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Wafer-scale and universal van der Waals metal semiconductor contact. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1014. [PMID: 36823424 PMCID: PMC9950472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) metallic contacts have been demonstrated as a promising approach to reduce the contact resistance and minimize the Fermi level pinning at the interface of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. However, only a limited number of metals can be mechanically peeled and laminated to fabricate vdW contacts, and the required manual transfer process is not scalable. Here, we report a wafer-scale and universal vdW metal integration strategy readily applicable to a wide range of metals and semiconductors. By utilizing a thermally decomposable polymer as the buffer layer, different metals were directly deposited without damaging the underlying 2D semiconductor channels. The polymer buffer could be dry-removed through thermal annealing. With this technique, various metals could be vdW integrated as the contact of 2D transistors, including Ag, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Au, Pd. Finally, we demonstrate that this vdW integration strategy can be extended to bulk semiconductors with reduced Fermi level pinning effect.
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2
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Low-Temperature Curable Negative-Tone Photosensitive Polyimides: Structure and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040973. [PMID: 36850257 PMCID: PMC9960158 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-temperature curable negative-tone photosensitive polyimide (n-LTPI) viscous solutions were prepared by dissolving photo-crosslinkable poly (amic ester) (pc-PAE) resin, photophotocrosslinker, photoinitiator, and the heteroaromatic base as curing catalysts, and other additives in organic solvents. Among them, the pc-PAE resin was synthesized by polycondensation of aromatic diacid chloride and diester of 2-ethoxymathacrylate, aromatic diamines in aprotic solvents. After being spun-coated on a silicon wafer surface, soft-baked, exposed to UV light, and developed, the n-LTPI with 2% of imidazole (IMZ) as a curing catalyst produced high-quality photo-patterns with line via resolution of 5 μm at 5 μm film thickness. The photo-patterned polymer films thermally cured at 230 °C/2 h in nitrogen showed 100% of the imidization degree (ID) determined by in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. The thermally cured polymer films exhibited great combined mechanical and thermal properties, including mechanical properties with tensile strength of as high as 189.0 MPa, tensile modulus of 3.7 GP, and elongation at breakage of 59.2%, as well as glass transition temperature of 282.0 °C, showing great potential in advanced microelectronic packaging applications.
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Teixidor J, Novello S, Ortiz D, Menin L, Lashuel HA, Bertsch A, Renaud P. On-Demand Nanoliter Sampling Probe for the Collection of Brain Fluid. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10415-10426. [PMID: 35786947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuous fluidic sampling systems allow collection of brain biomarkers in vivo. Here, we propose a new sequential and intermittent sampling paradigm using droplets, called Droplet on Demand (DoD). It is implemented in a microfabricated neural probe and alternates phases of analyte removal from the tissue and phases of equilibration of the concentration in the tissue. It allows sampling droplets loaded with molecules from the brain extracellular fluid punctually, without the long transient equilibration periods typical of continuous methods. It uses an accurately defined fluidic sequence with controlled timings, volumes, and flow rates, and correct operation is verified by the embedded electrodes and a flow sensor. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated the application of this novel approach in vitro and in vivo, to collect glucose in the brain of mice, with a temporal resolution of 1-2 min and without transient regime. Absolute quantification of the glucose level in the samples was performed by direct infusion nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (nanoESI-FTMS). By adjusting the diffusion time and the perfusion volume of DoD, the fraction of molecules recovered in the samples can be tuned to mirror the tissue concentration at accurate points in time. Moreover, this makes quantification of biomarkers in the brain possible within acute experiments of only 20-120 min. DoD provides a complementary tool to continuous microdialysis and push-pull sampling probes. Thus, the advances allowed by DoD will benefit quantitative molecular studies in the brain, i.e., for molecules involved in volume transmission or for protein aggregates that form in neurodegenerative diseases over long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teixidor
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Novello
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration (SV-BMI-LMNN), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis Platform (SB-ISIC-MSEAP), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Menin
