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Pudasaini S, Perera ATK, Ng SH, Yang C. Bacterial inactivation via microfluidic electroporation device with insulating micropillars. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1093-1101. [PMID: 33665842 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation is a promising method to inactivate cells and it has wide applications in medical science, biology and environmental health. Here, we investigate the bacteria inactivation performance of two different microfluidic electroporation devices with rhombus and circular micropillars used for generating locally enhanced electric field strength. Experiments are carried out to characterize the inactivation performance (i.e., the log removal efficiency) of two types of bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli, gram-negative) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis, gram-positive) in these two microfluidic devices. We find that under the same applied electric field, the device with rhombus micropillars performs better than the device with circular micropillars for both E. coli and E. faecalis. Numerical simulations show that due to the corner-induced singularity effect, the maximum electric field enhancement is higher in the device with rhombus micropillars than that in the device with circular micropillars. We also study the effects of DC and AC electric fields and flowrate. Our experiments demonstrate that the use of the DC field achieves higher log removal efficiencies than the use of AC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Pudasaini
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - A T K Perera
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Pudasaini S, Perera ATK, Das D, Ng SH, Yang C. Continuous flow microfluidic cell inactivation with the use of insulating micropillars for multiple electroporation zones. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2522-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Pudasaini
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - A T K Perera
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Dhiman Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
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Sun Y, Yuan J, Pang J, Li X, Wang S, Zhou Y, Xu F, Li PCH, Jiang S, Chen H. Millifluidic chip with a modular design used as a sample pretreatment cartridge for flour and flour food products. Talanta 2017; 179:719-725. [PMID: 29310299 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The integration of sample pretreatment remains one of the hurdles towards a rapid, automated micro total analytical system (µ-TAS) for real samples. In this paper, a modular design, which was used for sample preparation, has been developed as the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) millifluidic chips with channels at a millimeter level. Multiple functional units, including extraction, filtration, mixing and solid phase extraction (SPE), for sample pretreatment were integrated in one chip. In this chip, each functional unit was connected by pump tubings and one-way valves in series to form a fully automated system. Based on the modular design, multiple functional units have been combined in different sequences according to practical needs. In addition, the proposed system has characteristics of miniaturization, portability, and real-time application. Herein, spiked benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in flour samples was used as a model compound to study the system's performances. With a portable integrated Raman spectrometer for detection, the detection limit of BPO was 0.017gkg-1, with a linear relationship from 0.025 to 0.5gkg-1. This modular design was demonstrated to be effective and it can be expanded for pretreatment of other food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Junchun Yuan
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinling Pang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM for Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou 510006, China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Chinese Materia Medica Quality of the Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongliang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A1S6
| | - Paul C H Li
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A1S6
| | - Shusen Jiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Madison AC, Royal MW, Vigneault F, Chen L, Griffin PB, Horowitz M, Church GM, Fair RB. Scalable Device for Automated Microbial Electroporation in a Digital Microfluidic Platform. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:1701-1709. [PMID: 28569062 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWD) digital microfluidic laboratory-on-a-chip platforms demonstrate excellent performance in automating labor-intensive protocols. When coupled with an on-chip electroporation capability, these systems hold promise for streamlining cumbersome processes such as multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE). We integrated a single Ti:Au electroporation electrode into an otherwise standard parallel-plate EWD geometry to enable high-efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with reporter plasmid DNA in a 200 nL droplet. Test devices exhibited robust operation with more than 10 transformation experiments performed per device without cross-contamination or failure. Despite intrinsic electric-field nonuniformity present in the EP/EWD device, the peak on-chip transformation efficiency was measured to be 8.6 ± 1.0 × 108 cfu·μg-1 for an average applied electric field strength of 2.25 ± 0.50 kV·mm-1. Cell survival and transformation fractions at this electroporation pulse strength were found to be 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. Our work expands the EWD toolkit to include on-chip microbial electroporation and opens the possibility of scaling advanced genome engineering methods, like MAGE, into the submicroliter regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Madison
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew W. Royal
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Frederic Vigneault
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Liji Chen
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peter B. Griffin
- Stanford
Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | | | - George M. Church
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard B. Fair
