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Cabalín C, Iturriaga C, Pérez-Mateluna G, Echeverría D, Camargo CA, Borzutzky A. Vitamin D status and supplementation in Antarctica: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Circumpolar Health 2021; 80:1926133. [PMID: 33983101 PMCID: PMC8128169 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2021.1926133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Living at high latitudes is associated with vitamin D (VD) deficiency. An ideal setting to study this is the Antarctic continent, which has temporary inhabitants, but the magnitude of the effect of living in Antarctica and the effects of VD supplementation on this population remain unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of temporary residence in Antarctica and impact of VD supplementation on VD status of this population. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration changes after Antarctic residence (13 studies, 294 subjects) and after VD supplementation (5 studies, 213 subjects). Serum 25(OH)D mean difference after temporary residence in Antarctica was -15.0 nmol/L (95%CI: -25.9, -4.2; I²=92%). Subgroup meta-analyses of studies evaluating Antarctic summer and winter stays showed 25(OH)D only decreases when overwintering (winter 25(OH)D change -17.0 nmol/L [95%CI: -24.1, -9.8; I²=83%] vs. summer 25(OH)D change 1.3 nmol/L [95%CI: -14.6, 17.1; I²=86%]). The meta-analysis of VD supplementation studies in Antarctica showed a mean 25(OH)D increase after supplementation of 10.8 nmol/L (95%CI: 3.3, 18.3; I²=88%). In conclusion, VD status significantly worsens after inhabiting Antarctica, particularly when over-wintering. VD supplementation can prevent worsening of VD status and should be considered in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cabalín
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Iturriaga
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Mateluna
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denise Echeverría
- Grupo de Sanidad de la IV Brigada, Fuerza Aérea De Chile, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arturo Borzutzky
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Laine MK, Kautiainen H, Gissler M, Pennanen P, Eriksson JG. Impact of sunshine on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in primiparous women. Int J Circumpolar Health 2020; 79:1703882. [PMID: 31833822 PMCID: PMC6968564 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2019.1703882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of data about the influence of sunshine hours on the prevalence for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the prevalence of GDM varied according to hours of daily sunshine during the first trimester. The study cohort (N = 6189) consists of all primiparous women with a Finnish background who delivered between 2009 and 2015 living in Vantaa city, Finland. Data on births and maternal characteristics were obtained from National Health Registers. Data on sunshine hours were obtained from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Individual daily sunshine hours during the first trimester of pregnancy were calculated for each woman. Diagnosis of GDM was based on a standard 75-g 2-h glucose tolerance test (OGTT). No relationship was observed between month of conception and GDM. Daily sunshine hours during the first trimester and GDM showed a U-shaped association (adjusted p-value 0.019). In OGTT, a U-shaped association was observed between 0-h glucose value and daily sunshine hours during the first trimester (p = 0.039) as well as with the 1-h glucose value (p = 0.012), respectively. In primiparous women daily sunshine hours during the first trimester showed a U-shaped association with the prevalence of GDM independent of pre-pregnancy risk factors. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT: standard 75 g 2-h glucose tolerance test; SD: standard deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja K Laine
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Vantaa Health Centre, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Khan SR, Whiteman DC, Kimlin MG, Janda M, Clarke MW, Lucas RM, Neale RE. Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure on serum 25(OH)D concentration: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:570-577. [PMID: 29619453 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00378a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight generates vitamin D, but there are scant human data from randomised trials on which to base health policy advice about how much sun exposure is necessary to change 25(OH)D concentrations. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of using solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure to generate a change in 25(OH)D concentration in a randomised controlled trial (RCT). The intervention tested in this RCT was supervised exposure to one standard erythemal dose (SED; 100 J m-2) of solar UV radiation three days per week for three weeks with approximately 35% of the body surface area not covered by clothing. Thirty-six fair-skinned (skin type II and III) indoor workers from Brisbane, Australia were randomised into either the intervention group (n = 16) or the control group (n = 20); the latter did not receive any supervised sun exposure. We asked both groups to use sunscreen and to minimise time outdoors during the study period. We collected blood samples at baseline, once per week during the three week intervention period, and four weeks after the intervention finished. The cumulative UV radiation exposure over the intervention period measured using polysulphone badges was higher in the intervention group than in the control group (median 8 vs. 4 SEDs, p = 0.14). After three weeks, the mean serum 25(OH)D concentration increased from 60 to 65 nmol l-1 in the intervention group and from 55 to 57 nmol l-1 in the control group. After adjustment for baseline 25(OH)D, the mean change per week during the intervention phase was non-significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group (0.7 vs. 0.3; p = 0.35). This difference was not sustained during the follow-up period. Large field trials are needed to inform policy about how much natural sun exposure is required to raise 25(OH)D concentrations. This pilot identified key issues that need to be considered in the design of such a trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchita R Khan
