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Shantharaj D, Román-Écija M, Velasco-Amo MP, Navas-Cortés JA, Landa BB, De La Fuente L. European Xylella fastidiosa Strains Can Cause Symptoms in Blueberry. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS12232640SC. [PMID: 38973078 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-23-2640-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Strains of the bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa subspecies multiplex (Xfm) and pauca (Xfp) isolated from symptomatic almond and olive plants in Spain and Italy were used in this study. Because of the risk of host jump and considering the importance of southern highbush blueberry production in Spain, we tested a small set of these strains for their potential to infect and cause disease symptoms in blueberries under greenhouse experiments. Xfm IVIA5901 (isolated from almonds in Alicante, Spain) caused symptoms similar to those caused by Xfm AlmaEm3 (isolated from blueberries in Georgia, U.S.A., and used as a reference strain capable of inducing severe symptoms in blueberry). Nevertheless, bacterial populations of Xfm IVIA5901 in planta were significantly lower than those of Xfm AlmaEm3. Xfm ESVL (isolated from almonds, Alicante, Spain) and Xfp XYL1961/18 (isolated from olives, Ibiza Island, Spain) caused limited symptoms, while Xfm XYL466/19 (isolated from wild olives, Mallorca Island, Spain) and Xfm XF3348 (isolated from almonds, Mallorca Island, Spain) and Xfp De Donno (isolated from olives, Puglia, Italy, and representative of the devastating olive quick decline syndrome) did not cause symptoms nor colonize blueberries. This study suggests that certain strains already found in Europe could infect blueberry if conditions conducive for a host jump in this region are met, such as proximity of blueberries to other infected hosts and presence of insect vectors that feed on these crops. Surveys on the presence of X. fastidiosa in blueberries in Spain and other European countries are needed to anticipate possible issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Shantharaj
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - Miguel Román-Écija
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado Ingeniería Agraria, Alimentaria, Forestal y de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Velasco-Amo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A Navas-Cortés
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAS-CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Dourado MN, Pierry PM, Feitosa-Junior OR, Uceda-Campos G, Barbosa D, Zaini PA, Dandekar AM, da Silva AM, Araújo WL. Transcriptome and Secretome Analyses of Endophyte Methylobacterium mesophilicum and Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Interacting Show Nutrient Competition. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2755. [PMID: 38004766 PMCID: PMC10673610 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of several plant diseases affecting fruit and nut crops. Methylobacterium mesophilicum strain SR1.6/6 was isolated from Citrus sinensis and shown to promote plant growth by producing phytohormones, providing nutrients, inhibiting X. fastidiosa, and preventing Citrus Variegated Chlorosis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction among these microbes are still unclear. The present work aimed to analyze physiological and molecular aspects of M. mesophilicum SR1.6/6 and X. fastidiosa 9a5c in co-culture. The transcriptome and secretome analyses indicated that X. fastidiosa down-regulates cell division and transport genes and up-regulates stress via induction of chaperones and pathogenicity-related genes including, the lipase-esterase LesA, a protease, as well as an oligopeptidase in response to M. mesophilicum competition. On the other hand, M. mesophilicum also down-regulated transport genes, except for iron uptake, which was up-regulated. Secretome analysis identified four proteins in M. mesophilicum exclusively produced in co-culture with X. fastidiosa, among these, three are related to phosphorous uptake. These results suggest that M. mesophilicum inhibits X. fastidiosa growth mainly due to nutrient competition for iron and phosphorous, thus promoting X. fastidiosa starvation, besides producing enzymes that degrade X. fastidiosa cell wall, mainly hydrolases. The understanding of these interactions provides a direction for control and management of the phytopathogen X. fastidiosa, and consequently, helps to improve citrus growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Nobrega Dourado
- Microbiology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Agronomic Engineering College, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, Sao Paulo 18023-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marques Pierry
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (O.R.F.-J.)
| | | | - Guillermo Uceda-Campos
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (O.R.F.-J.)
| | - Deibs Barbosa
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (O.R.F.-J.)
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.A.Z.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.A.Z.)
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (O.R.F.-J.)
| | - Welington Luiz Araújo
- Microbiology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Castro C, Ndukwe I, Heiss C, Black I, Ingel BM, Guevara M, Sun Y, Azadi P, Sun Q, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa modulates exopolysaccharide polymer length and the dynamics of biofilm development with a β-1,4-endoglucanase. mBio 2023; 14:e0139523. [PMID: 37830811 PMCID: PMC10653819 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01395-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is well established that exopolysaccharide (EPS) is an integral structural component of bacterial biofilms necessary for assembly and maintenance of the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm. However, the process and role of EPS turnover within a developing biofilm is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that Xylella fastidiosa uses a self-produced endoglucanase to enzymatically process its own EPS to modulate EPS polymer length. This enzymatic processing of EPS dictates the early stages of X. fastidiosa's biofilm development, which, in turn, affects its behavior in planta. A deletion mutant that cannot produce the endoglucanase was hypervirulent, thereby linking enzymatic processing of EPS to attenuation of virulence in symptomatic hosts, which may be a vestige of X. fastidiosa's commensal behavior in many of its other non-symptomatic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ikenna Ndukwe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Brian M. Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Matthew Guevara
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yuling Sun
- Department of Computer Science, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Scortichini M, Manetti G, Brunetti A, Lumia V, Sciarroni L, Pilotti M. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, Neofusicoccum spp. and the Decline of Olive Trees in Salento (Apulia, Italy): Comparison of Symptoms, Possible Interactions, Certainties and Doubts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3593. [PMID: 37896056 PMCID: PMC10609838 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (XFP), Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, N. stellenboschiana and other fungi have been found in olive groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy) that show symptoms of severe decline. XFP is well known to be the cause of olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS). It has also been assessed that Neofusicoccum spp. causes a distinct disease syndrome, namely, branch and twig dieback (BTD). All these phytopathogens incite severe symptoms that can compromise the viability of large canopy sectors or the whole tree. However, their specific symptoms are not easily distinguished, especially during the final stages of the disease when branches are definitively desiccated. By contrast, they can be differentiated during the initial phases of the infection when some facets of the diseases are typical, especially wood discoloration, incited solely by fungi. Here, we describe the typical symptomatological features of OQDS and BTD that can be observed in the field and that have been confirmed by Koch postulate experiments. Similar symptoms, caused by some abiotic adverse conditions and even by additional biotic factors, are also described. Thus, this review aims at: (i) raising the awareness that declining olive trees in Salento do not have to be linked a priori to XFP; (ii) defining the guidelines for a correct symptomatic diagnosis to orient proper laboratory analyses, which is crucial for the application of effective control measures. The possibility that bacterium and fungi could act as a polyspecies and in conjunction with predisposing abiotic stresses is also widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scortichini
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit Trees and Citrus Crops (CREA-OFA), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00134 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Manetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Angela Brunetti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Valentina Lumia
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Sciarroni
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Massimo Pilotti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification (CREA-DC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), 00156 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (V.L.); (L.S.)
