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Stange P, Kersting J, Sivaprakasam Padmanaban PB, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M, Karl T, Benz JP. The decision for or against mycoparasitic attack by Trichoderma spp. is taken already at a distance in a prey-specific manner and benefits plant-beneficial interactions. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2024; 11:14. [PMID: 39252125 PMCID: PMC11384713 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-024-00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of plant-beneficial microorganisms as bio-fertilizer and biocontrol agents has gained traction in recent years, as both agriculture and forestry are facing the challenges of poor soils and climate change. Trichoderma spp. are gaining popularity in agriculture and forestry due to their multifaceted roles in promoting plant growth through e.g. nutrient translocation, hormone production, induction of plant systemic resistance, but also direct antagonism of other fungi. However, the mycotrophic nature of the genus bears the risk of possible interference with other native plant-beneficial fungi, such as ectomycorrhiza, in the rhizosphere. Such interference could yield unpredictable consequences for the host plants of these ecosystems. So far, it remains unclear, whether Trichoderma is able to differentiate between plant-beneficial and plant-pathogenic fungi during the process of plant colonization. RESULTS We investigated whether Trichoderma spp. can differentiate between beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi (represented by Laccaria bicolor and Hebeloma cylindrosporum) and pathogenic fungi (represented by Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata) in different confrontation scenarios, including a newly developed olfactometer "race tube"-like system. Using two independent species, T. harzianum and T. atrobrunneum, with plant-growth-promoting and immune-stimulating properties towards Populus x canescens, our study revealed robustly accelerated growth towards phytopathogens, while showing a contrary response to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Transcriptomic analyses identified distinct genetic programs during interaction corresponding to the lifestyles, emphasizing the expression of mycoparasitism-related genes only in the presence of phytopathogens. CONCLUSION The findings reveal a critical mode of fungal community interactions belowground and suggest that Trichoderma spp. can distinguish between fungal partners of different lifestyles already at a distance. This sheds light on the entangled interactions of fungi in the rhizosphere and emphasizes the potential benefits of using Trichoderma spp. as a biocontrol agent and bio-fertilizer in tree plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Stange
- Professorship for Fungal Biotechnology in Wood Science, Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Kersting
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Karl
- Professorship for Fungal Biotechnology in Wood Science, Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Professorship for Fungal Biotechnology in Wood Science, Wood Research Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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González-Hernández RA, Valdez-Cruz NA, Macías-Rubalcava ML, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:194. [PMID: 37169980 PMCID: PMC10175467 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A González-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha L Macías-Rubalcava
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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3
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Schmaltz S, Silva MA, Ninaus RG, Guedes JVC, Zabot GL, Tres MV, Mazutti MA. Biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:70. [PMID: 36742447 PMCID: PMC9889597 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents scientific findings which indicate biomolecules are excellent candidates for the development of biopesticides. Efforts are being done to find routes to increase their concentrations in the cultivation media because this concentration facilitates applications, storage, and transportation. Some of these routes are co-fermentation and ultrasound-assisted fermentation. Ultrasonication increases metabolite production and growth rates by improvement of cell permeability and nutrient uptake rates through cell membranes. For example, 24% increase in the enzymatic activity of cellulases produced by Trichoderma reesei in solid-state fermentation was achieved with ultrasonication. Also, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase productions were stimulated by ultrasound in Beauveria bassiana cultivation, presenting positive results. The common parameters evaluated in the production of biomolecules by ultrasound-assisted fermentation are the duty cycle, time of application, power, energetic density, and how long the sonication is maintained in the fermentation media. Many successful cases are reported and discussed, which include the final formulation of bioproducts for agricultural applications. In this trend, nanotechnology is a promising tool for the development of nanoformulations. Nanoemulsification, green synthesis, biosynthesis, or biogenic synthesis are technologies used to produce such nanoformulations, allowing the controlled release of control agents, as well as the delivery of biomolecules to specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Schmaltz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Silva
- São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 400, Trabalhador São-Carlense Avenue, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Renata Gulart Ninaus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Jerson Vanderlei Carus Guedes
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Giovani Leone Zabot
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, 1040, Sete de Setembro St., Center DC, Cachoeira Do Sul, RS 96508-010 Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Mazutti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000, Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900 Brazil
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Panchalingam H, Powell D, Adra C, Foster K, Tomlin R, Quigley BL, Nyari S, Hayes RA, Shapcott A, Kurtböke Dİ. Assessing the Various Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma Strains against the Brown Root Rot Pathogen Pyrrhoderma noxium Infecting Heritage Fig Trees. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101105. [PMID: 36294670 PMCID: PMC9605450 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of phytopathogenic fungi exist causing various plant diseases, which can lead to devastating economic, environmental, and social impacts on a global scale. One such fungus is Pyrrhoderma noxium, causing brown root rot disease in over 200 plant species of a variety of life forms mostly in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. The aim of this study was to discover the antagonistic abilities of two Trichoderma strains (#5001 and #5029) found to be closely related to Trichoderma reesei against P. noxium. The mycoparasitic mechanism of these Trichoderma strains against P. noxium involved coiling around the hyphae of the pathogen and producing appressorium like structures. Furthermore, a gene expression study identified an induced expression of the biological control activity associated genes in Trichoderma strains during the interaction with the pathogen. In addition, volatile and diffusible antifungal compounds produced by the Trichoderma strains were also effective in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. The ability to produce Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophores and the volatile compounds related to plant growth promotion were also identified as added benefits to the performance of these Trichoderma strains as biological control agents. Overall, these results show promise for the possibility of using the Trichoderma strains as potential biological control agents to protect P. noxium infected trees as well as preventing new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrchun Panchalingam
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Daniel Powell
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Cherrihan Adra
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Keith Foster
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Russell Tomlin
- Brisbane City Council, Program, Planning and Integration, Brisbane Square, Level 10, 266 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bonnie L. Quigley
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Sharon Nyari
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - R. Andrew Hayes
- Forest Industries Research Centre, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Alison Shapcott
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - D. İpek Kurtböke
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Felgueiras F, Mourão Z, Oliveira Fernandes ED, Gabriel MF. Airborne bacterial and fungal concentrations and fungal diversity in bedrooms of infant twins under 1 year of age living in Porto. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112568. [PMID: 34932978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne microorganisms has been linked to the development of health detriments, particularly in children. Microbial pollution can constitute a relevant health concern indoors, where levels of airborne microorganisms may be specially increased. This work aimed to characterize the airborne bacterial levels, and fungal concentration and diversity to which twins are exposed in their bedrooms (n = 30) during the first year of life. Bacterial and fungal levels varied widely across the studied bedrooms, with 10% of the rooms presenting values exceeding the national limit for both indoor bacterial and fungal counts. Cladosporium was the predominant genera, but Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Trichoderma and Chrysonilia were also identified in the samples collected. In addition, two toxicogenic species, A. flavus and T. viride, were identified at counts that exceeded the established limit (12 CFU/m3) in 3 and 7% of the bedrooms surveyed, respectively. Based on indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios, outdoor air seemed to be the main contributor to the total load of fungi found indoors, while airborne bacteria appeared to be mainly linked to indoor sources. Higher indoor nitrogen dioxide levels were negatively correlated with indoor fungi concentrations, whereas particulate matter and volatile organic compounds concentrations were associated with an increase in fungal prevalence. In addition, rooms with small carpets or located near outdoor agriculture sources presented significantly greater total fungal concentrations. Multiple linear regression models showed that outdoor levels were the single significant predictor identified, explaining 38.6 and 53.6% of the Cladosporium sp. and total fungi counts, respectively. The results also suggest the existence of additional factors contributing to airborne biologicals load in infants' bedrooms that deserve further investigation. Findings stress the need for investigating the existence of declared interactive effects between chemical and biological air pollutants to accurately understand the health risk that the assessed levels can represent to infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Felgueiras