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - David C Whiteman
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael G Kimlin
- Health Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Monika Janda
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia and Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, ACT, Australia and Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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Karppinen T, Ala-Houhala M, Ylianttila L, Kautiainen H, Lakkala K, Hannula HR, Turunen E, Viljakainen H, Reunala T, Snellman E. The effect of vernal solar UV radiation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration depends on the baseline level: observations from a high latitude in Finland. Int J Circumpolar Health 2018; 76:1272790. [PMID: 28452681 PMCID: PMC5328343 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2016.1272790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans obtain vitamin D from conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation or from dietary sources. As the radiation level is insufficient in winter, vitamin D deficiency is common at higher latitudes. We assessed whether vernal solar UVB radiation at latitudes 61°N and 67°N in Finland has an impact on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] concentrations. Twenty-seven healthy volunteers participated in outdoor activities in snow-covered terrain for 4–10 days in March or April, with their face and hands sun-exposed. The personal UVB doses and S-25(OH)D levels were monitored. A mean UVB dose of 11.8 standard erythema doses (SED) was received during an average of 12.3 outdoor hours. The mean S-25(OH)D concentration in subjects with a baseline concentration below 90.0 nmol/L (n=13) increased significantly, by 6.0 nmol/L from an initial mean of 62.4 nmol/L (p<0.001), whereas in those with a basal concentration above 90.0 nmol/L (n=12) it decreased significantly, by 6.7 nmol/L from a mean of 116.9 nmol/L (p<0.01). To conclude, only 7% of total body surface area was exposed to vernal sunlight and this was capable of increasing S-25(OH)D levels in subjects with a baseline level below 90 nmol/L but not in those with higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Karppinen
- a Medical School , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,b Department of Dermatology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland.,c Department of Dermatology , Päijät-Häme Central Hospital , Lahti , Finland
| | - Meri Ala-Houhala
- b Department of Dermatology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
| | - Lasse Ylianttila
- d Non ionizing radiation laboratory , Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- e Unit of Primary Health Care , Helsinki University Central Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,f Department of General Practice , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,g Unit of Primary Health Care , Kuopio University Hospital , Helsinki and Kuopio , Finland
| | - Kaisa Lakkala
- h Finnish Meteorological Institute , Arctic Research Centre , Sodankylä , Finland
| | - Henna-Reetta Hannula
- h Finnish Meteorological Institute , Arctic Research Centre , Sodankylä , Finland
| | - Esa Turunen
- i Aeronomy division , Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory , Sodankylä , Finland
| | - Heli Viljakainen
- j Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Reunala
- a Medical School , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Erna Snellman
- a Medical School , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.,b Department of Dermatology , Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland
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Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P, Wei C, Godini H, Ashraf GM, Taghavi M, Miri M. The impact of air pollutants, UV exposure and geographic location on vitamin D deficiency. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:241-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Raulio S, Erlund I, Männistö S, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Sundvall J, Tapanainen H, Vartiainen E, Virtanen SM. Successful nutrition policy: improvement of vitamin D intake and status in Finnish adults over the last decade. Eur J Public Health 2017; 27:268-273. [PMID: 28339536 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to vitamin D intake below recommendation (10 µg/day) and low (<50 nmol/l) serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentration in Finnish population, the fortification of liquid dairy products with 0.5 µg vitamin D/100 g and fat spreads with 10 µg/100 g started in Finland in December 2002. In 2010, the fortification recommendation was doubled. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the vitamin D intake and status have improved among Finnish adults as a consequence of these nutrition policy actions. A further aim was to study the impact of vitamin supplement use to the total vitamin D intake. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted every 5 years. The National FINDIET Survey was conducted in Finland as part of the National FINRISK health monitoring study. Dietary data were collected by using a computer-assisted 48-h dietary recall. In 2002, dietary data comprised 2007, in 2007, 1575 and 2012, 1295 working aged (25-64 years) Finns. Results The mean D-vitamin intake increased from 5 µg/day to 17 µg/day in men and from 3 µg/day to 18 µg/day in women from 2002 to 2012. The most important food sources of vitamin D were milk products, fat spreads and fish dishes. The share of milk products was 39% among younger men and 38% among younger women, and 29% among older men and 28% among older women. Fat spreads covered on average 28% of vitamin D intake, except for younger men for which it covered 23%. Fish dishes provided 28% of vitamin D intake for older men and women, and approximately 18% for younger ones. In January-April 2012, the average serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) concentration for men was 63 nmol/l for men and for women 67 nmol/l for women. Conclusions The fortification of commonly used foods with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation seems to be an efficient way to increase the vitamin D intake and the vitamin D status in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Raulio
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris Erlund
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jouko Sundvall
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Tapanainen
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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7
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Scragg RKR, Stewart AW, McKenzie RL, Reeder AI, Liley JB, Allen MW. Sun exposure and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 levels in a community sample: Quantifying the association with electronic dosimeters. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:471-477. [PMID: 27599885 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is uncertainty about the amount of sun exposure required to increase low blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) levels, a possible disease risk factor. The study aimed to quantify the association between sun exposure and serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations in a multiethnic community sample (n=502) living in Auckland (37°S) and Dunedin (46°S), New Zealand, aged 18-85 years. They wore electronic ultraviolet dosimeters between March and November (autumn, winter and spring) for 8 weeks to record their sun exposure. This was converted to standard erythemal doses (SEDs), corrected for clothing to generate equivalent full-body exposures, SEDEFB. Blood samples were collected at the end of weeks 4 and 8 to measure 25(OH)D3. Median weekly SEDEFB was 0.33 during weeks 1-4 and 0.34 during weeks 5-8. Weekly exposures <0.5 SEDEFB during weeks 5-8 were associated with decreasing 25(OH)D3 concentrations at the end of week 8. There was a non-linear association between sun exposure and 25(OH)D3, with most of the increase in 25(OH)D3 being at exposures <2 SEDEFB per week. This finding suggests that vitamin D status is increased by regular small sun exposures (<2 SEDEFB per week), and that greater exposures result in only small additional increases in 25(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K R Scragg
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair W Stewart
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - Anthony I Reeder
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J Ben Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - Martin W Allen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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8
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Rivas M, Rojas E, Calaf GM, Barberán M, Liberman C, De Paula Correa M. Association between non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer rates, vitamin D and latitude. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3787-3792. [PMID: 28521479 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D synthesis takes place in the skin due to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. Several studies have shown the association between low sun exposure, non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and a lack of vitamin D synthesis. Since such synthesis in the body depends on the exposure of the skin to solar UVB radiation (290-320 nm), experimental measurements of this type of solar radiation are important. Tarapaca University in Arica, Chile, established a solar UV radiation laboratory in 2006 and since then this laboratory has performed systematic experimental solar UVB measurements using a calibrated biometer instrument. The results, which are presented in the current study, showed the association between NMSC and MSC rates, and the time required to produce 1,000 IU vitamin D with latitudinal variation. Solar UV index (UVI) levels reported in 6 cities from the north to the south of Chile indicated that the UVI ratio of monthly mean values was 1.8 times higher in Arica than in Punta Arenas in January (summer in Chile), whereas it was 14 times higher in June (winter). This factor is an important consideration, since vitamin D synthesis is directly associated with the exposure of individuals to solar UVB radiation. A similar trend was observed in Antofagasta, Santiago, Concepcion, Valdivia and Punta Arenas. It can be concluded from these data that there is a direct association between NMSC rates and mortality, and UVB radiation, meaning that this type of cancer would not depend on vitamin D synthesis and therefore on calcium uptake. By contrast, MSC rates increased with decreased levels of vitamin D, and thus calcium uptake, in all cities, with the only exception being Punta Arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rivas
