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Paauw M, van Hulten M, Chatterjee S, Berg JA, Taks NW, Giesbers M, Richard MMS, van den Burg HA. Hydathode immunity protects the Arabidopsis leaf vasculature against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Curr Biol 2023; 33:697-710.e6. [PMID: 36731466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent disease by passively and actively protecting potential entry routes against invading microbes. For example, the plant immune system actively guards roots, wounds, and stomata. How plants prevent vascular disease upon bacterial entry via guttation fluids excreted from specialized glands at the leaf margin remains largely unknown. These so-called hydathodes release xylem sap when root pressure is too high. By studying hydathode colonization by both hydathode-adapted (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) and non-adapted pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in immunocompromised Arabidopsis mutants, we show that the immune hubs BAK1 and EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 restrict bacterial multiplication in hydathodes. Both immune hubs effectively confine bacterial pathogens to hydathodes and lower the number of successful escape events of an hydathode-adapted pathogen toward the xylem. A second layer of defense, which is dependent on the plant hormones' pipecolic acid and to a lesser extent on salicylic acid, reduces the vascular spread of the pathogen. Thus, besides glands, hydathodes represent a potent first line of defense against leaf-invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Hulten
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne W Taks
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Olawole OI, Gleason ML, Beattie GA. Expression and Functional Analysis of the Type III Secretion System Effector Repertoire of the Xylem Pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila on Cucurbits. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:768-778. [PMID: 35471035 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-22-0002-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The predicted repertoire of type III secretion system effectors (T3SEs) in Erwinia tracheiphila, causal agent of cucurbit bacterial wilt, is much larger than in xylem pathogens in the closely related genera Erwinia and Pantoea. The genomes of strains BHKY and SCR3, which represent distinct E. tracheiphila clades, encode at least 6 clade-specific and 12 shared T3SEs. The strains expressed the majority of the T3SE genes examined in planta. Among the shared T3SE genes, eop1 was expressed most highly in both strains in squash (Cucurbita pepo) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) but the clade-specific gene avrRpm2 was expressed 40- to 900-fold more than eop1 in BHKY. The T3SEs AvrRpm2, Eop1, SrfC, and DspE contributed to BHKY virulence on squash and muskmelon, as shown using combinatorial mutants involving six T3SEs, whereas OspG and AvrB4 contributed to BHKY virulence only on muskmelon, demonstrating host-specific virulence functions. Moreover, Eop1 was functionally redundant with AvrRpm2, SrfC, OspG, and AvrB4 in BHKY, and BHKY mutants lacking up to five effector genes showed similar virulence to mutants lacking only two genes. The T3SEs OspG, AvrB4, and DspE contributed additively to SCR3 virulence on muskmelon and were not functionally redundant with Eop1. Rather, loss of eop1 and avrB4 restored wild-type virulence to the avrB4 mutant, suggesting that Eop1 suppresses a functionally redundant effector in SCR3. These results highlight functional differences in effector inventories between two E. tracheiphila clades, provide the first evidence of OspG as a phytopathogen effector, and suggest that Eop1 may be a metaeffector influencing virulence. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle I Olawole
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, U.S.A
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, U.S.A
| | - Gwyn A Beattie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1101, U.S.A
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Landa BB, Saponari M, Feitosa-Junior OR, Giampetruzzi A, Vieira FJD, Mor E, Robatzek S. Xylella fastidiosa's relationships: the bacterium, the host plants, and the plant microbiome. New Phytol 2022; 234:1598-1605. [PMID: 35279849 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of important crop diseases and is transmitted by xylem-sap-feeding insects. The bacterium colonizes xylem vessels and can persist with a commensal or pathogen lifestyle in more than 500 plant species. In the past decade, reports of X. fastidiosa across the globe have dramatically increased its known occurrence. This raises important questions: How does X. fastidiosa interact with the different host plants? How does the bacterium interact with the plant immune system? How does it influence the host's microbiome? We discuss recent strain genetic typing and plant transcriptome and microbiome analyses, which have advanced our understanding of factors that are important for X. fastidiosa plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca B Landa