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zenaida Mourão
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marta Fonseca Gabriel
- INEGI, Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Campus da FEUP, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Sharifi R, Jeon JS, Ryu CM. Belowground plant-microbe communications via volatile compounds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:463-486. [PMID: 34727189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds play important roles in rhizosphere biological communications and interactions. The emission of plant and microbial volatiles is a dynamic phenomenon that is affected by several endogenous and exogenous signals. Diffusion of volatiles can be limited by their adsorption, degradation, and dissolution under specific environmental conditions. Therefore, rhizosphere volatiles need to be investigated on a micro and spatiotemporal scale. Plant and microbial volatiles can expand and specialize the rhizobacterial niche not only by improving the root system architecture such that it serves as a nutrient-rich shelter, but also by inhibiting or promoting the growth, chemotaxis, survival, and robustness of neighboring organisms. Root volatiles play an important role in engineering the belowground microbiome by shaping the microbial community structure and recruiting beneficial microbes. Microbial volatiles are appropriate candidates for improving plant growth and health during environmental challenges and climate change. However, some technical and experimental challenges limit the non-destructive monitoring of volatile emissions in the rhizosphere in real-time. In this review, we attempt to clarify the volatile-mediated intra- and inter-kingdom communications in the rhizosphere, and propose improvements in experimental design for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Je-Seung Jeon
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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7
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Walther C, Baumann P, Luck K, Rothe B, Biedermann PHW, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG, Unsicker SB. Volatile emission and biosynthesis in endophytic fungi colonizing black poplar leaves. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1698-1711. [PMID: 34367348 PMCID: PMC8313976 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatiles play a major role in plant-insect interactions as defense compounds or attractants for insect herbivores. Recent studies have shown that endophytic fungi are also able to produce volatiles and this raises the question of whether these fungal volatiles influence plant-insect interactions. Here, we qualitatively investigated the volatiles released from 13 endophytic fungal species isolated from leaves of mature black poplar (Populus nigra) trees. The volatile blends of these endophytes grown on agar medium consist of typical fungal compounds, including aliphatic alcohols, ketones and esters, the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol and various sesquiterpenes. Some of the compounds were previously reported as constituents of the poplar volatile blend. For one endophyte, a species of Cladosporium, we isolated and characterized two sesquiterpene synthases that can produce a number of mono- and sesquiterpenes like (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-β-caryophyllene, compounds that are dominant components of the herbivore-induced volatile bouquet of black poplar trees. As several of the fungus-derived volatiles like 2-phenylethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and the sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene, are known to play a role in direct and indirect plant defense, the emission of volatiles from endophytic microbial species should be considered in future studies investigating tree-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Walther
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pamela Baumann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Fohrenbühl 27, 79252 Stegen-Wittental, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Beate Rothe
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Fohrenbühl 27, 79252 Stegen-Wittental, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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8
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Gavrilova OP, Orina AS, Kessenikh ED, Gustyleva LK, Savelieva EI, Gogina NN, Gagkaeva TY. Diversity of Physiological and Biochemical Characters of Microdochium Fungi. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000294. [PMID: 32421897 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological characterization of Microdochium majus, M. nivale, and M. seminicola strains with wide geographical origins showed the diversity of their pathogenic properties and metabolite compounds, allowing them to exist in their habitats. Significant differences in the ability of Microdochium fungi to cause lesions on wheat and oat leaves were found. The intensity of symptoms depended on the species and substrate origin of the strains. On average M. seminicola strains were able to cause less leaf necrosis than M. majus and M. nivale. The volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of Microdochium fungi included 29 putative fungal metabolites. The spectrum of the identified VOCs in M. seminicola strains was much richer than that in M. majus and M. nivale strains. In addition, the strains of M. seminicola emitted at least six sesquiterpenes. Mycotoxin analysis by HPLC/MS/MS revealed that the analyzed Microdochium strains did not produce any toxic metabolites typically produced by filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Podbelskogo sh., 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S Orina
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Podbelskogo sh., 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta D Kessenikh
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, 188663, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lyudmila K Gustyleva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, 188663, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I Savelieva
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, 188663, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Gogina
- Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, 141311, Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Tatiana Yu Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), Podbelskogo sh., 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Guo Y, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Antritter F, Benz JP, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Sniffing fungi - phenotyping of volatile chemical diversity in Trichoderma species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:244-259. [PMID: 32155672 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play vital roles in the interaction of fungi with plants and other organisms. A systematic study of the global fungal VOC profiles is still lacking, though it is a prerequisite for elucidating the mechanisms of VOC-mediated interactions. Here we present a versatile system enabling a high-throughput screening of fungal VOCs under controlled temperature. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we characterized the volatile metabolic fingerprints of four Trichoderma spp. over a 48 h growth period. The developed platform allows automated and fast detection of VOCs from up to 14 simultaneously growing fungal cultures in real time. The comprehensive analysis of fungal odors is achieved by employing proton transfer reaction-time of flight-MS and GC-MS. The data-mining strategy based on multivariate data analysis and machine learning allows the volatile metabolic fingerprints to be uncovered. Our data revealed dynamic, development-dependent and extremely species-specific VOC profiles from the biocontrol genus Trichoderma. The two mass spectrometric approaches were highly complementary to each other, together revealing a novel, dynamic view to the fungal VOC release. This analytical system could be used for VOC-based chemotyping of diverse small organisms, or more generally, for any in vivo and in vitro real-time headspace analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Felix Antritter
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Influence of Changes in the Level of Volatile Compounds Emitted during Rapeseed Quality Degradation on the Reaction of MOS Type Sensor-Array. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113135. [PMID: 32492973 PMCID: PMC7309047 DOI: 10.3390/s20113135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the applicability of a three-parameters method for digital description of spoiled rapeseed odor based on the use of an electronic nose. The method consists of the use of three parameters to describe the sensor response, i.e., the maximum resistance value, the response time and the cleaning time of the active surface of the sensor. Reference chemical methods, i.e., determination of the ergosterol content and analysis of volatile compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were used to monitor qualitative changes occurring in the stored material. A 31-day profile of volatile compounds and changes in the ergosterol content was determined in the study. A total of 18 chemical groups of volatile organic compounds was identified. There was a strong positive correlation between the cleaning time and the percentage content of alcohols and alkenes, as well as ergosterol, as a marker of qualitative changes. The maximum response was another parameter that effectively described the changes occurring in the seeds. This parameter was strongly negatively correlated with esters and amides in the case of six sensors, and with ergosterol, alkenes and to a lesser degree with alcohols in the case of the other two sensors. The study results clearly demonstrated a relationship between the sensor responses and the percentage content of alcohols and alkenes, which provided novel practical information for the oilseed branch.
