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Tossavainen H, Pitkänen I, Antenucci L, Thapa C, Permi P. Chemical shift assignments of the catalytic domain of Staphylococcus aureus LytM. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2024; 18:1-5. [PMID: 37914968 PMCID: PMC11082022 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
S. aureus resistance to antibiotics has increased rapidly. MRSA strains can simultaneously be resistant to many different classes of antibiotics, including the so-called "last-resort" drugs. Resistance complicates treatment, increases mortality and substantially increases the cost of treatment. The need for new drugs against (multi)resistant S. aureus is high. M23B family peptidoglycan hydrolases, enzymes that can kill S. aureus by cleaving glycine-glycine peptide bonds in S. aureus cell wall are attractive targets for drug development because of their binding specificity and lytic activity. M23B enzymes lysostaphin, LytU and LytM have closely similar catalytic domain structures. They however differ in their lytic activities, which can arise from non-conserved residues in the catalytic groove and surrounding loops or differences in dynamics. We report here the near complete 1H/13C/15N resonance assignment of the catalytic domain of LytM, residues 185-316. The chemical shift data allow comparative structural and functional studies between the enzymes and is essential for understanding how these hydrolases degrade the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Tossavainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Ilona Pitkänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Lina Antenucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Chandan Thapa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Razew A, Laguri C, Vallet A, Bougault C, Kaus-Drobek M, Sabala I, Simorre JP. Staphylococcus aureus sacculus mediates activities of M23 hydrolases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6706. [PMID: 37872144 PMCID: PMC10593780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan, a gigadalton polymer, functions as the scaffold for bacterial cell walls and provides cell integrity. Peptidoglycan is remodelled by a large and diverse group of peptidoglycan hydrolases, which control bacterial cell growth and division. Over the years, many studies have focused on these enzymes, but knowledge on their action within peptidoglycan mesh from a molecular basis is scarce. Here, we provide structural insights into the interaction between short peptidoglycan fragments and the entire sacculus with two evolutionarily related peptidases of the M23 family, lysostaphin and LytM. Through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, information-driven modelling, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical approaches, we propose a model in which peptidoglycan cross-linking affects the activity, selectivity and specificity of these two structurally related enzymes differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Razew
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 avenue des Martyrs-CS10090, Grenoble cedex 9, 38044, France
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cedric Laguri
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 avenue des Martyrs-CS10090, Grenoble cedex 9, 38044, France
| | - Alicia Vallet
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 avenue des Martyrs-CS10090, Grenoble cedex 9, 38044, France
| | - Catherine Bougault
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 avenue des Martyrs-CS10090, Grenoble cedex 9, 38044, France
| | - Magdalena Kaus-Drobek
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sabala
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 avenue des Martyrs-CS10090, Grenoble cedex 9, 38044, France.
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3
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Shestak NV, Grishin AV, Lyashchuk AM, Lunin VG, Anna SK. The choice of chromatographic resin for the purification of recombinant lysostaphin affects its activity. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 207:106274. [PMID: 37084838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase that is effective against both antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Lysostaphin is typically purified on cation-exchange or metal-chelate affinity resins, and there are data indicating potential influence of the chromatographic resin on the lysostaphin activity. In this study, we systematically investigated the impact of the resin used to purify the recombinant lysostaphin on its activity. To this end, recombinant lysostaphin with an additional histidine tag at the C-terminus was purified using a cation-exchange resin, three types of nickel-chelate resins with different strength of metal ion binding, or a zinc-chelate resin. Lysostaphin samples purified on the cation-exchange resin (WorkBeads 40S), the nickel-chelate resin with the strong nickel ion binding (WorkBeads NiMAC), and the zinc-chelate resin (WorkBeads NTA with immobilized zinc ions) had equal activity. On the contrary, the activity of lysostaphin preparations purified on nickel-chelate resins with medium (WorkBeads Ni-NTA) and relatively weak (WorkBeads Ni-IDA) nickel ion binding was significantly reduced. The decrease in activity can be explained by the interaction of lysostaphin with the nickel ions leached from the resin and is caused by either the exchange of the zinc ion in the lysostaphin active center with a nickel ion from the resin, or binding of an additional ion that inhibits the enzymatic activity. Removal of metal ions from the active site of lysostaphin and subsequent incorporation of the native zinc ions lead to complete restoration of the activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Shestak
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Gamalei st., 18, Russian Federation; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskiye Gory, 1, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Grishin
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Gamalei st., 18, Russian Federation; All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Timiryazevskaya st., 42, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander M Lyashchuk
