1
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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2
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Chérif I, Raissi H, Abiedh K, Gassoumi B, Caccamo MT, Magazu S, Said AH, Hassen F, Boubaker T, Ayachi S. Exploration of intramolecular charge transfer in para-substituted nitrobenzofurazan: Experimental and theoretical analyses. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122939. [PMID: 37285745 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work aims at exploring the high electrophilic character of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) toward the morpholine group by an SNAr reaction in acetonitrile or water (thereafter referred to as NBD-Morph). The electron-donating ability of the morpholine causes intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT). In this report, we present a comprehensive study on the optical characteristics using UV-Vis, photoluminescence (cw-PL) and its time-resolved (TR-PL) to determine the properties of the emissive intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the NBD-Morph donor-acceptor system. An exhaustive theoretical investigation utilizing the density functional theory (DFT) and its extension TD-DFT methods is an essential complement of experiments to rationalize and understand the molecular structure and related properties. The findings from QTAIM, ELF, and RDG analyses establish that the bonding between morpholine and NBD moieties is of the electrostatic or hydrogen bond type. In addition, the Hirshfeld surfaces have been established to explore the types of interactions. Further, the non-linear optical (NLO) responses of the compound have been examined. The structure-property relationships obtained through the combined experimental and theoretical offer valuable insights for designing efficient NLO material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Chérif
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Materials (LR01ES19), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Avenue of the environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Raissi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Abiedh
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LR99/ES29), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bouzid Gassoumi
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maria Teresa Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra Università di Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno D', Alcontres n°31, S. Agata, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Salvatore Magazu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra Università di Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno D', Alcontres n°31, S. Agata, 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Ayoub Haj Said
- Laboratoire Interfaces et Matériaux Avancés (LIMA), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; Centre de Recherche en Microélectronique et Nanotechnologie, Technopôle de Sousse, BP 334, Sahloul, 4054 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fredj Hassen
- Laboratoire de Micro-Optoélectronique et Nanostructures (LR99/ES29), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Chimie Hétérocyclique, Produits Naturels et Réactivité (LR11ES39), Faculté des Sciences, Université de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sahbi Ayachi
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemistry of Materials (LR01ES19), Faculty of Sciences, University of Monastir, Avenue of the environment, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.
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3
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Eikås KDR, Beerepoot MTP, Ruud K. A Computational Protocol for Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectra of Cyclic Oligopeptides. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5458-5471. [PMID: 35930395 PMCID: PMC9393892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are a promising class of compounds for next-generation antibiotics as they may provide new ways of limiting antibiotic resistance development. Although their cyclic structure will introduce some rigidity, their conformational space is large and they usually have multiple chiral centers that give rise to a wide range of possible stereoisomers. Chiroptical spectroscopies such as vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) are used to assign stereochemistry and discriminate enantiomers of chiral molecules, often in combination with electronic structure methods. The reliable determination of the absolute configuration of cyclic peptides will require robust computational methods than can identify all significant conformers and their relative population and reliably assign their stereochemistry from their chiroptical spectra by comparison with ab initio calculated spectra. We here present a computational protocol for the accurate calculation of the VCD spectra of a series of flexible cyclic oligopeptides. The protocol builds on the Conformer-Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool (CREST) developed by Grimme and co-workers ( Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 7169-7192 and J. Chem. Theory. Comput. 2019, 15, 2847-2862) in combination with postoptimizations using B3LYP and moderately sized basis sets. Our recommended computational protocol for the computation of VCD spectra of cyclic oligopeptides consists of three steps: (1) conformational sampling with CREST and tight-binding density functional theory (xTB); (2) energy ranking based on single-point energy calculations as well as geometry optimization and VCD calculations of conformers that are within 2.5 kcal/mol of the most stable conformer using B3LYP/6-31+G*/CPCM; and (3) VCD spectra generation based on Boltzmann weighting with Gibbs free energies. Our protocol provides a feasible basis for generating VCD spectra also for larger cyclic peptides of biological/pharmaceutical interest and can thus be used to investigate promising compounds for next-generation antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Di Remigio Eikås
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maarten T P Beerepoot
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, P.O. Box 25, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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4
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Mester D, Kállay M. Charge-Transfer Excitations within Density Functional Theory: How Accurate Are the Most Recommended Approaches? J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1646-1662. [PMID: 35200021 PMCID: PMC8908740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The performance of
the most recent density functionals is assessed
for charge-transfer (CT) excitations using comprehensive intra- and
intermolecular CT benchmark sets with high-quality reference values.