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11
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Erler A, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG, Grothusheitkamp D, Kunz T, Methner FJ. Characterization of volatile metabolites formed by molds on barley by mass and ion mobility spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4501. [PMID: 31945247 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of barley by molds on the field or in storage leads to the spoilage of grain and the production of mycotoxins, which causes major economic losses in malting facilities and breweries. Therefore, on-site detection of hidden fungus contaminations in grain storages based on the detection of volatile marker compounds is of high interest. In this work, the volatile metabolites of 10 different fungus species are identified by gas chromatography (GC) combined with two complementary mass spectrometric methods, namely, electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure (APCI)-mass spectrometry (MS). The APCI source utilizes soft X-radiation, which enables the selective protonation of the volatile metabolites largely without side reactions. Nearly 80 volatile or semivolatile compounds from different substance classes, namely, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, substituted aromatic compounds, alkenes, terpenes, oxidized terpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxidized sesquiterpenes, could be identified. The profiles of volatile and semivolatile metabolites of the different fungus species are characteristic of them and allow their safe differentiation. The application of the same GC parameters and APCI source allows a simple method transfer from MS to ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), which permits on-site analyses of grain stores. Characterization of IMS yields limits of detection very similar to those of APCI-MS. Accordingly, more than 90% of the volatile metabolites found by APCI-MS were also detected in IMS. In addition to different fungus genera, different species of one fungus genus could also be differentiated by GC-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Erler
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Riebe
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Toralf Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniela Grothusheitkamp
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunz
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank-Jürgen Methner
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Keriene I, Mankeviciene A, Blazyte J. The effect of antifungal extracts on the contamination of grain with microfungi. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1375-1382. [PMID: 32180947 PMCID: PMC7063366 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the effects of extracts made from buckwheat grain, hulls, and bee products (propolis, bread, and pollen) and extraction solvents on the growth of microfungi on a medium and on buckwheat, wheat, oat, and maize grain. Research findings suggest that bioactive compounds contained in buckwheat grain reduced the amount of Fusarium spp. in the grain kept in the antifungal extract for 90 min at 25°C temperature. Buckwheat hull extract was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of mycotoxin‐producing Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum compared with buckwheat grain extract (13%–50% and 14%–36%, respectively). The antifungal activity of extracts of bee products did not depend on the content of phenolic compounds in them; however, it depended on the grain species treated. After treatment of oat, wheat, and maize grain with bee product extracts, the lowest concentration of microfungi was identified on oat grain. More significant analysis results were obtained for the samples where ethanol solvent had been used for the preparation of extracts.
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13
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A P S, Thankappan S, G K, Uthandi S. Comprehensive profiling of the VOCs of Trichoderma longibrachiatum EF5 while interacting with Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126436. [PMID: 32179388 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum EF5 is an endophytic fungal antagonist of rice. It is used for the control of soil-borne fungal pathogens-Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina. We demonstrate that T. longibrachiatum EF5 inhibits the growth of these pathogens on direct interaction as well as via the production of the microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). The mVOCs reduced mycelial growth and inhibited the production of sclerotia by altering the mycelial structure. We profiled 138 mVOCs, when T. longibrachiatum EF5 interacted with the two pathogens. During these interactions, several compounds are up- or downregulated by T. longibrachiatum EF5, including longifolene, caryophyllene,1-Butanol 2-methyl, cedrene, and cuprenene. These compounds are involved in the biosynthetic pathways of the sesquiterpenoid and alkane, and the degradation pathway of trimethylamine. We provide an insight into the multiple modes by which T. longibrachiatum EF5 exerts antagonistic actions, such as hyperparasitism, competitions, and antibiosis via mVOCs. In contrast to their antimicrobial properties, these metabolites could also promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridharan A P
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Sugitha Thankappan
- Biocatalysts Lab., Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Karthikeyan G
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - Sivakumar Uthandi
- Biocatalysts Lab., Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India.