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Alameda del Obispo S/N, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Maria Saponari
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- CNR - Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Amendola 165/A, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Filipe J D Vieira
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Eliana Mor
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Genetics, LMU Biocentre, Grosshadener Strasse 4, Planegg, 82152, Germany
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Zhang DD, Dai XF, Klosterman SJ, Subbarao KV, Chen JY. The secretome of Verticillium dahliae in collusion with plant defence responses modulates Verticillium wilt symptoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1810-1822. [PMID: 35478378 PMCID: PMC9542920 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a notorious soil‐borne pathogen that enters hosts through the roots and proliferates in the plant water‐conducting elements to cause Verticillium wilt. Historically, Verticillium wilt symptoms have been explained by vascular occlusion, due to the accumulation of mycelia and plant biomacromolecule aggregation, and also by phytotoxicity caused by pathogen‐secreted toxins. Beyond the direct cytotoxicity of some members of the secretome, this review systematically discusses the roles of the V. dahliae secretome in vascular occlusion, including the deposition of polysaccharides as an outcome of plant cell wall destruction, the accumulation of fungal mycelia, and modulation of plant defence responses. By modulating plant defences and hormone levels, the secretome manipulates the vascular environment to induce Verticillium wilt. Thus, the secretome of V. dahliae colludes with plant defence responses to modulate Verticillium wilt symptoms, and thereby bridges the historical concepts of both toxin production by the pathogen and vascular occlusion as the cause of wilting symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Samal B, Chatterjee S. Bacterial quorum sensing facilitates Xanthomonas campesteris pv. campestris invasion of host tissue to maximize disease symptoms. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:6524-6543. [PMID: 33993246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) helps the Xanthomonas group of phytopathogens to infect several crop plants. The vascular phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot disease on Brassicaceae leaves, where a typical v-shaped lesion spans both vascular and mesophyll regions with progressive leaf chlorosis. Recently, the role of QS has been elucidated during Xcc early infection stages. However, a detailed insight into the possible role of QS-regulated bacterial invasion in host chlorophagy during late infection stages remains elusive. In this study, using QS-responsive whole-cell bioreporters of Xcc, we present a detailed chronology of QS-facilitated Xcc colonization in the mesophyll region of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) leaves. We report that QS-enabled localization of Xcc to parenchymal chloroplasts triggers leaf chlorosis and promotion of systemic infection. Our results indicate that the QS response in the Xanthomonas group of vascular phytopathogens maximizes their population fitness across host tissues to trigger stage-specific host chlorophagy and establish a systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Samal
- Lab of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Subhadeep Chatterjee
- Lab of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Planas-Marquès M, Kressin JP, Kashyap A, Panthee DR, Louws FJ, Coll NS, Valls M. Four bottlenecks restrict colonization and invasion by the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in resistant tomato. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:2157-2171. [PMID: 32211785 PMCID: PMC7242079 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a bacterial vascular pathogen causing devastating bacterial wilt. In the field, resistance against this pathogen is quantitative and is available for breeders only in tomato and eggplant. To understand the basis of resistance to R. solanacearum in tomato, we investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial colonization using non-invasive live monitoring techniques coupled to grafting of susceptible and resistant varieties. We found four 'bottlenecks' that limit the bacterium in resistant tomato: root colonization, vertical movement from roots to shoots, circular vascular bundle invasion, and radial apoplastic spread in the cortex. Radial invasion of cortical extracellular spaces occurred mostly at late disease stages but was observed throughout plant infection. This study shows that resistance is expressed in both root and shoot tissues, and highlights the importance of structural constraints to bacterial spread as a resistance mechanism. It also shows that R. solanacearum is not only a vascular pathogen but spreads out of the xylem, occupying the plant apoplast niche. Our work will help elucidate the complex genetic determinants of resistance, setting the foundations to decipher the molecular mechanisms that limit pathogen colonization, which may provide new precision tools to fight bacterial wilt in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan P Kressin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, USA