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tarapaca University, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Elisa Rojas
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tarapaca University, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Institute for Advanced Research, Tarapaca University, Arica 8097877, Chile.,Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Marcela Barberán
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Clinical Hospital of University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Claudio Liberman
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Section, Clinical Hospital of University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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9
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Ultraviolet radiation and effects on humans: the paradigm of maternal vitamin D production during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:1268-1272. [PMID: 27677369 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that neonates born of mothers with vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy have greater risk for developing hypocalcemia, rickets and extra-skeletal disorders. Despite the classic knowledge that ultraviolet-B (UVB) exposure is the most efficient way for a future mother to obtain optimal vitamin D concentrations, no current consensus or clinical recommendations exist regarding the duration and timing of UVB exposure for pregnant women. This article offers a narrative review of available data regarding how UVB exposure affects maternal vitamin D production during pregnancy, along with a discourse on clinical implications of this public health issue. Future studies would benefit from adopting UVB exposure estimates to recommend appropriate UVB exposure to pregnant women. Doing so could provide a more holistic and practical approach in managing maternal hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy.
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Kelly D, Theodoratou E, Farrington SM, Fraser R, Campbell H, Dunlop MG, Zgaga L. The contributions of adjusted ambient ultraviolet B radiation at place of residence and other determinants to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1068-78. [PMID: 26581342 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the major source of vitamin D (vitD) for humans. OBJECTIVES To describe ambient UVB radiation at wavelengths that induce vitD synthesis (vitD-UVB) in Scotland, and to examine the relationship to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). METHODS We estimated the average vitD-UVB dose for each day of the year and for each postcode area in Scotland, using the Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service database. Cumulative and weighted vitD-UVB (CW-vitD-UVB) exposure at place of residence was calculated for each participant. Plasma 25OHD was assayed in 1964 healthy participants. RESULTS Significant seasonal and geographical variation in vitD-UVB was observed. Ambient vitD-UVB exposure at place of residence was significantly associated with plasma 25OHD (P < 0·01). An average increase in 25OHD of 1 ng mL(-1) was observed for every 1000 mJ cm(-2) higher CW-vitD-UVB dose or for every 2·5 μg of daily supplement taken. Adequate 25OHD concentration (> 16 ng mL(-1)) was observed in the majority when CW-vitD-UVB dose was > 6000 mJ cm(-2), a level of ambient radiation achieved only in summer months in Scotland. When predicting vitD deficiency, dramatic improvement in the area under the curve was observed (from 0·55 to 0·70) after CW-vitD-UVB dose was added to the model, in addition to a range of other covariates. CONCLUSIONS Ambient vitD-UVB can be a useful predictor of vitD status. Geotemporally mapped measurements of vitD-UVB can be used as a proxy for vitD status or as a covariate in epidemiological research, particularly if 25OHD is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kelly
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Theodoratou
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, U.K
| | - S M Farrington
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
| | - R Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, U.K
| | - H Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, U.K
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
| | - M G Dunlop
- Colon Cancer Genetics Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, U.K
| | - L Zgaga
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, U.K
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11
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Persson K, Öhlund I, Nordström L, Winberg A, Rönmark E, West CE. Vitamin D deficiency at the Arctic Circle - a study in food-allergic adolescents and controls. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:644-9. [PMID: 23406061 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM At the extremes of latitude, UVB intensity is insufficient for adequate vitamin D synthesis in winter. Fatty fish, vitamin D enriched milk, margarine and eggs are main dietary sources of vitamin D. Their elimination may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The aim was to assess vitamin D status in food-allergic adolescents eliminating milk, egg and/or fish compared with adolescents on normal diets. METHODS In winter, vitamin D intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in 20 food-allergic adolescents and 42 controls in the population-based Obstructive Lung Disease In Northern Sweden (OLIN) cohort studies. Vitamin D supplementation was queried. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and S-parathormone (S-PTH) levels were determined. RESULTS Mean (SD) dietary vitamin D intake was 7.9 (3.6) μg/day in allergic adolescents and 7.8 (3.4) in controls (p > 0.05). Mean (SD) S-25(OH)D levels in supplement consumers were 44 (18) nmol/L compared with 35 (10) in non-consumers (p = 0.03). S-25(OH)D and S-PTH levels were similar in food-allergic adolescents and controls (p > 0.05). Eighty-two percentage had deficient S-25(OH)D levels <50 nmol/L, and none reached levels >75 nmol/L. CONCLUSION Vitamin D deficiency was as common in food-allergic adolescents as in controls although the vitamin D intake met national recommendations. Large-scale studies on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this region are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Persson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Inger Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Nordström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Anna Winberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Eva Rönmark
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Christina E West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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12
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Lesiak A, Narbutt J, Pawlaczyk M, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Krzyścin J. Vitamin D serum level changes in psoriatic patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy are related to the season of the irradiation. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2012; 27:304-10. [PMID: 22092734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is produced in the human skin by short wavelength (290-315 nm) ultraviolet (UV) radiation. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate how outdoor conditions may influence the serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D in psoriasis patients under narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy. METHODS The winter and summer groups of patients received almost the same narrowband UV (nUVB) doses during whole-body phototherapy. The 25(OH)D serum concentration was measured before and after two series of 10 exposures. The cabinet doses were compared with potentially available cumulative solar doses. The solar doses (unweighted UVB and vitamin D effective dose) and duration of solar intensity sufficient to produce vitamin D were calculated using a model based on local atmospheric data. RESULTS After an initial 10 nUVB treatments, 25(OH)D serum concentration increased by 68% for winter patients in relation to the level before therapy, whereas a 20% increase was found for the summer patients. The next 10 treatments caused a much lower increase in 25(OH)D concentration: 5% and 3.5% for the winter and summer patients, respectively. No statistically significant relationship was observed between post-therapy 25(OH)D serum concentration and solar radiation variability. CONCLUSIONS The different baseline values of 25(OH)D serum levels in winter and summer patients result from seasonal variability in solar irradiance. Thus, outdoor solar radiation affects the patients over a much longer period, and artificial UV light is the main factor responsible for increase in 25(OH)D serum level over a 30-day period of cabinet therapy.
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Datta P, Bogh MK, Olsen P, Eriksen P, Schmedes AV, Grage MML, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 in humans after solar exposure under natural conditions compared to artificial UVB exposure of hands and face. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1817-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Diaz S, Vernet M, Paladini A, Fuenzalida H, Deferrari G, Booth CR, Cabrera S, Casiccia C, Dieguez M, Lovengreen C, Pedroni J, Rosales A, Vrsalovic J. Availability of vitamin D photoconversion weighted UV radiation in southern South America. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1854-67. [PMID: 21971566 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) plays a key role in several biological functions, including human health. Skin exposure to UVR is the main factor in vitamin D photoconversion. There is also evidence relating low levels of vitamin D with certain internal cancers, mainly colon, breast and prostate, as well as other diseases. Several epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between the above-mentioned diseases and latitude, in accordance with the ultraviolet radiation latitudinal gradient. The aim of this study is to determine whether UV irradiance levels in the southern South America are sufficient to produce suitable levels of vitamin D year around. For this purpose, vitamin D photoconversion weighted-irradiance was analyzed between S.S. de Jujuy (24.17°S, 65.02°W) and Ushuaia (54° 50'S, 68° 18'W). In addition to irradiance, skin type and area of body exposed to sunlight are critical factors in vitamin D epidemiology. Due to a broad ethnic variability, it was assumed that the skin type in this region varies between II and V (from the most to the less sensitive). All sites except South Patagonia indicate that skin II under any condition of body area exposure and skin V when exposing head, hands, arms and legs, would produce suitable levels of vitamin D year round (except for some days in winter at North Patagonian sites). At South Patagonian sites, minimum healthy levels of vitamin D year round can be reached only by the more sensitive skin II type, if exposing head, hands, arms and legs, which is not a realistic scenario during winter. At these southern latitudes, healthy vitamin D levels would not be obtained between mid May and beginning of August if exposing only the head. Skin V with head exposure is the most critical situation; with the exception of the tropics, sun