A solvent-free microbial-activated air cathode battery paper platform made with pencil-traced graphite electrodes

Shewanella oneidensis: Biotechnological Application of Metal-Reducing Bacteria

What is an unconventional organism in biotechnology? The γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis might fall into this category as it was initially established as a laboratory model organism for a process that was not seen as potentially interesting for biotechnology. The reduction of solid-state extracellular electron acceptors such as iron and manganese oxides is highly relevant for many biogeochemical cycles, although it turned out in recent years to be quite relevant for many potential biotechnological applications as well. Applications started with the production of nanoparticles and dramatically increased after understanding that electrodes in bioelectrochemical systems can also be used by these organisms. From the potential production of current and hydrogen in these systems and the development of biosensors, the field expanded to anode-assisted fermentations enabling fermentation reactions that were - so far - dependent on oxygen as an electron acceptor. Now the field expands further to cathode-dependent production routines. As a side product to all these application endeavors, S. oneidensis was understood more and more, and our understanding and genetic repertoire is at eye level to E. coli. Corresponding to this line of thought, this chapter will first summarize the available arsenal of tools in molecular biology that was established for working with the organism and thereafter describe so far established directions of application. Last but not least, we will highlight potential future directions of work with the unconventional model organism S. oneidensis.

High-Performance Macroporous Free-Standing Microbial Fuel Cell Anode Derived from Grape for Efficient Power Generation and Brewery Wastewater Treatment

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have the potential to directly convert the chemical energy in organic matter into electrical energy, making them a promising technology for achieving sustainable energy production alongside wastewater treatment. However, the low extracellular electron transfer (EET) rates and limited bacteria loading capacity of MFCs anode materials present challenges in achieving high power output. In this study, three-dimensionally heteroatom-doped carbonized grape (CG) monoliths with a macroporous structure were successfully fabricated using a facile and low-cost route and employed as independent anodes in MFCs for treating brewery wastewater. The CG obtained at 900 °C (CG-900) exhibited excellent biocompatibility. When integrated into MFCs, these units initiated electricity generation a mere 1.8 days after inoculation and swiftly reached a peak output voltage of 658 mV, demonstrating an exceptional areal power density of 3.71 W m-2. The porous structure of the CG-900 anode facilitated efficient ion transport and microbial community succession, ensuring sustained operational excellence. Remarkably, even when nutrition was interrupted for 30 days, the voltage swiftly returned to its original level. Moreover, the CG-900 anode exhibited a superior capacity for accommodating electricigens, boasting a notably higher abundance of Geobacter spp. (87.1%) compared to carbon cloth (CC, 63.0%). Most notably, when treating brewery wastewater, the CG-900 anode achieved a maximum power density of 3.52 W m-2, accompanied by remarkable treatment efficiency, with a COD removal rate of 85.5%. This study provides a facile and low-cost synthesis technique for fabricating high-performance MFC anodes for use in microbial energy harvesting.

Supercapacitive paper based microbial fuel cell: High current/power production within a low cost design

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with paper separators and liquid containing elements were investigated in supercapacitive mode. MFCs (15 mL) in a supercapacitive configuration, consisted of plain wrapped carbon veil anode (negative) and conductive latex cathode (positive). The internal supercapacitor is discharged galvanostatically and is self-recharged as red-ox reactions occur on both electrodes. MFCs were discharged at different current pulses varying from 1 mA to 7 mA. The MFCs had an equivalent series resistance of 41.2 ± 3.5 Ω caused mainly by the cathode. A maximum power of 1.380 ± 0.083 mW (0.092 ± 0.006 mW mL⁻¹) was measured. Durability tests were conducted over 24 h collecting 1000 discharge cycles (0.5 s) and self-recharges (85 s) at a current of 1 mA. Over time the anode potential dropped causing a decline in performance perhaps due to evaporation of liquid from the pyramidal structure. Resistance and apparent capacitance measured during the durability test remained approximately constant during the cycles.

•

Supercapacitor paper-based MFCs are reported for the first time.

•

Galvanostatic discharges at different current pulses (1 mA to 7 mA) were analysed.

•

Equivalent series resistance (ESR) and apparent capacitance (C) were identified.

•

Maximum power achieved was 1.380 ± 0.083 mW (0.092 ± 0.006 mW mL⁻¹).

•

The system stability was investigated through 1000 discharge/self-recharge cycles.

Pencil graphite core for pattern recognition applications

A new concept of pattern sensors based on ready-to-use sensing probes has been designed towards low-cost and rapid sample recognition applications.