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Gamalei st., 18, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Gamalei st., 18, Russian Federation; All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Timiryazevskaya st., 42, Russian Federation
| | - S Karyagina Anna
- N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Gamalei st., 18, Russian Federation; All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550, Moscow, Timiryazevskaya st., 42, Russian Federation; A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskiye Gory, 1, Russian Federation
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4
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Liu Z, Gong G, Li Y, Xu Q, Akimbekov N, Zha J, Wu X. Peptidoglycan-Targeting Staphylolytic Enzyme Lysostaphin as a Novel and Efficient Protease toward Glycine-Rich Flexible Peptide Linkers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5293-5301. [PMID: 36967580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycine-rich flexible peptide linkers have been widely adopted in fusion protein engineering; however, they can hardly be cleaved for the separation of fusion partners unless specific protease recognition sites are introduced. Herein, we report the use of the peptidoglycan-targeting staphylolytic enzyme lysostaphin to directly digest the glycine-rich flexible linkers of various lengths including oligoglycine linkers and (G4S)x linkers, without the incorporation of extra amino acids. Using His-MBP-linker-LbCpf1 as a model substrate, we show that both types of linkers could be digested by lysostaphin, and the digestion efficiency improved with increasing linker length. The enzyme LbCpf1 retained full activity after tag removal. We further demonstrated that the proteolytic activity of lysostaphin could be well maintained under different environmental conditions and in the presence of a series of chemical reagents at various concentrations that are frequently used in protein purification and stabilization. In addition, such a digestion strategy could also be applied to remove the SUMO domain linked to LwCas13a via an octaglycine linker. This study extends the applications of lysostaphin beyond an antimicrobial reagent and demonstrates its potential as a novel, efficient, and robust protease for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Guoli Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yanni Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qinfeng Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Nuraly Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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5
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Zha J, Li J, Su Z, Akimbekov N, Wu X. Lysostaphin: Engineering and Potentiation toward Better Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11441-11457. [PMID: 36082619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a potent bacteriolytic enzyme with endopeptidase activity against the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. By digesting the pentaglycine crossbridge in the cell wall peptidoglycan of S. aureus including the methicillin-resistant strains, lysostaphin initiates rapid lysis of planktonic and sessile cells (biofilms) and has great potential for use in agriculture, food industries, and pharmaceutical industries. In the past few decades, there have been tremendous efforts in potentiating lysostaphin for better applications in these fields, including engineering of the enzyme for higher potency and lower immunogenicity with longer-lasting effects, formulation and immobilization of the enzyme for higher stability and better durability, and recombinant expression for low-cost industrial production and in situ biocontrol. These achievements are extensively reviewed in this article focusing on applications in disease control, food preservation, surface decontamination, and pathogen detection. In addition, some basic properties of lysostaphin that have been controversial and only elucidated recently are summarized, including the substrate-binding properties, the number of zinc-binding sites, the substrate range, and the cleavage site in the pentaglycine crossbridge. Resistance to lysostaphin is also highlighted with a focus on various mechanisms. This article is concluded with a discussion on the limitations and future perspectives for the actual applications of lysostaphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Nuraly Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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6
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Influence of NaCl and pH on lysostaphin catalytic activity, cell binding, and bacteriolytic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6519-6534. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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A Simple Protocol for the Determination of Lysostaphin Enzymatic Activity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120917. [PMID: 33348544 PMCID: PMC7766845 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial lysins are enzymes that hydrolyze bacterial peptidoglycan, which results in the rapid death of bacterial cells due to osmotic lysis. Lysostaphin is one of the most potent and well-studied lysins active against important nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly to most other lysins, lysostaphin is composed of enzymatic and peptidoglycan-binding domains, and both domains influence its antibacterial activity. It is thus desirable to be able to study the activity of both domains independently. Lysostaphin cleaves pentaglycine cross-bridges within the staphylococcal peptidoglycan. Here, we report the protocol to study the catalytic activity of lysostaphin on the isolated pentaglycine peptide that is based on the chromogenic reaction of peptide amino groups with ninhydrin. Unlike previously reported assays, this protocol does not require in-house chemical synthesis or specialized equipment and can be readily performed in most laboratories. We demonstrate the use of this protocol to study the effect of EDTA treatment on the lysostaphin enzymatic activity. We further used this protocol to determine the catalytic efficiency of lysostaphin on the isolated pentaglycine and compared it to the apparent catalytic efficiency on the whole staphylococcal cells. These results highlight the relative impact of enzymatic and peptidoglycan-binding domains of lysostaphin on its bacteriolytic activity.