For this comparison, the state-of-the-art range-separated (RS) and
long-range-corrected (LC) double hybrid (DH) approaches are selected,
and global DH and LC hybrid functionals are also inspected. The correct
long-range behavior of the exchange–correlation (XC) energy
is extensively studied, and various CT descriptors are compared as
well. Our results show that the most robust performance is attained
by RS-PBE-P86/SOS-ADC(2), as it is suitable to describe both types
of CT excitations with outstanding accuracy. Furthermore, concerning
the intramolecular transitions, unexpectedly excellent results are
obtained for most of the global DHs, but their limitations are also
demonstrated for bimolecular complexes. Despite the outstanding performance
of the LC-DH methods for common intramolecular excitations, serious
deficiencies are pointed out for intermolecular CT transitions, and
the wrong long-range behavior of the XC energy is revealed. The application
of LC hybrids to such transitions is not recommended in any respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Mester
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Jin S, Sui X, Haug GC, Nguyen VD, Dang HT, Arman HD, Larionov OV. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Photocatalyzed Tricomponent Regioselective 1,2-Diacylation of Alkenes Illuminates the Mechanistic Details of the Electron Donor–Acceptor Complex-Mediated Radical Relay Processes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengfei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Xianwei Sui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Graham C. Haug
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Viet D. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hang T. Dang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D. Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V. Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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6
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Marshburn RD, Ashley DC, Curtin GM, Sultana N, Liu C, Vinueza NR, Ison EA, Jakubikova E. Are all charge-transfer parameters created equally? A study of functional dependence and excited-state charge-transfer quantification across two dye families. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20583-20597. [PMID: 34505848 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03383b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule organic dyes have many potential uses in medicine, textiles, forensics, and light-harvesting technology. Being able to computationally predict the spectroscopic properties of these dyes could greatly expedite screening efforts, saving time and materials. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been shown to be a good tool for this in many instances, but characterizing electronic excitations with charge-transfer (CT) character has historically been challenging and can be highly sensitive to the chosen exchange-correlation functional. Here we present a combined experimental and computational study of the excited-state electronic structure of twenty organic dyes obtained from the Max Weaver Dye Library at NCSU. Results of UV-vis spectra calculations on these dyes with six different exchange-correlation functionals, BP86, B3LYP, PBE0, M06, BH and HLYP, and CAM-B3LYP, were compared against their measured UV-vis spectra. It was found that hybrid functionals with modest amounts (20-30%) of included Hartree-Fock exchange are the most effective at matching the experimentally determined λmax. The interplay between the observed error, the functional chosen, and the degree of CT was analyzed by quantifying the CT character of λmax using four orbital and density-based metrics, Λ, Δr, SC and DCT, as well as the change in the dipole moment, Δμ. The results showed that the relationship between CT character and the functional dependence of error is not straightforward, with the observed behavior being dependent both on how CT was quantified and the functional groups present in the molecules themselves. It is concluded that this may be a result of the examined excitations having intermediate CT character. Ultimately it was found that the nature of the molecular "family" influenced how a given functional behaved as a function of CT character, with only two of the examined CT quantification methods, Δr and DCT, showing consistent behavior between the different molecular families. This suggests that further work needs to be done to ensure that currently used CT quantification methods show the same general trends across large sets of multiple dye families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Ashley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Gregory M Curtin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Elon A Ison
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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7
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A comprehensive investigation of structural features, electron delocalization, optoelectronic and anti-corrosion characteristics in furan oligomers by DFT/TDDFT method. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Synthesis, solvent interactions and computational study of monocarbohydrazones. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Jiang L, Rogers DM, Hirst JD, Do H. Force Fields for Macromolecular Assemblies Containing Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Thiophene. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5150-5162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - David M. Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hainam Do
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur, India
