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Gil Rosa B, Akingbade OE, Guo X, Gonzalez-Macia L, Crone MA, Cameron LP, Freemont P, Choy KL, Güder F, Yeatman E, Sharp DJ, Li B. Multiplexed immunosensors for point-of-care diagnostic applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 203:114050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Quang LD, Bui TT, Hoang BA, Nhu CN, Thuy HTT, Jen CP, Duc TC. Biological Living Cell in-Flow Detection Based on Microfluidic Chip and Compact Signal Processing Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:1371-1380. [PMID: 33085615 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2020.3030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and counting of biological living cells in continuous fluidic flows play an essential role in many applications for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this regard, this study highlighted the proposal of a biochip system for detecting and enumerating human lung carcinoma cell flow in the microfluidic channel. The principle of detection was based on the change of impedance between sensing electrodes integrated in the fluidic channel, due to the presence of a biological cell in the sensing region. A compact electronic module was built to sense the unbalanced impedance between the sensing microelectrodes. It consisted of an instrumentation amplifier stage to obtain the difference between the acquired signals, and a lock-in amplifier stage to demodulate the signals at the stimulating frequency as well as to reject noise at other frequencies. The performance of the proposed system was validated through experiments of A549 cells detection as they passed over the microfluidic channel. The experimental results indicated the occurrence of large spikes (up to approximately 180 mV) over the background signal according to the passage of a single A549 cell in the continuous flow. The proposed device is simple-to-operate, inexpensive, portable, and exhibits high sensitivity, which are suitable considerations for developing point-of-care applications.
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3
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Andreyev DS, Zybailov BL. Integration of Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Sequencing. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 38:133-136. [PMID: 31672388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Integrating cytometric analysis of cells, mitochondria, and other polynucleotide-containing biological particles with high-throughput single particle sequencing would provide an ultimate bioanalytical tool, simultaneously assessing phenotype, functionality, genome, and transcriptome of each particle in a large population. Here, we describe how such integration could be performed by adapting existing, well-established technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Andreyev
- X-BIO Institute, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia, 625003; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Boris L Zybailov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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4
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Liu F, Ni L, Zhe J. Lab-on-a-chip electrical multiplexing techniques for cellular and molecular biomarker detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:021501. [PMID: 29682143 PMCID: PMC5893332 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal multiplexing is vital to develop lab-on-a-chip devices that can detect and quantify multiple cellular and molecular biomarkers with high throughput, short analysis time, and low cost. Electrical detection of biomarkers has been widely used in lab-on-a-chip devices because it requires less external equipment and simple signal processing and provides higher scalability. Various electrical multiplexing for lab-on-a-chip devices have been developed for comprehensive, high throughput, and rapid analysis of biomarkers. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the widely used electrochemical and electrical impedance sensing methods. Next, we focus on reviewing various electrical multiplexing techniques that had achieved certain successes on rapid cellular and molecular biomarker detection, including direct methods (spatial and time multiplexing), and emerging technologies (frequency, codes, particle-based multiplexing). Lastly, the future opportunities and challenges on electrical multiplexing techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Liwei Ni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Jiang Zhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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5
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Castellarnau M, Szeto GL, Su HW, Tokatlian T, Love JC, Irvine DJ, Voldman J. Stochastic particle barcoding for single-cell tracking and multiparametric analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:489-98. [PMID: 25180800 PMCID: PMC4303509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents stochastic particle barcoding (SPB), a method for tracking cell identity across bioanalytical platforms. In this approach, single cells or small collections of cells are co-encapsulated within an enzymatically-degradable hydrogel block along with a random collection of fluorescent beads, whose number, color, and position encode the identity of the cell, enabling samples to be transferred in bulk between single-cell assay platforms without losing the identity of individual cells. The application of SPB is demonstrated for transferring cells from a subnanoliter protein secretion/phenotyping array platform into a microtiter plate, with re-identification accuracies in the plate assay of 96±2%. Encapsulated cells are recovered by digesting the hydrogel, allowing subsequent genotyping and phenotyping of cell lysates. Finally, a model scaling is developed to illustrate how different parameters affect the accuracy of SPB and to motivate scaling of the method to thousands of unique blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Castellarnau