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8
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Jhong JH, Chi YH, Li WC, Lin TH, Huang KY, Lee TY. dbAMP: an integrated resource for exploring antimicrobial peptides with functional activities and physicochemical properties on transcriptome and proteome data. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D285-D297. [PMID: 30380085 PMCID: PMC6323920 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally encoded from genes and generally contained 10–100 amino acids, are crucial components of the innate immune system and can protect the host from various pathogenic bacteria, as well as viruses. In recent years, the widespread use of antibiotics has inspired the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that usually induce critical infection and pathogenesis. An increasing interest therefore was motivated to explore natural AMPs that enable the development of new antibiotics. With the potential of AMPs being as new drugs for multidrug-resistant pathogens, we were thus motivated to develop a database (dbAMP, http://csb.cse.yzu.edu.tw/dbAMP/) by accumulating comprehensive AMPs from public domain and manually curating literature. Currently in dbAMP there are 12 389 unique entries, including 4271 experimentally verified AMPs and 8118 putative AMPs along with their functional activities, supported by 1924 research articles. The advent of high-throughput biotechnologies, such as mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing, has led us to further expand dbAMP as a database-assisted platform for providing comprehensively functional and physicochemical analyses for AMPs based on the large-scale transcriptome and proteome data. Significant improvements available in dbAMP include the information of AMP–protein interactions, antimicrobial potency analysis for ‘cryptic’ region detection, annotations of AMP target species, as well as AMP detection on transcriptome and proteome datasets. Additionally, a Docker container has been developed as a downloadable package for discovering known and novel AMPs on high-throughput omics data. The user-friendly visualization interfaces have been created to facilitate peptide searching, browsing, and sequence alignment against dbAMP entries. All the facilities integrated into dbAMP can promote the functional analyses of AMPs and the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tsai-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yao Huang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 75523519551;
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Production of Lysostaphin by Nonproprietary Method Utilizing a Promoter from Toxin–Antitoxin System. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:774-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Silvius JR, Leventis R. A Novel “Prebinding” Strategy Dramatically Enhances Sortase-Mediated Coupling of Proteins to Liposomes. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1271-1282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Silvius
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, Canada H3G 1A9
| | - Rania Leventis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, Canada H3G 1A9
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11
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Determining bacteriophage endopeptidase activity using either fluorophore-quencher labeled peptides combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173919. [PMID: 28296948 PMCID: PMC5352010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity of identifying novel methods to combat infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is increasing each year. Recent advancements in the development of peptidoglycan hydrolases (e.g. lysins) from bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have revealed the efficiency of this class of enzymes in treating serious bacterial infections. Though promising results have been obtained regarding the lethal action of lysin on bacterial pathogens both in vitro and in vivo, an often-overlooked factor in these studies is precisely identifying their peptidoglycan cleavage site. This knowledge would be useful for following the activity of the enzyme during development, without the need for whole-organism lytic assays. However, more importantly, it would enable the selection of lysins with different cleavage activities that would act synergistically for enhanced efficacy. Here, we have developed two new methods to accurately identify the cleavage site of lysins using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) on peptidoglycan-like fluorophore-quencher modified synthetic peptides, as well as determining the enzymatic action and kinetics of the enzymes on modified peptides in a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. These methods should facilitate progress within the lysin field, accelerating the development of therapeutic lysins to combat antibiotic resistant bacterial infections.