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Ingel B, Castro C, Burbank L, Her N, De Anda NI, Way H, Wang P, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa Requires the Type II Secretion System for Pathogenicity and Survival in Grapevine. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:636-646. [PMID: 37188464 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-23-0027-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine. In host plants, this bacterium exclusively colonizes the xylem, which is primarily non-living at maturity. Understanding how X. fastidiosa interfaces with this specialized conductive tissue is at the forefront of investigation for this pathosystem. Unlike many bacterial plant pathogens, X. fastidiosa lacks a type III secretion system and cognate effectors that aid in host colonization. Instead, X. fastidiosa utilizes plant cell-wall hydrolytic enzymes and lipases as part of its xylem colonization strategy. Several of these virulence factors are predicted to be secreted via the type II secretion system (T2SS), the main terminal branch of the Sec-dependent general secretory pathway. In this study, we constructed null mutants in xpsE and xpsG, which encode for the ATPase that drives the T2SS and the major structural pseudopilin of the T2SS, respectively. Both mutants were non-pathogenic and unable to effectively colonize Vitis vinifera grapevines, demonstrating that the T2SS is required for X. fastidiosa infection processes. Furthermore, we utilized mass spectrometry to identify type II-dependent proteins in the X. fastidiosa secretome. In vitro, we identified six type II-dependent proteins in the secretome that included three lipases, a β-1,4-cellobiohydrolase, a protease, and a conserved hypothetical protein. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Lindsey Burbank
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, U.S.A
| | - Nancy Her
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - N Itzel De Anda
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Hannah Way
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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Román-Écija M, Navas-Cortés JA, Velasco-Amo MP, Arias-Giraldo LF, Gómez LM, Fuente LDL, Landa BB. Two Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex Strains Isolated from Almond in Spain Differ in Plasmid Content and Virulence Traits. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:960-974. [PMID: 36576402 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0234-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is a major threat to agriculture and the environment worldwide. Recent devastating outbreaks in Europe highlight the potential of this pathogen to cause emergent diseases. X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ESVL and IVIA5901 strains that belong to sequence type 6 were isolated from almond orchards within the outbreak area in Alicante province (Spain). Both strains share more than 99% of the chromosomal sequences (average nucleotide identity), but the ESVL strain harbors two plasmids (pXF64-Hb_ESVL and pUCLA-ESVL). Here, virulence phenotypes and genome content were compared between both strains, using three strains from the United States as a reference for the phenotypic analyses. Experiments in microfluidic chambers, used as a simulation of xylem vessels, showed that twitching motility was absent in the IVIA5901 strain, whereas the ESVL strain had reduced twitching motility. In general, both Spanish strains had less biofilm formation, less cell aggregation, and lower virulence in tobacco compared with U.S. reference strains. Genome analysis of the two plasmids from ESVL revealed 51 unique coding sequences that were absent in the chromosome of IVIA5901. Comparison of the chromosomes of both strains showed some unique coding sequences and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in each strain, with potential deleterious mutations. Genomic differences found in genes previously associated with adhesion and motility might explain the differences in the phenotypic traits studied. Although additional studies are necessary to infer the potential role of X. fastidiosa plasmids, our results indicate that the presence of plasmids should be considered in the study of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and adaptation in X. fastidiosa to new environments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Román-Écija
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Navas-Cortés
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M P Velasco-Amo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L F Arias-Giraldo
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
| | - L M Gómez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - L De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S.A
| | - B B Landa
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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Joshi JR, Brown K, Charkowski AO, Heuberger AL. Protease Inhibitors from Solanum chacoense Inhibit Pectobacterium Virulence by Reducing Bacterial Protease Activity and Motility. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:825-834. [PMID: 36104309 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-22-0072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato is a major staple crop, and necrotrophic bacterial pathogens such as Pectobacterium spp. are a major threat to global food security. Most lines of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are susceptible to Pectobacterium spp., but some lines of wild potato are resistant, including Solanum chacoense M6. Despite the discovery of resistance in wild potatoes, specific resistance genes are yet to be discovered. Crude protein extract from M6 had a global effect on Pectobacterium brasiliense Pb1692 (Pb1692) virulence phenotypes. Specifically, M6 protein extracts resulted in reduced Pectobacterium exo-protease activity and motility, induced cell elongation, and affected bacterial virulence and metabolic gene expression. These effects were not observed from protein extracts of susceptible potato S. tuberosum DM1. A proteomics approach identified protease inhibitors (PIs) as candidates for S. chacoense resistance, and genomic analysis showed higher abundance and diversity of PIs in M6 than in DM1. We cloned five PIs that are unique or had high abundance in M6 compared with DM1 and purified the proteins (g18987, g28531, g39249, g40384, g6571). Four of the PIs significantly reduced bacterial protease activity, with strongest effects from g28531 and g6571. Three PIs (g18987, g28531, g6571) inhibited disease when co-inoculated with Pectobacterium pathogens into potato tubers. Two PIs (g28531, g6571) also significantly reduced Pb1692 motility and are promising as resistance genes. These results show that S. chacoense PIs contribute to bacterial disease resistance by inhibiting exo-proteases, motility, and tuber maceration and by modulating cell morphology and metabolism. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janak R Joshi
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Kitty Brown
- Analytical Resource Center-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Amy O Charkowski
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
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Feitosa-Junior OR, Souza APS, Zaini PA, Baccari C, Ionescu M, Pierry PM, Uceda-Campos G, Labroussaa F, Almeida RPP, Lindow SE, da Silva AM. The XadA Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins in Xylella fastidiosa Differentially Contribute to Cell Aggregation, Biofilm Formation, Insect Transmission and Virulence to Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:857-866. [PMID: 35704683 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0108-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface adhesion strategies are widely employed by bacterial pathogens during establishment and systemic spread in their host. A variety of cell-surface appendages such as pili, fimbriae, and afimbrial adhesins are involved in these processes. The phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa employs several of these structures for efficient colonization of its insect and plant hosts. Among the adhesins encoded in the X. fastidiosa genome, three afimbrial adhesins, XadA1, Hsf/XadA2, and XadA3, are predicted to be trimeric autotransporters with a C-terminal YadA-anchor membrane domain. We analyzed the individual contributions of XadA1, XadA2, and XadA3 to various cellular behaviors both in vitro and in vivo. Using isogenic X. fastidiosa mutants, we found that cell-cell aggregation and biofilm formation were severely impaired in the absence of XadA3. No significant reduction of cell-surface attachment was found with any mutant under flow conditions. Acquisition by insect vectors and transmission to grapevines were reduced in the XadA3 deletion mutant. While the XadA3 mutant was hypervirulent in grapevines, XadA1 or XadA2 deletion mutants conferred lower disease severity than the wild-type strain. This insight of the importance of these adhesive proteins and their individual contributions to different aspects of X. fastidiosa biology should guide new approaches to reduce pathogen transmission and disease development. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oseias R Feitosa-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula S Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Clelia Baccari
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ionescu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
| | - Paulo M Pierry
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Uceda-Campos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
| | - Steven E Lindow
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
| | - Aline M da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sagawa CHD, Assis RDAB, Zaini PA, Saxe H, Wilmarth PA, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Dandekar AM. De Novo Arginine Synthesis Is Required for Full Virulence of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis During Walnut Bacterial Blight Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1500-1512. [PMID: 34941365 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-21-0302-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Walnut blight (WB) disease caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj) threatens orchards worldwide. Nitrogen metabolism in this bacterial pathogen is dependent on arginine, a nitrogen-enriched amino acid that can either be synthesized or provided by the plant host. The arginine biosynthetic pathway uses argininosuccinate synthase (argG), associated with increased bacterial virulence. We examined the effects of bacterial arginine and nitrogen metabolism on the plant response during WB by proteomic analysis of the mutant strain Xaj argG-. Phenotypically, the mutant strain produced 42% fewer symptoms and survived in the plant tissue with 2.5-fold reduced growth compared with wild type, while showing itself to be auxotrophic for arginine in vitro. Proteomic analysis of infected tissue enabled the profiling of 676 Xaj proteins and 3,296 walnut proteins using isobaric labeling in a data-dependent acquisition approach. Comparative analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed distinct plant responses. Xaj wild type (WT) triggered processes of catabolism and oxidative stress in the host under observed disease symptoms, while most of the host biosynthetic processes triggered by Xaj WT were inhibited during Xaj argG- infection. Overall, the Xaj proteins revealed a drastic shift in carbon and energy management induced by disruption of nitrogen metabolism while the top differentially expressed proteins included a Fis transcriptional regulator and a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Our results show the critical role of de novo arginine biosynthesis to sustain virulence and minimal growth during WB. This study is timely and critical as copper-based control methods are losing their effectiveness, and new sustainable methods are urgently needed in orchard environments.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia H D Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Renata de A B Assis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Houston Saxe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, U.S.A