- Current address: Department of Breeding, Hortigenetics Research (S.E.Asia) Ltd, East-West Seed Co., Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dilip R Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, USA
| | - Frank J Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: or
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7
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Ge Q, Cobine PA, De La Fuente L. Copper Supplementation in Watering Solution Reaches the Xylem But Does Not Protect Tobacco Plants Against Xylella fastidiosa Infection. Plant Dis 2020; 104:724-730. [PMID: 31961767 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-19-1748-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited plant pathogenic bacterium that causes disease in many crops worldwide. Copper (Cu) is an antimicrobial agent widely used on X. fastidiosa hosts to control other diseases. Although the effects of Cu for control of foliar pathogens are well known, it is less studied on xylem-colonizing pathogens. Previous results from our group showed that low concentrations of CuSO4 increased biofilm formation, whereas high concentrations inhibited biofilm formation and growth in vitro. In this study, we conducted in planta experiments to determine the influence of Cu in X. fastidiosa infection using tobacco as a model. X. fastidiosa-infected and noninfected plants were watered with tap water or with water supplemented with 4 mM or 8 mM of CuSO4. Symptom progression was assessed, and sap and leaf ionome analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. Cu uptake was confirmed by increased concentrations of Cu in the sap of plants treated with CuSO4-amended water. Leaf scorch symptoms in Cu-supplemented plants showed a trend toward more severe at later time points. Quantification of total and viable X. fastidiosa in planta indicated that CuSO4-amended treatments did not inhibit but slightly increased the growth of X. fastidiosa. Cu in sap was in the range of concentrations that promote X. fastidiosa biofilm formation according to our previous in vitro study. Based on these results, we proposed that the plant Cu homeostasis machinery controls the level of Cu in the xylem, preventing it from becoming elevated to a level that would lead to bacterial inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ge
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Paul A Cobine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Jiménez-Ruiz J, Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Barroso JB, Luque F, Mercado-Blanco J. The Transcriptome of Verticillium dahliae Responds Differentially Depending on the Disease Susceptibility Level of the Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Cultivar. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040251. [PMID: 30934761 PMCID: PMC6523120 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among biotic constraints affecting olive trees cultivation worldwide, the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae is considered one of the most serious threats. Olive cultivars display differential susceptibility to the disease, but our knowledge on the pathogen’s responses when infecting varieties differing in susceptibility is scarce. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in olive cultivars Picual (susceptible) and Frantoio (tolerant). RNA samples originated from roots during the first two weeks after inoculation with V. dahliae defoliating (D) pathotype. Verticillium dahliae mRNA amount was overwhelmingly higher in roots of the susceptible cultivar, indicating that proliferation of pathogen biomass is favored in ‘Picual’. A significant larger number of V. dahliae unigenes (11 fold) were only induced in this cultivar. Seven clusters of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified according to time-course expression patterns. Unigenes potentially coding for niche-adaptation, pathogenicity, virulence and microsclerotia development were induced in ‘Picual’, while in ‘Frantoio’ expression remained negligible or null. Verticillium dahliae D pathotype transcriptome responses are qualitatively and quantitatively different, and depend on cultivar susceptibility level. The much larger V. dahliae biomass found in ‘Picual’ roots is a consequence of both host and pathogen DEG explaining, to a large extent, the higher aggressiveness exerted over this cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Francisco Luque
- Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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Perdiguero P, Sobrino-Plata J, Venturas M, Martín JA, Gil L, Collada C. Gene expression trade-offs between defence and growth in English elm induced by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:198-214. [PMID: 29034465 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wilt diseases caused by vascular pathogens include some of the most damaging stresses affecting trees. Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, destroyed most of North American and European elm populations in the 20th century. The highly susceptible English elm, also known as Atinian clone, suffered the highest mortality rates during the last pandemic event, probably due to its lack of genetic diversity. To study the DED pathosystem, we inoculated English elm ramets with O. novo-ulmi and evaluated xylem anatomy, molecular response, and disease symptoms. The high DED susceptibility of the clone was linked to xylem structure. The transcript levels changed significantly for 1,696 genes during O. novo-ulmi invasion. Genes covering different steps of the plant immune system were identified, many of which showed homology with Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. Induction of several pathogenesis-related proteins and repression of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and other cell wall biosynthesis pathways evidence unbalanced costs between growth and defence mechanisms far from the inoculation point. This study sheds light on elm molecular defence mechanisms against DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perdiguero
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Juan Sobrino-Plata
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin Venturas
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Biology Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Martín
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- GENFOR, Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Leyva-Pérez MDLO, Jiménez-Ruiz J, Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Valverde-Corredor A, Barroso JB, Luque F, Mercado-Blanco J. Tolerance of olive (Olea europaea) cv Frantoio to Verticillium dahliae relies on both basal and pathogen-induced differential transcriptomic responses. New Phytol 2018; 217:671-686. [PMID: 29023762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is one of the most serious biotic constraints for this tree crop. Our knowledge of the genetics of the tolerance/resistance to this disease is very limited. Here we show that tolerance of the cv Frantoio relies on both basal and early pathogen-induced differential transcriptomic responses. A comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) was conducted in root tissues of cvs Frantoio (VWO-tolerant) and Picual (VWO-susceptible). RNA samples originated from roots of inoculated olive plants during the early infection stages by Verticillium dahliae (highly virulent, defoliating pathotype). A huge number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between 'Frantoio' and 'Picual' (27 312 unigenes) in the absence of the pathogen. Upon infection with V. dahliae, 'Picual' and 'Frantoio' plants responded differently too. In the early infection stages, four clusters of DEGs could be identified according to their time-course expression patterns. Among others, a pathogenesis-related protein of the Bet v I family and a dirigent-like protein involved in lignification, and several BAK1, NHL1, reactive oxygen species stress response and BAM unigenes showed noticeable differences between cultivars. Tolerance of 'Frantoio' plants to VWO is a consequence of a complex and multifaceted process which involves many plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la O Leyva-Pérez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Jaime Jiménez-Ruiz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Carmen Gómez-Lama Cabanás
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Antonio Valverde-Corredor
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Francisco Luque
- Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaén, Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus 'Alameda del Obispo', Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, Apartado, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
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11
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Zaini PA, Nascimento R, Gouran H, Cantu D, Chakraborty S, Phu M, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Molecular Profiling of Pierce's Disease Outlines the Response Circuitry of Vitis vinifera to Xylella fastidiosa Infection. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:771. [PMID: 29937771 PMCID: PMC6002507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pierce's disease is a major threat to grapevines caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Although devoid of a type 3 secretion system commonly employed by bacterial pathogens to deliver effectors inside host cells, this pathogen is able to influence host parenchymal cells from the xylem lumen by secreting a battery of hydrolytic enzymes. Defining the cellular and biochemical changes induced during disease can foster the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pathogen fitness and increasing plant health. To this end, we investigated the transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolomic responses of diseased Vitis vinifera compared to healthy plants. We found that several antioxidant strategies were induced, including the accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and polyamine metabolism, as well as iron and copper chelation, but these were insufficient to protect the plant from chronic oxidative stress and disease symptom development. Notable upregulation of phytoalexins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and various aromatic acid metabolites was part of the host responses observed. Moreover, upregulation of various cell wall modification enzymes followed the proliferation of the pathogen within xylem vessels, consistent with the intensive thickening of vessels' secondary walls observed by magnetic resonance imaging. By interpreting the molecular profile changes taking place in symptomatic tissues, we report a set of molecular markers that can be further explored to aid in disease detection, breeding for resistance, and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - My Phu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Abhaya M. Dandekar,