A screen-printed paper microbial fuel cell biosensor for detection of toxic compounds in water

Access to safe drinking water is a human right, crucial to combat inequalities, reduce poverty and allow sustainable development. In many areas of the world, however, this right is not guaranteed, in part because of the lack of easily deployable diagnostic tools. Low-cost and simple methods to test water supplies onsite can protect vulnerable communities from the impact of contaminants in drinking water. Ideally such devices would also be easy to dispose of so as to leave no trace, or have a detrimental effect on the environment. To this aim, we here report the first paper microbial fuel cell (pMFC) fabricated by screen-printing biodegradable carbon-based electrodes onto a single sheet of paper, and demonstrate its use as a shock sensor for bioactive compounds (e.g. formaldehyde) in water. We also show a simple route to enhance the sensor performance by folding back-to-back two pMFCs electrically connected in parallel. This promising proof of concept work can lead to a revolutionizing way of testing water at point of use, which is not only green, easy-to-operate and rapid, but is also affordable to all.

Highly Reproducible Au-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Array on a Graphite Sensor for Classification of Human Aqueous Humors

Gold-decorated, vertically grown ZnO nanorods (NRs) on a flexible graphite sheet (Au/ZnONRs/G) were developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensing to identify trace amounts of human aqueous humors. This Au/ZnONRs/G SERS-functionalized sensor was fabricated via two steps: hydrothermal synthesis-induced growth of ZnO NRs on graphite sheets for nanostructure fabrication, followed by e-beam evaporator-induced gold metallization on ZnONRs/G for SERS functionalization. The thickness of the Au layer and the height of the ZnO NRs for enhancing SERS performance were adjusted to maximize Raman intensity, and the optimized Au/ZnONRs/G nanostructures were verified by the electric finite element computational models to maximize the electric fields. The proposed Au/ZnONRs/G SERS sensor showed an enhancement factor of 2.3 × 10⁶ via rhodamine 6G Raman probe and excellent reproducibility (relative standard deviation of <10%) via Raman mapping of a SERS active area with a square of 100 × 100 μm². To evaluate the actual bioapplicability of point-of-care-testing (POCT) analysis in clinics, SERS data acquisition was performed with an integration time of 1 s from a 1 μL analytic droplet of the sample. The performance of this Au/ZnONRs/G sensor was evaluated using human aqueous humors with cataract and two oxidative stress-induced eye diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic macular edema. These three eye diseases could be identified without any labeling or modification using the Au/ZnONRs/G SERS sensor and the computational algorithm incorporating a support vector machine and multivariate statistical prediction. Therefore, these findings indicate that our label-free, highly reproducible and flexible Au/ZnONRs/G SERS-functionalized sensor supported by a multivariate statistics-derived bioclassification method has great potential in POCT applications for identifying eye diseases.

Carbon-Based Microbial-Fuel-Cell Electrodes: From Conductive Supports to Active Catalysts

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted considerable interest due to their potential in renewable electrical power generation using the broad diversity of biomass and organic substrates. However, the difficulties in achieving high power densities and commercially affordable electrode materials have limited their industrial applications to date. Carbon materials, which can exhibit a wide range of different morphologies and structures, usually possess physiological activity to interact with microorganisms and are therefore fast-emerging electrode materials. As the anode, carbon materials can significantly promote interfacial microbial colonization and accelerate the formation of extracellular biofilms, which eventually promotes the electrical power density by providing a conductive microenvironment for extracellular electron transfer. As the cathode, carbon-based materials can function as catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction, showing satisfying activities and efficiencies nowadays even reaching the performance of Pt catalysts. Here, first, recent advancements on the design of carbon materials for anodes in MFCs are summarized, and the influence of structure and surface functionalization of different types of carbon materials on microorganism immobilization and electrochemical performance is elucidated. Then, synthetic strategies and structures of typical carbon-based cathodes in MFCs are briefly presented. Furthermore, future applications of carbon-electrode-based MFC devices in the energy, environmental, and biological fields are discussed, and the emerging challenges in transferring them from laboratory to industrial scale are described.

Electrokinetic Phenomena in Pencil Lead-Based Microfluidics

Fabrication of microchannels and associated electrodes to generate electrokinetic phenomena often involves costly materials and considerable effort. In this study, we used graphite pencil-leads as low cost, disposable 3D electrodes to investigate various electrokinetic phenomena in straight cylindrical microchannels, which were themselves fabricated by using a graphite rod as the microchannel mold. Individual pencil-leads were employed as the micro-electrodes arranged along the side walls of the microchannel. Efficient electrokinetic phenomena provided by the 3D electrodes, including alternating current electroosmosis (ACEO), induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO), and dielectrophoresis (DEP), were demonstrated by the introduced pencil-lead based microfluidic devices. The electrokinetic phenomena were characterized by micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) measurements and microscopy imaging. Highly efficient electrokinetic phenomena using 3D pencil-lead electrodes showed the affordability and ease of this technique to fabricate microfluidic devices embedded with electrodes for electrokinetic fluid and particle manipulations.