exposure would not produce suitable levels of vitamin D around winter, during a time period that varies with latitude. Analyzing the best exposure time during the day in order to obtain a suitable level of vitamin D without risk of sunburn, it was concluded that noon is best during winter, as determined previously. For skin type II when exposing head, exposure period in winter varies between 30 and 130 min, according to latitude, except for South Patagonian sites. During summer, noon seems to be a good time of day for short periods of exposure, while during leisure times, longer periods of exposure without risk of sunburn are possible at mid-morning and mid-afternoon. At 3 h from noon, solar zenith angles are almost the same for sites between the tropics and North Patagonia, and at 4 h from noon, for all sites. Then, in these cases, the necessary exposure periods varied slightly between sites, only due to meteorological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Diaz
- Instituto de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro Austral de Inverstigaciones Cientificas, CONICET, Argentina
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15
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Abstract
The physiologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), is a fat-soluble steroid hormone with a well established role in skeletal health. A growing body of evidence suggests low vitamin D levels also play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of non-skeletal, age-associated diseases including cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and stroke. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a stable marker of vitamin D status, are also associated with increased odds of prevalent cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease and all-cause dementia in a number of studies, raising the possibility that vitamin D plays a role in the aetiology of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. To date, the majority of human studies reporting associations between vitamin D and cognition or dementia have been cross-sectional or case-control designs that do not permit us to exclude the possibility that such associations are a result of disease progression rather than being causal. Animal and in vitro experiments have identified a number of neuroprotective mechanisms that might link vitamin D status to cognitive dysfunction and dementia, including vasoprotection and amyloid phagocytosis and clearance, but the clinical relevance of these mechanisms in humans is not currently clear. Two recent, large, prospective studies go some way to establish the temporal relationship with cognitive decline. The relative risk of cognitive decline was 60% higher (relative risk = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2, 2.0) in elderly Italian adults with severely deficient 25(OH)D levels (<25 nmol/L) when compared with those with sufficient levels (≥75 nmol/L). Similarly, the odds of cognitive decline were 41% higher (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% CI 0.9, 2.2) when elderly US men in the lowest quartile (≤49.7 nmol/L) were compared with those in the highest quartile (≥74.4 nmol/L). To our knowledge, no prospective studies have examined the association between 25(OH)D levels and incident dementia or neuroimaging abnormalities. The possible therapeutic benefits of vitamin D have attracted considerable interest as over 1 billion people worldwide are thought to have insufficient 25(OH)D levels and these levels can be increased using inexpensive and well tolerated dietary supplements. However, no large randomized controlled trials have yet examined the effect of vitamin D supplements on cognitive decline or incident dementia. Further studies are urgently needed to establish which mechanisms have clinical relevance in human populations and whether vitamin D supplements are effective at minimizing cognitive decline or preventing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy P Dickens
- Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Iain A Lang
- Peninsula Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
,Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Katarina Kos
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - David J Llewellyn
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Edvardsen K, Veierød MB, Brustad M, Braaten T, Engelsen O, Lund E. Vitamin D-effective solar UV radiation, dietary vitamin D and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:1425-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Bogh MK, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Wulf HC. Vitamin D production depends on ultraviolet-B dose but not on dose rate: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:14-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hall LM, Kimlin MG, Aronov PA, Hammock BD, Slusser JR, Woodhouse LR, Stephensen CB. Vitamin D intake needed to maintain target serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in participants with low sun exposure and dark skin pigmentation is substantially higher than current recommendations. J Nutr 2010; 140:542-50. [PMID: 20053937 PMCID: PMC2821886 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.115253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous cholecalciferol synthesis has not been considered in making recommendations for vitamin D intake. Our objective was to model the effects of sun exposure, vitamin D intake, and skin reflectance (pigmentation) on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in young adults with a wide range of skin reflectance and sun exposure. Four cohorts of participants (n = 72 total) were studied for 7-8 wk in the fall, winter, spring, and summer in Davis, CA [38.5 degrees N, 