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Jie J, Xia Y, Huang CH, Zhao H, Yang C, Liu K, Song D, Zhu BZ, Su H. Sulfur-centered hemi-bond radicals as active intermediates in S-DNA phosphorothioate oxidation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11514-11526. [PMID: 31724721 PMCID: PMC7145531 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS) modifications naturally appear in bacteria and archaea genome and are widely used as antisense strategy in gene therapy. But the chemical effects of PS introduction as a redox active site into DNA (S-DNA) is still poorly understood. Herein, we perform time-resolved spectroscopy to examine the underlying mechanisms and dynamics of the PS oxidation by potent radicals in free model, in dinucleotide, and in S-oligomer. The crucial sulphur-centered hemi-bonded intermediates -P–S∴S–P- were observed and found to play critical roles leading to the stable adducts of -P–S–S–P-, which are backbone DNA lesion products. Moreover, the oxidation of the PS moiety in dinucleotides d[GPSG], d[APSA], d[GPSA], d[APSG] and in S-oligomers was monitored in real-time, showing that PS oxidation can compete with adenine but not with guanine. Significantly, hole transfer process from A+• to PS and concomitant -P–S∴S–P- formation was observed, demonstrating the base-to-backbone hole transfer unique to S-DNA, which is different from the normally adopted backbone-to-base hole transfer in native DNA. These findings reveal the distinct backbone lesion pathway brought by the PS modification and also imply an alternative -P–S∴S–P-/-P–S–S–P- pathway accounting for the interesting protective role of PS as an oxidation sacrifice in bacterial genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Jie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ye Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunfan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Di Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Shen C, Lu X, Mu X, Song P. Effects of defects in g-C 3N 4 on excited-state charge distribution and transfer: Potential for improved photocatalysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117687. [PMID: 31676150 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with triazine ring structures is a polymeric metal-free semiconductor with a medium bandgap and two-dimensional layered structure. g-C3N4 has attracted attention because of its photocatalytic applications, such as the photodegradation of pollution and hydrogen production via water splitting. Defective elements and sites are two essential factors in rationally designing highly-efficient photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 at the nanoscale. When the molecule absorbs energy and enters an excited state, electrons migrate and the charge distribution changes accordingly. The properties of the excited states of g-C3N4 are related to its defect elements and sites. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effects of defects on excited states in the design of g-C3N4 catalysts. In this paper, the excited-state characteristics of intrinsic g-C3N4 and g-C3N4 with C- and N-atom defects are analyzed by density functional theory. We apply quantum chemistry and wave function analysis to determine the hole-electron distributions and charge transfer directions. To measure and discuss the characteristics of electron excitation using quantitative numerical methods, the D, Sr, H, and t indices are calculated. Our results promote a deeper understanding of the roles of defective elements and sites in photocatalysis by g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhang
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, PR China
| | - Cong Shen
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, PR China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, PR China.
| | - Xijiao Mu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Center for Green Innovation, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, PR China.
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13
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Lin TJ, Chiu CC. Influence of nonmetal dopants on charge separation of graphitic carbon nitride by time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:647-657. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06175d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the charge separation performance of phosphorus-, oxygen-, and sulfur-doped g-C3N4 by using time dependent density functional theory and wave function analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Taoyuan City
- Taiwan
- Luh Hwa Research Center for Circular Economy
| | - Cheng-chau Chiu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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14
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Preciado-Rivas MR, Mowbray DJ, Lyon K, Larsen AH, Milne BF. Optical excitations of chlorophyll a and b monomers and dimers. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174102. [PMID: 31703510 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A necessary first step in the development of technologies such as artificial photosynthesis is understanding the photoexcitation process within the basic building blocks of naturally occurring light harvesting complexes (LHCs). The most important of these building blocks in biological LHCs such as LHC II from green plants are the chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) chromophores dispersed throughout the protein matrix. However, efforts to describe such systems are still hampered by the lack of computationally efficient and accurate methods that are able to describe optical absorption in large biomolecules. In this work, we employ a highly efficient linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAOs) to represent the Kohn-Sham (KS) wave functions at the density functional theory (DFT) level and perform time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations in either the reciprocal space and frequency domain (LCAO-TDDFT-k-ω) or real space and time domain (LCAO-TDDFT-r-t) of the optical absorption spectra of Chl a and b monomers and dimers. We find that our LCAO-TDDFT-k-ω and LCAO-TDDFT-r-t calculations reproduce results obtained with a plane-wave (PW) representation of the KS wave functions (PW-TDDFT-k-ω) but with a significant reduction in computational effort. Moreover, by applying the Gritsenko, van Leeuwen, van Lenthe, and Baerends solid and correlation derivative discontinuity correction Δx to the KS eigenenergies, with both LCAO-TDDFT-k-ω and LCAO-TDDFT-r-t methods, we are able to semiquantitatively reproduce the experimentally measured photoinduced dissociation results. This work opens the path to first principles calculations of optical excitations in macromolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan John Mowbray
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Keenan Lyon
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ask Hjorth Larsen
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Bruce Forbes Milne
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, E-20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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15