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Escobedo C, Bürgel SC, Kemmerling S, Sauter N, Braun T, Hierlemann A. On-chip lysis of mammalian cells through a handheld corona device. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2990-2997. [PMID: 26055165 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On-chip lysis is required in many lab-on-chip applications involving cell studies. In these applications, the complete disruption of the cellular membrane and a high lysis yield is essential. Here, we present a novel approach to lyse cells on-chip through the application of electric discharges from a corona handheld device. The method only requires a microfluidic chip and a low-cost corona device. We demonstrate the effective lysis of BHK and eGFP HCT 116 cells in the sub-second time range using an embedded microelectrode. We also show cell lysis of non-adherent K562 leukemia cells without the use of an electrode in the chip. Cell lysis has been assessed through the use of bright-field microscopy, high-speed imaging and cell-viability fluorescence probes. The experimental results show effective cell lysis without any bubble formation or significant heating. Due to the simplicity of both the components involved and the lysis procedure, this technique offers an inexpensive lysis option with the potential for integration into lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Abstract
Electroporation is a simple yet powerful technique for breaching the cell membrane barrier. The applications of electroporation can be generally divided into two categories: the release of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids and other metabolites for analysis and the delivery of exogenous reagents such as genes, drugs and nanoparticles with therapeutic purposes or for cellular manipulation. In this review, we go over the basic physics associated with cell electroporation and highlight recent technological advances on microfluidic platforms for conducting electroporation. Within the context of its working mechanism, we summarize the accumulated knowledge on how the parameters of electroporation affect its performance for various tasks. We discuss various strategies and designs for conducting electroporation at the microscale and then focus on analysis of intracellular contents and delivery of exogenous agents as two major applications of the technique. Finally, an outlook for future applications of microfluidic electroporation in increasingly diverse utilities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Fax: +1-540-231-5022; Tel: +1-540-231-8681
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Ríos Á, Ríos Á, Zougagh M, Zougagh M. Sample preparation for micro total analytical systems (μ-TASs). Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Geng T, Bao N, Sriranganathanw N, Li L, Lu C. Genomic DNA extraction from cells by electroporation on an integrated microfluidic platform. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9632-9. [PMID: 23061629 DOI: 10.1021/ac3026064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of genetic analysis of cells involves chemical lysis for release of DNA molecules. However, chemical reagents required in the lysis interfere with downstream molecular biology and often require removal after the step. Electrical lysis based on irreversible electroporation is a promising technique to prepare samples for genetic analysis due to its purely physical nature, fast speed, and simple operation. However, there has been no experimental confirmation on whether electrical lysis extracts genomic DNA from cells in a reproducible and efficient fashion in comparison to chemical lysis, especially for eukaryotic cells that have most of the DNA enclosed in the nucleus. In this work, we construct an integrated microfluidic chip that physically traps a low number of cells, lyses the cells using electrical pulses rapidly, then purifies and concentrates genomic DNA. We demonstrate that electrical lysis offers high efficiency for DNA extraction from both eukaryotic cells (up to ∼36% for Chinese hamster ovary cells) and bacterial cells (up to ∼45% for Salmonella typhimurium) that is comparable to the widely used chemical lysis. The DNA extraction efficiency has dependence on both the electric parameters and relative amount of beads used for DNA adsorption. We envision that electroporation-based DNA extraction will find use in ultrasensitive assays that benefit from minimal dilution and simple procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Geng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Liu C, Qu Y, Luo Y, Fang N. Recent advances in single-molecule detection on micro- and nano-fluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2012; 32:3308-18. [PMID: 22134976 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule detection (SMD) allows static and dynamic heterogeneities from seemingly equal molecules to be revealed in the studies of molecular structures and intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Micro- and nanometer-sized structures, including channels, chambers, droplets, etc., in microfluidic and nanofluidic devices allow diffusion-controlled reactions to be accelerated and provide high signal-to-noise ratio for optical signals. These two active research frontiers have been combined to provide unprecedented capabilities for chemical and biological studies. This review summarizes the advances of SMD performed on microfluidic and nanofluidic devices published in the past five years. The latest developments on optical SMD methods, microfluidic SMD platforms, and on-chip SMD applications are discussed herein and future development directions are also envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Kim SH, Yamamoto T, Fourmy D, Fujii T. Electroactive microwell arrays for highly efficient single-cell trapping and analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:3239-47. [PMID: 21932278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method, implemented in the form of a microfluidic device, for arraying and analyzing large populations of single cells. The device contains a large array of electroactive microwells where manipulation and analysis of large population of cells are carried out. On the device, single cells can be actively trapped in the microwells by dielectrophoresis (DEP) and then lysed by electroporation (EP) for subsequent analysis of the confined cell lysates. The DEP force in the selected dimensions of the microwells could achieve efficient trapping in nearly all the microwells (95%) in less than three minutes. Moreover, the positions of the cells in the microwells are maintained even when unstable flow of liquid is applied. This makes it possible to exchange the DEP buffer to a solution that will be subsequently used for stimulating or analyzing the trapped cells. After closing the microwells, EP is conducted to lyse the trapped cells by applying short electric pulses. Tight enclosure is critical to prevent dilution, diffusion and cross contamination of the cell lysates. We demonstrated the feasibility of our approach with an enzymatic assay measuring the intracellular-galactosidase activity. The use of this method should greatly help analysis of large populations of cells at the single-cell level. Furthermore, the method offers rapidity in the trapping and analysis of multiple cell types in physiological conditions that will be important to ensure the relevance of single cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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