121.7 degrees W, Elev. 49 ft (15 m)]. Skin reflectance was measured using a spectrophotometer, vitamin D intake using food records, and sun exposure using polysulfone dosimeter badges. A multiple regression model (R(2) = 0.55; P < 0.0001) was developed and used to predict the serum 25(OH)D concentration for participants with low [median for African ancestry (AA)] and high [median for European ancestry (EA)] skin reflectance and with low [20th percentile, approximately 20 min/d, approximately 18% body surface area (BSA) exposed] and high (80th percentile, approximately 90 min/d, approximately 35% BSA exposed) sun exposure, assuming an intake of 200 iu/d (5 ug/d). Predicted serum 25(OH)D concentrations for AA individuals with low and high sun exposure in the winter were 24 and 42 nmol/L and in the summer were 40 and 60 nmol/L. Corresponding values for EA individuals were 35 and 60 nmol/L in the winter and in the summer were 58 and 85 nmol/L. To achieve 25(OH)D > or =75 nmol/L, we estimate that EA individuals with high sun exposure need 1300 iu/d vitamin D intake in the winter and AA individuals with low sun exposure need 2100-3100 iu/d year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Hall
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Michael G. Kimlin
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Pavel A. Aronov
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - James R. Slusser
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Leslie R. Woodhouse
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- Nutrition Department and; Entomology Department and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616; USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616; AusSun Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Moan J, Lagunova Z, Cicarma E, Aksnes L, Dahlback A, Grant WB, Porojnicu AC. Sunbeds as Vitamin D Sources. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1474-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Burgaz A, Akesson A, Michaëlsson K, Wolk A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D accumulation during summer in elderly women at latitude 60 degrees N. J Intern Med 2009; 266:476-83. [PMID: 19570054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During half of the year, cutaneous synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is not detectable at northern latitudes, leaving the population dependent on other sources for optimal vitamin D status. During April to September, 25(OH)D status may be improved by solar exposure. In this study, we measured seasonal differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations and identified the major predictors of summer 25(OH)D concentrations. DESIGN We assessed serum 25(OH)D concentrations during both winter and summer amongst 100 women, aged 61-83 years, randomly sampled from the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Participants completed two detailed questionnaires covering diet, use of dietary supplements and sun-related behaviour, the first in January through March and a second time in August through September. RESULTS The mean seasonal increase in serum 25(OH)D concentrations was 38% from mean 72 +/- 23 nmol L(-1) during winter to 99 +/- 29 nmol L(-1) in summer. High summer 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with higher winter concentrations, preference of staying in sun instead of shade, having a nonsensitive skin type and normal body mass index. Based on multiple linear regression modelling, preferring sun, having nonsensitive skin type and normal weight as compared with preferring shade, having sensitive skin type and being obese, was associated with a 64 nmol L(-1) higher 25(OH)D concentrations during summer. CONCLUSIONS Women with high winter 25(OH)D serum concentrations, with preference of staying in the sun instead of shade during summer, a skin type allowing for longer sun exposure and a normal weight had the highest summer 25(OH)D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Burgaz
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Bogh MKB, Schmedes AV, Philipsen PA, Thieden E, Wulf HC. Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:546-53. [PMID: 19812604 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UVB radiation increases serum vitamin D level expressed as 25-hydroxyvitamin-D(3) (25(OH)D), but the influence of skin pigmentation, baseline 25(OH)D level, and total cholesterol has not been well characterized. To determine the importance of skin pigmentation, baseline 25(OH)D level, and total cholesterol on 25(OH)D production after UVB exposure, 182 persons were screened for 25(OH)D level. A total of 50 participants with a wide range in baseline 25(OH)D levels were selected to define the importance of baseline 25(OH)D level. Of these, 28 non-sun worshippers with limited past sun exposure were used to investigate the influence of skin pigmentation and baseline total cholesterol. The participants had 24% of their skin exposed to UVB (3 standard erythema doses) four times every second or third day. Skin pigmentation and 25(OH)D levels were measured before and after the irradiations. Total cholesterol was measured at baseline. The increase in 25(OH)D level after UVB exposure was negatively correlated with baseline 25(OH)D level (P<0.001) and positively correlated with baseline total cholesterol level (P=0.005), but no significant correlations were found with constitutive or facultative skin pigmentation. In addition, we paired a dark-skinned group with a fair-skinned group according to baseline 25(OH)D levels and found no differences in 25(OH)D increase after identical UVB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten K B Bogh
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen NV Vejle, Denmark.