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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10
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Li Y, Wen H, Ge X. Opposite motion of the Central Helices of efflux pump KmrA is important for its export efficiency. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105570. [PMID: 35550844 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Efflux pump of Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is widely distributed in bacteria, while its role in regulating antibiotic resistance of nosocomial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae remains unclear. Herein we analyzed the effect of amino acid substitution of MFS efflux pump KmrA on its export efficiency via molecular biology and molecular dynamics (MD). After searching across the 804 sequenced K. pneumoniae isolates, we identified four major variants of KmrA, while one of them KmrA-A was demonstrated an inactive one in MIC and ethidium bromide efflux assays. Subsequently, MD simulations of KmrA and its variants were conducted and the opposite motion of the central helices were observed for the active variants, while it was not found for KmrA-A. To further identify the importance of the opposite motion to the conformational transition, we calculated their differences in volume of binding pocket, salt bridge and hydrophilic interaction with water based on the rocker-switch model. Our results indicated that the opposite motion of KmrA conferred a larger binding pocket and stronger hydrogen bond with water at inward-facing conformation. An unusual substitution S374A of KmrA-A disrupted the normal motion of central helices by enhancing hydrophobic interactions between them, resulting into the altered positions and strengths of salt bridge, which was deduced to affect the conformational transition. Overall our data provided detailed information on the regular of KmrA's moving trajectory, demonstrating the importance of opposite motion of central helices to KmrA's export efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China
| | - Honglin Wen
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Xizhen Ge
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
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11
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Comparative Genomics of Xylella fastidiosa Explores Candidate Host-Specificity Determinants and Expands the Known Repertoire of Mobile Genetic Elements and Immunity Systems. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050914. [PMID: 35630358 PMCID: PMC9148166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa causes diseases in many plant species. Originally confined to the Americas, infecting mainly grapevine, citrus, and coffee, X. fastidiosa has spread to several plant species in Europe causing devastating diseases. Many pathogenicity and virulence factors have been identified, which enable the various X. fastidiosa strains to successfully colonize the xylem tissue and cause disease in specific plant hosts, but the mechanisms by which this happens have not been fully elucidated. Here we present thorough comparative analyses of 94 whole-genome sequences of X. fastidiosa strains from diverse plant hosts and geographic regions. Core-genome phylogeny revealed clades with members sharing mostly a geographic region rather than a host plant of origin. Phylogenetic trees for 1605 orthologous CDSs were explored for potential candidates related to host specificity using a score of mapping metrics. However, no candidate host-specificity determinants were strongly supported using this approach. We also show that X. fastidiosa accessory genome is represented by an abundant and heterogeneous mobilome, including a diversity of prophage regions. Our findings provide a better understanding of the diversity of phylogenetically close genomes and expand the knowledge of X. fastidiosa mobile genetic elements and immunity systems.
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12
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Sertedakis M, Kotsaridis K, Tsakiri D, Mermigka G, Dominguez‐Ferreras A, Ntoukakis V, Sarris P. Expression of putative effectors of different Xylella fastidiosa strains triggers cell death-like responses in various Nicotiana model plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:148-156. [PMID: 34628713 PMCID: PMC8659589 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The wide host range of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) indicates the existence of yet uncharacterized virulence mechanisms that help pathogens to overcome host defences. Various bioinformatics tools combined with prediction of the functions of putative virulence proteins are valuable approaches to study microbial pathogenicity. We collected a number of putative effectors from three Xf strains belonging to different subspecies: Temecula-1 (subsp. fastidiosa), CoDiRO (subsp. pauca), and Ann-1 (subsp. sandyi). We designed an in planta Agrobacterium-based expression system that drives the expressed proteins to the cell apoplast, in order to investigate their ability to activate defence in Nicotiana model plants. Multiple Xf proteins differentially elicited cell death-like phenotypes in different Nicotiana species. These proteins are members of different enzymatic groups: (a) hydrolases/hydrolase inhibitors, (b) serine proteases, and (c) metal transferases. We also classified the Xf proteins according to their sequential and structural similarities via the I-TASSER online tool. Interestingly, we identified similar proteins that were able to differentially elicit cell death in different cultivars of the same species. Our findings provide a basis for further studies on the mechanisms that underlie both defence activation in Xf resistant hosts and pathogen adaptation in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Kotsaridis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Dimitra Tsakiri
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Glykeria Mermigka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | | | | | - Panagiotis F. Sarris
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
- BiosciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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13
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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Song E, Park IW, Lee Y, Sohn KH, Choi D, Oh CS. An Apoplastic Effector Pat-1 Cm of the Gram-Positive Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis Acts as Both a Pathogenicity Factor and an Immunity Elicitor in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:888290. [PMID: 35432427 PMCID: PMC9006514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, a Gram-positive plant-pathogenic bacterium, utilizes apoplastic effectors for disease development in host plants. Here, we determine the roles of Pat-1Cm (a putative serine protease) in pathogenicity and plant immunity. Pat-1Cm was found to be a genuine secreted protein, and the secreted mature form did not carry the first 33 amino acids predicted to be a signal peptide (SP). The pat-1Cm mutant impaired to cause wilting, but still caused canker symptom in tomato. Moreover, this mutant failed to trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in a nonhost Nicotiana tabacum. Among orthologs and paralogs of pat-1Cm , only chp-7Cs from Clavibacter sepedonicus, a potato pathogen, successfully complemented pat-1Cm function in pathogenicity in tomato, whereas all failed to complement pat-1Cm function in HR induction in N. tabacum. Based on the structural prediction, Pat-1Cm carried a catalytic triad for putative serine protease, and alanine substitution of any amino acids in the triad abolished both pathogenicity and HR-inducing activities of Pat-1Cm in C. michiganensis. Ectopic expression of pat-1Cm with an SP from tobacco secreted protein triggered HR in N. tabacum, but not in tomato, whereas a catalytic triad mutant failed to induce HR. Inoculation of the pat-1Cm mutant mixed with the mutant of another apoplastic effector CelA (cellulase) caused severe wilting in tomato, indicating that these two apoplastic effectors can functionally cooperate in pathogenicity. Overall, these results indicate that Pat-1Cm is a distinct secreted protein carrying a functional catalytic triad for serine protease and this enzymatic activity might be critical for both pathogenicity and HR-eliciting activities of Pat-1Cm in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eunbee Song
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - In Woong Park
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-Sik Oh,
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14
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Assis RDAB, Sagawa CHD, Zaini PA, Saxe HJ, Wilmarth PA, Phinney BS, Salemi M, Moreira LM, Dandekar AM. A Secreted Chorismate Mutase from Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis Attenuates Virulence and Walnut Blight Symptoms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10374. [PMID: 34638715 PMCID: PMC8508651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Walnut blight is a significant above-ground disease of walnuts caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj). The secreted form of chorismate mutase (CM), a key enzyme of the shikimate pathway regulating plant immunity, is highly conserved between plant-associated beta and gamma proteobacteria including phytopathogens belonging to the Xanthomonadaceae family. To define its role in walnut blight disease, a dysfunctional mutant of chorismate mutase was created in a copper resistant strain Xaj417 (XajCM). Infections of immature walnut Juglans regia (Jr) fruit with XajCM were hypervirulent compared with infections with the wildtype Xaj417 strain. The in vitro growth rate, size and cellular morphology were similar between the wild-type and XajCM mutant strains, however the quantification of bacterial cells by dPCR within walnut hull tissues showed a 27% increase in XajCM seven days post-infection. To define the mechanism of hypervirulence, proteome analysis was conducted to compare walnut hull tissues inoculated with the wild type to those inoculated with the XajCM mutant strain. Proteome analysis revealed 3296 Jr proteins (five decreased and ten increased with FDR ≤ 0.05) and 676 Xaj417 proteins (235 increased in XajCM with FDR ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, the most abundant protein in Xaj was a polygalacturonase, while in Jr it was a polygalacturonase inhibitor. These results suggest that this secreted chorismate mutase may be an important virulence suppressor gene that regulates Xaj417 virulence response, allowing for improved bacterial survival in the plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata de A. B. Assis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (H.J.S.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Cíntia H. D. Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Houston J. Saxe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (H.J.S.)
| | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.S.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (B.S.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Leandro M. Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.d.A.B.A.); (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (H.J.S.)
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15
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Castro C, DiSalvo B, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa: A reemerging plant pathogen that threatens crops globally. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009813. [PMID: 34499674 PMCID: PMC8428566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Biagio DiSalvo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - M. Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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16
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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17
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Weng LW, Lin YC, Su CC, Huang CT, Cho ST, Chen AP, Chou SJ, Tsai CW, Kuo CH. Complete Genome Sequence of Xylella taiwanensis and Comparative Analysis of Virulence Gene Content With Xylella fastidiosa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:684092. [PMID: 34093511 PMCID: PMC8176220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.684092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Xylella contains plant pathogens that are major threats to agriculture in America and Europe. Although extensive research was conducted to characterize different subspecies of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), comparative analysis at above-species levels was lacking due to the unavailability of appropriate data sets. Recently, a bacterium that causes pear leaf scorch (PLS) in Taiwan was described as the second Xylella species (i.e., Xylella taiwanensis; Xt). In this work, we report the complete genome sequence of Xt type strain PLS229T. The genome-scale phylogeny provided strong support that Xf subspecies pauca (Xfp) is the basal lineage of this species and Xylella was derived from the paraphyletic genus Xanthomonas. Quantification of genomic divergence indicated that different Xf subspecies share ∼87–95% of their chromosomal segments, while the two Xylella species share only ∼66–70%. Analysis of overall gene content suggested that Xt is most similar to Xf subspecies sandyi (Xfs). Based on the existing knowledge of Xf virulence genes, the homolog distribution among 28 Xylella representatives was examined. Among the 11 functional categories, those involved in secretion and metabolism are the most conserved ones with no copy number variation. In contrast, several genes related to adhesins, hydrolytic enzymes, and toxin-antitoxin systems are highly variable in their copy numbers. Those virulence genes with high levels of conservation or variation may be promising candidates for future studies. In summary, the new genome sequence and analysis reported in this work contributed to the study of several important pathogens in the family Xanthomonadaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Weng
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Chu Su
- Division of Pesticide Application, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ting Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Ping Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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McMillan HM, Rogers N, Wadle A, Hsu-Kim H, Wiesner MR, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO. Microbial vesicle-mediated communication: convergence to understand interactions within and between domains of life. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:664-677. [PMID: 33899070 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). These biological packages contain complex mixtures of molecular cargo and have a variety of functions, including interkingdom communication. Recent discoveries highlight the roles microbial EVs may play in the environment with respect to interactions with plants as well as nutrient cycling. These studies have also identified molecules present within EVs and associated with EV surfaces that contribute to these functions. In parallel, studies of engineered nanomaterials have developed methods to track and model small particle behavior in complex systems and measure the relative importance of various surface features on transport and function. While studies of EV behavior in complex environmental conditions have not yet employed transdisciplinary approaches, it is increasingly clear that expertise from disparate fields will be critical to understand the role of EVs in these systems. Here, we outline how the convergence of biology, soil geochemistry, and colloid science can both develop and address questions surrounding the basic principles governing EV-mediated interkingdom interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Austin Wadle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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19
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Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Two sides of the same story in grapevine-pathogen interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3367-3380. [PMID: 33631010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are an integral part of plant defence systems, and their role in plant-pathogen interactions is unequivocal. Emerging evidence suggests that different protease families contribute to the establishment not only of hypersensitive response, priming, and signalling, but also of recognition events through complex proteolytic cascades. Moreover, they play a crucial role in pathogen/microbe-associated molecular pattern (PAMP/MAMP)-triggered immunity as well as in effector-triggered immunity. However, despite important advances in our understanding of the role of proteases in plant defence, the contribution of proteases to pathogen defence in grapevine remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the main grapevine pathosystems and explore the role of serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases from both the host and pathogen point of views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita B Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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H. D. Sagawa C, de A. B. Assis R, Zaini PA, Wilmarth PA, Phinney BS, Moreira LM, Dandekar AM. Proteome Analysis of Walnut Bacterial Blight Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7453. [PMID: 33050347 PMCID: PMC7593943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the plant host, walnut (Juglans regia; Jr), and a deadly pathogen (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis 417; Xaj) can lead to walnut bacterial blight (WB), which depletes walnut productivity by degrading the nut quality. Here, we dissect this pathosystem using tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics. Walnut hull tissues inoculated with Xaj were compared to mock-inoculated tissues, and 3972 proteins were identified, of which 3296 are from Jr and 676 from Xaj. Proteins with differential abundance include oxidoreductases, proteases, and enzymes involved in energy metabolism and amino acid interconversion pathways. Defense responses and plant hormone biosynthesis were also increased. Xaj proteins detected in infected tissues demonstrate its ability to adapt to the host microenvironment, limiting iron availability, coping with copper toxicity, and maintaining energy and intermediary metabolism. Secreted proteases and extracellular secretion apparatus such as type IV pilus for twitching motility and type III secretion effectors indicate putative factors recognized by the host. Taken together, these results suggest intense degradation processes, oxidative stress, and general arrest of the biosynthetic metabolism in infected nuts. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms and highlight potential molecular tools for early detection and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia H. D. Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (P.A.Z.)
| | - Renata de A. B. Assis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (P.A.Z.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil;
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (P.A.Z.)
| | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Leandro M. Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400-000, Brazil;
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (P.A.Z.)