- Mass Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis Platform (SB-ISIC-MSEAP), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration (SV-BMI-LMNN), EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory 4 (STI-IEM-LMIS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sitkov N, Zimina T, Kolobov A, Sevostyanov E, Trushlyakova V, Luchinin V, Krasichkov A, Markelov O, Galagudza M, Kaplun D. Study of the Fabrication Technology of Hybrid Microfluidic Biochips for Label-Free Detection of Proteins. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:mi13010020. [PMID: 35056185 PMCID: PMC8779695 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A study of the peculiarities and a comparative analysis of the technologies used for the fabrication of elements of novel hybrid microfluidic biochips for express biomedical analysis have been carried out. The biochips were designed with an incorporated microfluidic system, which enabled an accumulation of the target compounds in a biological fluid to be achieved, thus increasing the biochip system's sensitivity and even implementing a label-free design of the detection unit. The multilevel process of manufacturing a microfluidic system of a given topology for label-free fluorometric detection of protein structures is presented. The technological process included the chemical modification of the working surface of glass substrates by silanization using (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), formation of the microchannels, for which SU-8 technologies and a last generation dry film photoresist were studied and compared. The solid-state phosphor layers were deposited using three methods: drop application; airbrushing; and mechanical spraying onto the adhesive surface. The processes of sealing the system, installing input ports, and packaging using micro-assembly technologies are described. The technological process has been optimized and the biochip was implemented and tested. The presented system can be used to design novel high-performance diagnostic tools that implement the function of express detection of protein markers of diseases and create low-power multimodal, highly intelligent portable analytical decision-making systems in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sitkov
- Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.Z.); (E.S.); (V.T.); (V.L.)
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Tatiana Zimina
- Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.Z.); (E.S.); (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Alexey Kolobov
- Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Sevostyanov
- Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.Z.); (E.S.); (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Valentina Trushlyakova
- Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.Z.); (E.S.); (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Viktor Luchinin
- Department of Micro- and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.Z.); (E.S.); (V.T.); (V.L.)
| | - Alexander Krasichkov
- Radio Engineering Systems Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oleg Markelov
- Centre for Digital Telecommunication Technologies, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 5 Professor Popov Street, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Dmitry Kaplun
- Department of Automation and Control Processes, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (D.K.)
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5
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Major GH, Chapman SC, Chapman JT, Wheeler JI, Chatterjee S, Cushman CV, Ess DH, Linford MR. Spectroscopic ellipsometry of SU‐8 photoresist from 190 to 1680 nm (0.740–6.50 eV). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George H. Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Sean C. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Joshua I. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | | | - Cody V. Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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Ćatić N, Wells L, Al Nahas K, Smith M, Jing Q, Keyser UF, Cama J, Kar-Narayan S. Aerosol-jet printing facilitates the rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices with versatile geometries and precise channel functionalization. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2020; 19:100618. [PMID: 33521242 PMCID: PMC7821597 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for biology and biomedical research, with uses ranging from single-cell phenotyping to drug discovery and medical diagnostics, and only small sample volumes required for testing. The ability to rapidly prototype new designs is hugely beneficial in a research environment, but the high cost, slow turnaround, and wasteful nature of commonly used fabrication techniques, particularly for complex multi-layer geometries, severely impede the development process. In addition, microfluidic channels in most devices currently play a passive role and are typically used to direct flows. The ability to "functionalize" the channels with different materials in precise spatial locations would be a major advantage for a range of applications. This would involve incorporating functional materials directly within the channels that can partake in, guide or facilitate reactions in precisely controlled microenvironments. Here we demonstrate the use of Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) to rapidly produce bespoke molds for microfluidic devices with a range of different geometries and precise "in-channel" functionalization. We show that such an advanced microscale additive manufacturing method can be used to rapidly design cost-efficient and customized microfluidic devices, with the ability to add functional coatings at specific locations within the microfluidic channels. We demonstrate the functionalization capabilities of our technique by specifically coating a section of a microfluidic channel with polyvinyl alcohol to render it hydrophilic. This versatile microfluidic device prototyping technique will be a powerful aid for biological and bio-medical research in both academic and industrial contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nordin Ćatić
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Wells
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kareem Al Nahas
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qingshen Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrich F. Keyser
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jehangir Cama