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22
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Edvardsen K, Engelsen O, Brustad M. Duration of vitamin D synthesis from weather model data for use in prospective epidemiological studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2009; 53:451-459. [PMID: 19444487 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-009-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the influence of solar radiation on vitamin D status and its association with different health outcomes in population based studies, appropriate estimates of the subjects' UV radiation exposure are needed. This unique study describes a method that estimates the daily number of vitamin D effective hours (VD-hours) at arbitrary ground locations throughout the period 1957-2002. The method is particularly suited for large-scale prospective epidemiological studies with questionnaire-based information on sun exposure, and where blood measures of vitamin D status are not available. The model takes total cloud cover fraction and total ozone column at noon as input from the ERA-40 data series (i.e. the 40 + year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis archive). By comparing the model results against high accuracy measurements at two different locations in Norway, we found the method for estimating the number of VD-hours to be accurate within 2.5 +/- 7% or better for moderate solar zenith angles (< 65 degrees). For higher solar zenith angles (> 65 degrees) the results are more variable, but the contribution to a population's vitamin D level from solar radiation when the sun is this low in the sky is rather small. The program code to compute VD-hours from ERA-40 files is written in Perl (v 5.8.7) and may be obtained free of charge by contacting corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kåre Edvardsen
- Institute of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Thieden E, Jørgensen HL, Jørgensen NR, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Sunbed Radiation Provokes Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis in Humans-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1487-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kampman MT, Brustad M. Vitamin D: A Candidate for the Environmental Effect in Multiple Sclerosis – Observations from Norway. Neuroepidemiology 2008; 30:140-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000122330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Brustad M, Edvardsen K, Wilsgaard T, Engelsen O, Aksnes L, Lund E. Seasonality of UV-radiation and vitamin D status at 69 degrees north. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:903-8. [PMID: 17668121 DOI: 10.1039/b702947k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose with this study was to assess the seasonal variation in measured UV-radiation and its impact on vitamin D status throughout one year in subjects living at high latitude. Blood samples drawn from 60 volunteers (44 women, 16 men) living at Andenes (69 degrees N), Norway, were collected throughout one year, at two-month intervals. The blood samples were analysed for 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D]. Data on dietary intakes of vitamin D, time spent in daylight, use of sun beds and sun seeking holidays were collected by using questionnaires. The ambient vitamin D effective UV-radiation was measured at a site near by Andenes, and the number of hours spent outdoors with sufficient radiation for cutaneous vitamin D production (UV-hours) was estimated for each day. The mean 25(OH)D values were significantly higher at the end of the summer and in December, 2004 and varied from 42.0 nmol L(-1) in October, 2004 and April, 2005 to around 47 nmol L(-1) in December, 2004 and September, 2005. For the whole group, a positive relationship between UV-hours and 25(OH)D was found at UV-hours>or=3.5. However, for subjects with lower 25(OH)D levels i.e. at least one blood measurement with 25(OH)D<37.5 nmol L(-1), the positive relationship were found at around 1.5 UV-hours and more, whereas for the group of subjects that had all their vitamin D values above 37.5 nmol L(-1), positive relationship was found at UV-hours>or=4.0, when adjusting for vitamin D intake, sun bed use and sun seeking holidays. The generally high dietary intakes of vitamin D, especially in winter, mask largely the effect of seasonal variation in UV-exposure, causing an atypical seasonal variation in vitamin D status. The UV-hour variable significantly predicted 25(OH)D levels in blood when adjusted for intakes and artificial UV-radiation exposure and sun holidays abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magritt Brustad
- Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway.
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