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21
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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22
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de Souza JB, Almeida-Souza HO, Zaini PA, Alves MN, de Souza AG, Pierry PM, da Silva AM, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM, Nascimento R. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Strains Fb7 and 9a5c from Citrus Display Differential Behavior, Secretome, and Plant Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6769. [PMID: 32942709 PMCID: PMC7555403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa colonizes the xylem of various cultivated and native plants worldwide. Citrus production in Brazil has been seriously affected, and major commercial varieties remain susceptible to Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Collective cellular behaviors such as biofilm formation influence virulence and insect transmission of X. fastidiosa. The reference strain 9a5c produces a robust biofilm compared to Fb7 that remains mostly planktonic, and both were isolated from symptomatic citrus trees. This work deepens our understanding of these distinct behaviors at the molecular level, by comparing the cellular and secreted proteomes of these two CVC strains. Out of 1017 identified proteins, 128 showed differential abundance between the two strains. Different protein families were represented such as proteases, hemolysin-like proteins, and lipase/esterases, among others. Here we show that the lipase/esterase LesA is among the most abundant secreted proteins of CVC strains as well, and demonstrate its functionality by complementary activity assays. More severe symptoms were observed in Nicotiana tabacum inoculated with strain Fb7 compared to 9a5c. Our results support that systemic symptom development can be accelerated by strains that invest less in biofilm formation and more in plant colonization. This has potential application in modulating the bacterial-plant interaction and reducing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brito de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Hebréia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Adriano Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mônica Neli Alves
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil;
- Citriculture Defense Fund (Fundecitrus), Av. Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros 201, Araraquara SP 14807-040, Brazil
| | - Aline Gomes de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Marques Pierry
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
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23
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Helena Duarte Sagawa C, Zaini PA, de A. B. Assis R, Saxe H, Salemi M, Jacobson A, Wilmarth PA, Phinney BS, M. Dandekar A. Deep Learning Neural Network Prediction Method Improves Proteome Profiling of Vascular Sap of Grapevines during Pierce's Disease Development. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090261. [PMID: 32882865 PMCID: PMC7565608 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plant secretome studies highlight the importance of vascular plant defense proteins against pathogens. Studies on Pierce’s disease of grapevines caused by the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) have detected proteins and pathways associated with its pathobiology. Despite the biological importance of the secreted proteins in the extracellular space to plant survival and development, proteome studies are scarce due to methodological challenges. Prosit, a deep learning neural network prediction method is a powerful tool for improving proteome profiling by data-independent acquisition (DIA). We explored the potential of Prosit’s in silico spectral library predictions to improve DIA proteomic analysis of vascular leaf sap from grapevines with Pierce’s disease. The combination of DIA and Prosit-predicted libraries increased the total number of identified grapevine proteins from 145 to 360 and Xf proteins from 18 to 90 compared to gas-phase fractionation (GPF) libraries. The new proteins increased the range of molecular weights, assisted in the identification of more exclusive peptides per protein, and increased identification of low-abundance proteins. These improvements allowed identification of new functional pathways associated with cellular responses to oxidative stress, to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Helena Duarte Sagawa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Renata de A. B. Assis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 122-Bauxita, Ouro Preto-MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Houston Saxe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (M.S.); (B.S.P.)
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
| | - Phillip A. Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health and Science University, Medical Research Building, 3252 SW Research Drive, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (M.S.); (B.S.P.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, CA 95616, USA; (C.H.D.S.); (P.A.Z.); (R.d.A.B.A.); (H.S.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Gao S, Zeng R, Xu L, Song Z, Gao P, Dai F. Genome sequence and spore germination-associated transcriptome analysis of Corynespora cassiicola from cucumber. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:199. [PMID: 32641051 PMCID: PMC7346487 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynespora cassiicola, as a necrotrophic phytopathogenic ascomycetous fungus, can infect hundreds of species of plants and rarely causes human diseases. This pathogen infects cucumber species and causes cucumber target spot, which has recently caused large cucumber yield losses in China. Genome sequence and spore germination-associated transcriptome analysis will contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity and spore germination of C. cassiicola. RESULTS First, we reported the draft genome sequences of the cucumber-sampled C. cassiicola isolate HGCC with high virulence. Although conspecific, HGCC exhibited distinct genome sequence differences from a rubber tree-sampled isolate (CCP) and a human-sampled isolate (UM591). The proportion of secreted proteins was 7.2% in HGCC. A total of 28.9% (4232) of HGCC genes, 29.5% (4298) of CCP genes and 28.6% (4214) of UM591 genes were highly homologous to experimentally proven virulence-associated genes, respectively, which were not significantly different (P = 0.866) from the average (29.7%) of 10 other phytopathogenic fungi. Thousands of putative virulence-associated genes in various pathways or families were identified in C. cassiicola. Second, a global view of the transcriptome of C. cassiicola spores during germination was evaluated using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 3288 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The majority of KEGG-annotated DEGs were involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, the organismal system, human diseases and environmental information processing. CONCLUSIONS These results facilitate the exploration of the molecular pathogenic mechanism of C. cassiicola in cucumbers and the understanding of molecular and cellular processes during spore germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Gao
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Ping Gao
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
| | - Fuming Dai
- Shanghai Runzhuang Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201415 China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Low-carbon Agriculture, Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403 China
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25
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Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is one of the most important threats to plant health worldwide, causing disease in the Americas on a range of agricultural crops and trees, and recently associated with a critical epidemic affecting olive trees in Europe. A main challenge for the detection of the pathogen and the development of physiological studies is its fastidious growth, as the generation time can vary from 10 to 100 h for some strains. This physiological peculiarity is shared with several human pathogens and is poorly understood. We performed an analysis of the metabolic capabilities of X. fastidiosa through a genome-scale metabolic model of the bacterium. This model was reconstructed and manually curated using experiments and bibliographical evidence. Our study revealed that fastidious growth most probably results from different metabolic specificities such as the absence of highly efficient enzymes or a global inefficiency in virulence factor production. These results support the idea that the fragility of the metabolic network may have been shaped during evolution to lead to the self-limiting behavior of X. fastidiosa. High proliferation rate and robustness are vital characteristics of bacterial pathogens that successfully colonize their hosts. The observation of drastically slow growth in some pathogens is thus paradoxical and remains unexplained. In this study, we sought to understand the slow (fastidious) growth of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Using genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction, modeling, and experimental validation, we explored its metabolic capabilities. Despite genome reduction and slow growth, the pathogen’s metabolic network is complete but strikingly minimalist and lacking in robustness. Most alternative reactions were missing, especially those favoring fast growth, and were replaced by less efficient paths. We also found that the production of some virulence factors imposes a heavy burden on growth. Interestingly, some specific determinants of fastidious growth were also found in other slow-growing pathogens, enriching the view that these metabolic peculiarities are a pathogenicity strategy to remain at a low population level. IMPORTANCEXylella fastidiosa is one of the most important threats to plant health worldwide, causing disease in the Americas on a range of agricultural crops and trees, and recently associated with a critical epidemic affecting olive trees in Europe. A main challenge for the detection of the pathogen and the development of physiological studies is its fastidious growth, as the generation time can vary from 10 to 100 h for some strains. This physiological peculiarity is shared with several human pathogens and is poorly understood. We performed an analysis of the metabolic capabilities of X. fastidiosa through a genome-scale metabolic model of the bacterium. This model was reconstructed and manually curated using experiments and bibliographical evidence. Our study revealed that fastidious growth most probably results from different metabolic specificities such as the absence of highly efficient enzymes or a global inefficiency in virulence factor production. These results support the idea that the fragility of the metabolic network may have been shaped during evolution to lead to the self-limiting behavior of X. fastidiosa.
