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Booij K, Crum S, Vrana B, Grabic R, Morin NAO, Parmentier K, Kech C, Krystek P, Noro K, Becker B, Lohmann R, Malleret L, Kaserzon SL, Miège C, Alliot F, Pfeiffer F, Crowley D, Rakowska M, Ocelka T, Kim GB, Röhler L. Ongoing Laboratory Performance Study on Chemical Analysis of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Three Aquatic Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6772-6780. [PMID: 38577774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The quality of chemical analysis is an important aspect of passive sampling-based environmental assessments. The present study reports on a proficiency testing program for the chemical analysis of hydrophobic organic compounds in silicone and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers and hydrophilic compounds in polar organic chemical integrative samplers. The median between-laboratory coefficients of variation (CVs) of hydrophobic compound concentrations in the polymer phase were 33% (silicone) and 38% (LDPE), similar to the CVs obtained in four earlier rounds of this program. The median CV over all rounds was 32%. Much higher variabilities were observed for hydrophilic compound concentrations in the sorbent: 50% for the untransformed data and a factor of 1.6 after log transformation. Limiting the data to the best performing laboratories did not result in less variability. Data quality for hydrophilic compounds was only weakly related to the use of structurally identical internal standards and was unrelated to the choice of extraction solvent and extraction time. Standard deviations of the aqueous concentration estimates for hydrophobic compound sampling by the best performing laboratories were 0.21 log units for silicone and 0.27 log units for LDPE (factors of 1.6 to 1.9). The implications are that proficiency testing programs may give more realistic estimates of uncertainties in chemical analysis than within-laboratory quality control programs and that these high uncertainties should be taken into account in environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- PaSOC, Kimswerd 8821 LV, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Crum
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany 38925, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Laboratoire de l'Environnement et de l'Alimentation de la Vendée, La Roche sur Yon 85021, France
| | - Koen Parmentier
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Oostende 8400, Belgium
| | - Cécile Kech
- Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - Kazushi Noro
- University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Research Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Osaka 583-0862, Japan
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Rheinland-Pfalz 56068, Germany
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Laure Malleret
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence 13545, France
| | - Sarit L Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | | | - Fabrice Alliot
- METIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL University, UMR 7619, Paris 75005, France
| | - Fabienne Pfeiffer
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Magdalena Rakowska
- Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1023, United States
- Envirostatus LLC., Lubbock, Texas 79415, United States
| | - Tomas Ocelka
- DioxinLab, E&H Services Inc., Dobrá 739 51, Czech Republic
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura Röhler
- NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo 0579, Norway
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Lyons BP, Bignell JP, Stentiford GD, Bolam TPC, Rumney HS, Bersuder P, Barber JL, Askem CE, Nicolaus MEE, Maes T. Determining Good Environmental Status under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Case study for descriptor 8 (chemical contaminants). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 124:118-129. [PMID: 26733271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires individual member states to develop a robust set of tools for defining eleven qualitative descriptors of Good Environmental Status (GES), such as demonstrating that "Concentrations of contaminants are at levels not giving rise to pollution effects" (GES descriptor 8). Adopting the recommendations of the ICES/OSPAR Study Group for the Integrated Monitoring of Contaminants and Biological Effects (SGIMC), we present a case study demonstrating how the proposed approach, using chemical contaminant (metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls) and biological effects (EROD, bile metabolites and pathology) data in different matrices (sediment and biota), could be used to contribute to the determination of GES in a region of the North Sea region off the east coast of the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Lyons
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - J P Bignell
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - G D Stentiford
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - T P C Bolam
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - H S Rumney
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - P Bersuder
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - J L Barber
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - C E Askem
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - M E E Nicolaus
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - T Maes
- Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
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Booij K, Robinson CD, Burgess RM, Mayer P, Roberts CA, Ahrens L, Allan IJ, Brant J, Jones L, Kraus UR, Larsen MM, Lepom P, Petersen J, Pröfrock D, Roose P, Schäfer S, Smedes F, Tixier C, Vorkamp K, Whitehouse P. Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3-17. [PMID: 26619247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU's quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , PO Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Craig D Robinson
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory , 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB30 1AD, U.K
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Anker Engelunds Vej 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cindy A Roberts
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Brant
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT U.K
| | - Lisa Jones
- Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Uta R Kraus
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Wuestland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University , Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Peter Lepom
- Federal Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Bismarckplatz 1, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jördis Petersen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Department Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, Max-Planck Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Patrick Roose