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Size evolution study on the electronic and optical properties of gold-cluster complexes Au4-S-CnH2n-S′-Au4′ (n = 2–5). Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Verma P, Wang Y, Ghosh S, He X, Truhlar DG. Revised M11 Exchange-Correlation Functional for Electronic Excitation Energies and Ground-State Properties. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2966-2990. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University, Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, Nanoporous Materials Genome Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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17
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Campetella M, Perfetto A, Ciofini I. Quantifying partial hole-particle distance at the excited state: A revised version of the DCT index. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Structural, optical and nonlinear optical properties and TD-DFT analysis of heteroleptic bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complex containing 2-phenylpyridine and picolinate ligands. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Darghouth AAMHM, Correa GC, Juillard S, Casida ME, Humeniuk A, Mitrić R. Davydov-type excitonic effects on the absorption spectra of parallel-stacked and herringbone aggregates of pentacene: Time-dependent density-functional theory and time-dependent density-functional tight binding. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:134111. [PMID: 30292200 DOI: 10.1063/1.5025624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton formation leads to J-bands in solid pentacene. Describing these exciton bands represents a challenge for both time-dependent (TD) density-functional theory (DFT) and for its semi-empirical analog, namely, for TD density-functional tight binding (DFTB) for three reasons: (i) solid pentacene and pentacene aggregates are bound only by van der Waals forces which are notoriously difficult to describe with DFT and DFTB, (ii) the proper description of the long-range coupling between molecules, needed to describe Davydov splitting, is not easy to include in TD-DFT with traditional functionals and in TD-DFTB, and (iii) mixing may occur between local and charge transfer excitons, which may, in turn, require special functionals. We assess how far TD-DFTB has progressed toward a correct description of this type of exciton by including both a dispersion correction for the ground state and a range-separated hybrid functional for the excited state and comparing the results against corresponding TD-CAM-B3LYP/CAM-B3LYP+D3 results. Analytic results for parallel-stacked ethylene are derived which go beyond Kasha's exciton model [M. Kasha, H. R. Rawls, and A. El-Bayoumi, Pure Appl. Chem. 11, 371 (1965)] in that we are able to make a clear distinction between charge transfer and energy transfer excitons. This is further confirmed when it is shown that range-separated hybrids have a markedly greater effect on charge-transfer excitons than on energy-transfer excitons in the case of parallel-stacked pentacenes. TD-DFT calculations with the CAM-B3LYP functional and TD-lc-DFT calculations lead to negligible excitonic corrections for the herringbone crystal structure, possibly because of an overcorrection of charge-transfer effects (CAM refers to Coulomb attenuated method). In this case, TD-DFT calculations with the B3LYP functional or TD-DFTB calculations parameterized to B3LYP give the best results for excitonic corrections for the herringbone crystal structure as judged from comparison with experimental spectra and with Bethe-Salpeter equation calculations from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Aldin M H M Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble (ICMG), Université Grenoble-Alpes, 301 Rue de la Chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gabriela Calinao Correa
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble (ICMG), Université Grenoble-Alpes, 301 Rue de la Chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sacha Juillard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble (ICMG), Université Grenoble-Alpes, 301 Rue de la Chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mark E Casida
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Département de Chimie Moléculaire (DCM), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble (ICMG), Université Grenoble-Alpes, 301 Rue de la Chimie, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Klemens T, Świtlicka A, Szlapa-Kula A, Krompiec S, Lodowski P, Chrobok A, Godlewska M, Kotowicz S, Siwy M, Bednarczyk K, Libera M, Maćkowski S, Pędziński T, Schab-Balcerzak E, Machura B. Experimental and computational exploration of photophysical and electroluminescent properties of modified 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, 2,6-di(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine and 2,6-di(pyrazin-2-yl)pyridine ligands and their Re(I) complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klemens
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Anna Świtlicka
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Agata Szlapa-Kula
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Stanisław Krompiec
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Piotr Lodowski
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Anna Chrobok
- Faculty of Chemistry; Silesian University of Technology; 9 Strzody Str. 44-100 Gliwice Poland
| | - Magdalena Godlewska
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52, PO Box 58 01-224 Warszawa Poland
| | - Sonia Kotowicz
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Mariola Siwy
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 41-819 Zabrze Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednarczyk
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Marcin Libera
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
| | - Sebastian Maćkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University; 5 Grudziądzka Str. 87-100 Torun Poland
| | - Tomasz Pędziński
- Faculty of Chemistry; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; 89b Umultowska 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials; Polish Academy of Sciences; 34 M. Curie-Sklodowska Str. 41-819 Zabrze Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Silesia; 9 Szkolna Str. 40-006 Katowice Poland
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21
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Ang ST, Pal A, Manzhos S. Comparison of optical absorption spectra of organic molecules and aggregates computed from real frequency dependent polarizability to TD-DFT and the dipole approximation. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siong Tuan Ang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA #07-08, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576