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26
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Ingel B, Jeske DR, Sun Q, Grosskopf J, Roper MC. Xylella fastidiosa Endoglucanases Mediate the Rate of Pierce's Disease Development in Vitis vinifera in a Cultivar-Dependent Manner. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1402-1414. [PMID: 31216219 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-19-0096-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium that causes Pierce's disease (PD) in grapevine. X. fastidiosa is xylem-limited and interfaces primarily with pit membranes (PMs) that separate xylem vessels from one another and from adjacent xylem parenchyma cells. PMs are composed of both pectic and cellulosic substrates, and dissolution of PMs is facilitated by X. fastidiosa cell wall-degrading enzymes. A polygalacturonase, which hydrolyzes the pectin component of PMs, is required for both movement and pathogenicity in grapevines. Here, we demonstrate that two X. fastidiosa β-1,4-endoglucanases (EGases), EngXCA1 and EngXCA2, also play a role in how X. fastidiosa interfaces with grapevine PMs. The loss of EngXCA1 and EngXCA2 in tandem reduces both X. fastidiosa virulence and population size and slows the rate of PD symptom development and progression. Moreover, we demonstrate that single and double EGases mutants alter the rate of PD progression differently in two grapevine cultivars, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, and that Chardonnay is significantly more susceptible to PD than Cabernet Sauvignon. Interestingly, we determined that there are quantitative differences in the amount of fucosylated xyloglucans that make up the surface of PMs in these cultivars. Fucosylated xyloglucans are targets of the X. fastidiosa EGases, and xyloglucan abundance could impact PM dissolution and affect PD symptom development. Taken together, these results indicate that X. fastidiosa EGases and the PM carbohydrate composition of different grape cultivars are important factors that influence PD symptom development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Daniel R Jeske
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Grosskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, WI 54481, U.S.A
| | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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27
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Infections of the Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Strain "De Donno" in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) Elicits an Overactive Immune Response. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090335. [PMID: 31500293 PMCID: PMC6784145 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by Xylella fastidiosa are among the most destructive for several agricultural productions. A deadly disease of olive, termed olive quick decline syndrome, is one of the most recent examples of the severe impacts caused by the introduction and spread of this bacterium in new ecosystems with favorable epidemiological conditions. Deciphering the cascade of events leading to the development of severe alterations in the susceptible host plants is a priority of several research programs investigating strategies to mitigate the detrimental impacts of the infections. However, in the case of olives, the long latent period (>1 year) makes this pathosystem not amenable for such studies. We have inoculated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with the olive-infecting strain “De Donno” isolated from a symptomatic olive in Apulia (Italy), and we demonstrated that this highly pathogenic strain causes an overactive reaction that ends up with the necrosis of the inoculated stem, a reaction that differs from the notoriously Alfalfa Dwarf disease, caused by X. fastidiosa strains isolated from grapes and almonds. RNASeq analysis showed that major plant immunity pathways are activated, in particular, several calcium transmembrane transporters and enzymes responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Signs of the necrotic reaction are anticipated by the upregulation of genes responsible for plant cell death and the hypersensitive reaction. Overall the whole infection process takes four months in alfalfa, which makes this pathosystem suitable for studies involving either the plant response to the infection or the role of Xylella genes in the expression of symptoms.
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28
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Potnis N, Kandel PP, Merfa MV, Retchless AC, Parker JK, Stenger DC, Almeida RPP, Bergsma-Vlami M, Westenberg M, Cobine PA, De La Fuente L. Patterns of inter- and intrasubspecific homologous recombination inform eco-evolutionary dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa. THE ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2319-2333. [PMID: 31110262 PMCID: PMC6776109 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High rates of homologous recombination (HR) in the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa have been previously detected. This study aimed to determine the extent and explore the ecological significance of HR in the genomes of recombinants experimentally generated by natural transformation and wild-type isolates. Both sets of strains displayed widespread HR and similar average size of recombined fragments consisting of random events (2-10 kb) of inter- and intrasubspecific recombination. A significantly higher proportion and greater lengths (>10 kb, maximum 31.5 kb) of recombined fragments were observed in subsp. morus and in strains isolated in Europe from intercepted coffee plants shipped from the Americas. Such highly recombinant strains pose a serious risk of emergence of novel variants, as genetically distinct and formerly geographically isolated genotypes are brought in close proximity by global trade. Recently recombined regions in wild-type strains included genes involved in regulation and signaling, host colonization, nutrient acquisition, and host evasion, all fundamental traits for X. fastidiosa ecology. Identification of four recombinant loci shared between wild-type and experimentally generated recombinants suggests potential hotspots of recombination in this naturally competent pathogen. These findings provide insights into evolutionary forces possibly affecting the adaptive potential to colonize the host environments of X. fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Prem P Kandel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marcus V Merfa
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Adam C Retchless
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Parker
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Drake C Stenger
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Bergsma-Vlami
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), P.O. Box. 9102, Wageningen, 6700 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), P.O. Box. 9102, Wageningen, 6700 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Rouse Life Sciences Bldg, Auburn, AL, USA.