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14
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Ghirardo A, Lindstein F, Koch K, Buegger F, Schloter M, Albert A, Michelsen A, Winkler JB, Schnitzler J, Rinnan R. Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1908-1925. [PMID: 31957145 PMCID: PMC7078956 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Warming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature-dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13 CO2 -labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil-plant-atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5°C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13 C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%-44% (Salix) and 60%-68% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%-58% (Salix) and 87%-95% (Betula). Analyses of above- and belowground 12/13 C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant-soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Frida Lindstein
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis (COMI)Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Andreas Albert
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS)Institute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology SectionDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for PermafrostDepartment of Geoscience and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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15
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García-Gómez P, Almagro G, Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, Ameztoy K, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Antolín MC, Urdiain A, López-Belchi MD, López-Gómez P, Morán JF, Garrido J, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Volatile compounds other than CO 2 emitted by different microorganisms promote distinct posttranscriptionally regulated responses in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1729-1746. [PMID: 30480826 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A "box-in-box" cocultivation system was used to investigate plant responses to microbial volatile compounds (VCs) and to evaluate the contributions of organic and inorganic VCs (VOCs and VICs, respectively) to these responses. Arabidopsis plants were exposed to VCs emitted by adjacent Alternaria alternata and Penicillium aurantiogriseum cultures, with and without charcoal filtration. No VOCs were detected in the headspace of growth chambers containing fungal cultures with charcoal filters. However, these growth chambers exhibited elevated CO2 and bioactive CO and NO headspace concentrations. Independently of charcoal filtration, VCs from both fungal phytopathogens promoted growth and distinct developmental changes. Plants cultured at CO2 levels observed in growth boxes containing fungal cultures were identical to those cultured at ambient CO2 . Plants exposed to charcoal-filtered fungal VCs, nonfiltered VCs, or superelevated CO2 levels exhibited transcriptional changes resembling those induced by increased irradiance. Thus, in the "box-in-box" system, (a) fungal VICs other than CO2 and/or VOCs not detected by our analytical systems strongly influence the plants' responses to fungal VCs, (b) different microorganisms release VCs with distinct action potentials, (c) transcriptional changes in VC-exposed plants are mainly due to enhanced photosynthesis signaling, and (d) regulation of some plant responses to fungal VCs is primarily posttranscriptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - María Carmen Antolín
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amadeo Urdiain
- Facultades de Ciencias y Farmacia y Nutrición, Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas (Departamento de Biología Ambiental), Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEAD, Zaragoza, ICVV, Logroño), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Belchi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Concepción, Avenue Vicente Méndez 595, Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro López-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - José Fernando Morán
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | - Julián Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Universidad Pública de Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), 31192, Mutiloabeti, Spain
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16
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Guo Y, Ghirardo A, Weber B, Schnitzler JP, Benz JP, Rosenkranz M. Trichoderma Species Differ in Their Volatile Profiles and in Antagonism Toward Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria bicolor. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31105677 PMCID: PMC6499108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are economically important due to their plant growth- and performance-promoting effects, such as improved nutrient supply, mycoparasitism of plant-pathogens and priming of plant defense. Due to their mycotrophic lifestyle, however, they might also be antagonistic to other plant-beneficial fungi, such as mycorrhiza-forming species. Trichoderma spp. release a high diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which likely play a decisive role in the inter-species communication. It has been shown that Trichoderma VOCs can inhibit growth of some plant pathogens, but their inhibition potentials during early interactions with mutualistic fungi remain unknown. Laccaria bicolor is a common ectomycorrhizal fungus which in symbiotic relationship is well known to facilitate plant performance. Here, we investigated the VOC profiles of three strains of Trichoderma species, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma Hamatum, and Trichoderma velutinum, as well as L. bicolor by stir bar sorptive extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (SBSE-GC-MS). We further examined the fungal performance and the VOC emission profiles during confrontation of the Trichoderma species with L. bicolor in different co-cultivation scenarios. The VOC profiles of the three Trichoderma species were highly species-dependent. T. harzianum was the strongest VOC emitter with the most diverse compound pattern, followed by T. hamatum and T. velutinum. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma spp. and L. bicolor altered the VOC emission patterns dramatically in some scenarios. The co-cultivations also revealed contact degree-dependent inhibition of one of the fungal partners. Trichoderma growth was at least partially inhibited when sharing the same headspace with L. bicolor. In direct contact between both mycelia, however, L. bicolor growth was impaired, indicating that Trichoderma and L. bicolor apply different effectors when defending their territory. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that all examined individual fungal species in axenic cultures, as well as their co-cultivations were characterized by a distinct VOC emission pattern. The results underline the importance of VOCs in fungal interactions and reveal unexpected adjustability of the VOC emissions according to the specific biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Baris Weber
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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17
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Pan Y, Jin H, Yang S, Liu H. Changes of volatile organic compounds and bioactivity of Alternaria brassicae GL07 in different ages. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:713-722. [PMID: 30994190 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant endophytes are rich in secondary metabolites and are widely used in medicine, chemical, food, agriculture, and other fields. Here, an endophytic fungus is isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. leaves and identified as Alternaria brassicae GL07 through genotypic characterizations. It can produce fruity scented volatiles. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 32 components were identified; and at different culture times, the composition of VOCs was different. It had more components in the first two weeks, but a fewer components on the 21st day. More olefins, ketone, aldehyde, and alcohol were found in the growth period and more amines and esters were found in the decline period. Also, 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, β-ionone, and nonanal were found. They were the same ingredients in Ginkgo essential oils and some of them were isolated for the first time in the volatile constituents of endophytes. The antioxidant activity and whitening activities of all extracts were also evaluated. When cultured for 10 days, it had the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (IC50 , 0.56 g/L), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (IC50 , 0.47 g/L), reducing ability, and tyrosinase inhibition ability (IC50 , 5.18 g/L), which may be due to a large amount of ketones and alcohols produced during the log phase. This demonstrates the potential of A. brassicae GL07 to produce bioactive compounds and to be used for perfume and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjie Jin
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, PR China
| | - Shengli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, PR China
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18