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Corresponding author at: Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author at: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Fallahi H, Zhang J, Phan HP, Nguyen NT. Flexible Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Recent Developments, and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E830. [PMID: 31795397 PMCID: PMC6953028 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization has been the driving force of scientific and technological advances over recent decades. Recently, flexibility has gained significant interest, particularly in miniaturization approaches for biomedical devices, wearable sensing technologies, and drug delivery. Flexible microfluidics is an emerging area that impacts upon a range of research areas including chemistry, electronics, biology, and medicine. Various materials with flexibility and stretchability have been used in flexible microfluidics. Flexible microchannels allow for strong fluid-structure interactions. Thus, they behave in a different way from rigid microchannels with fluid passing through them. This unique behaviour introduces new characteristics that can be deployed in microfluidic applications and functions such as valving, pumping, mixing, and separation. To date, a specialised review of flexible microfluidics that considers both the fundamentals and applications is missing in the literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary including: (i) Materials used for fabrication of flexible microfluidics, (ii) basics and roles of flexibility on microfluidic functions, (iii) applications of flexible microfluidics in wearable electronics and biology, and (iv) future perspectives of flexible microfluidics. The review provides researchers and engineers with an extensive and updated understanding of the principles and applications of flexible microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (H.F.); (J.Z.); (H.-P.P.)
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8
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Brossard R, Brouchet T, Malloggi F. Replication of a Printed Volatile Mold: a novel microfabrication method for advanced microfluidic systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17473. [PMID: 31767890 PMCID: PMC6877523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and simple method to fabricate microchannels is reported based on an inkjet printing of a volatile solid mold. A liquid ink -1,6 hexanediol- ejected from a piezoelectric nozzle is instantaneously frozen when touching a cooled substrate. The created mold is then poured with PDMS. Once the PDMS is crosslinked, the ink is sublimated and the device is ready. With this approach it is possible to make microchannels on different nature surfaces such as glass, paper, uncross-linked PDMS layer or non planar substrates. The versatility of this method is illustrated by printing channels directly on commercial electrodes and measuring the channel capacitance. Moreover, millimetric height microfluidic systems are easily produced (aspect ratio [Formula: see text] 25) as well as 3D structures such as bridges. To demonstrate, we have fabricated a combinatorial microfluidic system which makes 6 mixtures from 4 initial solutions without any stacking and tedious alignment procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Brossard
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Brouchet
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Florent Malloggi
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
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9
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Black JA, Hamilton E, Hueros RAR, Parks JW, Hawkins AR, Schmidt H. Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2019; 25:7201206. [PMID: 30686911 PMCID: PMC6345258 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2018.2854574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Black
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Erik Hamilton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Raúl A Reyes Hueros
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Joshua W Parks
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
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10
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Wu H, Zhu J, Huang Y, Wu D, Sun J. Microfluidic-Based Single-Cell Study: Current Status and Future Perspective. Molecules 2018; 23:E2347. [PMID: 30217082 PMCID: PMC6225124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of cell behavior under different environments and manual operations can give information in specific cellular processes. Among all cell-based analysis, single-cell study occupies a peculiar position, while it can avoid the interaction effect within cell groups and provide more precise information. Microfluidic devices have played an increasingly important role in the field of single-cell study owing to their advantages: high efficiency, easy operation, and low cost. In this review, the applications of polymer-based microfluidics on cell manipulation, cell treatment, and cell analysis at single-cell level are detailed summarized. Moreover, three mainly types of manufacturing methods, i.e., replication, photodefining, and soft lithography methods for polymer-based microfluidics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwa Wu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Daming Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jingyao Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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11