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29
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Feitosa-Junior OR, Stefanello E, Zaini PA, Nascimento R, Pierry PM, Dandekar AM, Lindow SE, da Silva AM. Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Xylella fastidiosa OMV-Enriched Fractions Reveal Association with Virulence Factors and Signaling Molecules of the DSF Family. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1344-1353. [PMID: 30973310 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) known to play a role in the systemic dissemination of this pathogen. OMVs inhibit bacterial attachment to xylem wall and traffic lipases/esterases that act on the degradation of plant cell wall. Here, we extended the characterization of X. fastidiosa OMVs by identifying proteins and metabolites potentially associated with OMVs produced by Temecula1, a Pierce's disease strain, and by 9a5c and Fb7, two citrus variegated chlorosis strains. These results strengthen that one of the OMVs multiple functions is to carry determinants of virulence, such as lipases/esterases, adhesins, proteases, porins, and a pectin lyase-like protein. For the first time, we show that the two citrus variegated chlorosis strains produce X. fastidiosa diffusible signaling factor 2 (DSF2) and citrus variegated chlorosis-DSF (likewise, Temecula1) and most importantly, that these compounds of the DSF (X. fastidiosa DSF) family are associated with OMV-enriched fractions. Altogether, our findings widen the potential functions of X. fastidiosa OMVs in intercellular signaling and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oséias R Feitosa-Junior
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Stefanello
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
- 3Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Pierry
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- 2Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Steven E Lindow
- 4Department Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Aline M da Silva
- 1Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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30
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Roper C, Castro C, Ingel B. Xylella fastidiosa: bacterial parasitism with hallmarks of commensalism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:140-147. [PMID: 31229798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
All organisms evolve in the presence of other organisms and these intimate associations are major drivers of evolution. Broadly speaking, these interactions are considered symbioses and can take on a full range of positive, negative or seemingly neutral interactions. Just two examples of these symbiotic interactions are parasitism and commensalism. Parasitism results in one partner benefitting while one partner suffers adverse consequences. Commensalism is a form of symbiosis where one partner benefits and the other partner is neutrally affected. Research efforts are more often focused on understanding parasitic symbioses related to disease, hence, much research is performed on identifying virulence factors to understand the fundamentals of pathogenesis. In turn, much less is understood about the fundamentals of commensal relationships. Here, we will take an introspective look at the plant-associated bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa. In some of its many plant hosts, this bacterium participates in seemingly commensal relationships while in other hosts, it causes devastating diseases that result in epidemics, making it a good model for exploring the determinants of where bacteria fall on the spectrum of parasitic and commensal relationships from both the microbial and the plant host perspective. Recent discoveries in how pathogenic X. fastidiosa imposes self-limiting behaviors upon itself indicate that even in its parasitic form, X. fastidiosa displays hallmarks of a commensal lifestyle. Understanding how commensalism can 'go wrong' and manifest into pathologies in specific hosts is a useful vantage point from which to study the determinants of virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Claudia Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Brian Ingel
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Lelis T, Peng J, Barphagha I, Chen R, Ham JH. The Virulence Function and Regulation of the Metalloprotease Gene prtA in the Plant-Pathogenic Bacterium Burkholderia glumae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:841-852. [PMID: 30694091 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0312-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial panicle blight caused by Burkholderia glumae is a major bacterial disease of rice. Our preliminary RNA-seq study showed that a serine metalloprotease gene, prtA, is regulated in a similar manner to the genes for the biosynthesis and transport of toxoflavin, which is a known major virulence factor of B. glumae. prtA null mutants of the virulent strain B. glumae 336gr-1 did not show a detectable extracellular protease activity, indicating that prtA is the solely responsible gene for the extracellular protease activity detected from this bacterium. In addition, inoculation of rice panicles with the prtA mutants resulted in a significant reduction of disease severity compared with the wild-type parent strain, suggesting the requirement of prtA for the full virulence of B. glumae. A double mutant deficient in both serine metalloprotease and toxoflavin (ΔtoxA/prtA-) exhibited a further numeric but not statistically significant decrease of disease development compared with the ΔtoxA strain. Both the prtA-driven extracellular protease activity and the toxoflavin production were dependent on both the tofI/tofR quorum-sensing and the global regulatory gene qsmR, indicating the important roles of the two global regulatory factors for the bacterial pathogenesis by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lelis
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
| | - Jingyu Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
| | - Inderjit Barphagha
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
| | - Ruoxi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
| | - Jong Hyun Ham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A
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Dandekar AM, Jacobson A, Ibáñez AM, Gouran H, Dolan DL, Agüero CB, Uratsu SL, Just R, Zaini PA. Trans-Graft Protection Against Pierce's Disease Mediated by Transgenic Grapevine Rootstocks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:84. [PMID: 30787937 PMCID: PMC6372540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A field study showed that transgenic grapevine rootstocks can provide trans-graft-mediated protection to a wild type scion against Pierce's disease (PD) development. We individually field-tested two distinct strategies. The first expressed a chimeric antimicrobial protein (CAP) that targeted the functionality of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) surface of Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), the causative agent of PD. The second expressed a plant polygalacturonase inhibitory protein (PGIP) that prevents PD by inhibiting breakdown of pectin present in primary cell walls. Both proteins are secreted to the apoplast and then into the xylem, where they migrate past the graft union, transiting into the xylem of the grafted scion. Transgenic Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless (TS) expressing ether CAP or PGIP were tested in the greenhouse and those lines that showed resistance to PD were grafted with wild type TS scions. Grafted grapevines were introduced into the field and tested over 7 years. Here we present data on the field evaluation of trans-graft protection using four CAP and four PGIP independent rootstock lines, compared to an untransformed rootstock. There was 30 to 95% reduction in vine mortality among CAP- and PGIP-expressing lines after three successive yearly infections with virulent Xf. Shoot tissues grafted to either CAP or PGIP transgenic rootstocks supported lower pathogen titers and showed fewer disease symptoms. Grafted plants on transgenic rootstocks also had more spring bud break following infection, more shoots, and more vigorous growth compared to those grafted to wild type rootstocks. No yield penalty was observed in the transgenic lines and some PGIP-expressing vines had enhanced yield potential. Trans-graft protection is an efficient way to protect grape scions against PD while preserving their valuable varietal genotypes and clonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ana M. Ibáñez
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David L. Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia B. Agüero
- Department of Enology and Viticulture, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandie L. Uratsu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert Just
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Kumar L, Cox CR, Sarkar SK. Matrix metalloprotease-1 inhibits and disrupts Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2019. [PMID: 30633757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.021021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a major opportunistic pathogen that readily forms protective biofilms leading to chronic infections. Biofilms protect bacteria from detergent solutions, antimicrobial agents, environmental stress, and effectively make bacteria 10 to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotic treatment. Extracellular proteins and polysaccharides are primary components of biofilms and play a key role in cell survival, microbial persistence, cellular interaction, and maturation of E. faecalis biofilms. Degradation of biofilm components by mammalian proteases is an effective antibiofilm strategy because proteases are known to degrade bacterial proteins leading to bacterial cell lysis and growth inhibition. Here, we show that human matrix metalloprotease-1 inhibits and disrupts E. faecalis biofilms. MMPs are cell-secreted zinc- and calcium-dependent proteases that degrade and regulate various structural components of the extracellular matrix. Human MMP1 is known to degrade type-1 collagen and can also cleave a wide range of substrates. We found that recombinant human MMP1 significantly inhibited and disrupted biofilms of vancomycin sensitive and vancomycin resistant E. faecalis strains. The mechanism of antibiofilm activity is speculated to be linked with bacterial growth inhibition and degradation of biofilm matrix proteins by MMP1. These findings suggest that human MMP1 can potentially be used as a potent antibiofilm agent against E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
| | - Susanta K Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
