role of lymphocytes in SLE beyond the production of IgG autoantibodies. We also discuss various inflammatory effector cell types involved in cytokine production, removal of self-antigens, and responses to autoreactive IgE antibodies. We aim to integrate these ideas to expand the current understanding of the cellular components that contribute to disease progression and ultimately help in the design of novel, targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Morawski
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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16
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Scott JL, Wirth JR, EuDaly JG, Gilkeson GS, Cunningham MA. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell distribution and maturation are altered in lupus prone mice prior to the onset of clinical disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 175:109-114. [PMID: 28041989 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and their production of type I interferons (IFN) are key pathogenic mediators of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Despite the key role of pDCs in SLE, the mechanism by which pDCs promote disease is not well understood. The first objective for this study was to assess the number and maturation state of pDCs in pre-disease NZM2410 lupus prone mice compared to control mice. Second, we sought to identify mechanisms responsible for the alteration in pDCs in NZM mice prior to onset of clinical disease. We compared the number and percent of pDCs in the spleens and bone marrow (BM) of pre-disease NZM24010 (NZM) mice to C57BL/6 (B6) control mice. In the spleens of pre-disease NZM mice, pDC percent and number were increased. This increase occurs in parallel with a decrease in BM pDC number and percent in the NZM mice. The decrease in BM pDC number suggests the increase in spleen pDCs is a result of altered pDC distribution and not increased production of pDCs in the BM. To determine if pDC developmental potential is altered in lupus prone mice, we cultured BM from NZM and B6 mice in vitro. We found a reduced percentage/number of pDCs developing from the BM of NZM mice compared to B6 mice, which further supports that the increase in pDC number is a result of altered pDC distribution rather than increased pDC production. To better characterize the pDC population, we compared the percentage of mature pDCs in the spleens and BM of NZM mice to controls. In the NZM mice, there is a dramatic reduction in the number of mature pDCs in the BM of NZM mice, suggesting that mature pDCs exit the BM at a higher rate/earlier maturation time compared to healthy mice. We conclude that pDCs contribution to disease pathogenesis in NZM mice may include the alteration of pDC distribution to increase the number of pDCs in the spleen prior to disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 203, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Jena R Wirth
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 816, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Jackie G EuDaly
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 816, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 816, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | - Melissa A Cunningham
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 816, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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17
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Yan S, Yim LY, Tam RCY, Chan A, Lu L, Lau CS, Chan VSF. MicroRNA-155 Mediates Augmented CD40 Expression in Bone Marrow Derived Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Symptomatic Lupus-Prone NZB/W F1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081282. [PMID: 27509492 PMCID: PMC5000679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by hyperactivated immune responses to self-antigens and persistent systemic inflammation. Previously, we reported abnormalities in circulating and bone marrow (BM)-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) from SLE patients. Here, we aim to seek for potential regulators that mediate functional aberrations of pDCs in SLE. BM-derived pDCs from NZB/W F1 mice before and after the disease onset were compared for toll-like receptor (TLR) induced responses and microRNA profile changes. While pDCs derived from symptomatic mice were phenotypically comparable to pre-symptomatic ones, functionally they exhibited hypersensitivity to TLR7 but not TLR9 stimulation, as represented by the elevated upregulation of CD40, CD86 and MHC class II molecules upon R837 stimulation. Upregulated induction of miR-155 in symptomatic pDCs following TLR7 stimulation was observed. Transfection of miR-155 mimics in pre-symptomatic pDCs induced an augmented expression of Cd40, which is consistent with the increased CD40 expression in symptomatic pDCs. Overall, our results provide evidence for miR-155-mediated regulation in pDC functional abnormalities in SLE. Findings from this study contribute to a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and ignite future interests in evaluating the molecular regulation in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lok Yan Yim
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rachel Chun Yee Tam
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Albert Chan
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liwei Lu
- Departments of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Departments of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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