| | - Amrita Pal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA #07-08, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block EA #07-08, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576
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22
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Pomogaev VA, Ramazanov RR, Ruud K, Artyukhov VY. Insight into the fluorescence quenching of Trp214 at HSA by the Dimetridazole ligand from simulation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Uudsemaa M, Trummal A, de Reguardati S, Callis PR, Rebane A. TD-DFT calculations of one- and two-photon absorption in Coumarin C153 and Prodan: attuning theory to experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28824-28833. [PMID: 29052672 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04735e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use TD-DFT to calculate the one-photon absorption (1PA) and two-photon absorption (2PA) properties of C153 and Prodan in toluene and DMSO, and benchmark different methods relative to accurate experimental data available from the literature on these particular systems. As the first step, we modify the range-separated TD-DFT to provide the best prediction for the peak 1PA wavelength, and then apply the optimized functionals to achieve quantitative predictions of the corresponding two-photon absorption cross section, σ2PA, with an accuracy ∼10-20% in C153 and ∼20-30% in Prodan. To elucidate the origin of residual discrepancies between the theory and experimental observations, we invoked the two essential states model for σ2PA, which allows us to verify not only the transition wavelength and the σ2PA value, but also to quantitatively benchmark the calculation of key molecular parameters such as the transition dipole moment and the change of the permanent dipole moment. Such comprehensive cross-checking indicates that a larger discrepancy in Prodan is most likely caused by a noted failure of DFT to predict the relative intensity and relative ordering of closely lying excited states with different degrees of intramolecular charge transfer, which we further support by analyzing the predictions obtained by high-level coupled-cluster calculations in the gas phase. Our results highlight the utility of benchmarking the calculations not only relative to other theoretical methods, but also in comparison to the experimental measurements, wherever such data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Uudsemaa
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 23 Akadeemia tee, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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24
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Azarias C, Ponce-Vargas M, Navizet I, Fleurat-Lessard P, Romieu A, Le Guennic B, Richard JA, Jacquemin D. Rationalisation of the optical signatures of nor-dihydroxanthene-hemicyanine fused near-infrared fluorophores by first-principle tools. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12120-12128. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The perfect pair towards more effective nor-DXH-hemicyanine fused NIR fluoroohores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Azarias
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM)
- UMR CNRS no. 6230
- BP 92208
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
| | - Miguel Ponce-Vargas
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302)
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
- France
- Université Paris-Est
| | - Isabelle Navizet
- Université Paris-Est
- Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle
- MSME
- UMR 8208 CNRS
- UPEM
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302)
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
- France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB, UMR-CNRS 6302)
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
- France
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- 35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Jean-Alexandre Richard
- Organic Chemistry
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences
- (ICES)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A_STAR)
- Singapore
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM)
- UMR CNRS no. 6230
- BP 92208
- Université de Nantes
- 44322 Nantes Cedex 3
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25
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da Silva PSP, Martín-Ramos P, Domingos SR, Bota de Sousa MDC, Arranja CT, Sobral AJFN, Ramos Silva M. On the Performance of Hybrid Functionals for Non-linear Optical Properties and Electronic Excitations in Chiral Molecular Crystals: The Case of Butterfly-Shaped Dicinnamalacetone. Chemphyschem 2017; 19:82-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- CFisUC, Department of Physics; University of Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-516 Coimbra Portugal
- IUCA; University of Zaragoza, EPS, Carretera; de Cuarte s/n 22071 Huesca Spain
| | - Sérgio R. Domingos
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; Science Park 904 1098 HX Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter; Luruper Chaussee 149, Geb.99. 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Cláudia T. Arranja
- CQC; Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | | | - Manuela Ramos Silva
- CFisUC, Department of Physics; University of Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-516 Coimbra Portugal
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26
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Tian G, Mo Y, Tao J. Accurate excitation energies of molecules and oligomers from a semilocal density functional. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4984062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Jie J, Liu K, Wu L, Zhao H, Song D, Su H. Capturing the radical ion-pair intermediate in DNA guanine oxidation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700171. [PMID: 28630924 PMCID: PMC5457143 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the radical ion pair has been frequently invoked as a key intermediate in DNA oxidative damage reactions and photoinduced electron transfer processes, the unambiguous detection and characterization of this species remain formidable and unresolved due to its extremely unstable nature and low concentration. We use the strategy that, at cryogenic temperatures, the transient species could be sufficiently stabilized to be detectable spectroscopically. By coupling the two techniques (the cryogenic stabilization and the time-resolved laser flash photolysis spectroscopy) together, we are able to capture the ion-pair transient G+•⋯Cl- in the chlorine radical-initiated DNA guanine (G) oxidation reaction, and provide direct evidence to ascertain the intricate type of addition/charge separation mechanism underlying guanine oxidation. The unique spectral signature of the radical ion-pair G+•⋯Cl- is identified, revealing a markedly intense absorption feature peaking at 570 nm that is distinctive from G+• alone. Moreover, the ion-pair spectrum is found to be highly sensitive to the protonation equilibria within guanine-cytosine base pair (G:C), which splits into two resolved bands at 480 and 610 nm as the acidic proton transfers along the central hydrogen bond from G+• to C. We thus use this exquisite sensitivity to track the intrabase-pair proton transfer dynamics in the double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, which is of critical importance for the description of the proton-coupled charge transfer mechanisms in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Jie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunhui Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lidan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Di Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongmei Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Holzer B, Bintinger J, Lumpi D, Choi C, Kim Y, Stöger B, Hametner C, Marchetti‐Deschmann M, Plasser F, Horkel E, Kymissis I, Fröhlich J. Color Fine‐Tuning of Optical Materials Through Rational Design. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:549-563. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Holzer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Bintinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 500 W. 120th St., Mudd 1310 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Daniel Lumpi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 500 W. 120th St., Mudd 1310 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Youngwan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 500 W. 120th St., Mudd 1310 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Berthold Stöger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Marchetti‐Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Felix Plasser
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Straße 17 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Ernst Horkel
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Ioannis Kymissis
- Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 500 W. 120th St., Mudd 1310 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
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29
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Stojanović L, Alyoubi AO, Aziz SG, Hilal RH, Barbatti M. UV excitations of halons. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Mills BM, Fey N, Marszalek T, Pisula W, Rannou P, Faul CFJ. Exploring Redox States, Doping and Ordering of Electroactive Star-Shaped Oligo(aniline)s. Chemistry 2016; 22:16950-16956. [PMID: 27723154 PMCID: PMC5129507 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a simple star-shaped oligo(aniline) (TDPB) and characterised it in detail by MALDI-TOF MS, UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, time-dependent DFT, cyclic voltammetry and EPR spectroscopy. TDPB is part of an underdeveloped class of π-conjugated molecules with great potential for organic electronics, display and sensor applications. It is redox active and reacts with acids to form radical cations. Acid-doped TDPB shows behaviour similar to discotic liquid crystals, with X-ray scattering investigations revealing columnar self-assembled arrays. The combination of unpaired electrons and supramolecular stacking suggests that star-shaped oligo(aniline)s like TDPB have the potential to form conducting nanowires and organic magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Fey
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Department of Molecular PhysicsFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of TechnologyZeromskiego 11690-924ŁódźPoland
| | - Patrice Rannou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SPrAM38000GrenobleFrance
- CNRS, INAC-SPrAM38000GrenobleFrance
- CEA, INAC-SPrAM38000GrenobleFrance
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31
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Poidevin C, Lepetit C, Ben Amor N, Chauvin R. Truncated Transition Densities for Analysis of (Nonlinear) Optical Properties of carbo-Chromophores. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3727-40. [PMID: 27359162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The optical properties of several quadrupolar carbo-benzene derivatives are investigated at various levels of calculation (TDDFT and CASPT2) and analyzed using a new theoretical tool here disclosed: The "visualization" of the transition dipole moment from the transition density truncated to the main monoexcitations involved in the electronic transition (TTD). The experimental or calculated one-photon UV-visible absorption spectra of the carbo-benzene derivatives fit with the Gouterman model originally proposed for porphyrins, where the first four excited states involve linear combinations of monoexcitations of the same four frontier molecular orbitals. The relative intensities of the absorption bands are analyzed from the transition dipole moments calculated from the TTDs and an analogy between porphyrins and carbo-benzenes is argued. The two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section related to the third-order nonlinear optical response is calculated for each two-photon-allowed excited state |f⟩ from the contribution of all possible intermediate excited states |i⟩ using the "sum-over-state" (SOS) scheme. The quadrupolar carbo-benzene derivatives fit into the three-level model, as their TPA cross section exhibits a dominant contribution of one of the intermediate excited states. The origin of TPA efficiency (enhancement) upon carbo-merisation of the C-C link to the para-substituents is discussed from the excitation energies of the intermediate and final excited states and from the two corresponding transition dipole moments (μ0i and μif). The latter may be calculated from the TTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Poidevin
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP , F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Christine Lepetit
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP , F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Nadia Ben Amor
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 (CNRS), IRSAMC, Université P. Sabatier , 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Remi Chauvin