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Li ZT, Janisiewicz WJ, Liu Z, Callahan AM, Evans BE, Jurick WM, Dardick C. Exposure in vitro to an Environmentally Isolated Strain TC09 of Cladosporium sphaerospermum Triggers Plant Growth Promotion, Early Flowering, and Fruit Yield Increase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1959. [PMID: 30774644 PMCID: PMC6367233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of bacteria and fungi have been found to promote plant growth through mutualistic interactions involving elements such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here, we report the identification of an environmentally isolated strain of Cladosporium sphaerospermum (herein named TC09), that substantially enhances plant growth after exposure in vitro beyond what has previously been reported. When cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under in vitro conditions, tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum) exposed to TC09 cultures for 20 days increased stem height and whole plant biomass up to 25- and 15-fold, respectively, over controls without exposure. TC09-mediated growth promotion required >5 g/L sucrose in the plant culture medium and was influenced by the duration of exposure ranging from one to 10 days, beyond which no differences were detected. When transplanted to soil under greenhouse conditions, TC09-exposed tobacco plants retained higher rates of growth. Comparative transcriptome analyses using tobacco seedlings exposed to TC09 for 10 days uncovered differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with diverse biological processes including cell expansion and cell cycle, photosynthesis, phytohormone homeostasis and defense responses. To test the potential efficacy of TC09-mediated growth promotion on agricultural productivity, pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) of two different varieties, Cayenne and Minisweet, were pre-exposed to TC09 and planted in the greenhouse to monitor growth, flowering, and fruit production. Results showed that treated pepper plants flowered 20 days earlier and yielded up to 213% more fruit than untreated controls. Altogether the data suggest that exposure of young plants to C. sphaerospermum produced VOCs may provide a useful tool to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian T. Li
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wojciech J. Janisiewicz
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Zongrang Liu
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ann M. Callahan
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Breyn E. Evans
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Wayne M. Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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19
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Cao Y, Zhang R, Liu W, Zhao G, Niu W, Guo J, Xian M, Liu H. Manipulation of the precursor supply for high-level production of longifolene by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2019; 9:95. [PMID: 30643175 PMCID: PMC6331559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Longifolene is a naturally occurring tricyclic sesquiterpene widely used in many different fields. Up to now, this valuable terpene was mainly manufactured from the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. Microbial production can be a promising alternative to the extraction from natural plant sources. Here, we present the metabolic engineering strategy to assemble biosynthetic pathway for longifolene production in Escherichia coli. E. coli was rendered to produce longifolene by heterologously expressing a codon optimized longifolene synthase from Picea abies. Augmentation of the metabolic flux to farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) by different FPP synthases conferred a 1.8-fold increase in longifolene production. An additional enhancement of longifolene production (up to 2.64 mg/L) was achieved by introducing an exogenous mevalonate pathway. Under fed-batch conditions, the best-performing strain was able to produce 382 mg/L of longifolene in a 5 L bioreactor. These results demonstrated the feasibility of producing longifolene by microbial fermentation and could serve as the basis for the construction of more robust strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Jiantao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Huizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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20
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Rusinek R, Gancarz M, Krekora M, Nawrocka A. A Novel Method for Generation of a Fingerprint Using Electronic Nose on the Example of Rapeseed Spoilage. J Food Sci 2018; 84:51-58. [PMID: 30557906 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents application of a new three-parameter method for identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and creation of fingerprints based on the impregnation time (tIM ), cleaning time (tCL ), and maximum response ([ΔR/R]max ) of chemically sensing sensors for detecting spoilage of agricultural commodities. The novelty of this method consists in the use of two additional parameters: an impregnation time and a cleaning time for the first time. An Agrinose built of eight metal oxide semiconductors was used for identification of loss in the rapeseed quality during a short period of storage after harvest. Principal component analysis was applied as a method of data analysis to verify the suitability of the new three-parameter method and visualization of groups of different quality of raw materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra for identification of the infrared bands of fungal polysaccharides and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the headspace was applied to describe volatile metabolite contents in reference to the electronic nose technique. The investigations and analyses have demonstrated that the new three-parameter method for determination of volatile compounds ([ΔR/R]max , tIM , tCL ) describes the changes in VOCs more efficiently than the single-parameter approach based only on the maximum sensor response ([ΔR/R]max ). The proposed method for generation of electronic fingerprints clearly discriminated between rapeseed samples infected with field and storage microflora. Three-parameters method can be useful for quality control in food microbiology and safety, as a rapid method of analysis and detection, including electronic nose sensor technology. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of the proposed method for generation of fingerprints requires no interference with the hardware of the electronic nose but necessitates modification of the software only. This facilitates implementation of the three-parameter method in available devices. This kind of methods and devices can be useful for example in storage process with active ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rusinek
- Inst. of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Inst. of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krekora
- Inst. of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Inst. of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Acton WJF, Jud W, Ghirardo A, Wohlfahrt G, Hewitt CN, Taylor JE, Hansel A. The effect of ozone fumigation on the biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from Brassica napus above- and below-ground. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208825. [PMID: 30532234 PMCID: PMC6287848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emissions of BVOCs from oilseed rape (Brassica napus), both when the plant is exposed to clean air and when it is fumigated with ozone at environmentally-relevant mixing ratios (ca. 135 ppbv), were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Emissions of BVOCs were recorded from combined leaf and root chambers using a recently developed Selective Reagent Ionisation-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (SRI-ToF-MS) enabling BVOC detection with high time and mass resolution, together with the ability to identify certain molecular functionality. Emissions of BVOCs from below-ground were found to be dominated by sulfur compounds including methanethiol, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide, and these emissions did not change following fumigation of the plant with ozone. Emissions from above-ground plant organs exposed to clean air were dominated by methanol, monoterpenes, 4-oxopentanal and methanethiol. Ozone fumigation of the plants caused a rapid decrease in monoterpene and sesquiterpene concentrations in the leaf chamber and increased concentrations of ca. 20 oxygenated species, almost doubling the total carbon lost by the plant leaves as volatiles. The drop in sesquiterpenes concentrations was attributed to ozonolysis occurring to a major extent on the leaf surface. The drop in monoterpene concentrations was attributed to gas phase reactions with OH radicals deriving from ozonolysis reactions. As plant-emitted terpenoids have been shown to play a role in plant-plant and plant-insect signalling, the rapid loss of these species in the air surrounding the plants during photochemical pollution episodes may have a significant impact on plant-plant and plant-insect communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. F. Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - W. Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G. Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C. N. Hewitt