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Su
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Talar Tokatlian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Joel Voldman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
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6
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Law JKY, Susloparova A, Vu XT, Zhou X, Hempel F, Qu B, Hoth M, Ingebrandt S. Human T cells monitored by impedance spectrometry using field-effect transistor arrays: a novel tool for single-cell adhesion and migration studies. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:170-6. [PMID: 25155061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in the immune system by recognizing and eliminating pathogen-infected and tumorigenic cells. In order to achieve their function, T cells have to migrate throughout the whole body and identify the respective targets. In conventional immunology studies, interactions between CTLs and targets are usually investigated using tedious and time-consuming immunofluorescence imaging. However, there is currently no straightforward measurement tool available to examine the interaction strengths. In the present study, adhesion strengths and migration of single human CD8(+) T cells on pre-coated field-effect transistor (FET) devices (i.e. fibronectin, anti-CD3 antibody, and anti-LFA-1 antibody) were measured using impedance spectroscopy. Adhesion strengths to different protein and antibody coatings were compared. By fitting the data to an electronically equivalent circuit model, cell-related parameters (cell membrane capacitance referring to cell morphology and seal resistance referring to adhesion strength) were obtained. This electronically-assessed adhesion strength provides a novel, fast, and important index describing the interaction efficiency. Furthermore, the size of our detection transistor gates as well as their sensitivity reaches down to single cell resolution. Real-time motions of individually migrating T cells can be traced using our FET devices. The in-house fabricated FETs used in the present study are providing a novel and very efficient insight to individual cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ka Yan Law
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Anna Susloparova
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Xuan Thang Vu
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Hempel
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
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7
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Fraikin JL, Teesalu T, McKenney CM, Ruoslahti E, Cleland AN. A high-throughput label-free nanoparticle analyser. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:308-13. [PMID: 21378975 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles and genetically modified viruses are used in a range of applications, but high-throughput analytical tools for the physical characterization of these objects are needed. Here we present a microfluidic analyser that detects individual nanoparticles and characterizes complex, unlabelled nanoparticle suspensions. We demonstrate the detection, concentration analysis and sizing of individual synthetic nanoparticles in a multicomponent mixture with sufficient throughput to analyse 500,000 particles per second. We also report the rapid size and titre analysis of unlabelled bacteriophage T7 in both salt solution and mouse blood plasma, using just ~1 × 10⁻⁶ l of analyte. Unexpectedly, in the native blood plasma we discover a large background of naturally occurring nanoparticles with a power-law size distribution. The high-throughput detection capability, scalable fabrication and simple electronics of this instrument make it well suited for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Fraikin
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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8
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Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhu J, Wang G, Tzeng TR, Xuan X, Huang K, Wang P. Distinguishing the viability of a single yeast cell with an ultra-sensitive radio frequency sensor. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:553-555. [PMID: 20162228 DOI: 10.1039/b921502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a simple, ultra sensitive radio frequency (RF) sensor to detect a single yeast cell and distinguish its viability in a microfluidic channel. On-chip interference is used to cancel background probing signals to improve sensor sensitivity. Individual viable and nonviable yeast cells (approximately 5.83 +/- 0.85 microm in diameter) are measured with clear sensing and identification of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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9
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Fernandez-Rosas E, Gómez R, Ibañez E, Barrios L, Duch M, Esteve J, Nogués C, Plaza JA. Intracellular polysilicon barcodes for cell tracking. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2433-2439. [PMID: 19670393 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, diverse types of barcode have been designed in order to track living cells in vivo or in vitro, but none of them offer the possibility to follow an individual cell up to ten or more days. Using silicon microtechnologies a barcode sufficiently small to be introduced into a cell, yet visible and readily identifiable under an optical microscope, is designed. Cultured human macrophages are able to engulf the barcodes due to their phagocytic ability and their viability is not affected. The utility of the barcodes for cell tracking is demonstrated by following individual cells for up to ten days in culture and recording their locomotion. Interestingly, silicon microtechnology allows the mass production of reproducible codes at low cost with small features (bits) in the micrometer range that are additionally biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Fernandez-Rosas