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12
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Deketelaere S, Tyvaert L, França SC, Höfte M. Desirable Traits of a Good Biocontrol Agent against Verticillium Wilt. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1186. [PMID: 28729855 PMCID: PMC5498563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The soil-borne fungus Verticillium causes serious vascular disease in a wide variety of annual crops and woody perennials. Verticillium wilt is notoriously difficult to control by conventional methods, so there is great potential for biocontrol to manage this disease. In this study we aimed to review the research about Verticillium biocontrol to get a better understanding of characteristics that are desirable in a biocontrol agent (BCA) against Verticillium wilt. We only considered studies in which the BCAs were tested on plants. Most biocontrol studies were focused on plants of the Solanaceae, Malvaceae, and Brassicaceae and within these families eggplant, cotton, and oilseed rape were the most studied crops. The list of bacterial BCAs with potential against Verticillium was dominated by endophytic Bacillus and Pseudomonas isolates, while non-pathogenic xylem-colonizing Verticillium and Fusarium isolates topped the fungal list. Predominant modes of action involved in biocontrol were inhibition of primary inoculum germination, plant growth promotion, competition and induced resistance. Many BCAs showed in vitro antibiosis and mycoparasitism but these traits were not correlated with activity in vivo and there is no evidence that they play a role in planta. Good BCAs were obtained from soils suppressive to Verticillium wilt, disease suppressive composts, and healthy plants in infested fields. Desirable characteristics in a BCA against Verticillium are the ability to (1) affect the survival or germination of microsclerotia, (2) colonize the xylem and/or cortex and compete with the pathogen for nutrients and/or space, (3) induce resistance responses in the plant and/or (4) promote plant growth. Potential BCAs should be screened in conditions that resemble the field situation to increase the chance of successful use in practice. Furthermore, issues such as large scale production, formulation, preservation conditions, shelf life, and application methods should be considered early in the process of selecting BCAs against Verticillium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monica Höfte
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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Gómez-Lama Cabanás C, Schilirò E, Valverde-Corredor A, Mercado-Blanco J. Systemic responses in a tolerant olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar upon root colonization by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:928. [PMID: 26441865 PMCID: PMC4584997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is caused by the vascular pathogen Verticillium dahliae. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant cultivars; however, our knowledge on VWO tolerance/resistance genetics is very limited. A transcriptomic analysis was conducted to (i) identify systemic defense responses induced/repressed in aerial tissues of the tolerant cultivar Frantoio upon root colonization by V. dahliae, and (ii) determine the expression pattern of selected defense genes in olive cultivars showing differential susceptibility to VWO. Two suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA libraries, enriched in up-regulated (FU) and down-regulated (FD) genes respectively, were generated from "Frantoio" aerial tissues. Results showed that broad systemic transcriptomic changes are taking place during V. dahliae-"Frantoio" interaction. A total of 585 FU and 381 FD unigenes were identified, many of them involved in defense response to (a)biotic stresses. Selected genes were then used to validate libraries and evaluate their temporal expression pattern in "Frantoio." Four defense genes were analyzed in cultivars Changlot Real (tolerant) and Picual (susceptible). An association between GRAS1 and DRR2 gene expression patterns and susceptibility to VWO was observed, suggesting that these transcripts could be further evaluated as markers of the tolerance level of olive cultivars to V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasCórdoba, Spain
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14