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - J. E. Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - A. Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Wang A, Haapalainen M, Latvala S, Edelenbos M, Johansen A. Discriminant analysis of volatile organic compounds of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium proliferatum isolates from onions as indicators of fungal growth. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1013-1022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Erler A, Riebe D, Beitz T, Löhmannsröben HG, Grothusheitkamp D, Kunz T, Methner FJ. Detection of volatile organic compounds in the headspace above mold fungi by GC-soft X-radiation-based APCI-MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:911-920. [PMID: 29896877 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mold fungi on malting barley grains cause major economic loss in malting and brewery facilities. Possible proxies for their detection are volatile and semivolatile metabolites. Among those substances, characteristic marker compounds have to be identified for a confident detection of mold fungi in varying surroundings. The analytical determination is usually performed through passive sampling with solid phase microextraction, gas chromatographic separation, and detection by electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), which often does not allow a confident determination due to the absence of molecular ions. An alternative is GC-APCI-MS, generally, allowing the determination of protonated molecular ions. Commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources are based on corona discharges, which are often unspecific due to the occurrence of several side reactions and produce complex product ion spectra. To overcome this issue, an APCI source based on soft X-radiation is used here. This source facilitates a more specific ionization by proton transfer reactions only. In the first part, the APCI source is characterized with representative volatile fungus metabolites. Depending on the proton affinity of the metabolites, the limits of detection are up to 2 orders of magnitude below those of EI-MS. In the second part, the volatile metabolites of the mold fungus species Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium are investigated. In total, 86 compounds were found with GC-EI/APCI-MS. The metabolites identified belong to the substance classes of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, substituted aromatic compounds, terpenes, and sesquiterpenes. In addition to substances unspecific for the individual fungus species, characteristic patterns of metabolites, allowing their confident discrimination, were found for each of the 4 fungus species. Sixty-seven of the 86 metabolites are detected by X-ray-based APCI-MS alone. The discrimination of the fungus species based on these metabolites alone was possible. Therefore, APCI-MS in combination with collision induced dissociation alone could be used as a supervision method for the detection of mold fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erler
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - D Riebe
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - T Beitz
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - H-G Löhmannsröben
- Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - D Grothusheitkamp
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - T Kunz
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - F-J Methner
- Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Seestr. 13, Berlin, 13353, Germany
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Oppong-Danquah E, Parrot D, Blümel M, Labes A, Tasdemir D. Molecular Networking-Based Metabolome and Bioactivity Analyses of Marine-Adapted Fungi Co-cultivated With Phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2072. [PMID: 30237790 PMCID: PMC6135897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a rich source of bioactive metabolites and some are marketed as alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals against plant pathogens. However, the culturability of fungal strains in artificial laboratory conditions is still limited and the standard mono-cultures do not reflect their full spectrum chemical diversity. Phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria have successfully been used in the activation of cryptic biosynthetic pathways to promote the production of new secondary metabolites in co-culture experiments. The aim of this study was to map the fungal diversity of Windebyer Noor, a brackish lake connected to Baltic Sea (Germany), to induce the chemical space of the isolated marine-adapted fungi by co-culturing with phytopathogens, and to assess their inhibitory potential against six commercially important phytopathogens. Out of 123 marine-adapted fungal isolates obtained, 21 were selected based on their phylogenetic and metabolite diversity. They were challenged with two phytopathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum) and two phytopathogenic fungi (Magnaporthe oryzae and Botrytis cinerea) on solid agar. An in-depth untargeted metabolomics approach incorporating UPLC-QToF-HRMS/MS-based molecular networking (MN), in silico MS/MS databases, and manual dereplication was employed for comparative analysis of the extracts belonging to nine most bioactive co-cultures and their respective mono-cultures. The phytopathogens triggered interspecies chemical communications with marine-adapted fungi, leading to the production of new compounds and enhanced expression of known metabolites in co-cultures. MN successfully generated a detailed map of the chemical inventory of both mono- and co-cultures. We annotated overall 18 molecular clusters (belonging to terpenes, alkaloids, peptides, and polyketides), 9 of which were exclusively produced in co-cultures. Several clusters contained compounds, which could not be annotated to any known compounds, suggesting that they are putatively new metabolites. Direct antagonistic effects of the marine-adapted fungi on the phytopathogens were observed and anti-phytopathogenic activity was demonstrated.The untargeted metabolomics approach combined with bioactivity testing allowed prioritization of two co-cultures for purification and characterization of marine fungal metabolites with crop-protective activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study employing plant pathogens to challenge marine-adapted fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Oppong-Danquah
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Delphine Parrot
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Blümel
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology (GEOMAR-Biotech), Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Mayer D, Mithöfer A, Glawischnig E, Georgii E, Ghirardo A, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler JP, Durner J, Gaupels F. Short-Term Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide Provides Basal Pathogen Resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:468-487. [PMID: 30076223 PMCID: PMC6130038 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) forms in plants under stress conditions, but little is known about its physiological functions. Here, we explored the physiological functions of NO2 in plant cells using short-term fumigation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) for 1 h with 10 µL L-1 NO2. Although leaf symptoms were absent, the expression of genes related to pathogen resistance was induced. Fumigated plants developed basal disease resistance, or pattern-triggered immunity, against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Functional salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways were both required for the full expression of NO2-induced resistance against B. cinerea An early peak of salicylic acid accumulation immediately after NO2 exposure was followed by a transient accumulation of oxophytodienoic acid. The simultaneous NO2-induced expression of genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis and jasmonate catabolism resulted in the complete suppression of JA and JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile) accumulation, which was accompanied by a rise in the levels of their catabolic intermediates 12-OH-JA, 12-OH-JA-Ile, and 12-COOH-JA-Ile. NO2-treated plants emitted the volatile monoterpene α-pinene and the sesquiterpene longifolene (syn. junipene), which could function in signaling or direct defense against pathogens. NO2-triggered B. cinerea resistance was dependent on enhanced early callose deposition and CYTOCHROME P450 79B2 (CYP79B2), CYP79B3, and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT3 gene functions but independent of camalexin, CYP81F2, and 4-OH-indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate derivatives. In sum, exogenous NO2 triggers basal pathogen resistance, pointing to a possible role for endogenous NO2 in defense signaling. Additionally, this study revealed the involvement of jasmonate catabolism and volatiles in pathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Mayer
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Bioorganic Chemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Gaupels
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract
The Amazon rainforest is the world's largest source of reactive volatile isoprenoids to the atmosphere. It is generally assumed that these emissions are products of photosynthetically driven secondary metabolism and released from the rainforest canopy from where they influence the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. However, recent measurements indicate that further sources of volatiles are present. Here we show that soil microorganisms are a strong, unaccounted source of highly reactive and previously unreported sesquiterpenes (C15H24; SQT). The emission rate and chemical speciation of soil SQTs were determined as a function of soil moisture, oxygen, and rRNA transcript abundance in the laboratory. Based on these results, a model was developed to predict soil-atmosphere SQT fluxes. It was found SQT emissions from a Terra Firme soil in the dry season were in comparable magnitude to current global model canopy emissions, establishing an important ecological connection between soil microbes and atmospherically relevant SQTs.