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) , 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP , F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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32
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Kundi V, Thankachan PP. Packing of Large Two- and Three-Photon Activity Into Smallest Possible Unsymmetrical Fluorene Chromophores. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2757-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kundi
- Theoretical Chemistry Lab,
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pompozhi Protasis Thankachan
- Theoretical Chemistry Lab,
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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34
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Milne BF, Kjaer C, Houmøller J, Stockett MH, Toker Y, Rubio A, Nielsen SB. On the Exciton Coupling between Two Chlorophyll Pigments in the Absence of a Protein Environment: Intrinsic Effects Revealed by Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6248-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F. Milne
- CFisUC, Department of Physics; University of Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-516 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Christina Kjaer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jørgen Houmøller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mark H. Stockett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yoni Toker
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter; Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF; Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC & DIPC; 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Steen Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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35
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Milne BF, Kjaer C, Houmøller J, Stockett MH, Toker Y, Rubio A, Nielsen SB. On the Exciton Coupling between Two Chlorophyll Pigments in the Absence of a Protein Environment: Intrinsic Effects Revealed by Theory and Experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F. Milne
- CFisUC, Department of Physics; University of Coimbra; Rua Larga 3004-516 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Christina Kjaer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jørgen Houmøller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Mark H. Stockett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yoni Toker
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter; Luruper Chaussee 149 22761 Hamburg Germany
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF; Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC & DIPC; 20018 San Sebastián Spain
| | - Steen Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Aarhus University; Ny Munkegade DK-8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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36
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Maier TM, Bahmann H, Arbuznikov AV, Kaupp M. Validation of local hybrid functionals for TDDFT calculations of electronic excitation energies. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:074106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4941919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Alam MM, Daniel C. One- and two-photon activity of diketopyrrolopyrrole-Zn-porphyrin conjugates: linear and quadratic density functional response theory applied to model systems. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-015-1780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Misra R, Chakraborty P, Roy SC, Maity DK, Bhattacharyya SP. Tailoring of spectral response and intramolecular charge transfer in β-enaminones through band gap tuning: synthesis, spectroscopy and quantum chemical studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the synthetic tailoring of the spectral response and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of β-enaminones through bandgap modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasad Misra
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pushkin Chakraborty
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Subhas C. Roy
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - D. K. Maity
- Theoretical Chemistry Section
- Chemistry Group
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
| | - S. P. Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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39
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Jagadeesan R, Velmurugan G, Venuvanalingam P. Rational design of cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes for better optoelectronic applications and their photophysical properties using DFT/TD-DFT methods. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04844g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical properties of cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes (CPNs) can be fine-tuned by suitable substitutions and DFT calculations show that they can make efficient OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajangam Jagadeesan
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli-620 024
- India
| | - Gunasekaran Velmurugan
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli-620 024
- India
| | - Ponnambalam Venuvanalingam
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli-620 024
- India
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40
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Azarias C, Adamo C, Perrier A. Modeling the photosensitizing properties of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7737-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp08051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An accurate computational strategy for studying the structural, redox and optical properties of thiolated gold nanoclusters (GNCs) using (time-dependent) density functional theory is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Azarias
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP)
- F-75005 Paris
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP)
- F-75005 Paris
| | - Aurélie Perrier
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University
- CNRS
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP)
- F-75005 Paris
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41
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Liu P, He Z, Hou GL, Guan B, Lin H, Huang Z. The Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Spectra of PAHs in Flame with TD-DFT: Special Focus on Five-Membered Ring. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:13009-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenwu He