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12
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Boksha IS, Lavrova NV, Grishin AV, Demidenko AV, Lyashchuk AM, Galushkina ZM, Ovchinnikov RS, Umyarov AM, Avetisian LR, Chernukha MI, Shaginian IA, Lunin VG, Karyagina AS. Staphylococcus simulans Recombinant Lysostaphin: Production, Purification, and Determination of Antistaphylococcal Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:502-10. [PMID: 27297900 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin is an endopeptidase lysing staphylococcus cell walls by cleaving pentaglycine cross-bridges in their peptidoglycan. A synthetic gene encoding S. simulans lysostaphin was cloned in Escherichia coli cells, and producer strains were designed. The level of produced biologically active lysostaphin comprised 6-30% of total E. coli cell protein (depending on E. coli M15 or BL21 producer) under batch cultivation conditions. New methods were developed for purification of lysostaphin without affinity domains and for testing its enzymatic activity. As judged by PAGE, the purified recombinant lysostaphin is of >97% purity. The produced lysostaphin lysed cells of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus clinical isolates. In vitro activity and general biochemical properties of purified recombinant lysostaphin produced by M15 or BL21 E. coli strains were identical to those of recombinant lysostaphin supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (USA) and used as reference in other known studies. The prepared recombinant lysostaphin represents a potential product for development of enzymatic preparation for medicine and veterinary due to the simple purification scheme enabling production of the enzyme of high purity and antistaphylococcal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Boksha
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
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Sundarrajan S, Raghupatil J, Vipra A, Narasimhaswamy N, Saravanan S, Appaiah C, Poonacha N, Desai S, Nair S, Bhatt RN, Roy P, Chikkamadaiah R, Durgaiah M, Sriram B, Padmanabhan S, Sharma U. Bacteriophage-derived CHAP domain protein, P128, kills Staphylococcus cells by cleaving interpeptide cross-bridge of peptidoglycan. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2157-2169. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
P128 is an anti-staphylococcal protein consisting of the Staphylococcus aureus phage-K-derived tail-associated muralytic enzyme (TAME) catalytic domain (Lys16) fused with the cell-wall-binding SH3b domain of lysostaphin. In order to understand the mechanism of action and emergence of resistance to P128, we isolated mutants of Staphylococcus spp., including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resistant to P128. In addition to P128, the mutants also showed resistance to Lys16, the catalytic domain of P128. The mutants showed loss of fitness as shown by reduced rate of growth in vitro. One of the mutants tested was found to show reduced virulence in animal models of S. aureus septicaemia suggesting loss of fitness in vivo as well. Analysis of the antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the mutants derived from MRSA strains had become sensitive to meticillin and other β-lactams. Interestingly, the mutant cells were resistant to the lytic action of phage K, although the phage was able to adsorb to these cells. Sequencing of the femA gene of three P128-resistant mutants showed either a truncation or deletion in femA, suggesting that improper cross-bridge formation in S. aureus could be causing resistance to P128. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion peptides as substrates it was found that both P128 and Lys16 were capable of cleaving a pentaglycine sequence, suggesting that P128 might be killing S. aureus by cleaving the pentaglycine cross-bridge of peptidoglycan. Moreover, peptides corresponding to the reported cross-bridge of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (GGSGG, AGSGG), which were not cleaved by lysostaphin, were cleaved efficiently by P128. This was also reflected in high sensitivity of S. haemolyticus to P128. This showed that in spite of sharing a common mechanism of action with lysostaphin, P128 has unique properties, which allow it to act on certain lysostaphin-resistant Staphylococcus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarson Sundarrajan
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Junjappa Raghupatil
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Aradhana Vipra
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Nagalakshmi Narasimhaswamy
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Sanjeev Saravanan
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Chemira Appaiah
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Nethravathi Poonacha
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Srividya Desai
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Sandhya Nair
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Rajagopala Narayana Bhatt
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Panchali Roy
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Ravisha Chikkamadaiah
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Murali Durgaiah
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Bharathi Sriram
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Sriram Padmanabhan