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27
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Tyagi S, Mulla SI, Lee KJ, Chae JC, Shukla P. VOCs-mediated hormonal signaling and crosstalk with plant growth promoting microbes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 38:1277-1296. [PMID: 29862848 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1472551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants communicate with various microorganisms (pathogenic or beneficial) and exhibit differential responses. In recent years, research on microbial volatile compounds (MVCs) has revealed them to be simple, effective and efficient groups of compounds that modulate plant growth and developmental processes. They also interfere with the signaling process. Different MVCs have been shown to promote plant growth via improved photosynthesis rates, increased plant resistance to pathogens, activated phytohormone signaling pathways, or, in some cases, inhibit plant growth, leading to death. Regardless of these exhibited roles, the molecules responsible, the underlying mechanisms, and induced specific metabolic/molecular changes are not fully understood. Here, we review current knowledge on the effects of MVCs on plants, with particular emphasis on their modulation of the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid/ethylene, and auxin signaling pathways. Additionally, opportunities for further research and potential practical applications presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Tyagi
- a Division of Biotechnology , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- a Division of Biotechnology , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Kui-Jae Lee
- a Division of Biotechnology , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Chae
- a Division of Biotechnology , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- b Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology , Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak , India
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28
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Kaling M, Schmidt A, Moritz F, Rosenkranz M, Witting M, Kasper K, Janz D, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler JP, Polle A. Mycorrhiza-Triggered Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Networks Impinge on Herbivore Fitness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2639-2656. [PMID: 29439210 PMCID: PMC5884605 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses between plants and mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in ecosystems and strengthen the plants' defense against aboveground herbivores. Here, we studied the underlying regulatory networks and biochemical mechanisms in leaves induced by ectomycorrhizae that modify herbivore interactions. Feeding damage and oviposition by the widespread poplar leaf beetle Chrysomela populi were reduced on the ectomycorrhizal hybrid poplar Populus × canescens Integration of transcriptomics, metabolomics, and volatile emission patterns via mass difference networks demonstrated changes in nitrogen allocation in the leaves of mycorrhizal poplars, down-regulation of phenolic pathways, and up-regulation of defensive systems, including protease inhibitors, chitinases, and aldoxime biosynthesis. Ectomycorrhizae had a systemic influence on jasmonate-related signaling transcripts. Our results suggest that ectomycorrhizae prime wounding responses and shift resources from constitutive phenol-based to specialized protective compounds. Consequently, symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi enabled poplars to respond to leaf beetle feeding with a more effective arsenal of defense mechanisms compared with nonmycorrhizal poplars, thus demonstrating the importance of belowground plant-microbe associations in mitigating aboveground biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kaling
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl Kasper
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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30
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Riedlmeier M, Ghirardo A, Wenig M, Knappe C, Koch K, Georgii E, Dey S, Parker JE, Schnitzler JP, Vlot AC. Monoterpenes Support Systemic Acquired Resistance within and between Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1440-1459. [PMID: 28536145 PMCID: PMC5502447 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of volatile organic compounds in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a salicylic acid (SA)-associated, broad-spectrum immune response in systemic, healthy tissues of locally infected plants. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses of SAR-related emissions of wild-type and non-SAR-signal-producing mutant plants associated SAR with monoterpene emissions. Headspace exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to a mixture of the bicyclic monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene induced defense, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and expression of SA- and SAR-related genes, including the SAR regulatory AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1) gene and three of its paralogs. Pinene-induced resistance was dependent on SA biosynthesis and signaling and on AZI1 Arabidopsis geranylgeranyl reductase1 mutants with reduced monoterpene biosynthesis were SAR-defective but mounted normal local resistance and methyl salicylate-induced defense responses, suggesting that monoterpenes act in parallel with SA The volatile emissions from SAR signal-emitting plants induced defense in neighboring plants, and this was associated with the presence of α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene in the emissions of the "sender" plants. Our data suggest that monoterpenes, particularly pinenes, promote SAR, acting through ROS and AZI1, and likely function as infochemicals in plant-to-plant signaling, thus allowing defense signal propagation between neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Riedlmeier
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Koch
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sanjukta Dey
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Lubes G, Goodarzi M. Analysis of Volatile Compounds by Advanced Analytical Techniques and Multivariate Chemometrics. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6399-6422. [PMID: 28306239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smelling is one of the five senses, which plays an important role in our everyday lives. Volatile compounds are, for example, characteristics of food where some of them can be perceivable by humans because of their aroma. They have a great influence on the decision making of consumers when they choose to use a product or not. In the case where a product has an offensive and strong aroma, many consumers might not appreciate it. On the contrary, soft and fresh natural aromas definitely increase the acceptance of a given product. These properties can drastically influence the economy; thus, it has been of great importance to manufacturers that the aroma of their food product is characterized by analytical means to provide a basis for further optimization processes. A lot of research has been devoted to this domain in order to link the quality of, e.g., a food to its aroma. By knowing the aromatic profile of a food, one can understand the nature of a given product leading to developing new products, which are more acceptable by consumers. There are two ways to analyze volatiles: one is to use human senses and/or sensory instruments, and the other is based on advanced analytical techniques. This work focuses on the latter. Although requirements are simple, low-cost technology is an attractive research target in this domain; most of the data are generated with very high-resolution analytical instruments. Such data gathered based on different analytical instruments normally have broad, overlapping sensitivity profiles and require substantial data analysis. In this review, we have addressed not only the question of the application of chemometrics for aroma analysis but also of the use of different analytical instruments in this field, highlighting the research needed for future focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lubes
- Laboratorio de Química en Solución. Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB) , Apartado 89000, Caracas 1080 A, Venezuela
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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Sen S, Dehingia M, Talukdar NC, Khan M. Chemometric analysis reveals links in the formation of fragrant bio-molecules during agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) and fungal interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44406. [PMID: 28290512 PMCID: PMC5349546 DOI: 10.1038/srep44406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragrant agarwood, arguably the costliest wood in the world, is formed by plant-fungal interactions in Aquilaria spp. However, very little is known about this fragrant outcome of interaction. Therefore, mimicking the ancient traditions of agarwood production in Assam (Northeast India), a chemometric assessment of the agarwood-fungus interaction was made by chemical profiling (GC-MS) coupled with statistical analysis (principal component, correlation network analysis) across three platforms, viz. callus, juvenile plants and resinous wood-chips with an associated Fusarium. In the study of callus-fungus interaction, increased accumulation of key aroma compounds such as pentatriacontane {fold change (log2FC) = 3.47)}, 17-pentatriacontene (log2FC = 2.95), tetradecane, 2-methyl- (log2FC = 1.10) over callus and activation of pathways related to defense and secondary metabolism indicated links to aroma production. Study on fungal interactions in juvenile plants and resinous wood-chips indicated formation of terpenoid precursors (e.g. farnesol, geranylgeraniol acetate) and agarwood sesquiterpenes (e.g. agarospirol, γ-eudesmol). Correlation network analysis revealed the possible regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis involving squalene. Also a direct role of fungus in aroma (e.g. dodecane, 4-methyl-, tetracosane) was highlighted. Appearance of fragrant molecules unknown to agarwood during interaction featured as a new possibility for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyo Sen