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Petit-Pierre G, Bertsch A, Renaud P. Neural probe combining microelectrodes and a droplet-based microdialysis collection system for high temporal resolution sampling. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:917-924. [PMID: 26864169 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel neural probe which combines microfluidic channels with recording and stimulation electrodes. The developed microfabrication approach enables the concentration of every active element such as electrodes and the sampling inlet in close proximity on the same surface. As a first approach, full functional validation is presented in this work (in vivo testing will be presented in the next study). Electrical characterization by impedance spectroscopy is performed in order to assess the electrode properties. An advanced experimental setup enabling the validation of the fluidic functions of the neural probe is also presented. It allowed the achievement of a high temporal resolution (170 ms) during sampling as a result of the integration of a T-junction droplet generator inside the probe. The droplets reached a volume of 0.84 nL and are separated by a non-aqueous phase (perfluoromethyldecalin, PFD). This probe represents an innovative tool for neuroscientists as it can be implanted in precise brain structures while combining electrical stimulation with sampling at a high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Petit-Pierre
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Arnaud Bertsch
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Laboratory of Microsystems LMIS4, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Liu L, Zachariah MR, Stoliarov SI, Li J. Enhanced thermal decomposition kinetics of poly(lactic acid) sacrificial polymer catalyzed by metal oxide nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19303f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and 1 wt% PLA/Fe2O3, PLA/CuO, PLA/Bi2O3 composites are prepared by solvent evaporation casting and their enhanced thermal decomposition kinetics catalyzed by low loading metal oxide nanoparticles are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecule Engineering
| | | | - Jing Li
- Department of Fire Science & Professional Studies
- Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences
- University of New Haven
- West Haven
- USA
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13
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14
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Zhubanov BA, Umerzakova MB, Kravtsova VD, Iskakov RM, Sarieva RB. Polymeric formulations based on alicyclic polyimide and poly(ethylene glycol). RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Iliescu C, Taylor H, Avram M, Miao J, Franssila S. A practical guide for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using glass and silicon. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:16505-1650516. [PMID: 22662101 PMCID: PMC3365353 DOI: 10.1063/1.3689939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the main protocols that are used for fabricating microfluidic devices from glass and silicon. Methods for micropatterning glass and silicon are surveyed, and their limitations are discussed. Bonding methods that can be used for joining these materials are summarized and key process parameters are indicated. The paper also outlines techniques for forming electrical connections between microfluidic devices and external circuits. A framework is proposed for the synthesis of a complete glass/silicon device fabrication flow.
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16
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Ikoma R, Komatsuzaki H, Suzuki K, Komori T, Kuroda K, Saitou H, Youn SW, Hiroshima H, Takahashi M, Maeda R, Nishioka Y. Transfer of Relatively Large Microstructures on Polyimide Films using Thermal Nanoimprinting. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2012. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.25.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Ikoma
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Hiroki Komatsuzaki
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Kenta Suzuki
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Takuyuki Komori
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Keigo Kuroda
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Hirofumi Saitou
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
| | - Sung-won Youn
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hiroshi Hiroshima
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Masaharu Takahashi
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Ryutaro Maeda
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yasushiro Nishioka
- Department of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
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17
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Zhubanov BA, Matnishyan AA, Kravtsova VD, Umerzakova MB, Iskakov RM. Composites based on doped polyaniline and polyimide with tricyclodecene structures in the backbone. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427211110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meier RC, Badilita V, Brunne J, Wallrabe U, Korvink JG. Complex three-dimensional high aspect ratio microfluidic network manufactured in combined PerMX dry-resist and SU-8 technology. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:34111-3411110. [PMID: 22662038 PMCID: PMC3364826 DOI: 10.1063/1.3613668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a new fabrication method that combines for the first time popular SU-8 technology and PerMX dry-photoresist lamination for the manufacturing of high aspect ratio three-dimensional multi-level microfluidic networks. The potential of this approach, which further benefits from wafer-level manufacturing and accurate alignment of fluidic levels, is demonstrated by a highly integrated three-level microfluidic chip. The hereby achieved network complexity, including 24 fluidic vias and 16 crossing points of three individual microchannels on less than 13 mm(2) chip area, is unique for SU-8 based fluidic networks. We further report on excellent process compatibility between SU-8 and PerMX dry-photoresist which results in high interlayer adhesion strength. The tight pressure sealing of a fluidic channel (0.5 MPa for 1 h) is demonstrated for 150 μm narrow SU-8/PerMX bonding interfaces.