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | - Umender Sharma
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd, No. 12 5th cross, Raghavendra layout, Tumkur road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
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Engineering of the LukS-PV and LukF-PV subunits of Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:103. [PMID: 24252611 PMCID: PMC3870988 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus produces several toxins, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). The involvement of PVL in primary skin infections, necrotizing pneumonia, musculoskeletal disorders, brain abscess, and other diseases, some of which are life-threatening, has been reported. Following expert opinion, we aimed to provide the tools for establishment of sequence-based diagnostics and therapeutics for those conditions. We engineered the synergistic S and F (LukS-PV and LukF-PV respectively) pro-toxin subunits from Staphylococcus aureus USA400 into separate expression E. coli BL21(DE3)-pLysS hosts. RESULTS Following Nickel affinity chromatography (NAC), the F subunit came out without bands of impurity. The S sub-unit did not come off very pure after NAC thus necessitating further purification by size exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. The purification plots showed that the BioLogic-LP and AKTA systems are reliable for following the progress of the chromatographic purification in real-time. Computer predicted Mw for the 6His-LukF-PV and 6His-LukS-PV were 35645.41 Da and 33530.04 Da respectively, while the mass spectrometry results were 35643.57 Da and 33528.34 Da respectively. CONCLUSION The BioLogic-LP and AKTA systems are commendable for reliability and user-friendliness. As a recent work elsewhere also reported that a second round of chromatography was necessary to purify the S subunit after the first attempt, we speculate that the S subunit might contain yet unidentified motif(s) requiring further treatment. The purified S and F sub-units of PVL were supplied to the Nottingham Cancer Immunotherapy group who used them to establish sequence-based monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses targeting PVL.
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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Katritzky AR, Chen QY, Tala SR. Convenient and Efficient Preparations of Azodye-Labeled Peptides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:611-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Design of a polypeptide FRET substrate that facilitates study of the antimicrobial protease lysostaphin. Biochem J 2009; 418:615-24. [PMID: 19032148 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a polypeptide lysostaphin FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) substrate (MV11F) for the endopeptidase activity of lysostaphin. Site-directed mutants of lysostaphin that abolished the killing activity against Staphylococcus aureus also completely inhibited the endopeptidase activity against the MV11 FRET substrate. Lysostaphin-producing staphylococci are resistant to killing by lysostaphin through incorporation of serine residues at positions 3 and 5 of the pentaglycine cross-bridge in their cell walls. The MV11 FRET substrate was engineered to introduce a serine residue at each of four positions of the pentaglycine target site and it was found that only a serine residue at position 3 completely inhibited cleavage. The introduction of random, natural amino acid substitutions at position 3 of the pentaglycine target site demonstrated that only a glycine residue at this position was compatible with lysostaphin cleavage of the MV11 FRET substrate. A second series of polypeptide substrates (decoys) was developed with the GFP (green fluorescent protein) domain of MV11 replaced with that of the DNase domain of colicin E9. Using a competition FRET assay, the lysostaphin endopeptidase was shown to bind to a decoy peptide containing a GGSGG cleavage site. The MV11 substrate provides a valuable system to facilitate structure/function studies of the endopeptidase activity of lysostaphin and its orthologues.
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Wildeboer D, Jeganathan F, Price RG, Abuknesha RA. Characterization of bacterial proteases with a panel of fluorescent peptide substrates. Anal Biochem 2009; 384:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Enzyme assays are analytical tools to visualize enzyme activities. In recent years a large variety of enzyme assays have been developed to assist the discovery and optimization of industrial enzymes, in particular for "white biotechnology" where selective enzymes are used with great success for economically viable, mild and environmentally benign production processes. The present article highlights the aspects of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, sensors, and enzyme fingerprinting, which are our particular areas of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, Berne, 3012, Switzerland.
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Katritzky AR, Chen QY, Tala SR. Convenient preparations of azo-dye labeled amino acids and amines. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2400-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b802846j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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