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Madhusmita Dehingia
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Talukdar
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Mojibur Khan
- Biodiversity &Ecosystem Research Group, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), DST, Govt. of India, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
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Casarrubia S, Sapienza S, Fritz H, Daghino S, Rosenkranz M, Schnitzler JP, Martin F, Perotto S, Martino E. Ecologically Different Fungi Affect Arabidopsis Development: Contribution of Soluble and Volatile Compounds. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168236. [PMID: 27973595 PMCID: PMC5156394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development can be influenced by mutualistic and non-mutualistic microorganisms. We investigated the ability of the ericoid endomycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius to influence growth and development of the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Different experimental setups (non-compartmented and compartmented co-culture plates) were used to investigate the influence of both soluble and volatile fungal molecules on the plant phenotype. O. maius promoted growth of A. thaliana in all experimental setups. In addition, a peculiar clumped root phenotype, characterized by shortening of the primary root and by an increase of lateral root length and number, was observed in A. thaliana only in the non-compartmented plates, suggesting that soluble diffusible molecules are responsible for this root morphology. Fungal auxin does not seem to be involved in plant growth promotion and in the clumped root phenotype because co-cultivation with O. maius did not change auxin accumulation in plant tissues, as assessed in plants carrying the DR5::GUS reporter construct. In addition, no correlation between the amount of fungal auxin produced and the plant root phenotype was observed in an O. maius mutant unable to induce the clumped root phenotype in A. thaliana. Addition of active charcoal, a VOC absorbant, in the compartmented plates did not modify plant growth promotion, suggesting that VOCs are not involved in this phenomenon. The low VOCs emission measured for O. maius further corroborated this hypothesis. By contrast, the addition of CO2 traps in the compartmented plates drastically reduced plant growth, suggesting involvement of fungal CO2 in plant growth promotion. Other mycorrhizal fungi, as well as a saprotrophic and a pathogenic fungus, were also tested with the same experimental setups. In the non-compartmented plates, most fungi promoted A. thaliana growth and some could induce the clumped root phenotype. In the compartmented plate experiments, a general induction of plant growth was observed for most other fungi, especially those producing higher biomass, further strengthening the role of a nonspecific mechanism, such as CO2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Casarrubia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Sapienza
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Héma Fritz
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Stefania Daghino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Martino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- INRA-Nancy and Lorraine University, Lab of Excellence ARBRE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Champenoux, France
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Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, De Diego N, Baslam M, Li J, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, García-Gómez P, Ameztoy K, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Novák O, Humplík JF, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Navajas R, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Arabidopsis Responds to Alternaria alternata Volatiles by Triggering Plastid Phosphoglucose Isomerase-Independent Mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1989-2001. [PMID: 27663407 PMCID: PMC5100789 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by phylogenetically diverse microorganisms (including plant pathogens and microbes that do not normally interact mutualistically with plants) promote photosynthesis, growth, and the accumulation of high levels of starch in leaves through cytokinin (CK)-regulated processes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants not exposed to VCs, plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase (pPGI) acts as an important determinant of photosynthesis and growth, likely as a consequence of its involvement in the synthesis of plastidic CKs in roots. Moreover, this enzyme plays an important role in connecting the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway in leaves. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in the responses of plants to microbial VCs and to investigate the extent of pPGI involvement, we characterized pPGI-null pgi1-2 Arabidopsis plants cultured in the presence or absence of VCs emitted by Alternaria alternata We found that volatile emissions from this fungal phytopathogen promote growth, photosynthesis, and the accumulation of plastidic CKs in pgi1-2 leaves. Notably, the mesophyll cells of pgi1-2 leaves accumulated exceptionally high levels of starch following VC exposure. Proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global changes in the expression of proteins involved in photosynthesis, starch metabolism, and growth that can account for the observed responses in pgi1-2 plants. The overall data show that Arabidopsis plants can respond to VCs emitted by phytopathogenic microorganisms by triggering pPGI-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - María Carmen Mena
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Rosana Navajas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.)
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain (A.M.S.-L., A.B., M.B., J.L., F.J.M., G.A., P.G.-G., K.A., A.R.-B., E.B.-F., J.P.-R.);
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (N.D.D., J.F.H., L.S., K.D.);
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic (O.N., K.D.); and
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain (S.C., M.C.M., R.N.)
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Kandasamy D, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Fungal Associates of Conifer Bark Beetles and their Potential in Bark Beetle Control. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:952-969. [PMID: 27687998 PMCID: PMC5101256 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conifer bark beetles attack and kill mature spruce and pine trees, especially during hot and dry conditions. These beetles are closely associated with ophiostomatoid fungi of the Ascomycetes, including the genera Ophiostoma, Grosmannia, and Endoconidiophora, which enhance beetle success by improving nutrition and modifying their substrate, but also have negative impacts on beetles by attracting predators and parasites. A survey of the literature and our own data revealed that ophiostomatoid fungi emit a variety of volatile organic compounds under laboratory conditions including fusel alcohols, terpenoids, aromatic compounds, and aliphatic alcohols. Many of these compounds already have been shown to elicit behavioral responses from bark beetles, functioning as attractants or repellents, often as synergists to compounds currently used in bark beetle control. Thus, these compounds could serve as valuable new agents for bark beetle management. However, bark beetle associations with fungi are very complex. Beetle behavior varies with the species of fungus, the stage of the beetle life cycle, the host tree quality, and probably with changes in the emission rate of fungal volatiles. Additional research on bark beetles and their symbiotic associates is necessary before the basic significance of ophiostomatoid fungal volatiles can be understood and their applied potential realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Schulz-Bohm K, Tyc O, de Boer W, Peereboom N, Debets F, Zaagman N, Janssens TKS, Garbeva P. Fungus-associated bacteriome in charge of their host behavior. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 102:38-48. [PMID: 27486066 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial-fungal interactions are widespread in nature and there is a growing number of studies reporting distinct fungus-associated bacteria. However, little is known so far about how shifts in the fungus-associated bacteriome will affect the fungal host's lifestyle. In the present study, we describe for the first time the bacterial community associated with the saprotrophic fungus Mucor hiemalis, commonly found in soil and rhizosphere. Two broad-spectrum antibiotics that strongly altered the bacterial community associated with the fungus were applied. Our results revealed that the antibiotic treatment did not significantly reduce the amount of bacteria associated to the fungus but rather changed the community composition by shifting from initially dominating Alpha-Proteobacteria to dominance of Gamma-Proteobacteria. A novel approach was applied for the isolation of fungal-associated bacteria which also revealed differences between bacterial isolates obtained from the original and the antibiotic-treated M. hiemalis. The shift in the composition of the fungal-associated bacterial community led to significantly reduced fungal growth, changes in fungal morphology, behavior and secondary-metabolites production. Furthermore, our results showed that the antibiotic-treated isolate was more attractive and susceptible to mycophagous bacteria as compared to the original isolate. Overall, our study highlights the importance of the fungus-associated bacteriome for the host's lifestyle and interactions and indicate that isolation with antibacterials is not sufficient to eradicate the associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Olaf Tyc
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nils Peereboom
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands; Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Fons Debets
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research Centre (WUR), PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels Zaagman
- MicroLife Solutions b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, Netherlands.
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