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences , Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Gulledelle 100, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine Schäfer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Deltares, P.O. Box 85467, 3508 AL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer , Unit of Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Lab. Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University , Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Paul Whitehouse
- Environment Agency, Evidence Directorate, Red Kite House, Howbery Park OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
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Rumney HS, Potter K, Mellor PK, Brant J, Whomersley P, Shaw S, Barry J, Kirby MF, Law RJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish from St Helena, South Atlantic, in relation to an historic wreck. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:451-454. [PMID: 25444627 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in edible tissues of fish species consumed by the islanders of St Helena to assess any risk to human health posed by oil leaking from an historic wreck. Samples were collected from the vicinity of the wreck site and at two reference locations at which fishing activity occurs. Summed PAH concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 20 μg kg(-1) wet weight, and no PAHs with more than 4 fused rings were detected. All concentrations of the four PAH used as a basis for assessment in relation to health risks to human consumers of foods within the EU (benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene) were<0.1 μg kg(-1) wet weight and raised no concerns. Additionally, concentrations were calculated as the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient and found to be well below the level of concern (0 to 0.05 μg kg(-1) wet weight benzo[a]pyrene equivalents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Rumney
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Kerry Potter
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Philip K Mellor
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jan Brant
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Paul Whomersley
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Stephen Shaw
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Jon Barry
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Mark F Kirby
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Robin J Law
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
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Booij K, van Bommel R, van Aken HM, van Haren H, Brummer GJA, Ridderinkhof H. Passive sampling of nonpolar contaminants at three deep-ocean sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:101-108. [PMID: 25201227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorobenzene, and DDE were determined by passive sampling (semipermeable membrane devices) with exposure times of 1-1.5 years at 0.1-5 km depth in the Irminger Sea, the Canary Basin (both North Atlantic Ocean), and the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean). The dissipation of performance reference compounds revealed a pronounced effect of hydrostatic pressure on the sampler-water partition coefficients. Concentrations in the Irminger Sea were uniform over the entire water column (0.1-3 km). At the Canary Basin site, concentrations were 2-25 times lower near the bottom (5 km) than at 1.4 km. Concentrations in the Mozambique Channel (0.6-2.5 km) were lower than at the other two locations, and showed a near-bottom maximum. The data suggest that advection of surface waters down to a depth of about 1 km is an important mechanism of contaminant transport into the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald van Bommel
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Aken
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Haren
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan A Brummer
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Ridderinkhof
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
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Rumney HS, Laruelle F, Potter K, Mellor PK, Law RJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial fish and lobsters from the coastal waters of Madagascar following an oil spill in August 2009. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2859-2862. [PMID: 22019195 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in species of commercial fish and lobsters following an oil-spill just off the protected Madagascan coastline. Samples were collected along the coastline within and outside the affected area. Summed PAH concentrations ranged from 1.9 μg kg(-1) to 63 μg kg(-1) wet weight, but with no higher molecular weight PAHs (>202 Da) being detected. All concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene were <0.1 μg kg(-1) wet weight, well within the EU and UK set limits for the protection of human health. Additionally, samples were calculated as the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) and found to be well below the level of concern in relation to health of human consumers. Evaluation of the biota PAH data indicated the origin of PAH was predominantly petrogenic with >80% arising from oil sources. Profile studies indicate a low-level multisource petrogenic contamination probably representing a pre-spill background for the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Rumney
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
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Beyer J, Jonsson G, Porte C, Krahn MM, Ariese F. Analytical methods for determining metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants in fish bile: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:224-44. [PMID: 21787655 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile can serve as a tool for assessing environmental PAH exposure in fish. Biliary PAH metabolite levels can be measured using several analytical methods, including simple fluorescence assays (fixed fluorescence detection or synchronous fluorescence spectrometry); high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-F); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after deconjugation, extraction and derivatization of the bile sample, and finally by advanced liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods. The method alternatives are highly different both with regard to their analytical performance towards different PAH metabolite structures as well as in general technical demands and their suitability for different monitoring strategies. In the present review, the state-of-the-art for these different analytical methods is presented and the advantages and limitations of each approach as well as aspects related to analytical quality control and inter-laboratory comparability of data and availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- IRIS - International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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Kelly C, Law RJ, Baker KL, Lunn MME, Mellor PK. PAH in commercial shellfish following the grounding of the MSC Napoli in Lyme Bay, UK, in 2007. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:1218-1221. [PMID: 18479716 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Kelly