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Kumar L, Cox CR, Sarkar SK. Matrix metalloprotease-1 inhibits and disrupts Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210218. [PMID: 30633757 PMCID: PMC6329490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a major opportunistic pathogen that readily forms protective biofilms leading to chronic infections. Biofilms protect bacteria from detergent solutions, antimicrobial agents, environmental stress, and effectively make bacteria 10 to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotic treatment. Extracellular proteins and polysaccharides are primary components of biofilms and play a key role in cell survival, microbial persistence, cellular interaction, and maturation of E. faecalis biofilms. Degradation of biofilm components by mammalian proteases is an effective antibiofilm strategy because proteases are known to degrade bacterial proteins leading to bacterial cell lysis and growth inhibition. Here, we show that human matrix metalloprotease-1 inhibits and disrupts E. faecalis biofilms. MMPs are cell-secreted zinc- and calcium-dependent proteases that degrade and regulate various structural components of the extracellular matrix. Human MMP1 is known to degrade type-1 collagen and can also cleave a wide range of substrates. We found that recombinant human MMP1 significantly inhibited and disrupted biofilms of vancomycin sensitive and vancomycin resistant E. faecalis strains. The mechanism of antibiofilm activity is speculated to be linked with bacterial growth inhibition and degradation of biofilm matrix proteins by MMP1. These findings suggest that human MMP1 can potentially be used as a potent antibiofilm agent against E. faecalis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
| | - Susanta K. Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rapicavoli J, Ingel B, Blanco‐Ulate B, Cantu D, Roper C. Xylella fastidiosa: an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:786-800. [PMID: 28742234 PMCID: PMC6637975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xylella fastidiosa is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen with an extremely wide host range. This species has recently been resolved into subspecies that correlate with host specificity. This review focuses on the status of X. fastidiosa pathogenic associations in plant hosts in which the bacterium is either endemic or has been recently introduced. Plant diseases associated with X. fastidiosa have been documented for over a century, and much about what is known in the context of host-pathogen interactions is based on these hosts, such as grape and citrus, in which this pathogen has been well described. Recent attention has focused on newly emerging X. fastidiosa diseases, such as in olives. TAXONOMY Bacteria; Gammaproteobacteria; family Xanthomonadaceae; genus Xylella; species fastidiosa. MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Gram-negative rod (0.25-0.35 × 0.9-3.5 μm), non-flagellate, motile via Type IV pili-mediated twitching, fastidious. HOST RANGE Xylella fastidiosa has a broad host range that includes ornamental, ecological and agricultural plants belonging to over 300 different species in 63 different families. To date, X. fastidiosa has been found to be pathogenic in over 100 plant species. In addition, it can establish non-symptomatic associations with many plants as a commensal endophyte. Here, we list the four distinct subspecies of X. fastidiosa and some of the agriculturally relevant diseases caused by them: X. fastidiosa ssp. fastidiosa causes Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera); X. fastidiosa ssp. multiplex causes almond leaf scorch (ALS) and diseases on other nut and shade tree crops; X. fastidiosa ssp. pauca causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) (Citrus spp.), coffee leaf scorch and olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) (Olea europaea); X. fastidiosa ssp. sandyi causes oleander leaf scorch (OLS) (Nerium oleander). Significant host specificity seemingly exists for some of the subspecies, although this could be a result of technical biases based on the limited number of plants tested, whereas some subspecies are not as stringent in their host range and can infect several plant hosts. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Most X. fastidiosa-related diseases appear as marginal leaf necrosis and scorching of the leaves. In the case of PD, X. fastidiosa can also cause desiccation of berries (termed 'raisining'), irregular periderm development and abnormal abscission of petioles. In olive trees affected with OQDS, leaves exhibit marginal necrosis and defoliation, and overall tree decline occurs. Plants with ALS and OLS also exhibit the characteristic leaf scorch symptoms. Not all X. fastidiosa-related diseases exhibit the typical leaf scorch symptoms. These include CVC and Phony Peach disease, amongst others. In the case of CVC, symptoms include foliar wilt and interveinal chlorosis on the upper surfaces of the leaves (similar to zinc deficiency), which correspond to necrotic, gum-like regions on the undersides of the leaves. Additional symptoms of CVC include defoliation, dieback and hardening of fruits. Plants infected with Phony Peach disease exhibit a denser, more compact canopy (as a result of shortened internodes, darker green leaves and delayed leaf senescence), premature bloom and reduced fruit size. Some occlusions occur in the xylem vessels, but there are no foliar wilting, chlorosis or necrosis symptoms . USEFUL WEBSITES: http://www.piercesdisease.org/; https://pubmlst.org/xfastidiosa/; http://www.xylella.lncc.br/; https://nature.berkeley.edu/xylella/; https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/plant_health_biosecurity/legislation/emergency_measures/xylella-fastidiosa_en.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Rapicavoli
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | - Brian Ingel
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA
| | - Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA
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Nandi M, Macdonald J, Liu P, Weselowski B, Yuan Z. Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis: bacterial canker of tomato, molecular interactions and disease management. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2036-2050. [PMID: 29528201 PMCID: PMC6638088 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker disease is considered to be one of the most destructive diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and is caused by the seed-borne Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm). This vascular pathogen generally invades and proliferates in the xylem through natural openings or wounds, causing wilt and canker symptoms. The incidence of symptomless latent infections and the invasion of tomato seeds by Cmm are widespread. Pathogenicity is mediated by virulence factors and transcriptional regulators encoded by the chromosome and two natural plasmids. The virulence factors include serine proteases, cell wall-degrading enzymes (cellulases, xylanases, pectinases) and others. Mutational analyses of these genes and gene expression profiling (via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, transcriptomics and proteomics) have begun to shed light on their roles in colonization and virulence, whereas the expression of tomato genes in response to Cmm infection suggests plant factors involved in the defence response. These findings may aid in the generation of target-specific bactericides or new resistant varieties of tomato. Meanwhile, various chemical and biological controls have been researched to control Cmm. This review presents a detailed investigation regarding the pathogen Cmm, bacterial canker infection, molecular interactions between Cmm and tomato, and current perspectives on improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Nandi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Jacqueline Macdonald
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
| | - Brian Weselowski
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
| | - Ze‐Chun Yuan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada, N6A 5C1
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri‐Food CanadaLondonONCanada, N5V 4T3
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Zaini PA, Nascimento R, Gouran H, Cantu D, Chakraborty S, Phu M, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Molecular Profiling of Pierce's Disease Outlines the Response Circuitry of Vitis vinifera to Xylella fastidiosa Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:771. [PMID: 29937771 PMCID: PMC6002507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pierce's disease is a major threat to grapevines caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Although devoid of a type 3 secretion system commonly employed by bacterial pathogens to deliver effectors inside host cells, this pathogen is able to influence host parenchymal cells from the xylem lumen by secreting a battery of hydrolytic enzymes. Defining the cellular and biochemical changes induced during disease can foster the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pathogen fitness and increasing plant health. To this end, we investigated the transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolomic responses of diseased Vitis vinifera compared to healthy plants. We found that several antioxidant strategies were induced, including the accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and polyamine metabolism, as well as iron and copper chelation, but these were insufficient to protect the plant from chronic oxidative stress and disease symptom development. Notable upregulation of phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and various aromatic acid metabolites was part of the host responses observed. Moreover, upregulation of various cell wall modification enzymes followed the proliferation of the pathogen within xylem vessels, consistent with the intensive thickening of vessels' secondary walls observed by magnetic resonance imaging. By interpreting the molecular profile changes taking place in symptomatic tissues, we report a set of molecular markers that can be further explored to aid in disease detection, breeding for resistance, and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - My Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhaya M. Dandekar,
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A starvation-induced regulator, RovM, acts as a switch for planktonic/biofilm state transition in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:639. [PMID: 28377623 PMCID: PMC5428675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition between the planktonic state and the biofilm-associated state is a key developmental decision for pathogenic bacteria. Biofilm formation by Yersinia pestis is regulated by hmsHFRS genes (β-1, 6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine synthesis operon) in its flea vector and in vitro. However, the mechanism of biofilm formation in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the LysR-type regulator RovM inversely regulates biofilm formation and motility in Y. pseudotuberculosis by acting as a transcriptional regulator of these two functions. RovM is strongly induced during growth in minimal media but strongly repressed in complex media. On one hand, RovM enhances bacterial motility by activating the expression of FlhDC, the master regulator of flagellar genes, via the recognition of an operator upstream of the flhDC promoter. On the other hand, RovM represses β-GlcNAc production under nutrition-limited conditions, negatively regulating hmsHFRS expression by directly binding to the -35 element of its promoter. Compared to wild-type bacteria, the rovM mutant established denser biofilms and caused more extensive mortality in mice and silkworm larvae. These results indicate that RovM acts as a molecular switch to coordinate the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation and motility in response to the availability of nutrients.
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