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Witzel K, Hanschen FS, Klopsch R, Ruppel S, Schreiner M, Grosch R. Verticillium longisporum infection induces organ-specific glucosinolate degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:508. [PMID: 26217360 PMCID: PMC4498036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The species Verticillium represents a group of highly destructive fungal pathogens, responsible for vascular wilt in a number of crops. The host response to infection by Verticillium longisporum at the level of secondary plant metabolites has not been well explored. Natural variation in the glucosinolate (GLS) composition of four Arabidopsis thaliana accessions was characterized: the accessions Bur-0 and Hi-0 accumulated alkenyl GLS, while 3-hydroxypropyl GLS predominated in Kn-0 and Ler-0. With respect to GLS degradation products, Hi-0 and Kn-0 generated mainly isothiocyanates, whereas Bur-0 released epithionitriles and Ler-0 nitriles. An analysis of the effect on the composition of both GLS and its breakdown products in the leaf and root following the plants' exposure to V. longisporum revealed a number of organ- and accession-specific alterations. In the less disease susceptible accessions Bur-0 and Ler-0, colonization depressed the accumulation of GLS in the rosette leaves but accentuated it in the roots. In contrast, in the root, the level of GLS breakdown products in three of the four accessions fell, suggestive of their conjugation or binding to a fungal target molecule(s). The plant-pathogen interaction influenced both the organ- and accession-specific formation of GLS degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Witzel
- *Correspondence: Katja Witzel, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany,
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15
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Zhang B, Tremousaygue D, Denancé N, van Esse HP, Hörger AC, Dabos P, Goffner D, Thomma BPHJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Tuominen H. PIRIN2 stabilizes cysteine protease XCP2 and increases susceptibility to the vascular pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2014; 79:1009-19. [PMID: 24947605 PMCID: PMC4321228 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PIRIN (PRN) is a member of the functionally diverse cupin protein superfamily. There are four members of the Arabidopsis thaliana PRN family, but the roles of these proteins are largely unknown. Here we describe a function of the Arabidopsis PIRIN2 (PRN2) that is related to susceptibility to the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Two prn2 mutant alleles displayed decreased disease development and bacterial growth in response to R. solanacearum infection. We elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism by analyzing PRN2 interactions with the papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) XCP2, RD21A, and RD21B, all of which bound to PRN2 in yeast two-hybrid assays and in Arabidopsis protoplast co-immunoprecipitation assays. We show that XCP2 is stabilized by PRN2 through inhibition of its autolysis on the basis of PLCP activity profiling assays and enzymatic assays with recombinant protein. The stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 was also confirmed in planta. Like prn2 mutants, an xcp2 single knockout mutant and xcp2 prn2 double knockout mutant displayed decreased susceptibility to R. solanacearum, suggesting that stabilization of XCP2 by PRN2 underlies susceptibility to R. solanacearum in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dominique Tremousaygue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - H Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anja C Hörger
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Dabos
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 44131326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 259431326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Université de Toulouse, UPS31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 554631326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Abstract
This study was designed to characterize and describe host cell responses of stem tissue to mango wilt disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in Brazil. Disease progress was followed, through time, in inoculated stems for two cultivars, 'Ubá' (field resistant) and 'Haden' (field susceptible). Stem sections from inoculated areas were examined using fluorescence light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Tissues from Ubá colonized by C. fimbriata had stronger autofluorescence than those from Haden. The X-ray microanalysis revealed that the tissues of Ubá had higher levels of insoluble sulfur and calcium than those of Haden. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that fungal hyphae, chlamydospores (aleurioconidia), and perithecia-like structures of C. fimbriata were more abundant in Haden relative to Ubá. At the ultrastructural level, pathogen hyphae had grown into the degraded walls of parenchyma, fiber cells, and xylem vessels in the tissue of Haden. However, in Ubá, plant cell walls were rarely degraded and hyphae were often surrounded by dense, amorphous granular materials and hyphae appeared to have died. Taken together, the results of this study characterize the susceptible and resistant basal cell responses of mango stem tissue to infection by C. fimbriata.