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Burnham Laboratory, Remembrance Avenue, Burnham on Crouch, Essex CM0 8HA, UK
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Kelly C, Santillo D, Johnston P, Fayad G, Baker KL, Law RJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters from coastal waters of the Lebanon 10 months after the Jiyeh oil spill in 2006. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:1215-1218. [PMID: 18474380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Kelly
- The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Burnham Laboratory, Remembrance Avenue, Burnham on Crouch, Essex CM0 8HA, UK
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González-Piñuela C, Alonso-Salces RM, Andrés A, Ortiz I, Viguri JR. Validated analytical strategy for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds in marine sediments by liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:189-200. [PMID: 16876176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to optimise and validate the experimental conditions for the analysis of 20 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dibenzothiophene as polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycle (PASH)] in marine sediments by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to photodiode array detection (DAD) and to mass spectrometry (MS). The LC-MS interface used was atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) in the positive ion mode. The operational parameters of the APCI interface and MS detection, such as organic modifier, fragmentation voltage, gain, vaporizer temperature, corona current, capillary voltage, drying gas (N2) and nebulizer pressure, were studied. The sediments were subjected to microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MAE) and clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The relevance of the selected PACs lies in the fact that 16 PACs are classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants; 17 PACs are detected in the Prestige oil spill; and 8 PACs are included in the priority substance list of the EU water policy. Recoveries from 47% to 102% were obtained for SRM 1944 certified reference sediment. The limits of quantitation were lower than 100 ngg(-1) dry weight for most PACs, and good precision was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina González-Piñuela
- Chemical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry Department, ETSIIT, University of Cantabria, Avda Los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
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Villeneuve JP, de Mora S, Cattini C. Determination of organochlorinated compounds and petroleum hydrocarbons in fish-homogenate sample IAEA-406: results from a worldwide interlaboratory study. Trends Analyt Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(04)00731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Boer J, Law RJ. Developments in the use of chromatographic techniques in marine laboratories for the determination of halogenated contaminants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:223-51. [PMID: 12877173 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromatography has been an important tool in marine laboratories. Since the 1960s, marine laboratories have been involved in the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Column chromatography and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques have been used, mainly in the clean-up phase, while gas chromatography (GC) has been used extensively in the final determination of these contaminants. Developments have been observed from the use of packed GC columns, via capillary columns to the use of heart-cut multi-dimensional GC and comprehensive multi-dimensional GC. The progress made in interlaboratory studies and the availability of certified reference materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob de Boer
- Netherlands Institute for Fisheries Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
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Hellou J, Law RJ. Stress on stress response of wild mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus, as an indicator of ecosystem health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 126:407-416. [PMID: 12963304 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mussels' health as indicated by the survival time of 50% of sampled animals (LT(50)) when maintained in air at 15 degrees C was examined at three sites in Halifax Harbour with expected differing levels of contamination. Condition and gonad indices, lipid content and the body burden of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were compared with this stress response in 60 groups of mussels covering two species. At each sampling time, the bioaccumulation of PACs, lipid content and condition indices were higher within Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus displaying shorter survival than at the other sites. M. edulis was generally more tolerant than M. trossulus (for n=11, LT(50) of 9.3 and 7.9 days), with indications of shorter and later gonad development in M. trossulus. Minimum and maximum tolerance was apparent in June and October (LT(50) spanning 3-14 days), respectively. Our results indicate that the stress on stress response provides a simple and sensitive indicator of environmental health, which could be integrated with mussel watch studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hellou
- Marine Chemistry Section, Marine Environmental Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2.
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Guinan J, Charlesworth M, Service M, Oliver T. Sources and geochemical constraints of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels of two Northern Irish Sea-loughs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2001; 42:1073-1081. [PMID: 11763218 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were sampled from 30 sediment and 8 mussel (Mytilus edulis) stations in two Northern Irish Sea-toughs. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sedimentary organic carbon, % silt/clay and mean grain size were analysed in order to assess the role of geochemistry on PAH distribution. With the exception of two sites in Larne Lough representing localized regions of high contamination, sum(PAHs) in sediments ranged between 83 and 2300 ng g(-1). Regression analysis indicated that particle size and organic C were dominant factors in controlling the distribution of PAHs throughout the sediments. Sources of PAHs in both sea-loughs were dominated by pyrogenic inputs suggesting that diffuse sources such as atmospheric deposition may be a major source to both water bodies. The sum of PAHs in mussels ranged between 95 and 184 ng g(-1). Variations in concentrations may be explained by differences in the condition between mussel populations. Mussels in both sea-loughs exhibit similar metabolic activities towards the PAH compounds which were predominantly bioaccumulated from sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guinan
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, The Queens University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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