- Key
Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bin Guan
- Key
Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - He Lin
- Key
Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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42
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43
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Adamo C, Le Bahers T, Savarese M, Wilbraham L, García G, Fukuda R, Ehara M, Rega N, Ciofini I. Exploring excited states using Time Dependent Density Functional Theory and density-based indexes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Wobbe MCC, Zwijnenburg MA. Chemical trends in the optical properties of rocksalt nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28892-900. [PMID: 26456027 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature and magnitude of the optical gaps of rocksalt alkaline earth (MgO, CaO, SrO, MgS, MgSe) and transition metal chalcogenide (CdO, PbS) nanoparticles are studied using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations on (MX)32 nanoparticles. We demonstrate, just as we previously showed for MgO, that TD-DFT calculations on rocksalt nanoparticles require the use of hybrid exchange-correlation (XC-)functionals with a high percentage of Hartree-Fock like exchange (e.g. BHLYP) or range-separated XC-functionals to circumvent problems related to the description of charge-transfer excitations. Concentrating on the results obtained with TD-BHLYP we show that the optical gap in rocksalt nanoparticles displays a wide range of behavior; ranging from large optical gaps stemming from a localized excitation involving corner atoms in alkaline earth oxides to a delocalized excitation and small optical gaps in the transition metal chalcogenides. Finally, we rationalize this wide range of behaviour in terms of differences in the degree to which the Coulombic interaction between the excited electron and hole is screened in the different nanoparticles, and relate it to the optical dielectric constants of the bulk materials the nanoparticles are made from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena C C Wobbe
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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45
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Laurent AD, Adamo C, Jacquemin D. Dye chemistry with time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:14334-56. [PMID: 24548975 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we present an overview of the determination of excited-state properties of "real-life" dyes, and notably of their optical absorption and emission spectra, performed during the last decade with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). We discuss the results obtained with both vertical and adiabatic (vibronic) approximations, choosing relevant examples for several series of dyes. These examples include reproducing absorption wavelengths of numerous families of coloured molecules, understanding the specific band shape of amino-anthraquinones, optimising the properties of dyes used in solar cells, mimicking the fluorescence wavelengths of fluorescent brighteners and BODIPY dyes, studying optically active biomolecules and photo-induced proton transfer, as well as improving the properties of photochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adèle D Laurent
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS no. 6230, BP 92208, Université de Nantes, 2, Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
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46
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Valsson O, Filippi C, Casida ME. Regarding the use and misuse of retinal protonated Schiff base photochemistry as a test case for time-dependent density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:144104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4916354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Interplay of micro- and macroscopic solvation in spectral responses of PACO in 1,4-dioxane–water mixtures: A combined experimental and quantum chemical analysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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48
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Mahmood A, Abdullah MI, Khan SUD. Enhancement of nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of indigo through modification of auxiliary donor, donor and acceptor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 139:425-430. [PMID: 25576939 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, indigo based dyes with high non-linear optical response have been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to study non-linear optical properties of indigo and newly designed dyes (IM-Dye-0, IM-Dye-1, IM-Dye-2 and IM-Dye-3). The time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) was used to calculate the excitation energies. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of newly designed dyes were smaller as compare with indigo dye. Absorption maxima of newly designed dyes strongly red shifted as compare with indigo dye. High non-linear optical (NLO) response of newly designed dyes revealed that these materials would be excellent for NLO applications. This theoretical approach of designing will pave the way for experimentalists to synthesize high response NLO compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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49
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Kelterer AM, Uray G, Fabian WM. Rational design of long-wavelength absorbing and emitting carbostyrils aided by time-dependent density functional calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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Milne BF, Norman P. Resonant-Convergent PCM Response Theory for the Calculation of Second Harmonic Generation in Makaluvamines A–V: Pyrroloiminoquinone Marine Natural Products from Poriferans of Genus Zyzzya. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5368-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F. Milne
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, Department
of Materials Physics, University of the Basque Country, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC and DIPC, Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Centre
for Computational Physics, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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