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Requa MV, Fraikin JL, Stanton MA, Cleland AN. Nanoscale radiofrequency impedance sensors with unconditionally stable tuning. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2009; 106:74308. [PMID: 19902001 PMCID: PMC2774346 DOI: 10.1063/1.3243315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Impedance sensors perform an important role in a number of biosensing applications, including particle counting, sizing, and velocimetry. Detection of nanoparticles, or changes in, e.g., the interfacial Debye-Hückel layer, can also be performed using nanoscale impedance sensors. One method for monitoring changes in the local impedance is to use radiofrequency reflectometry, which when combined with an impedance-matched sensor can afford very high sensitivity with very large detection bandwidth. Maintaining sensitivity and dynamic range, however, requires continuous tuning of the impedance matching network. Here we demonstrate a dual feedback tuning circuit, which allows us to maintain near-perfect impedance matching, even in the presence of long-term drifts in sensor impedance. We apply this tuning technique to a nanoscale interdigitated impedance sensor, designed to allow the direct detection of nanoparticles or real-time monitoring of molecular surface binding. We demonstrate optimal performance of the nanoscale sensor and tuned impedance network both when modulating the concentration of saline to which the sensor is exposed and when electronically switching between sensors configured in a two-element differential array, achieving a stabilization response time of <20 ms.
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11
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Birtwell S, Morgan H. Microparticle encoding technologies for high-throughput multiplexed suspension assays. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:345-62. [PMID: 20023742 PMCID: PMC7108550 DOI: 10.1039/b905502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The requirement for analysis of large numbers of biomolecules for drug discovery and clinical diagnostics has driven the development of low-cost, flexible and high-throughput methods for simultaneous detection of multiple molecular targets in a single sample (multiplexed analysis). The technique that seems most likely to satisfy all of these requirements is the multiplexed suspension (bead-based) assay, which offers a number of advantages over alternative approaches such as ELISAs and microarrays. In a bead based assay, different probe molecules are attached to different beads (of a few tens of microns in size), which are then reacted in suspension with the target sample. After reaction, the beads must be identifiable in order to determine the attached probe molecule, and thus each bead must be labelled (encoded) with a unique identifier. A large number of techniques have been proposed for encoding beads. This critical review analyses each technology on the basis of its ability to fulfil the practical requirements of assays, whilst being compatible with low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing processes and high-throughput detection methods. As a result, we identify the most likely candidates to be used for future integrated device development for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Birtwell
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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12
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Fraikin JL, Requa MV, Cleland AN. Probing the debye layer: capacitance and potential of zero charge measured using a debye-layer transistor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:156601. [PMID: 19518661 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.156601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a unique method for probing the properties of the electrolytic Debye layer, incorporating it as the active element in a novel radio frequency (rf) field-effect transistor. The capacitance of the Debye layer depends nonlinearly on the voltage applied across it, and we exploit this dependence to directly modulate the rf conductance between two nanofabricated interdigitated electrodes. We make quantitative measurements of the Debye-layer capacitance, allowing us to determine the potential of zero charge, a quantity of importance for electrochemistry and impedance-based biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Fraikin
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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13
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van Noort D, Ong SM, Zhang C, Zhang S, Arooz T, Yu H. Stem cells in microfluidics. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:52-60. [PMID: 19205022 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of microtechnology and microfluidic platforms for cell culture, stem cell research can be put into a new context. Inside microfluidics, microenvironments can be more precisely controlled and their influence on cell fate studied. Microfluidic devices can be made transparent and the cells monitored real time by imaging, using fluorescence markers to probe cell functions and cell fate. This article gives a perspective on the yet untapped utility of microfluidic devices for stem cell research. It will guide the biologists through some basic microtechnology and the application of microfluidics to cell research, as well as highlight to the engineers the cell culture capabilities of microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny van Noort