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Holmes M, Keeley J, Hurd K, Schmidt H, Hawkins A. Optimized piranha etching process for SU8-based MEMS and MOEMS construction. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2010; 20:1-8. [PMID: 21423840 PMCID: PMC3059272 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/20/11/115008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the optimization of the concentration, temperature and cycling of a piranha (H(2)O(2):H(2)SO(4)) mixture that produces high yields while quickly etching hollow structures made using a highly crosslinked SU8 polymer sacrificial core. The effects of the piranha mixture on the thickness, refractive index and roughness of common micro-electromechanical systems and micro-opto-electromechanical systems fabrication materials (SiN, SiO(2) and Si) were determined. The effectiveness of the optimal piranha mixture was demonstrated in the construction of hollow anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Holmes
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jared Keeley
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Katherine Hurd
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Holger Schmidt
- School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Aaron Hawkins
- ECE Department, Brigham Young University, 459 Clyde Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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23
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Stieglitz T. Integration of Microfluidic Capabilities into Micromachined Neural Implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1260/1759-3093.1.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zhubanov BA, Kravtsova VD, Iskakov RM, Matnishyan AA, Nurumbetov GE. Polymeric composites based on alicyclic polyimide and polyaniline. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427208120215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Abgrall P, Conedera V, Camon H, Gue AM, Nguyen NT. SU-8 as a structural material for labs-on-chips and microelectromechanical systems. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4539-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Polymer microfabrication technologies for microfluidic systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:89-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Implantable neural microsystems provide an interface to the nervous system, giving cellular resolution to physiological processes unattainable today with non-invasive methods. Such implantable microelectrode arrays are being developed to simultaneously sample signals at many points in the tissue, providing insight into processes such as movement control, memory formation, and perception. These electrode arrays have been microfabricated on a variety of substrates, including silicon, using both surface and bulk micromachining techniques, and more recently, polymers. Current approaches to achieving a stable long-term tissue interface focus on engineering the surface properties of the implant, including coatings that discourage protein adsorption or release bioactive molecules. The implementation of a wireless interface requires consideration of the necessary data flow, amplification, signal processing, and packaging. In future, the realization of a fully implantable neural microsystem will contribute to both diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as a neuroprosthetic interface to restore motor functions in paralyzed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Cheung
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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28
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Chapter 34 Miniaturised devices: electrochemical capillary electrophoresis microchips for clinical application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(06)49034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Dittrich PS, Tachikawa K, Manz A. Micro Total Analysis Systems. Latest Advancements and Trends. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3887-908. [PMID: 16771530 DOI: 10.1021/ac0605602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 781] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra S Dittrich
- Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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30
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Tsai YC, Jen HP, Lin KW, Hsieh YZ. Fabrication of microfluidic devices using dry film photoresist for microchip capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1111:267-71. [PMID: 16384565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive, disposable microfluidic device was fabricated from a dry film photoresist using a combination of photolithographic and hot roll lamination techniques. A microfluidic flow pattern was prefabricated in a dry film photoresist tape using traditional photolithographic methods. This tape became bonded to a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheet with prepouched holes when passed through a hot roll laminator. A copper working electrode and platinum decoupler was readily incorporated within this microchip. The integrated microchip device was then fixed in a laboratory-built Plexiglas holder prior to its use in microchip capillary electrophoresis. The performance of this device with amperometric detection for the separation of dopamine and catechol was examined. The separation was complete within 50 s at an applied potential of 200 V/cm. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of analyte migration times were less than 0.71%, and the theoretical plate numbers for dopamine and catechol were 3.2 x 10(4) and 4.1 x 10(4), respectively, based on a 65 mm separation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chien Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Sun Y, Kwok YC. Polymeric microfluidic system for DNA analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 556:80-96. [PMID: 17723333 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of micro total analysis system (microTAS) has grown exponentially in the past decade. DNA analysis is one of the primary applications of microTAS technology. This review mainly focuses on the recent development of the polymeric microfluidic devices for DNA analysis. After a brief introduction of material characteristics of polymers, the various microfabrication methods are presented. The most recent developments and trends in the area of DNA analysis are then explored. We focus on the rapidly developing fields of cell sorting, cell lysis, DNA extraction and purification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA separation and detection. Lastly, commercially available polymer-based microdevices are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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Agirregabiria M, Blanco FJ, Berganzo J, Arroyo MT, Fullaondo A, Mayora K, Ruano-López JM. Fabrication of SU-8 multilayer microstructures based on successive CMOS compatible adhesive bonding and releasing steps. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:545-52. [PMID: 15856093 DOI: 10.1039/b500519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel fabrication process based on successive wafer-level bonding and releasing steps for stacking several patterned layers of the negative photoresist EPON SU-8. This work uses a polyimide film to enhance previous low temperature bonding technology. The film acts as a temporary substrate where the SU-8 is photopatterned. The poor adhesion between the polyimide film and SU-8 allows the film to be released after the bonding process, even though the film is still strong enough to carry out photolithography. Using this technique, successive adhesive bonding steps can be carried out to obtain complex 3-D multilayer structures. Interconnected channels with smooth vertical sidewalls and freestanding structures are fabricated. Unlike previous works, all the layers are photopatterned before the bonding process yielding sealed cavities and complex three-dimensional structures without using a sacrificial layer. Adding new SU-8 layers reduces the bonding quality because each additional layer decreases the thickness uniformity and increases the polymer crosslinking level. The effect of these parameters is quantified in this paper. This process guarantees compatibility with CMOS electronics and MEMS. Furthermore, the releasing step leaves the input and the output of the microchannels in contact with the outside world, avoiding the usual slow drilling process of a cover. Hence, in addition to the straightforward integration of electrodes on a chip, this fabrication method facilitates the packaging of these microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agirregabiria
- MEMS/MST Department, IKERLAN S. Coop. P J.M. Arizmendiarrieta N 2, Mondragon, Spain.
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Kelly RT, Pan T, Woolley AT. Phase-Changing Sacrificial Materials for Solvent Bonding of High-Performance Polymeric Capillary Electrophoresis Microchips. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3536-41. [PMID: 15924386 DOI: 10.1021/ac0501083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new method for solvent bonding polymeric substrates to form microfluidic systems has been demonstrated. Prior to device sealing, channels in an embossed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) piece are filled with a heated liquid (paraffin wax) that forms a solid sacrificial layer at room temperature. The sacrificial material prevents the bonding solvent (acetonitrile) and softened PMMA from filling the channels. Once the sealing step is complete, the sacrificial layer is melted and removed, leaving enclosed microfluidic channels. We found that PMMA substrates welded together using this method could withstand internal pressures of >2250 psi, more than 1 order of magnitude higher than their thermally bonded counterparts. To demonstrate the usefulness of this method, microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) devices in PMMA were created and tested. Amino acid and peptide mixtures were separated in <15 s, with >40,000 theoretical plates in a 2.5-cm separation distance. Electric fields as high as 1.5 kV/cm were applied in these microchips, and >300 CE runs were performed on a single device with no degradation of separation performance. The simplicity of the methods presented here and the improved robustness of the resulting devices should facilitate the broader implementation of polymer microchips in microfluidic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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