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17
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Fortunato AA, da Silva WL, Rodrigues FÁ. Phenylpropanoid pathway is potentiated by silicon in the roots of banana plants during the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Phytopathology 2014; 104:597-603. [PMID: 24350769 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-13-0203-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is a disease that causes large reductions in banana yield worldwide. Considering the importance of silicon (Si) to potentiate the resistance of several plant species to pathogen infection, this study aimed to investigate, at the histochemical level, whether this element could enhance the production of phenolics on the roots of banana plants in response to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection. Plants of cultivar Maçã, which is susceptible to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, were grown in plastic pots amended with 0 (-Si) or 0.39 g of Si (+Si) per kilogram of soil and inoculated with race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The root Si concentration was increased by 35.6% for +Si plants in comparison to the -Si plants, which contributed to a 27% reduction in the symptoms of Fusarium wilt on roots. There was an absence of fluorescence for the root sections of the -Si plants treated with the Neu and Wilson's reagents. By contrast, for the root sections obtained from the +Si plants treated with Neu's reagent, strong yellow-orange fluorescence was observed in the phloem, and lemon-yellow fluorescence was observed in the sclerenchyma and metaxylem vessels, indicating the presence of flavonoids. For the root sections of the +Si plants treated with Wilson's reagent, orange-yellowish autofluorescence was more pronounced around the phloem vessels, and yellow fluorescence was more pronounced around the metaxylem vessels, also indicating the presence of flavonoids. Lignin was more densely deposited in the cortex of the roots of the +Si plants than for the -Si plants. Dopamine was barely detected in the roots of the -Si plants after using the lactic and glyoxylic acid stain, but was strongly suspected to occur on the phloem and metaxylem vessels of the roots of the +Si plants as confirmed by the intense orange-yellow fluorescence. The present study provides new evidence of the pivotal role of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the resistance of banana plants to F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense infection when supplied with Si.
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18
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Denancé N, Ranocha P, Oria N, Barlet X, Rivière MP, Yadeta KA, Hoffmann L, Perreau F, Clément G, Maia-Grondard A, van den Berg GCM, Savelli B, Fournier S, Aubert Y, Pelletier S, Thomma BPHJ, Molina A, Jouanin L, Marco Y, Goffner D. Arabidopsis wat1 (walls are thin1)-mediated resistance to the bacterial vascular pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, is accompanied by cross-regulation of salicylic acid and tryptophan metabolism. Plant J 2013; 73:225-39. [PMID: 22978675 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of Arabidopsis WAT1 (Walls Are Thin1), a gene required for secondary cell-wall deposition, conferred broad-spectrum resistance to vascular pathogens, including the bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and the fungi Verticillium dahliae and Verticillium albo-atrum. Introduction of NahG, the bacterial salicylic acid (SA)-degrading salicylate hydroxylase gene, into the wat1 mutant restored full susceptibility to both R. solanacearum and X. campestris pv. campestris. Moreover, SA content was constitutively higher in wat1 roots, further supporting a role for SA in wat1-mediated resistance to vascular pathogens. By combining transcriptomic and metabolomic data, we demonstrated a general repression of indole metabolism in wat1-1 roots as shown by constitutive down-regulation of several genes encoding proteins of the indole glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and reduced amounts of tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetic acid and neoglucobrassicin, the major form of indole glucosinolate in roots. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the wat1 mutant to R. solanacearum was partially restored when crossed with either the trp5 mutant, an over-accumulator of Trp, or Pro35S:AFB1-myc, in which indole-3-acetic acid signaling is constitutively activated. Our original hypothesis placed cell-wall modifications at the heart of the wat1 resistance phenotype. However, the results presented here suggest a mechanism involving root-localized metabolic channeling away from indole metabolites to SA as a central feature of wat1 resistance to R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denancé
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Oria
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rivière
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Koste A Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Hoffmann
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - François Perreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alessandra Maia-Grondard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Grardy C M van den Berg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Savelli
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvie Fournier
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, E-28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Lise Jouanin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Yves Marco
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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