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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14
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Zhang WM, Hu JS, Ding HT, Wan LJ, Song WG. Programmed Fabrication of Bimetallic Nanobarcodes for Miniature Multiplexing Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2815-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802670q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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15
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Jeong JR, Llandro J, Hong B, Hayward TJ, Mitrelias T, Kopper KP, Trypiniotis T, Steinmuller SJ, Simpson GK, Bland JAC. Rewritable remote encoding and decoding of miniature multi-bit magnetic tags for high-throughput biological analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1883-1887. [PMID: 18941689 DOI: 10.1039/b807632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated a new magnetic labelling technology for high-throughput biomolecular identification and DNA sequencing. Planar multi-bit magnetic tags comprising a magnetic barcode formed by an ensemble of micron-sized thin film ferromagnetic Co bars and a 15 x 15 micron Au square for immobilization of probe molecules have been designed and fabricated. We show that by using a globally applied magnetic field and magneto-optical Kerr microscopy the magnetic elements in the multi-bit magnetic tags can be addressed individually and encoded/decoded remotely. The power of the approach is the read/write technique, which allows modest globally applied magnetic fields to write almost unlimited numbers of codes to populations of tags rather than individuals. The magnetic nature of the technology also lends itself naturally to fast, remote decoding and the ability to rewrite tags if needed. We demonstrate the critical steps needed to show the feasibility of this technology, including fabrication, remote writing and reading, and successful functionalization of the tags as verified by fluorescence detection. This approach is ideal for encoding information on tags in microfluidic flow or suspension, in order to label oligonucleotides during split-and-mix synthesis, and for combinatorial library-based high-throughput multiplexed bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-R Jeong
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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16
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Ateya DA, Erickson JS, Howell PB, Hilliard LR, Golden JP, Ligler FS. The good, the bad, and the tiny: a review of microflow cytometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1485-98. [PMID: 18228010 PMCID: PMC2746035 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in microflow cytometry have concentrated on advancing technology in four main areas: (1) focusing the particles to be analyzed in the microfluidic channel, (2) miniaturization of the fluid-handling components, (3) miniaturization of the optics, and (4) integration and applications development. Strategies for focusing particles in a narrow path as they pass through the detection region include the use of focusing fluids, nozzles, and dielectrophoresis. Strategies for optics range from the use of microscope objectives to polymer waveguides or optical fibers embedded on-chip. While most investigators use off-chip fluidic control, there are a few examples of integrated valves and pumps. To date, demonstrations of applications are primarily used to establish that the microflow systems provide data of the same quality as laboratory systems, but new capabilities-such as automated sample staining-are beginning to emerge. Each of these four areas is discussed in detail in terms of the progress of development, the continuing limitations, and potential future directions for microflow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Ateya
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
| | - Jeffrey S. Erickson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
| | - Peter B. Howell
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
| | - Lisa R. Hilliard
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
| | - Joel P. Golden
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
| | - Frances S. Ligler
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA, e-mail:
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17
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Wood DK, Requa MV, Cleland AN. Microfabricated high-throughput electronic particle detector. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:104301. [PMID: 17979441 DOI: 10.1063/1.2794230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, fabrication, and use of a radio frequency reflectometer integrated with a microfluidic system, applied to the very high-throughput measurement of micron-scale particles, passing in a microfluidic channel through the sensor region. The device operates as a microfabricated Coulter counter [U.S. Patent No. 2656508 (1953)], similar to a design we have described previously, but here with significantly improved electrode geometry as well as including electronic tuning of the reflectometer; the two improvements yielding an improvement by more than a factor of 10 in the signal to noise and in the diametric discrimination of single particles. We demonstrate the high-throughput discrimination of polystyrene beads with diameters in the 4-10 microm range, achieving diametric resolutions comparable to the intrinsic spread of diameters in the bead distribution, at rates in excess of 15 x 10(6) beads/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Wood
- Department of Physics, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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